bio 111 fossil fuels week9

8/2/2019 Bio 111 Fossil Fuels Week9

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Renewable resources

replaced quickly enough to be used again


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renewableresources can

be depleted ifover-used


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Nonrenewable resources

cant be replaced or replaced too slowly to

be useful


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Example of nonrenewable energyresources

fossilfuels:

petroleum

(oil)

coal

natural gas


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Made from the undecomposed remains ofplants and animals

Fossil fuels are NOT the same as fossils


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Fossils - skeletal remains of plants andanimals (body parts replaced by minerals)


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Fossil fuel formationbody tissues converted, but still contain

stored energy


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Coal formed from remains of huge ancient forests


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Fern remains in coal - pretty cool!


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Coal in U.S., 50% of electricity comes from coal-fired

power plants unlike oil and natural gas, we produce more coal

each year than we use and export about 4% ofU.S. coal production annually

mining hazardous and causes a lot ofenvironmental damage (both tunnel mines andstrip mines)

water pollution and destruction of habitat are keyissues in mining coal

burning coal releases large amounts of airpollutants: sulfur dioxides, ash, and, of course CO2


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U.S. has only2% of the

world's oilreserves butconsumes 25%of the world'soil

leaves usvulnerable to

fluctuations inthe global oilmarket


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recent analysis ofworld's oil reservessuggests that oilproduction maypeak within the nextdecades and then

begin to decline predicted that oil

prices will rise muchhigher


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Potential oil supply from drilling in theArctic NationalWildlife Refuge (ANWR) vs. oil savings from improved

vehicle fuel economy(testimony to Congress, April 2000)(USGS is U.S. Geological Service: manages country's mineral resources )


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so, imagine you're a member of Congress.what did you learn from the previous slide?

what did the graph show? is it economically useful to exploit ANWR for

it's oil reserves?

in your risk/benefit analysis, don't forget toconsider the cost of opening the refuge toexploitation, building roads, pipelines, etc. vs.

the amount of useable oil we'll retrieve another thought for consideration: how

many years would it take to develop thewells and pipelines?


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Another problem with petroleum use:oil spills

boom surrounds part

of an oil spill at sea


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Generating electricity

principle of anelectric generator

rotating a coil of

wire in amagnetic fieldinduces a flow ofelectricity in the

wire


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Turbines generate commercial power

most widely

usedtechnology

energy sourceboils water

and createssteam

steam drives

turbine turbine

connected togenerator to

rotate the coil


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Turbines Generate Commercial Power

most commonly used

to produce thesteam: coal, oil,nuclear energy

alternative sources toboil the water includeburning refuse, solarenergy, etc.

however, steam isn'tthe only way to turnthe blades in theturbine

any source of power

that can turn theblades can be used togenerate electricity

(wind power,hydroelectric, wavepower, geothermal,etc.)

so this can give ussome alternatives tofossil fuels


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Other Types of Fossil Fuels

Bit


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Bitumen(also called oil sand or tar sand - bitumen is

a viscous, tar-like hydrocarbon)


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Oil

sandsmany

depositsare toodeep to

mine costeffectively


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Oil shale sedimentary rock containing kerogen - a thick,

wax-like hydrocarbon

when heated, releases vapors that form a typeof crude oil

can be refined into gasoline and other petroleumproducts

conversion low efficiency - about a ton of oil

shale yields only half a barrel of oil production damages large areas of land plus

needs lots of water (in short supply in theWestern U.S. where oil shale is most abundant)


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Methane Hydrate immense volumes of

gas and the richness ofthe deposits may makemethane hydrates astrong candidate fordevelopment as anenergy resource

downside: methane is

a greenhouse gas, 10Xworse than CO2 forcausing globalwarming

vein of methane hydrate(white) in marine sediments


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Locations of methane hydrate deposits


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Natural gas

use in U.S. increasing about 15% of annual use now comes from

imports, mostly from Canada by pipeline

increasingly being used to generate electricity in

addition to space heating

vehicles can be modified to run on natural gas(costs about $1,000 for a car)

cleaner burning - still produces CO2 so aproblem for global warming, but releases fewhydrocarbons or sulfur dioxides that contributeto air pollution

Off h t l d illi


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Offshore natural gas drillingplatforms - Biloxi, Mississippi


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Conservation is needed to bridge thetransition to renewable fuels

Dihatsu GFE prototype 169 mpg

bio 111 fossil fuels week9

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