Download - Bio 111 Fossil Fuels Week9
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Renewable resources
replaced quickly enough to be used again
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renewableresources can
be depleted ifover-used
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Nonrenewable resources
cant be replaced or replaced too slowly to
be useful
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Example of nonrenewable energyresources
fossilfuels:
petroleum
(oil)
coal
natural gas
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Made from the undecomposed remains ofplants and animals
Fossil fuels are NOT the same as fossils
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Fossils - skeletal remains of plants andanimals (body parts replaced by minerals)
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Fossil fuel formationbody tissues converted, but still contain
stored energy
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Coal formed from remains of huge ancient forests
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Fern remains in coal - pretty cool!
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Coal in U.S., 50% of electricity comes from coal-fired
power plants unlike oil and natural gas, we produce more coal
each year than we use and export about 4% ofU.S. coal production annually
mining hazardous and causes a lot ofenvironmental damage (both tunnel mines andstrip mines)
water pollution and destruction of habitat are keyissues in mining coal
burning coal releases large amounts of airpollutants: sulfur dioxides, ash, and, of course CO2
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U.S. has only2% of the
world's oilreserves butconsumes 25%of the world'soil
leaves usvulnerable to
fluctuations inthe global oilmarket
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recent analysis ofworld's oil reservessuggests that oilproduction maypeak within the nextdecades and then
begin to decline predicted that oil
prices will rise muchhigher
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Potential oil supply from drilling in theArctic NationalWildlife Refuge (ANWR) vs. oil savings from improved
vehicle fuel economy(testimony to Congress, April 2000)(USGS is U.S. Geological Service: manages country's mineral resources )
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so, imagine you're a member of Congress.what did you learn from the previous slide?
what did the graph show? is it economically useful to exploit ANWR for
it's oil reserves?
in your risk/benefit analysis, don't forget toconsider the cost of opening the refuge toexploitation, building roads, pipelines, etc. vs.
the amount of useable oil we'll retrieve another thought for consideration: how
many years would it take to develop thewells and pipelines?
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Another problem with petroleum use:oil spills
boom surrounds part
of an oil spill at sea
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Generating electricity
principle of anelectric generator
rotating a coil of
wire in amagnetic fieldinduces a flow ofelectricity in the
wire
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Turbines generate commercial power
most widely
usedtechnology
energy sourceboils water
and createssteam
steam drives
turbine turbine
connected togenerator to
rotate the coil
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Turbines Generate Commercial Power
most commonly used
to produce thesteam: coal, oil,nuclear energy
alternative sources toboil the water includeburning refuse, solarenergy, etc.
however, steam isn'tthe only way to turnthe blades in theturbine
any source of power
that can turn theblades can be used togenerate electricity
(wind power,hydroelectric, wavepower, geothermal,etc.)
so this can give ussome alternatives tofossil fuels
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Other Types of Fossil Fuels
Bit
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Bitumen(also called oil sand or tar sand - bitumen is
a viscous, tar-like hydrocarbon)
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Oil
sandsmany
depositsare toodeep to
mine costeffectively
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Oil shale sedimentary rock containing kerogen - a thick,
wax-like hydrocarbon
when heated, releases vapors that form a typeof crude oil
can be refined into gasoline and other petroleumproducts
conversion low efficiency - about a ton of oil
shale yields only half a barrel of oil production damages large areas of land plus
needs lots of water (in short supply in theWestern U.S. where oil shale is most abundant)
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Methane Hydrate immense volumes of
gas and the richness ofthe deposits may makemethane hydrates astrong candidate fordevelopment as anenergy resource
downside: methane is
a greenhouse gas, 10Xworse than CO2 forcausing globalwarming
vein of methane hydrate(white) in marine sediments
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Locations of methane hydrate deposits
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Natural gas
use in U.S. increasing about 15% of annual use now comes from
imports, mostly from Canada by pipeline
increasingly being used to generate electricity in
addition to space heating
vehicles can be modified to run on natural gas(costs about $1,000 for a car)
cleaner burning - still produces CO2 so aproblem for global warming, but releases fewhydrocarbons or sulfur dioxides that contributeto air pollution
Off h t l d illi
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Offshore natural gas drillingplatforms - Biloxi, Mississippi
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Conservation is needed to bridge thetransition to renewable fuels
Dihatsu GFE prototype 169 mpg