dotpoint_hscchem

8/10/2019 dotpoint_hscchem

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Marilyn Schell

Margaret Hogan

HSC CHEMISTRY


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All rights reserved. No part of this publication

may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,

or transmitted in any form or by any means,

electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording

or otherwise, without the prior permission of

Science Press. ABN 98 000 073 861

Science Press 2007

First published 2007

Reprinted 2007 (twice), 2008, 2009

Science Press

Private Bag 7023 Marrickville NSW 1475 Australia

Tel: (02) 9516 1122 Fax: (02) 9550 1915

[email protected]

www.sciencepress.com.au


3/84Dot Point HSC Chemistry

iii

Conten

Science Press

Contents

Introduction

Verbs to Watch

Dot Points

Production of Materials v

The Acidic Environment

Chemical Monitoring and Management

Industrial Chemistry xi

Shipwrecks, Corrosion and Conservation x

Questions

Production of Materials

The Acidic Environment 4

Chemical Monitoring and Management 10

Industrial Chemistry 15

Shipwrecks, Corrosion and Conservation 20

Answers

Production of Materials 25

The Acidic Environment 27

Chemical Monitoring and Management 29

Industrial Chemistry 32

Shipwrecks, Corrosion and Conservation 34

Appendix

Data Sheet 36

Periodic Table 36


4/84Contents

iv

Dot Point HSC Chemistry

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Notes

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Introduction

What the book includes

syllabus for the following topics in the Year 12 Chemistry course:

Also included are typical experimental results for students to analyse if the third column of the syllabus indicat

Format of the book

The book has been formatted in the following way:

1. Main topic statement (column 1 of syllabus)

1.1etc Syllabus requirement from columns 2 and 3.

1.1.1

1.1.2

worth in an examination. As a rough rule, every two lines of answer might be worth one mark. Note that in

chemistry involved is worth only one mark.

How to use the book

You may have done work in addition to this with your teacher as extension work. Obviously this is not coveredbut you may need to know this additional work for your school exams.

spend more time revising later, and allow you to spend your study time more productively.


v

Introductio


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account/account for

State reasons for, report on, give an account of,

narrate a series of events or transactions.

analyse

Identify components and the relationships among

them, draw out and relate implications.

apply

Use, utilise, employ in a particular situation.

appreciate

Make a judgement about the value of something.

assess

results or size.

calculate

clarify

Make clear or plain.

classify

Arrange into classes, groups or categories.

compare

Show how things are similar and different.

construct

Make, build, put together items or arguments.

contrast

Show how things are different or opposite.

critically (analyse/evaluate)

Add a degree or level of accuracy, depth, knowledge

deduce

Draw conclusions.

demonstrate

Show by example.

describe

Provide characteristics and features.

discuss

Identify issues and provide points for and against.

distinguish

Recognise or note/indicate as being distinct or

different from, note difference between things.

evaluate

Make a judgement based on criteria.

examine

explain

Relate cause and effect, make the relationship

between things evident, provide why and/or how.

extract

Choose relevant and/or appropriate details.

extrapolate

Infer from what is known.

identifyRecognise and name.

interpret

Draw meaning from.

investigate

justify

Support an argument or conclusion.

outline

Sketch in general terms; indicate the main features.

predict

Suggest what may happen based on available data.

propose

Put forward (a point of view, idea, argument,

suggestion etc) for consideration or action.

recall

Present remembered ideas, facts or experiences.

recommendProvide reasons in favour.

recount

Retell a series of events.

summarise

Express concisely the relevant details.

synthesise

Put together various elements to make a whole.

Verbs to Watch

Verbs to Watch

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Dot Point Page

1. Energy and raw materials 2

from fossil fuels

1.1 Ethylene (ethene) from petroleum 2

Alkanes and alkenes with bromine water

1.4 Ethylene as a monomer 5

1.5 Polymers, e.g. polyethylene 6

1.6 Industrial production of polyethylene 6

1.7 Modelling polymerisation 8

1.8 Vinyl chloride and styrene as monomers 8

1.9 Properties and uses of 9

polystyrene and PVC

2. Materials from biomass 11

2.1 Products of the petrochemical industry 11

2.2 Development and use of a biopolymer 11

2.3 Condensation polymers 13

2.4 Formation of condensation polymers 13

2.5 Cellulose 14

a condensation polymer in biomass

2.6 Cellulose a source 15

of commercial polymers

3. Ethanol use and manufacture 17

3.1 Dehydration of ethanol 17

3.2 Hydrolysis of ethylene 18

3.3 Modelling the dehydration 18

and hydrolysis of ethylene

3.4 Industrial production 19

of ethanol from sugar cane

3.5 Ethanol as a solvent 20

3.6 Ethanol as a fuel 20

a renewable resource

3.7 Naming alkanols 21

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Molar heats of combustion of alkanols

3.9 Calculating molar heat of combustion 2

3.10 Ethanol as a car fuel 23.11 Ethanol as an alternative fuel 2

Fermentation of glucose

3.13 Conditions for fermentation 2

3.14 Chemistry of fermentation 2

4. Energy from redox reactions 2

difference of metals in an electrolyte

4.3 Displacement of metals from solution 2

4.4 Activity of metals and displacement 2

4.5 Oxidation states 2

4.6 Redox reactions in galvanic cells 3

4.7 Construction of galvanic cells 3

4.8 Components of galvanic cells 3

4.9 Calculations using the redox table 3

4.10 Chemistry and uses of batteries compared 3

5. Nuclear chemistry 3

5.1 Stable and radioactive isotopes 3

5.2 Recent discoveries of elements 4

5.3 Production of transuranic elements 4

5.4 Production of commercial radioisotopes 4

5.5 Detection of radiation 4

5.6 Radioisotopes in industry and medicine 4

5.7 Radioisotopes uses and properties 4

Answers to Production of Materials 25



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Production of Materia


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Notes

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1. Indicators 46

Natural indicators

1.2 Indicators colour changes 471.3 Prepared indicators 47

1.4 Acidic, basic or neutral 49

1.5 Acidity/basicity of household substances 50

1.6 Uses of indicators 51

2. Acidic oxides and the atmosphere 53

2.2 Periodic Table and acidity of oxides 53

2.5 Solubility of carbon dioxide 55

2.6 Calculating gas volumes 56

Decarbonation of a soft drink

2.8 Natural and industrial sources of sulfur 59

dioxide and nitrogen oxides

2.9 Chemical reactions that release 60

SO2and NO

X

2.10 Formation and effects of acid rain 602.11 Evidence for changes in atmospheric 61

oxides of sulfur and nitrogen

2.12 Industrial origins of oxides 62

of sulfur and nitrogen

3. Acids and pH 63

Using pH meters or probes

3.2 Acids as proton donors 63

3.3 Common acids 64

3.4 Naturally occurring acids and bases 64

3.5 The pH scale 65

3.6 Concentrated and dilute acids 66

3.7 Strong and weak acids 67

3.9 Modelling acids 68

molecular nature and ionisation

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3.10 Calculation of pH 6

3.11 Strong and weak acids ionisation 7

3.13 Strong and weak acids calculating pH 73.14 Acids as food additives 7

4. Acid/base theories 7

4.1 Using secondary sources 7

4.2 Development of ideas about acids and 7

bases Lavoisier, Davy and Arrhenius

4.4 Conjugate acids and bases 7

4.5 Conjugate acid/base pairs 7

pH of salt solutions

4.7 Explaining pH of salts 7

4.8 Amphiprotic substances 7

4.9 Neutralisation as a proton 7

transfer reaction

of a domestic substance using

4.13 Neutralisation in accidents 8

4.14 Buffers 9

5. 9

5.1 Alkanols and alkanoic acids 9

5.2 Melting and boiling points of 9

alkanols and alkanoic acids

5.4 Naming esters 9

5.8 Esters occurrence, production and uses 9

5.9 Esters uses in foods and cosmetics 9

Answers to The Acidic Environment 27


ix

The Acidic Environme


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Notes

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1. The work of chemists 102

1.1 The work of chemists 102

1.2 Chemists roles and 103

chemical principles used1.3 Collaboration between chemists 104

1.4 Monitoring a chemical reaction 104

2. Monitoring in industry 107

the Haber process

2.1 Industrial uses of ammonia 107

2.2 Synthesis of ammonia 107



an exothermic reaction

2.5 Reaction rate and temperature 109

principle

2.7 The Haber process and pressure 110

2.8 The Haber process a balancing act 110

2.9 Development of the Haber process 111

2.10 The Haber process and catalysts 112

2.11 Monitoring the Haber process 113

3. Chemical analysis 115

3.2 Monitoring ions in substances we use 118

3.3 Deducing ions present from test results 119

content of lawn fertiliser

3.5 Analysing reliability of results 122

3.6 Atomic absorption spectroscopy 124

3.7 Interpreting data from AAS analysis 126

Dot Point Pag

4. Atmospheric chemistry and ozone 12

4.1 Composition and layered 12

structure of the atmosphere

4.2 Atmospheric pollutants 124.3 Ozone in the atmosphere 13

4.4 Formation of coordinate covalent bonds 13

4.5 Coordinate covalent bonds 13

and Lewis structures

4.6 Allotropes of oxygen 13

4.7 Oxygen allotropes properties 13

4.8 Isomers of haloalkanes 13

4.9 Modelling haloalkanes 13

4.10 CFCs and halons in the atmosphere 134.11 Changes in atmospheric 13

ozone concentrations

4.12 Destruction of atmospheric ozone 14

4.13 Problems associated with use of CFCs 14

4.14 Replacements for CFCs 14

5. Monitoring the water supply 14

5.1 Ions in water 14

5.4 Monitoring water for heavy metals 15

and eutrophication

5.5 The local water supply 15

5.6 Effectiveness of water management 15

Answers to Chemical Monitoring and 29

Management


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Chemical Monitoring and Manageme


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Notes

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Industrial Chemistry

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1. Resources and replacements 158

1.1 A natural resource (not a fossil fuel) 158

1.2 Shrinking world resources 159

2. Equilibrium and the 161

equilibrium constant

2.3 Effects of changes on 163

3. Sulfuric acid 171

3.1 Industrial uses of sulfuric acid 171

3.2 Sulfuric acid ionisation 171

3.3 Safety using sulfuric acid 171

3.4 Transport and storage of sulfuric acid 172

3.5 Extraction of sulfur 1723.6 Indusrial production of sulfuric acid 174

3.7 Reaction conditions 174

production of SO2and SO

3

production of SO2and SO

3

3.9 Industrial production of H2SO

4 176

chemistry and output

Reactions of H2SO

4

3.11 Reactions of H2SO4 178

an oxidising and dehydrating agent

4. Sodium hydroxide 179

Electrolysis of sodium chloride

Dot Point Pag

sodium chloride

4.4 Industrial production of sodium 18

hydroxide by electrolysis

4.5 The mercury, diaphragm and 18

membrane processes

5. 18

5.3 Fats and oils to make soap 19

An emulsion, properties and uses

Soap as an emulsion

5.7 Soap structure and cleaning action 19

5.8 Soap as an emulsion 19

5.9 Anionic, cationic and 19

5.10 Soaps and synthetic detergents 19

5.11 Environmental impacts of 19

soaps and detergents

6. The Solvay process 19

6.1 The Solvay process raw materials 19

6.2 Uses of sodium carbonate 19

6.3 The Solvay process 19

steps and chemistry

6.4 The Solvay process 20

environmental issues

The Solvay process

6.6 Calculations involving 20the Solvay process

6.7 Location of a chemical plant using 20

the Solvay process

Answers to Industrial Chemistry 32


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Industrial Chemist


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Notes

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Shipwrecks, Corrosion and Conservation

Dot Point Page

1. The ocean as an electrolyte 208

1.1 Minerals in oceans 208

1.2 Electron transfer in redox reactions 208

1.3 Redox reactions occur when ions 209are free to move

and electron transfer reactions

2. Ships of metal 213

2.1 Rusting of iron 213

2.2 Conditions for rusting 214

Corrosion of iron and steel

2.4 Composition and properties of steel 218

2.5 Composition, properties and uses 219

of a range of steels

2.6 Iron and steel in ships 219

2.7 Corrosion of active and 220

passivating metals

3. Electrolytic cells 221

3.1 Electrolysis anode and 221

cathode reactions

3.2 Factors affecting electrolysis 224

Rate of electcrolysis

4. Corrosion in a marine environment 227

4.1 History of ship construction 227

materials used

Corrosion rate of metals and alloys

4.3 Protection of metal hulls 228

Prevention of corrosion

4.5 Using the redox table 231

to predict corrosion

Dot Point Pag

4.6 Cathodic protection 23

4.7 Cathodic protection 23

chemistry and uses

4.8 Applications of cathodic protection 235. Corrosion in a sunken ship 23

5.1 Solubility of gases 23

5.3 Solubility of gases and depth of oceans 23

5.4 Temperature and corrosion rates 23

Rate of corrosion

5.6 Predicting corrosion rates at depth 23

6. Corrosion at depth 24

corrosion and acidity

6.2 Acidity and corrosion rates 24

6.3 Corrosion at depth 24

7. Salvage, conservation and 24

restoration of artefacts

7.1 Artefacts from shipwrecks are saturated 247.2 Evaporation of a saturated 24

solution from artefacts

7.3 Electrolysis to remove salts 24

from artefacts

7.4 Electrolysis to clean and stabilise 24

metal artefacts

7.5 Chemical procedures to clean, 24

preserve and stabilise artefacts

7.6 R

in Australian projects

Answers to Shipwrecks, Corrosion and 34

Conservation


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Shipwrecks, Corrosion and Conservatio


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Notes

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DOT POINTProduction of Materials


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Production of Materials 2 Dot Point HSC Chemistry

1. Fossil fuels provide both energy and raw materials such as ethylene, for the production of

other substances.

1.1 Identify the industrial source of ethylene from the cracking of some of the fractions from the

1.1.1 Describe the composition of petroleum.

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1.1.2 When petroleum undergoes distillation, fractions are produced. Identify some of these.

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1.1.3

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(b) Use a diagram to show the industrial process of fractional distillation of petroleum.

(c) Use a diagram to show the process of fractional distillation in the school laboratory.



Science Press

1.1.4

(a) Identify the IUPAC name for ethylene.

(b) Construct the structural formula for ethylene.

(c) Outline the main source of ethylene.

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1.1.5 Ethene is produced by the cracking of petroleum fractions. Describe the process of cracking

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1.2 Identify that ethylene, because of the high reactivity of its double bond, is readily transformed

into many useful products.

1.2.1 Complete the following:

Ethylene (ethene) belongs to a homologous group of hydrocarbons called .........................................

All alkenes have a ........................................bond as their functional group. This is called a covalent

bond because the carbon atoms ........................................electrons. It is called a double bond because

the ........................................atoms share ........................................pairs of .........................................

1.2.2

(a) Complete the following table to summarise the differences between the three series of

hydrocarbons, alkanes, alkenes and alkynes.

Homologous series General formula Functional group

Alkane

CnH

2n

CC


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appropriate alkenes with the corresponding alkanes in bromine water.

1.3.1 Describe the test you would use to distinguish an alkane such as ethane from an alkene such

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1.3.2

reactivities of appropriate alkenes with the corresponding alkanes in bromine water.

(a) Identify the chemicals you used and justify their choice.

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(b) Explain one safety precaution necessary when carrying out this experiment.

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1.4 Identify that ethylene serves as a monomer from which polymers are made.

1.4.1

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(c) Identify the term used to describe the process by which monomers are converted to a polyme

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Production of Materials 6 Dot Point HSC Chemistry

1.4.2

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1.4.3 Classify each of the following as either a monomer or a polymer.

(a) starch .............................................................................

(b) glucose .........................................................................

(c) ethylene (ethene) ....................................................

(d) polyethylene .............................................................

1.5 Identify polyethylene as an addition polymer and e

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