document resume title - ericperiod #1. setting the stage: before 1492. 3. period #2. discovery and...
TRANSCRIPT
DOCUMENT RESUME
ED 476 500 SO 034 854
AUTHOR Boehm, Richard G.; Saxe, David Warren; Rutherford, David J.
TITLE The Best of Both Worlds: Blending History and Geography inthe K-12 Curriculum.
INSTITUTION Thomas B. Fordham Foundation, Washington, DC.PUB DATE 2003-02-00NOTE 42p.
PUB TYPE Reports Descriptive (141)
EDRS PRICE EDRS Price MF01/PCO2 Plus Postage.DESCRIPTORS Curriculum Enrichment; Elementary Secondary Education;
*Experimental Curriculum; *Fused Curriculum; *Geography; HighSchools; *Interdisciplinary Approach; Primary Education;Primary Sources; *United States History
IDENTIFIERS Scope and Sequence
ABSTRACT
This report shows how the study of U.S. history can beenriched by blending geography into the curriculum. Because the fields ofhistory and geography have not been melded together in terms of curricula,often history is not taught in relation to geography and geography has tendedto be taught primarily as location/place information. The report summarizesthe results of a project designed to address this problem through thedevelopment of a high school U.S. history curriculum framework that offersteachers the opportunity to teach a traditional U.S. history course enrichedby a consistent injection of the geographical aspects of the interaction ofpeople, events, and ideas. It notes that the elements of the framework serveas suggestions for lessons that are rich in content drawn from bothdisciplines. The report is divided into four sections: (1) "Foreword"; (2)
"Why History and Geography Should Be Taught Together"; (3) "How to Use ThisFramework"; and (4) "U.S. History and Geography Curriculum Framework" (Period1. Setting the Stage: Before 1492; Period 2. Discovery and Exploration: 1492to 1607; Period 3. Colonial Period: 1607 to 1763; Period 4. RevolutionaryAmerica: 1763 to 1789; Period 5. Early Republic: 1789 to 1820; Period 6.Economic Growth and Expansion: 1820 to 1861; Period 7. The Union in Crisis:1861 to 1877; Period 8. Emergence of Modern America: 1877 to 1890; Period 9.Rise of America as World Power and World War I: 1890 to 1920; Period 10. Timebetween the. Wars: 1920 to 1939; Period 11. World War II and American GlobalPreeminence: 1939 to 1957; Period 12. Technological Advances, Vietnam, andSocial Upheaval: 1957 to 1973; Period 13: Cold War Climax and New WorldOrder: 1973 to Present). Related papers are appended. (BT)
Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be madefrom the original document.
The
Bes
t of
Bot
h W
orld
s:B
lend
ing
His
tory
and
Geo
grap
hy in
71-
tr)
00 71-
O 0 ci)
the
K-1
2 C
urri
culu
m.
Ric
hard
G. B
oehm
Dav
id W
arre
n Sa
xeD
avid
J. R
uthe
rfor
d
Tho
mas
B. F
ordh
am F
ound
atio
n,W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C.
PE
RM
ISS
ION
TO
RE
PR
OD
UC
E A
ND
DIS
SE
MIN
AT
E T
HIS
MA
TE
RIA
L H
AS
BE
EN
GR
AN
TE
D B
Y
iWs
TO
TH
E E
DU
CA
TIO
NA
L R
ES
OU
RC
ES
INF
OR
MA
TIO
N C
EN
TE
R (
ER
IC)
1
U.S
. DE
PA
RT
ME
NT
OF
ED
UC
AT
ION
Offi
ce o
f Edu
catio
nal R
esea
rch
and
Impr
ovem
ent
ED
UC
AT
ION
AL
RE
SO
UR
CE
S IN
FO
RM
AT
ION
CE
NT
ER
(E
RIC
)T
his
docu
men
t has
bee
n re
prod
uced
as
rece
ived
from
the
pers
on o
r or
gani
zatio
nor
igin
atin
g it.
Min
or c
hang
es h
ave
been
mad
e to
impr
ove
repr
oduc
tion
qual
ity.
-P
oint
s of
vie
w o
r op
inio
ns s
tate
d in
this
docu
men
t do
not n
eces
saril
y re
pres
ent
offic
ial O
ER
I pos
ition
or
polic
y.
01
ft
aft
II
ft
ft
The
Bes
t of B
oth
Wor
lds:
Ble
ndin
g H
isto
ry a
nd G
eogr
aphy
in th
e K
-12
Cur
ricul
um
By
Ric
hard
G. B
oehm
, Dav
id W
arre
n Sa
xe,
and
Dav
id J
. Rut
herf
ord
c- T
HO
MA
S B
.O
RD
HA
MO
UN
DA
TIO
NO
UT
SID
E T
HE
BO
X
A s
umm
ary
of T
ime
and
Spac
e C
onve
rgen
ce: A
Joi
nt H
isto
ry-G
eogr
aphy
Cur
ricu
lum
,
publ
ishe
d by
the
Gilb
ert M
. Gro
sven
or C
ente
r fo
r G
eogr
aphi
c E
duca
tion
Febr
uary
200
3
Tab
le o
f Con
tent
s
Fore
wor
diii
Why
His
tory
and
Geo
grap
hy S
houl
d B
e T
augh
t Tog
ethe
r1
How
to U
se T
his
Fram
ewor
k
U.S
. His
tory
and
Geo
grap
hy C
urri
culu
m F
ram
ewor
k3
Peri
od #
1. S
ettin
g th
e St
age:
Bef
ore
1492
3
Peri
od #
2. D
isco
very
and
Exp
lora
tion:
149
2 to
160
75
Peri
od #
3. C
olon
ial P
erio
d: 1
607
to 1
763
6
Peri
od #
4. R
evol
utio
nary
Am
eric
a: 1
763
to 1
789
9
Peri
od #
5. E
arly
Rep
ublic
: 178
9 to
182
012
Peri
od #
6. E
cono
mic
Gro
wth
and
Exp
ansi
on: 1
820
to 1
861
15
Peri
od #
7. T
he U
nion
in C
risi
s: 1
861
to 1
877
20
Peri
od #
8. E
mer
genc
e of
Mod
ern
Am
eric
a: 1
877
to 1
890
23
Peri
od #
9. R
ise
of A
mer
ica
As
a W
orld
Pow
er a
nd W
orld
War
I: 1
890
to 1
920
25
Peri
od #
10. T
he T
ime
Bet
wee
n th
e W
ars:
192
0 to
193
927
Peri
od #
11. W
orld
War
II
and
Am
eric
an G
loba
l Pre
emin
ence
: 193
9 to
195
729
Peri
od #
12. T
echn
olog
ical
Adv
ance
s, V
ietn
am, a
nd S
ocia
l Uph
eava
l: 19
57 to
197
331
Peri
od #
13. C
old
War
Clim
ax a
nd N
ew W
orld
Ord
er: 1
973
to P
rese
nt32
App
endi
x: R
elat
ed P
aper
s35
Fore
wor
d
Geo
grap
hy h
as s
hape
d ou
r hi
stor
y in
cru
cial
way
s an
d hi
stor
yha
s ha
d hu
ge im
pact
s on
geo
grap
hy (
cons
ider
, for
exa
mpl
e, h
owna
tiona
l bor
ders
and
cap
itals
got
whe
re th
ey a
re),
yet
toda
y's
K-1
2te
ache
rs r
arel
y te
ach
the
two
subj
ects
in a
n in
tegr
ated
fas
hion
,an
d A
mer
ican
chi
ldre
n's
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
bot
h su
bjec
ts s
uffe
rs.
Thi
s re
port
sho
ws
how
the
stud
y of
U.S
. his
tory
can
be
enri
ched
by
blen
ding
geo
grap
hy in
to th
e cu
rric
ulum
. Its
cen
ter-
piec
e is
an
inno
vativ
e cu
rric
ulum
fra
mew
ork
for
stud
ying
the
Am
eric
an p
ast,
a co
urse
in w
hich
eac
h hi
stor
ical
per
iod
is s
uppl
e-m
ente
d an
d en
rich
ed b
y th
e in
trod
uctio
n of
rel
evan
t geo
grap
hy.
The
aut
hors
hav
e al
so d
evel
oped
a m
uch
mor
e co
mpr
ehen
sive
repo
rt o
n ho
w h
isto
ry a
nd g
eogr
aphy
can
be
taug
ht to
geth
eran
d w
hy th
at's
a g
ood
thin
g to
do.
Tha
t lon
ger
docu
men
t is
the
mar
ble
from
whi
ch th
is s
hort
er o
ne w
as h
ewn.
Titl
ed T
ime
and
Spac
e C
onve
rgen
ce: A
Joi
nt H
isto
ry-G
eogr
aphy
Cur
ricu
lum
, it c
anbe
obt
aine
d by
con
tact
ing
The
Gilb
ert M
. Gro
sven
or C
ente
r fo
rG
eogr
aphi
c E
duca
tion
by te
leph
one
at 5
12.2
45.1
823
or e
mai
l at
jb42
@sw
t.edu
.
The
aut
hors
are
no
stra
nger
s to
the
stud
y of
his
tory
and
geo
gra-
phy.
Ric
hard
G. B
oehm
is J
esse
H. J
ones
Dis
tingu
ishe
d C
hair
inG
eogr
aphi
c E
duca
tion
and
Dir
ecto
r of
the
Gilb
ert M
. Gro
sven
orC
ente
r fo
r G
eogr
aphi
c E
duca
tion
at S
outh
wes
t Tex
as S
tate
Uni
vers
ity. D
avid
War
ren
Saxe
is a
pro
fess
or o
f ed
ucat
ion
atPe
nnsy
lvan
ia S
tate
Uni
vers
ity a
nd a
mem
ber
of th
e Pe
nnsy
lvan
iaSt
ate
Boa
rd o
f E
duca
tion.
Dav
id J
. Rut
herf
ord
is a
ssoc
iate
edi
tor
ofR
esea
rch
in G
eogr
aphi
c E
duca
tion
at S
outh
wes
t Tex
as S
tate
Uni
vers
ity.
Ble
ndin
g H
isto
ry a
nd G
eogr
aphy
in th
e K
-12
Cur
ricu
lum
The
y w
ere
assi
sted
by
Ter
ry S
mith
and
Sus
an M
unro
e of
the
Cas
ados
Gro
up, D
ougl
as C
. Wilm
s of
Eas
t Car
olin
a U
nive
rsity
(ret
ired
), a
nd E
llen
Fost
er, a
Ph.
D. s
tude
nt in
geo
grap
hic
educ
a-tio
n at
Sou
thw
est T
exas
Sta
te.
The
Tho
mas
B. F
ordh
am F
ound
atio
n is
ple
ased
to p
ublis
h th
isco
ncis
e, a
cces
sibl
e, a
nd p
ract
ical
fru
it of
thei
r la
bors
. It c
ontin
ues
our
invo
lvem
ent i
n th
e st
reng
then
ing
of s
ocia
l stu
dies
edu
catio
n,w
ith p
artic
ular
em
phas
is o
n th
e co
re d
isci
plin
es o
f hi
stor
y an
dge
ogra
phy.
Tha
t the
se s
ubje
cts
need
the
clos
e at
tent
ion
of e
duca
-tio
n re
form
ers
and
polic
ymak
ers
has
neve
r be
en c
lear
er. O
ur o
wn
revi
ew d
urin
g th
e ye
ar 2
000
of s
tate
aca
dem
ic s
tand
ards
in b
oth
subj
ects
rev
eale
d a
dism
al s
ituat
ion.
Tho
ugh
a fe
w s
tate
s ha
vedo
ne a
n ex
empl
ary
job
of d
efin
ing
the
core
kno
wle
dge
of h
isto
ryan
d ge
ogra
phy
that
thei
r pr
imar
y-se
cond
ary
stud
ents
nee
d to
lear
n, th
e gr
eat m
ajor
ity h
ave
not.
(See
The
Sta
te o
f St
ate
Stan
dard
s 20
00, e
dite
d by
Che
ster
E. F
inn,
Jr.
and
Mic
hael
J.
Petr
illi,
The
Tho
mas
B. F
ordh
am F
ound
atio
n, J
anua
ry 2
000,
ava
il-ab
le a
t http
://w
ww
.ede
xcel
lenc
e.ne
t/lib
rary
/sos
s200
0/20
00so
ss.h
tml.)
Nor
are
thes
e su
bjec
ts s
afel
y en
trus
ted
to "
soci
al s
tudi
esex
pert
s."
As
we
revi
ewed
the
woe
ful g
uida
nce
that
man
y of
thos
eex
pert
s w
ere
givi
ng to
teac
hers
in th
e af
term
ath
of th
e Se
ptem
ber
11 te
rror
ist a
ttack
s, w
e ca
me
to r
ealiz
e th
at w
hat w
as w
rong
and
mis
sing
fro
m th
at g
uida
nce
was
but
the
tip o
f a
grea
t big
iceb
erg
of c
urri
cula
r tr
oubl
e. (
See
Sept
embe
r 11
: Wha
t Our
Chi
ldre
n N
eed
to K
now
, Tho
mas
B. F
ordh
am F
ound
atio
n, S
epte
mbe
r 20
02, a
vail-
able
at h
ttp: /
/ww
w.e
dexc
elle
nce
.net
/Sep
tl1 /S
epte
mbe
r11.
htm
l.) W
ein
tend
to c
ontin
ue c
allin
g at
tent
ion
to th
ese
prob
lem
s an
d, w
here
we
can,
sug
gest
ing
solu
tions
to th
em. T
he p
rese
nt c
ontr
ibut
ion
is iii
both
use
ful i
n its
ow
n ri
ghta
fin
e cu
rric
ular
gui
de f
or e
duca
tors
and
polic
ymak
ers
that
imag
inat
ivel
y bl
ends
the
two
core
dis
ci-
plin
es o
f so
cial
stu
dies
and
a ne
eded
rem
inde
r th
at th
is f
ield
need
s ur
gent
atte
ntio
n.
We
lear
n fr
om th
e N
atio
nal A
sses
smen
t of
Edu
catio
nal
Prog
ress
, fro
m s
urve
ys b
y th
e N
atio
nal G
eogr
aphi
c So
ciet
y an
dfr
om a
hun
dred
oth
er s
ourc
es th
at A
mer
ican
stu
dent
s' k
now
ledg
eof
his
tory
and
geo
grap
hy is
lam
enta
bly
thin
, tha
t the
ir u
nder
-st
andi
ng o
f th
eir
natio
n's
past
is w
eak,
and
that
thei
r co
mpr
ehen
-si
on o
f th
e w
orld
out
side
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es is
ski
mpy
inde
ed. Y
etth
ere
has
neve
r be
en a
tim
e w
hen
such
kno
wle
dge
mat
tere
d m
ore.
The
Uni
ted
Stat
es m
ay b
e th
e w
orld
's o
nly
supe
rpow
er b
ut it
live
sin
a d
ange
rous
wor
ld a
nd, t
o th
e de
gree
that
that
wor
ld is
"fo
r-ei
gn"
to u
s, w
e ar
e m
ore
vuln
erab
le to
thos
e w
ho w
ish
us il
l.M
oreo
ver,
our
citi
zens
, you
ng a
nd o
ld, n
eed
to k
now
whe
re th
eU
nite
d St
ates
cam
e fr
om, w
hat i
t sta
nds
for,
how
it g
ot to
be
the
way
it is
, and
how
it r
espo
nded
in e
arlie
r tim
es o
f pe
ril.
The
you
ngm
en a
nd w
omen
goi
ng o
ff to
def
end
us d
eser
ve n
ot o
nly
our
grat
-itu
de a
nd s
uppo
rt b
ut a
lso
our
deep
und
erst
andi
ng a
nd a
ppre
ci-
atio
n of
wha
t's g
oing
on
and
why
it m
atte
rs. T
he p
rim
ary
and
sec-
onda
ry s
choo
ls o
f th
e U
nite
d St
ates
bea
r a
subs
tant
ial r
espo
nsi-
bilit
y fo
r tr
ansm
ittin
g su
ch k
now
ledg
e, u
nder
stan
ding
and
we
shou
ld u
se th
is h
onor
able
wor
dpat
riot
ism
. The
pla
ce to
beg
inis
with
the
soci
al s
tudi
es c
urri
culu
m a
nd w
ith h
isto
ry a
nd g
eog-
raph
y in
par
ticul
ar.
The
Tho
mas
B. F
ordh
am F
ound
atio
n is
a p
riva
te f
ound
atio
nth
at s
uppo
rts
rese
arch
, pub
licat
ions
, and
act
ion
proj
ects
in e
le-
men
tary
/sec
onda
ry e
duca
tion
refo
rm a
t the
nat
iona
l lev
el a
nd in
iu
the
Day
ton,
Ohi
o, a
rea.
Fur
ther
info
rmat
ion
can
be o
btai
ned
atou
r w
eb s
ite (
ww
w.e
dexc
elle
nce.
net)
or
by w
ritin
g us
at 1
627
KSt
reet
NW
, Sui
te 6
00, W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C 2
0006
. (W
e ca
n al
so b
e e-
mai
led
thro
ugh
our
web
site
.) T
his
repo
rt is
ava
ilabl
e in
ful
l on
the
foun
datio
n's
web
site
, and
har
d co
pies
can
be
obta
ined
by
call-
ing
1-88
8-T
BF-
7474
(si
ngle
cop
ies
are
free
). T
he f
ound
atio
n is
neith
er c
onne
cted
with
nor
spo
nsor
ed b
y Fo
rdha
m U
nive
rsity
.
Che
ster
E. F
inn,
Jr.
, Pre
side
ntT
hom
as B
. For
dham
Fou
ndat
ion
Was
hing
ton,
D.C
.Fe
brua
ry 2
003
The
Bes
t of
Bot
h W
orld
s
Why
His
tory
and
Geo
grap
hy S
houl
d B
e T
augh
t
Tog
ethe
r
Alm
ost a
ny s
econ
dary
sch
ool h
isto
ry te
ache
r re
cogn
izes
that
can'
t tea
ch g
ood
hist
ory
with
out g
eogr
aphy
." I
n pr
actic
e,ho
wev
er, t
his
mar
riag
e se
ldom
occ
urs.
Whe
n it
does
, the
geo
gra-
phy
tend
s to
be
sim
plis
tic, c
onfi
ned
to lo
okin
g at
map
s an
d tr
ying
to u
nder
stan
d "w
here
" hi
stor
ical
eve
nts
occu
rred
. Tha
t's im
por-
tant
for
stu
dent
s, a
s fa
r as
it g
oes,
but
it d
oes
not g
o ne
arly
far
enou
gh to
intr
oduc
e th
em to
geo
grap
hy's
pro
foun
d in
flue
nces
on
hist
ory
itsel
f. T
he f
act i
s, g
eogr
aphy
has
pla
yed
a cr
ucia
l rol
e in
alm
ost a
ll si
gnif
ican
t his
tori
cal e
vent
s, a
nd g
eogr
aphy
sha
pes
the
char
acte
rist
ics
of th
e pl
aces
whe
re p
eopl
e, e
vent
s, a
nd id
eas
have
mad
e hi
stor
y. F
or e
xam
ple,
the
wes
twar
d-m
ovin
g pi
onee
rs p
lain
-ly
und
erst
ood
the
imm
ense
for
ce th
at g
eogr
aphy
exe
rted
upo
nth
eir
jour
neys
. The
pol
itica
l and
str
ateg
ic p
lann
ers
on b
oth
side
sof
the
Civ
il W
ar c
onte
nded
with
the
real
ities
of
geog
raph
y as
wel
las
with
thei
r op
pone
nts'
tact
ics.
Tod
ay, u
nfor
tuna
tely
, his
tory
and
geo
grap
hy a
re th
e pr
oper
tyof
com
plet
ely
sepa
rate
aca
dem
ic d
epar
tmen
ts o
n un
iver
sity
cam
puse
s, a
nd o
nly
limite
d co
mm
unic
atio
n oc
curs
bet
wee
n th
etw
o ca
mps
. Thi
s bi
furc
ated
and
oft
en p
olar
ized
app
roac
h to
know
ledg
e ha
s sp
read
to A
mer
ica'
s K
-12
scho
ols
as w
ell,
whe
rehi
stor
y an
d ge
ogra
phy
exis
t as
sepa
rate
sub
ject
s (a
nd g
eogr
aphy
,al
l too
oft
en, s
carc
ely
even
exi
sts)
. His
tory
cou
rses
dea
l with
time
whi
le g
eogr
aphy
cou
rses
whe
n ta
ught
at a
llem
brac
esp
ace.
Geo
grap
hy te
achi
ng f
ocus
es o
n th
e co
ntem
pora
ry w
here
-as
his
tory
is c
hron
olog
ical
and
oft
en s
tops
at a
bout
the
time
that
Ble
ndin
g H
isto
ry a
nd G
eogr
aphy
in th
e K
-12
Cur
ricu
lum
pres
ent-
day
geog
raph
y be
gins
. Con
sequ
ently
, the
his
tori
cal
com
pone
nt is
usu
ally
left
out
of
the
stud
y of
geo
grap
hy w
hile
hist
ory
cour
ses
fail
to in
corp
orat
e im
port
ant g
eogr
aphi
cal e
le-
men
ts. T
his
situ
atio
n ha
ndic
aps
lear
ning
in b
oth
disc
iplin
es a
ndca
uses
stu
dent
s no
t to
gras
p th
e co
mpl
exiti
es p
rese
nt in
the
dyna
mic
s as
soci
ated
with
the
hum
an/e
nvir
onm
ent i
nter
actio
nsth
at b
oth
geog
raph
ers
and
hist
oria
ns r
ecog
nize
as
cruc
ial.
Des
pite
the
fact
that
teac
hers
of
hist
ory
and
geog
raph
y pa
ylip
ser
vice
to th
e do
ctri
ne th
at "
you
can'
t tea
ch o
ne s
ubje
ctw
ithou
t the
oth
er"a
nd it
's n
ot u
nusu
al to
fin
d th
e sa
me
"soc
ial s
tudi
es"
inst
ruct
or te
achi
ng b
othl
ittle
hig
h-qu
ality
inte
rdis
cipl
inar
y (h
isto
ry/g
eogr
aphy
) te
achi
ng ta
kes
plac
e.B
ecau
se th
e tw
o fi
elds
hav
e no
t res
olve
d ho
w h
isto
ry a
nd g
eog-
raph
y w
ork
toge
ther
, and
how
eac
h co
mpl
emen
ts th
e ot
her,
his
-to
ry is
not
taug
ht a
s w
ell a
s it
shou
ld b
e an
d th
e ge
ogra
phy
that
is ta
ught
tend
s to
be
mer
ely
loca
tion/
plac
e in
form
atio
n, a
sup
er-
fici
al r
efle
ctio
n of
a r
ich
subj
ect a
rea.
How
to U
se T
his
Fra
mew
ork
Thi
s do
cum
ent s
umm
ariz
es th
e re
sults
of
a pr
ojec
t des
igne
d to
addr
ess
this
pro
blem
thro
ugh
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f a
high
-sch
ool
U.S
. his
tory
cur
ricu
lum
fra
mew
ork
that
off
ers
teac
hers
the
oppo
rtun
ity to
teac
h a
trad
ition
al A
mer
ican
his
tory
cou
rse
that
isen
rich
ed b
y a
cons
iste
nt in
ject
ion
of th
e ge
ogra
phic
al a
spec
ts th
atin
tera
cted
with
impo
rtan
t peo
ple,
eve
nts,
and
idea
s. T
he e
lem
ents
of th
e fr
amew
ork
serv
e as
sug
gest
ions
for
less
ons
that
are
ric
h in
cont
ent d
raw
n fr
om b
oth
disc
iplin
es.
Thu
s, f
or e
xam
ple,
mig
ratio
n be
com
es m
ore
than
an
idea
whe
n it
incl
udes
the
conc
epts
of
orig
in, d
estin
atio
n, tr
ansp
orta
-tio
n m
eans
, and
set
tlem
ent r
ealit
iest
he "
why
, whe
re, a
nd h
ow"
to e
nric
h an
d am
plif
y th
e "w
hen.
" Si
mila
rly,
wes
twar
d ex
pans
ion
beco
mes
a s
tory
infl
uenc
ed b
y qu
estio
ns r
elat
ed to
the
"pus
h-pu
llef
fect
." W
hat c
ause
d A
mer
ican
s to
mov
e to
the
wes
t? W
hat f
acto
rsm
ade
it ea
sy f
or th
em to
leav
e B
osto
n, P
hila
delp
hia,
and
New
Yor
kC
ity?
How
did
they
mak
e th
eir
way
wes
twar
d an
d w
hat w
ere
the
barr
iers
as
wel
l as
the
road
way
s? H
ow w
ere
settl
ers
able
to li
ve o
ffth
e la
nd d
urin
g th
e w
estw
ard
trek
, and
how
did
they
adj
ust t
one
w e
nvir
onm
ents
alo
ng th
e w
ay a
nd a
fter
rea
chin
g th
eir
dest
ina-
tions
? T
hese
and
man
y ot
her
geog
raph
ic q
uest
ions
and
ans
wer
spr
ovid
e th
e un
ique
fla
vor
to th
is p
roje
ct.
The
fra
mew
ork
also
iden
tifie
s pl
aces
in th
e ch
rono
logy
of
U.S
.hi
stor
y w
here
bas
ic g
eogr
aphy
nee
ds to
be
taug
ht if
stu
dent
s ar
eto
und
erst
and
both
the
rich
and
com
plex
nat
ure
of g
eogr
aphy
itsel
f an
d ho
w it
has
"co
nstr
ucte
d th
e st
age
on w
hich
his
tory
ispl
ayed
out
."
The
Cur
ricu
lum
Fra
mew
ork
on p
p. 3
-34
is a
mat
rix
of s
pace
and
time,
a b
old
atte
mpt
to c
halle
nge
hist
ory
teac
hers
to te
ach
thei
r st
uden
ts to
lear
n un
der
a ne
w p
arad
igm
. The
era
s in
col
umn
one
of th
e m
atri
x w
ill a
ncho
r te
ache
rs a
nd s
tude
nts
in a
fam
iliar
outli
ne o
f U
.S. h
isto
ry, b
ut it
is c
olum
n tw
o th
at h
olds
the
prom
-is
e fo
r a
trul
y in
terd
isci
plin
ary
appr
oach
to U
.S. h
isto
ry. T
here
the
read
er w
ill f
ind
oppo
rtun
ities
for
the
join
t tea
chin
g of
his
tory
and
geog
raph
y an
d su
gges
tions
of
new
way
s of
see
ing
how
our
his
to-
ry h
as u
nfol
ded.
Ide
as a
boun
d, a
nd m
aps
beco
me
nece
ssar
yin
gred
ient
s, n
ot m
erel
y ba
ckdr
ops
for
the
two-
dim
ensi
onal
que
s-tio
n "w
here
?".
Col
umn
thre
e m
ay p
ose
the
grea
test
cha
lleng
e to
his
tory
teac
hers
bec
ause
it c
alls
upo
n th
em to
do
two
thin
gs f
or w
hich
they
may
hav
e ha
d lit
tle p
repa
ratio
n. I
t sug
gest
s: (
1) th
at s
ome
basi
c ge
ogra
phy
is e
ssen
tial t
o an
y un
ders
tand
ing
of h
isto
ry, a
nd(2
) th
at c
onte
mpo
rary
geo
grap
hy h
elps
to c
ompl
ete
the
hist
oric
alre
cord
of
how
thin
gs g
ot to
be
wha
t and
whe
re th
ey a
re in
our
daily
live
s.
Will
his
tori
ans
and
hist
ory
teac
hers
em
brac
e th
is in
nova
tion,
a"s
cope
and
seq
uenc
e" f
or U
.S. h
isto
ry in
whi
ch g
eogr
aphy
pla
ys a
new
and
maj
or r
ole?
If
they
do,
like
the
fam
ilies
who
se w
agon
sla
bori
ousl
y ca
rrie
d th
em in
to th
e A
mer
ican
Wes
t in
the
19th
cen
-tu
ry, t
hey
will
be
pion
eers
. To
supp
ort t
his
appr
oach
, his
tori
ans
atth
e un
iver
sity
leve
l will
nee
d to
incl
ude
geog
raph
ic e
duca
tion
aspa
rt o
f th
e pr
epar
atio
n of
fut
ure
K-1
2 te
ache
rs, a
n un
fam
iliar
task
but o
ne w
ith a
glit
teri
ng p
ayof
f. W
hile
they
are
at i
t, th
ey m
ight
teac
h th
is w
ay to
thei
r ot
her
colle
ge s
tude
nts,
too.
Pup
ils a
ndin
stru
ctor
s at
eve
ry le
vel n
eed
to c
ome
to g
rips
with
the
com
bine
dpo
wer
of
hist
ory
and
geog
raph
y. W
e ha
ve ta
lked
abo
ut it
for
yea
rs.
Now
we
have
a te
mpl
ate
to d
o so
met
hing
abo
ut it
.
2T
he B
est o
f B
oth
Wor
lds
U.S
. His
tory
and
Geo
grap
hy C
urric
ulum
Fra
mew
ork
for
a H
igh-
Sch
ool C
ours
e
Thi
s cu
rric
ulum
fra
mew
ork
has
thre
e co
lum
ns. T
he f
irst
def
ines
the
chro
nolo
gy a
nd e
ssen
tial t
opic
s fo
r a
high
-sch
ool l
evel
U.S
. his
-to
ry c
ours
e; th
e se
cond
dis
play
s op
port
uniti
es f
or jo
int h
isto
ry/g
eogr
aphy
teac
hing
and
lear
ning
org
aniz
ed b
y er
as a
nd to
pics
; and
the
thir
d su
gges
ts w
here
pur
e ge
ogra
phy
can
be ta
ught
eith
er to
cla
rify
the
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
his
tory
or
to e
xten
d it
to c
onte
mpo
rary
tim
es.
His
tory
Con
tent
His
tory
and
Geo
grap
hy T
augh
t Sim
ulta
neou
sly
Geo
grap
hy T
augh
t as
aS
tand
-Alo
ne S
ubje
ct
Per
iod
#1
Set
ting
the
Sta
ge: B
efor
e 11
192
a. P
rehi
stor
y,-
Phy
sica
l geo
grap
hy o
f Wes
tern
Hem
isph
ere
(land
form
s, w
ater
sys
tem
s,di
fferin
g cl
imat
es, v
eget
atio
n an
dec
osys
tem
s)
),..
Res
ourc
es o
f Nor
th A
mer
ica
> C
ompa
rison
of p
hysi
cal g
eogr
aphy
of
Wes
tern
Hem
isph
ere
and
Eur
ope
).-
Phy
sica
l geo
grap
hy o
f the
Nor
thA
tlant
ic O
cean
b. N
ativ
e po
pula
tions
> M
igra
tions
of e
arly
peo
ples
Cha
ngin
g cl
imat
eIc
e A
ge e
nds
and
war
min
g be
gins
Ber
ing
land
brid
geR
emov
al o
f int
erve
ning
obs
tacl
es
)0-
Indi
an s
ettle
men
t loc
atio
ns a
nd tr
ibal
dis
trib
utio
n pa
ttern
s
> C
ultu
ral c
hara
cter
istic
s of
nat
ive
popu
latio
ns a
nd th
eir
rela
tions
hips
with
the
varie
d na
tura
l env
ironm
ents
(cr
ops
grow
n, h
ousi
ng ty
pes
used
, clo
thes
wor
n)
Ble
ndin
g H
isto
ry a
nd G
eogr
aphy
in th
e K
-12
Cur
ricu
lum
3
His
tory
Con
tent
His
tory
and
Geo
grap
hy T
augh
t Sim
ulta
neou
sly
Geo
grap
hy T
augh
t as
aS
tand
-Alo
ne S
ubje
ct
c. E
urop
ean
foun
datio
ns>
Inte
rpre
t anc
ient
map
s of
the
"kno
wn
wor
ld"
and
the
Rom
an E
mpi
re. W
hat w
as(R
oman
and
Gre
ek in
flu-
ence
s, J
udeo
-Chr
istia
nm
oral
pre
cept
s,
the
exte
nt o
f the
"kn
own
wor
ld?"
> W
hat f
acto
rs li
mite
d tr
avel
dur
ing
mos
t of t
he M
iddl
e A
ges?
Wha
t cha
nges
Ren
aiss
ance
,in
crea
sed
trav
el?
Enl
ight
enm
ent,
etc.
)>
- W
hat w
as th
e ef
fect
of i
mpr
oved
map
-mak
ing
tech
nolo
gies
?
>,-
The
chu
rch
as th
e gr
eat u
nifie
r of
Wes
tern
Civ
iliza
tion
(con
nect
ions
, int
erde
-pe
nden
ce, a
nd a
cces
sibi
lity
amon
g pl
aces
)
>-
Spr
ead
and
impa
ct o
f Enl
ight
enm
ent t
hink
ing
thro
ugh
Eur
ope
> N
etw
orks
of t
rade
and
com
mer
ce in
the
Old
Wor
ld
>-
Dev
elop
men
t of t
owns
and
citi
es, u
rban
str
uctu
res
(line
ar, c
lust
er, e
tc.)
, var
ia-
tions
of t
he p
re-in
dust
rial c
ity
>-
The
effe
cts
of in
crea
sing
Eur
opea
n tr
ade
netw
orks
and
kno
wle
dge
of th
e E
ast
(e.g
. Mar
co P
olo
and
Ven
etia
n tr
ade
with
Chi
na, F
land
ers
and
the
Bla
ck S
ea r
oute
toth
e M
iddl
e E
ast,
etc.
)
>-
Wha
t wer
e th
e na
ture
and
type
s of
goo
ds th
at E
urop
eans
sou
ght f
rom
Eas
tern
trad
e ce
nter
s?
>-
Oce
an tr
avel
impr
ovem
ents
res
ultin
g fr
om P
rince
Hen
ry's
effo
rts
> A
pplic
atio
n of
the
mag
netic
com
pass
>,-
Sum
mar
y an
d ge
nera
lizat
ion
of th
e ge
ogra
phic
ele
men
ts o
f the
Old
Wor
ld a
ndas
sess
men
t of t
he fa
ctor
s th
at c
ontr
ibut
ed to
New
Wor
ld d
isco
very
and
exp
lora
tion
gT
he B
est o
f B
oth
Wor
lds
His
tory
Con
tent
His
tory
and
Geo
grap
hy T
augh
t Sim
ulta
neou
sly
Geo
grap
hy T
augh
t as
aS
tand
-Alo
ne S
ubje
ct
Peri
od #
2
Dis
cove
ry a
nd E
xplo
ratio
n: 1
492
to 1
607
a. R
easo
ns fo
r
disc
over
y an
d co
nque
st
> B
arrie
rs to
the
Eas
t led
to e
xplo
ratio
n to
the
wes
t. W
hat w
as th
e ba
sis
for
the
belie
f tha
t by
trav
el to
war
d th
e w
est o
ne c
ould
arr
ive
in th
e E
ast?
> P
ublic
atio
n of
Pto
lem
y's
The
Geo
grap
hy
> A
ttrac
tion
of w
ealth
ava
ilabl
e in
oth
er la
nds
> D
esire
to b
ring
relig
ious
con
vers
ion
to o
ther
land
s
> P
oten
tial i
ncre
ase
in s
tatu
s an
d po
wer
> W
hy w
as N
orth
Am
eric
a vi
ewed
as
a "v
irgin
land
"? W
hy w
as it
cal
led
the
"New
Wor
ld"
or a
"la
nd o
f opp
ortu
nity
"?
> In
vent
ion
and
disc
over
y of
oce
an-s
ea tr
avel
inno
vatio
ns, s
hip
cons
truc
tion,
etc
.
b. E
xplo
rers
and
conq
uero
rs
> C
ompa
rison
s of
var
ious
exp
lore
rs. H
ow d
id d
iffer
ent m
otiv
atio
ns, s
kills
,pe
rspe
ctiv
es, e
tc.,
influ
ence
the
effe
ctiv
enes
s of
the
expe
ditio
ns?
> C
ompa
rison
s of
var
ious
Eur
opea
n co
untr
ies.
Wha
t mad
e so
me
coun
trie
s be
tter
suite
d fo
r ex
plor
atio
n, d
isco
very
, tra
de, a
nd tr
avel
?
> C
ompa
rison
s of
var
ious
exp
lora
tions
(ro
utes
, env
ironm
ents
, log
istic
s, e
tc.)
> G
eopo
litic
sef
fect
s of
the
incr
easi
ng s
cale
of c
onta
ct b
etw
een
peop
le a
ndpe
ople
-gro
ups
(cha
nge
from
loca
l and
reg
iona
l to
inte
rcon
tinen
tal a
ndtr
ansa
tlant
ic)
> R
esul
ts o
f exp
lora
tion
and
conq
uest
for
Eur
opea
n pe
ople
s in
the
New
and
Old
Wor
lds
Gro
win
g cu
riosi
ty a
bout
pla
ces,
a s
ense
of a
dven
ture
, and
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f ski
lls in
rou
te s
elec
tion,
way
findi
ng, a
nd s
ite s
elec
tion
> M
aps
of th
e tr
adin
g ro
utes
of t
he A
mer
icas
. Whe
re w
ere
they
loca
ted,
why
thos
elo
catio
ns, w
hat p
lace
s di
d th
ey c
onne
ct?
Ble
ndin
g H
isto
ry a
nd G
eogr
aphy
in th
e K
-12
Cur
ricu
lum
5
His
tory
Con
tent
His
tory
and
Geo
grap
hy T
augh
t Sim
ulta
neou
sly
Geo
grap
hy T
augh
t as
aS
tand
-Alo
ne S
ubje
ct
c. E
urop
ean
settl
emen
t>
Ent
itlem
ents
to s
oil
Act
of d
isco
very
/Act
of c
onqu
est
Act
of D
isco
very
: Col
umbu
s fo
r S
pain
, Cab
ot fo
r E
ngla
nd, C
artie
r fo
r F
ranc
e
* C
ompa
rison
s of
var
ious
set
tlem
ents
and
Eur
opea
n co
untr
ies.
Wha
t mad
e so
me
settl
emen
ts v
iabl
e, a
nd w
hat m
ade
som
e co
untr
ies
mor
e ef
fect
ive
at e
stab
lishi
ngse
ttlem
ents
?
).. W
hat a
reas
of t
he A
mer
icas
wer
e ex
plor
ed a
nd s
ettle
d? W
hy th
ese
area
s?
,- L
ocat
ions
and
bou
ndar
ies
of c
olon
ies
)- E
nviro
nmen
tal c
halle
nges
ass
ocia
ted
with
diff
eren
t col
onia
l set
tlem
ents
d. C
olom
bian
Exc
hang
e>
,- M
edic
al g
eogr
aphy
orig
ins
and
diffu
sion
pat
tern
s of
dis
ease
s
> A
gric
ultu
ral p
rodu
cts
two-
way
tran
s-A
tlant
ic in
tera
ctio
ns
).-
Tec
hnol
ogy
cale
ndar
, whe
el, a
rchi
tect
ure
).-
Fas
hion
Per
iod
#3
Col
onia
l Per
iod:
160
7 to
176
3
a. M
otiv
es fo
rco
loni
zatio
n(in
tern
atio
nal p
oliti
cs,
dom
estic
pol
icie
s,re
ligio
us, e
cono
mic
)
),-
Mer
cant
ilism
and
trad
e
Affe
cted
ear
ly s
ettle
men
t pat
tern
s, o
rgan
izat
ion
of la
nd a
nd p
eopl
e
Iden
tify
sign
ifica
nt p
hysi
cal g
eogr
aphi
c fe
atur
es a
nd n
atur
al r
esou
rces
that
beca
me
impo
rtan
t as
mer
cant
ilism
evo
lved
and
ass
ocia
ted
tech
nolo
gica
lin
vent
ions
wer
e em
ploy
ed.
>,-
Mot
ives
for
colo
niza
tion
inte
ract
ed w
ith p
ush-
pull
fact
ors
Pus
h fa
ctor
s (e
.g.,
relig
ious
per
secu
tion,
pop
ulat
ion
pres
sure
s, li
mite
d
avai
labi
lity
of la
nd, f
orce
d m
igra
tion
of c
rimin
als)
6T
he B
est o
f B
oth
Wor
lds
His
tory
Con
tent
His
tory
and
Geo
grap
hy T
augh
t Sim
ulta
neou
sly
Geo
grap
hy T
augh
t as
aS
tand
-Alo
ne S
ubje
ct
Pul
l fac
tors
(e.
g., e
cono
mic
opp
ortu
nitie
s, r
elig
ious
free
dom
, civ
il fr
eedo
m,
abun
dant
ava
ilabi
lity
of la
nd, f
amily
com
mitm
ents
)
b. C
oexi
sten
ce/c
onfli
ctbe
twee
n na
tive
peop
les
and
Eur
opea
ns
> E
ffect
s of
exp
lora
tion
and
settl
emen
t on
Indi
an p
opul
atio
ns a
nd E
urop
ean
popu
latio
ns in
the
Am
eric
as (
assi
mila
tion,
acc
ultu
ratio
n, s
egre
gatio
n, a
nd
deci
mat
ion
acro
ss s
pace
and
tim
e)
c. C
oexi
sten
ce/c
onfli
ctbe
twee
n riv
al E
urop
ean
pow
ers
> B
ound
arie
s an
d cu
ltura
l con
tact
acr
oss
boun
darie
s
d. E
xpan
sion
of t
hefr
ontie
r>
Loc
atio
ns a
nd b
ound
arie
s of
the
cont
inue
d ex
plor
atio
ns b
y th
e co
loni
al p
ower
s
Fre
nch
expl
orat
ion
of th
e in
terio
r
Brit
ish
pene
trat
ion
wes
t fro
m th
e A
tlant
ic c
oast
Spa
nish
exp
lora
tion
from
the
sout
h an
d w
est
> W
hat w
ere
the
maj
or d
iffer
ence
s be
twee
n F
renc
h, B
ritis
h an
d S
pani
sh
settl
emen
ts a
nd u
se o
f lan
d an
d re
sour
ces?
>,-
Bou
ndar
ies
and
fron
tiers
circ
a 17
63 (
the
setti
ng fo
r th
e co
min
g co
nflic
t bet
wee
n
colo
nies
and
col
onia
l pow
ers)
e. F
ound
ers
and
relig
ions
> R
elig
ious
diff
eren
ces/
inte
ract
ions
influ
ence
his
tory
and
geo
grap
hy(e
.g. t
errit
oria
l bou
ndar
ies,
pla
ce n
ames
).
> E
ffect
s of
rel
igio
us d
iffer
ence
s an
d si
mila
ritie
s on
trav
el/tr
ade,
exp
lora
tion,
and
settl
emen
t
f. S
ocio
econ
omic
cond
ition
s an
d pr
oces
ses
(sla
very
, ser
vitu
de, l
and,
labo
r, c
apita
l, po
litic
s,po
wer
)
> H
ow w
as tr
ade
effic
ienc
y im
prov
ed o
r hi
nder
ed b
y m
erca
ntili
sm (
raw
mat
eria
ls
to E
urop
e, s
lave
and
fini
shed
pro
duct
s to
New
Wor
ld)?
> P
hysi
cal g
eogr
aphi
c in
fluen
ces
upon
mer
cant
ile e
ffici
ency
and
soc
ial c
ondi
tions
Tria
ngle
Tra
de (
trad
ewin
ds a
nd G
ulf S
trea
m in
fluen
ce s
ailin
g di
rect
ions
)
Ble
ndin
g H
isto
ry a
nd G
eogr
aphy
in th
e K
-12
Cur
ricu
lum
7
His
tory
Con
tent
His
tory
and
Geo
grap
hy T
augh
t Sim
ulta
neou
sly
Geo
grap
hy T
augh
t as
aS
tand
-Alo
ne S
ubje
ct
>-
Soc
ial e
ffect
s of
the
chan
ging
tech
nolo
gies
of r
esou
rce
expl
oita
tion,
agr
icul
tura
l
prod
uctio
n, a
nd m
anuf
actu
ring
g. T
rans
port
atio
n>
Loc
atio
ns o
f Nor
th A
mer
ican
and
Eur
opea
n po
rts,
the
trav
el ti
me
betw
een
them
,
and
the
resu
lting
con
stra
ints
impo
sed
upon
col
onia
l gov
erna
nce
and
soci
oeco
nom
ic r
elat
ions
bet
wee
n co
loni
al p
ower
and
col
onie
s
>-
Sig
nific
ance
of w
ater
tran
spor
tatio
n (e
.g.,
St.
Law
renc
e R
iver
as
"wat
er r
oad"
to
the
inte
rior,
inte
rcoa
stal
wat
erw
ay)
> B
egin
ning
s of
col
onia
l roa
d ne
twor
k (p
oten
tials
, con
stra
ints
, and
inte
ract
ions
betw
een
phys
ical
geo
grap
hy a
nd h
uman
act
iviti
es)
h. S
ettle
men
ts a
ndliv
elih
oods
> L
and
use
diffe
renc
es
Influ
ence
s of
var
ied
phys
ical
geo
grap
hy o
n re
gion
al d
iffer
ence
s in
land
use
(agr
icul
ture
, res
ourc
e ex
ploi
tatio
n, e
tc.)
Var
iatio
ns b
y re
gion
in la
bor
and
land
use
inte
nsity
(N
ew E
ngla
ndfis
hing
,
Sou
thco
tton,
Mid
Atla
ntic
lives
tock
)
Eco
syst
em c
hang
es/e
xpan
sion
of h
uman
land
use
s (d
rain
wet
land
s, r
epla
cena
tive
vege
tatio
n)
Wha
t ada
ptat
ions
and
new
inve
ntio
ns w
ere
appl
ied
to m
odify
the
envi
ronm
ent
for
farm
ing,
fish
ing,
con
stru
ctio
n, a
nd o
ther
use
s?
> E
urop
ean
root
s of
Am
eric
an c
ultu
re (
arch
itect
ure,
farm
ing
and
fishi
ng p
ract
ices
,
cust
oms,
oth
er s
ocia
l pra
ctic
es a
nd in
stitu
tions
)
> G
row
th o
f set
tlem
ents
Whe
re?
Whe
n? W
hy th
ere?
Why
then
?
>-
Wha
t phy
sica
l geo
grap
hic
feat
ures
wer
e co
rrel
ated
with
the
vario
us c
olon
ial
settl
emen
ts?
Wha
t inf
luen
ces
exis
ted
betw
een
the
phys
ical
geo
grap
hy a
nd th
e se
t-tle
men
ts?
(e.g
. App
alac
hian
Mou
ntai
ns a
s ob
stac
le, f
all l
ine
as a
res
ourc
e, e
tc.)
> R
egio
nal d
iffer
ence
s in
set
tlem
ent
patte
rns
Nor
thea
stvi
llage
Sou
thpl
anta
tion
Mid
dle
Atla
ntic
sing
le h
omes
tead
8T
he B
est o
f B
oth
Wor
lds
His
tory
Con
tent
His
tory
and
Geo
grap
hy T
augh
t Sim
ulta
neou
sly
Geo
grap
hy T
augh
t as
aS
tand
-Alo
ne S
ubje
ct
>--
Effe
cts
of th
e go
od p
orts
and
har
bors
alo
ng th
e A
tlant
ic c
oast
> Im
mig
ratio
n pa
ttern
sId
entif
y th
e sp
read
of d
iffer
ent g
roup
s of
peo
ple
to
diffe
rent
reg
ions
and
cor
rela
te th
ose
mov
emen
ts w
ith r
elig
ion,
cou
ntry
of o
rigin
,an
d ot
her
reco
gniz
able
cha
ract
eris
tics.
> W
hy d
id d
iffer
ent p
eopl
es s
ettle
in d
iffer
ent r
egio
ns?
How
wel
l wer
e th
eir
livel
ihoo
d pr
actic
es a
dapt
ed to
the
new
loca
tions
they
occ
upie
d?
Per
iod
#4
Rev
olut
iona
ry A
mer
ica:
176
3 to
178
9
a. C
onse
quen
ces
ofF
renc
h an
d In
dian
War
> G
eogr
aphi
c as
pect
s of
the
war
(e.
g., b
attle
field
con
ditio
ns, m
uniti
ons
rout
es,
clim
ate
and
othe
r en
viro
nmen
tal i
ssue
s)
> B
ritis
h lim
ited
colo
nial
terr
itoria
l exp
ansi
on to
war
d th
e w
est
b. C
ause
s of
Am
eric
an
Rev
olut
ion
(eve
nts,
idea
s,ac
tivis
ts)
> G
eogr
aphi
c re
ason
s fo
r th
e de
velo
pmen
t of c
omm
unic
atio
ns a
nd s
mug
glin
g
amon
g in
divi
dual
s, r
egio
ns, a
nd c
olon
ies
(e.g
. irr
egul
ar c
oast
line,
nav
igab
le r
oute
sal
ong
the
inte
rcoa
stal
wat
erw
ay, n
eed
for
prod
ucts
not
pro
duce
d lo
cally
, etc
.)in
tera
ct w
ith p
oliti
cal a
nd e
cono
mic
issu
es (
Nav
igat
ion
Act
s, S
tam
p A
cts,
trad
e
regu
latio
n).
). W
hat f
acto
rs le
d to
gre
ater
dem
and
for
land
ow
ners
hip
in th
e co
loni
es a
nd th
e
resu
lting
pus
h to
exp
lore
the
"for
bidd
en W
est"
?
> In
spi
te o
f Brit
ish
rest
rictio
ns, f
ront
iers
men
dev
elop
rou
tes
thro
ugh
the
App
alac
hian
Mou
ntai
ns (
e.g.
, Dan
iel B
oone
and
the
Cum
berla
nd G
ap, E
bene
zer
Zan
e an
d Z
ane'
s T
race
).
> C
olon
ists
' shi
ft fr
om th
e m
erca
ntili
sm o
f Brit
ish
colo
nial
pol
icy
to th
e
deve
lopm
ent o
f cap
italis
m a
s a
loca
l ent
repr
eneu
rial i
nven
tion
resu
lting
from
loca
ltr
ade
amon
g th
e co
loni
es.
Ble
ndin
g H
isto
ry a
nd G
eogr
aphy
in th
e K
-12
Cur
ricu
lum
9
His
tory
Con
tent
His
tory
and
Geo
grap
hy T
augh
t Sim
ulta
neou
sly
Geo
grap
hy T
augh
t as
aS
tand
-Alo
ne S
ubje
ct
).-
Alth
ough
Brit
ish
law
pro
hibi
ted
rela
tions
bet
wee
n th
e co
loni
es a
nd o
ther
coun
trie
s, w
here
did
thes
e de
velo
p, a
nd w
hy in
thos
e pl
aces
?
) T
rans
port
atio
n
Tra
vel t
ime
to E
ngla
nd h
inde
red
tran
s-A
tlant
ic m
erca
ntili
sm b
ut p
rom
oted
loca
lec
onom
ic g
row
th.
Com
mun
icat
ions
bet
wee
n co
loni
es th
roug
h ne
wsp
aper
s, tr
ade
netw
orks
, and
polit
ical
con
tact
s cr
eate
d a
sens
e of
reg
iona
l ide
ntity
in th
e co
loni
es a
s se
para
tefr
om E
ngla
nd.
),-
Spr
ead
of li
tera
cy th
roug
h th
e co
loni
es in
crea
sed
know
ledg
e of
eve
nts
in o
ther
colo
nies
and
abr
oad.
c. R
evol
utio
nary
War
*Geo
polit
ics
Fre
nch/
Brit
ish
rival
ry, G
erm
an c
ontr
ibut
ion
to th
e A
mer
ican
s(le
ader
s, m
oral
e, fo
reig
n
aid,
turn
ing
poin
ts)
).-
Logi
stic
s of
war
in th
e 18
th c
entu
ry
Inab
ility
of B
ritis
h to
ade
quat
ely
supp
ly tr
oops
3,0
00 m
iles
away
Am
eric
ans'
loca
l kno
wle
dge
and
abili
ty to
use
land
as
a "w
eapo
n" v
ersu
s
Eng
lish
man
pow
er a
nd a
dvan
ced
tech
nolo
gy
)- T
he A
mer
ican
coa
stlin
e w
as 1
,000
mile
s lo
ng a
nd fu
ll of
bay
s, h
arbo
rs, a
nd
estu
arie
s, w
hich
inhi
bite
d B
ritis
h co
ntro
l.
>-
Spa
tial d
istr
ibut
ion
of th
e A
mer
ican
col
onie
s w
as to
o sp
read
out
to a
llow
Brit
ish
conq
uerin
g as
a w
hole
.
).-
Use
by
Eur
opea
n po
wer
s an
d co
loni
al le
ader
s of
war
s an
d di
sput
es a
mon
g
nativ
e pe
ople
s to
est
ablis
h st
rate
gic
allia
nces
ove
r cr
itica
l str
ateg
ic g
eogr
aphi
c
loca
tions
10T
he B
est o
f B
oth
Wor
lds
His
tory
Con
tent
His
tory
and
Geo
grap
hy T
augh
t Sim
ulta
neou
sly
Geo
grap
hy T
augh
t as
aS
tand
-Alo
ne S
ubje
ct
> G
eogr
aphi
c as
pect
s of
indi
vidu
al b
attle
s
> G
eogr
aphi
c as
pect
s of
maj
or c
ampa
igns
at s
ea (
wea
ther
, cur
rent
s, d
epth
of
wat
er, e
tc.)
> Im
port
ance
of l
ocat
ion
in R
evol
utio
nary
War
eve
nts
(sou
rces
of r
aw m
ater
ials
,
wat
er c
ross
ing
poin
ts, m
ount
ain
pass
es, e
tc.)
d. C
oncl
usio
n of
the
war
> N
ew b
ound
arie
s ci
rca
1783
> E
ffect
s up
on th
e em
ergi
ng A
mer
ican
free
-mar
ket e
cono
my
> C
onfli
ctin
g la
nd c
laim
s am
ong
the
vario
us s
tate
s
e. P
oliti
cal h
erita
ge o
f U.S
.
syst
em (
Gre
co-R
oman
,
Mag
na C
arta
,
Enl
ight
enm
ent,
etc.
)
f. D
ocum
ents
and
deba
tes
(Dec
lara
tion
ofIn
depe
nden
ce, A
rtic
les
ofC
onfe
dera
tion,
Nor
thw
est
Ord
inan
ce, e
tc.)
> O
rgan
izat
ion
and
map
ping
of t
he n
ew te
rrito
ry
Ord
erly
sur
veyi
ng a
nd d
istr
ibut
ion
of la
nd
Land
Ord
inan
ce o
f 178
5T
owns
hip
and
Ran
ge S
yste
m d
evel
oped
to e
stab
lish
terr
itoria
l gov
ernm
ent a
nd s
yste
m o
f lan
d an
nexa
tion
> D
iffic
ultie
s of
com
mer
ce u
nder
the
Art
icle
s of
Con
fede
ratio
n
Ble
ndin
g H
isto
ry a
nd G
eogr
aphy
in th
e K
-12
Cur
ricul
um11
His
tory
Con
tent
His
tory
and
Geo
grap
hy T
augh
t Sim
ulta
neou
sly
Geo
grap
hy T
augh
t as
aS
tand
-Alo
ne S
ubje
ct
Per
iod
#5
Ear
ly R
epub
lic: 1
789
to 1
820
a. C
onst
itutio
n(s
epar
atio
n of
pow
ers,
Fed
eral
ists
and
anti-
Fed
eral
ists
, Bill
of
Rig
hts,
etc
.)
> R
egio
nal d
iffer
ence
s in
affe
cted
pop
ulat
ion
prof
iles
(e.g
., to
tal p
opul
atio
n, r
acia
l
mak
e-up
), a
ppor
tionm
ent,
the
Ele
ctor
al C
olle
ge, i
nter
stat
e co
mm
erce
, and
adm
issi
on o
f new
sta
tes
* G
eopo
litic
alIn
tern
atio
nal r
elat
ions
b. S
tate
smen
, par
tysy
stem
).-
In h
is "
Far
ewel
l Add
ress
," w
hat w
as W
ashi
ngto
n's
advi
ce to
the
natio
n in
term
s
of n
atio
nal e
xpan
sion
and
fore
ign
rela
tions
, and
how
did
this
adv
ice
affe
ctna
tiona
l pol
icy?
c. E
volu
tion
of S
upre
me
Cou
rt
d. T
errit
oria
l exp
ansi
on(p
oliti
cal i
ssue
s, M
anife
stD
estin
y)
)- H
ow d
id th
e ex
plor
ers/
geog
raph
ers
(e.g
., Le
wis
and
Cla
rk, Z
ebul
on P
ike)
cond
uct t
heir
expe
ditio
ns?
(mea
ns o
f tra
vel,
dang
ers,
alle
gian
ces,
loca
l gui
des,
etc.
)
> W
hat w
ere
the
findi
ngs
of th
e ex
pedi
tions
of t
he e
xplo
rers
/geo
grap
hers
and
how
did
thes
e re
port
s af
fect
gov
ernm
ent p
olic
y?
)1.-
Wha
t res
ourc
es m
ade
the
inte
rior
of th
e ne
w U
nite
d S
tate
s (e
ast o
f the
Mis
siss
ippi
and
wes
t of t
he A
ppal
achi
ans)
attr
activ
e to
set
tlers
?
).-
Wha
t fac
tors
led
Nap
oleo
n B
onap
arte
to s
ell t
he la
nds
that
bec
ame
the
Loui
sian
a P
urch
ase
to th
e U
nite
d S
tate
s?
),-
Wha
t obs
tacl
es p
reve
nted
wes
tern
set
tlem
ent a
nd h
ow w
ere
thes
e ob
stac
les
over
com
e?
Mou
ntai
ns O
bsta
cles
(A
diro
ndac
ks, G
reat
Sm
oky)
.W
M/a
t- r
nlita
cR
iver
c In
hin
Mic
cicc
inni
l
12T
he B
est o
f B
oth
Wor
lds
His
tory
Con
tent
His
tory
and
Geo
grap
hy T
augh
t Sim
ulta
neou
sly
Geo
grap
hy T
augh
t as
aS
tand
-Alo
ne S
ubje
ct
Land
rou
tes
Gap
s an
d pa
sses
(G
enes
ee R
oad,
Nat
iona
l Roa
d)
> C
onst
rain
ts o
n ex
pans
ion
War
with
Indi
ans
(bat
tles
at F
alle
n T
imbe
rs, F
ort M
imm
s, T
ippe
cano
e, a
nd
Hor
sesh
oe B
end)
Con
flict
s w
ith o
ther
nat
ions
(ad
vanc
e of
Spa
nish
fron
tier
from
the
sout
h, W
ar o
f18
12 a
nd it
s ba
ttles
)
> E
vent
ual d
efea
t of I
ndia
ns e
ast o
f the
Mis
siss
ippi
> D
evel
opm
ent o
f new
ski
lls (
e.g.
, map
ping
, obs
erva
tion,
inve
stig
atio
n, d
ata
colle
ctio
n, s
ampl
ing,
rec
ordi
ng)
> W
hat w
as th
e m
issi
on o
f the
new
U.S
. Nav
y? W
here
wer
e its
bas
es o
f ope
ratio
n?
e. E
cono
mic
exp
ansi
on>
Gro
wth
of p
rimar
y-se
ctor
eco
nom
ic a
ctiv
ities
as
mea
ns to
pro
vide
for
the
grow
ing
popu
latio
n (f
arm
ing,
lum
ber,
fur
trad
e, e
tc.)
>-
Effe
cts
of g
over
nmen
t lan
d sa
les
for
low
pric
es, c
redi
tbo
th to
tal e
ffect
s ac
ross
the
natio
n an
d ef
fect
s up
on lo
cal a
nd r
egio
nal a
reas
and
rel
ativ
e in
fluen
ce
> U
.S. e
xpan
sion
into
wor
ld e
cono
mic
trad
e (t
rade
rou
tes,
wha
ling,
inte
rnat
iona
l
com
mer
ce)
> W
hat a
reas
of t
he U
nite
d S
tate
s fa
vore
d or
opp
osed
tarif
fs a
nd w
hy?
f. E
arly
Indu
stria
lR
evol
utio
n>
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
revo
lutio
n an
d its
effe
ct o
n th
e ex
pans
ion
of U
.S. t
rade
and
settl
emen
t
Ste
am e
ngin
e
Roa
d sy
stem
s (e
.g. c
oast
al r
oads
, Lan
cast
er P
ike,
"In
dian
Tra
ils,"
Cum
berla
ndG
ar)
Wild
erne
ss R
oad.
etc
.)
> R
esou
rce
deve
lopm
ent (
Pen
nsyl
vani
a
coal
fiel
ds, m
inin
g, fo
rest
ry)
Ble
ndin
g H
isto
ry a
nd G
eogr
aphy
in th
e K
-12
Cur
ricu
lum
13
His
tory
Con
tent
His
tory
and
Geo
grap
hy T
augh
t Sim
ulta
neou
sly
Geo
grap
hy T
augh
t as
aS
tand
-Alo
ne S
ubje
ct
Can
al s
yste
m
Fac
tory
loca
tions
> B
egin
ning
s of
rur
al to
urb
an m
igra
tion
(cra
ftsm
en in
vill
ages
con
vert
to w
orke
rs
in c
ities
)
>-
Reg
iona
l sim
ilarit
ies/
diffe
renc
esN
orth
(ca
pita
l, la
nd, f
acto
ries,
trad
e); S
outh
(land
, agr
icul
ture
, sla
very
, tra
de)
g. S
ocio
econ
omic
cond
ition
s an
d pr
oces
ses
> H
isto
rical
orig
ins
of A
mer
ican
pla
ce n
ames
. Why
wer
e sp
ecifi
c na
mes
sel
ecte
d?
Wha
t can
thos
e na
mes
tell
us a
bout
the
land
scap
es a
nd p
lace
s th
at w
ere
nam
ed?
> T
o w
hat e
xten
t did
rel
igio
us a
nd e
thni
c di
vers
ity e
xist
acr
oss
the
Uni
ted
Sta
tes?
> G
row
th o
f pla
ntat
ions
in th
e S
outh
with
thei
r ch
arac
teris
tic la
nd u
se
> E
ffect
s of
Sam
uel S
late
r's w
ater
-pow
ered
mill
s on
man
ufac
turin
g
> S
hift
in U
.S. p
opul
atio
n ce
nter
s
h. G
eopo
litic
al/
inte
rnat
iona
l rel
atio
ns>
Effe
cts
of fo
reig
n tr
ade
polic
ies
on A
mer
ican
indu
stry
and
com
mer
ce
> E
ffect
s of
Am
eric
an in
tern
atio
nal n
eutr
ality
on
its g
row
th
> W
hat w
as th
e le
vel o
f pow
er a
nd in
fluen
ce o
f the
new
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
in w
orld
affa
irs?
> E
mer
ging
riv
alry
bet
wee
n th
e U
nite
d S
tate
s an
d B
ritai
n in
eco
nom
ic a
nd p
oliti
cal
sphe
res
> In
crea
sing
Eur
opea
n de
man
d fo
r co
tton
affe
cted
U.S
. lan
d re
sour
ces,
gro
wth
of
slav
ery,
and
futu
re e
vent
s.
14T
he B
est o
f B
oth
Wor
lds
His
tory
Con
tent
His
tory
and
Geo
grap
hy T
augh
t Sim
ulta
neou
sly
Geo
grap
hy T
augh
t as
aS
tand
-Alo
ne S
ubje
ct
Per
iod
#6
Eco
nom
ic G
row
th a
nd E
xpan
sion
: 182
0 to
186
1
a. In
dust
rial,
urba
n, a
ndag
ricul
tura
l gro
wth
>,-
Pop
ulat
ion
dens
ity a
nd d
istr
ibut
ion
by r
egio
n (e
.g.,
urba
n po
pula
tion
incr
ease
d
by 5
00%
from
179
0 to
186
0)
>-
Dev
elop
men
t of i
nfra
stru
ctur
e an
d ut
ilitie
s fo
r pu
re w
ater
, ref
use
disp
osal
,
hous
ing,
pol
ice
and
fire
prot
ectio
n
>-
Spr
ead
of e
pide
mic
s (e
.g.,
chol
era
in N
ew Y
ork,
typh
us b
roug
ht b
y Ir
ish
imm
igra
nts)
> W
hat r
egio
ns b
enef
ited
from
the
appl
icat
ions
of t
ariff
s an
d w
hat r
egio
ns d
id
not?
> F
ocus
on
city
dev
elop
men
t in
Bos
ton,
New
Yor
k, P
hila
delp
hia,
Bal
timor
e, a
nd
Was
hing
ton,
D.C
., an
d es
tabl
ishm
ent o
f citi
es in
Mid
wes
tern
and
far-
wes
tern
regi
ons
>-
Foc
us o
n th
e de
velo
pmen
t of s
mal
l citi
es a
s co
rrel
ated
with
the
loca
tions
of
wat
er p
ower
and
tran
spor
tatio
n sy
stem
s.
>-
Dev
elop
men
t of n
este
d hi
erar
chie
s of
citi
es a
long
the
Eas
tern
Sea
boar
d
finan
cial
cen
ters
con
trol
ling
smal
ler
cent
ers
whe
re m
anuf
actu
ring,
trad
ing,
bank
ing,
can
als,
roa
ds, r
ailw
ays,
and
har
bors
wer
e fo
und
).-
Reg
iona
l com
petit
ion
for
econ
omic
gro
wth
(e.
g., N
ew Y
ork
as g
atew
ay to
the
wes
t
via
Hud
son
Riv
er a
nd E
rie C
anal
ver
sus
Phi
lade
lphi
a an
d O
hio
atte
mpt
ing
to e
stab
-lis
h a
cana
l and
por
tage
sys
tem
)
- Im
pact
of n
ew te
chno
logi
es o
n ag
ricul
ture
and
the
rippl
e ef
fect
s of
thos
e
chan
ges
on s
ocie
ty
>-
Inve
ntor
y of
nat
ure
and
loca
tion
of
reso
urce
s in
Nor
th A
mer
ica
Ble
ndin
g H
isto
ry a
nd G
eogr
aphy
in th
e K
-12
Cur
ricu
lum
15
His
tory
Con
tent
His
tory
and
Geo
grap
hy T
augh
t Sim
ulta
neou
sly
Geo
grap
hy T
augh
t as
aS
tand
-Alo
ne S
ubje
ct
>-
Rel
atio
nshi
ps b
etw
een
the
lum
ber
and
stee
l ind
ustr
ies
(e.g
., lo
catio
n of
fore
sts
in r
elat
ion
to s
teel
pro
duct
ion,
den
udat
ion
of fo
rest
s in
ste
el p
rodu
ctio
n ar
eas)
> E
ffect
s of
exp
andi
ng r
ural
to u
rban
mig
ratio
n
Cra
ftsm
en a
nd fa
rmer
s in
vill
ages
con
vert
to u
rban
wor
kers
Incr
ease
in w
age
econ
omy
vers
us lo
cal t
rade
and
bar
ter
Incr
easi
ng p
erce
ntag
e of
em
ploy
men
t in
seco
ndar
y (m
anuf
actu
ring)
sec
tor
and
decr
easi
ng p
erce
ntag
e of
em
ploy
men
t in
prim
ary
(agr
icul
tura
l) se
ctor
Indu
stria
l out
put b
egan
to r
ival
that
of f
arm
s an
d pl
anta
tions
> T
he s
hift
from
cla
ssic
al ic
ons
of p
ower
(e.
g., d
efia
nt e
agle
s) a
s sy
mbo
lic o
f
Am
eric
an li
bert
y to
pic
ture
s an
d po
ster
s di
spla
ying
imag
es o
f ric
h fie
lds,
fact
orie
s,an
d m
erch
ant s
hips
as
the
frui
ts o
f Am
eric
an li
bert
y
b. N
ew im
mig
rant
s>
Geo
polit
ical
pus
h-pu
ll fa
ctor
s
Iris
h fa
min
e, C
entr
al E
urop
ean
revo
lutio
ns
Opp
ortu
nity
for
wor
k, la
nd, a
nd fr
eedo
m in
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
>-
Cul
tura
l con
tact
bet
wee
n di
vers
e et
hnic
ities
& r
elig
ions
led
to c
onfli
ct
c. A
ttem
pts
at r
efor
m(la
bor
issu
es, w
omen
's
right
s, a
sylu
ms,
etc
.)
>-
Geo
grap
hic
loca
tion
of m
ovem
ents
, and
rea
sons
thes
e m
ovem
ents
aro
se in
thes
e pl
aces
d. J
acks
onia
n er
a
(pol
itica
l cam
paig
ns,
whi
te m
ale
suffr
age,
Tra
ilof
Tea
rs)
> N
umer
ous
nativ
e pe
ople
gro
ups
wer
e fo
rced
out
of f
amili
ar e
nviro
nmen
ts to
alie
n la
ndsc
apes
(e.
g., S
emin
oles
, Che
roke
es, C
hoct
aws)
> M
ap e
lect
ion
resu
lts a
nd v
otin
g di
strib
utio
ns, a
nd c
orre
late
thes
e w
ithso
cioc
ultu
ral f
acto
rs a
nd e
mer
ging
per
cept
ual r
egio
ns.
16T
he B
est o
f B
oth
Wor
lds
His
tory
Con
tent
His
tory
and
Geo
grap
hy T
augh
t Sim
ulta
neou
sly
Geo
grap
hy T
augh
t as
aS
tand
-Alo
ne S
ubje
ct
e. W
estw
ard
mig
ratio
n(w
ar w
ith M
exic
o, G
old
Rus
h, In
dian
war
s, e
tc.)
> G
eogr
aphi
c in
fluen
ces
on th
e va
rious
war
s an
d ba
ttles
> F
acto
rs th
at a
ttrac
ted
the
"nex
t gen
erat
ion"
of s
ettle
rs to
the
Wes
t
Vol
unta
ry m
igra
tion
to g
old
field
s
Pop
ular
per
cept
ion
of th
e w
este
rn fr
ontie
r (id
yllic
por
tray
al o
f Wes
t in
both
visu
al, l
itera
ry a
nd p
erfo
rmin
g ar
ts)
Ric
h re
sour
ces
(land
, tim
ber,
min
eral
s, e
tc.)
of t
he W
est
> In
dian
trib
es n
ativ
e to
land
s ea
st o
f the
Mis
siss
ippi
exp
erie
nced
impa
cts
of
forc
ed m
igra
tion
to la
nds
wes
t of t
he M
issi
ssip
pi th
at p
osse
ssed
dra
stic
ally
diffe
rent
land
form
s, c
limat
e, v
eget
atio
n, a
nd n
atur
al r
esou
rce
base
.
> P
hysi
cal g
eogr
aphi
c in
fluen
ces
on th
e ro
utes
of t
he O
rego
n an
d S
anta
Fe
Tra
ils
> G
eogr
aphi
c in
fluen
ces
for
new
cen
ters
of g
row
th a
nd s
ettle
men
t (W
here
wer
e
the
cent
ers?
Why
wer
e th
ey in
thes
e lo
catio
ns?)
Gro
wth
in th
e O
hio
Val
ley
(Ohi
o w
as th
e 3r
d m
ost p
opul
ous
stat
e by
184
0s.)
Gro
wth
in th
e M
isso
uri V
alle
y
Set
tlem
ent a
nd d
evel
opm
ent o
f Tex
as
Exp
ansi
on in
Ore
gon
and
Cal
iforn
ia
>-
Effe
cts
of in
crea
sing
and
rap
id o
ccup
atio
n of
the
Wes
t affe
ct n
atur
al e
cosy
stem
s
and
hum
an in
tera
ctio
ns.
> T
he g
eogr
aphi
c ex
tent
and
sou
rce
for
Man
ifest
Des
tiny
The
geo
grap
hic
exte
nt o
f the
land
cov
ered
by
Man
ifest
Des
tiny
The
ext
rem
e po
sitio
ns o
f Man
ifest
Des
tiny
(Will
iam
Wal
ker,
Ost
end
Man
ifest
o)
Ble
ndin
g H
isto
ry a
nd G
eogr
aphy
in th
e K
-12
Cur
ricu
lum
17
His
tory
Con
tent
His
tory
and
Geo
grap
hy T
augh
t Sim
ulta
neou
sly
Geo
grap
hy T
augh
t as
aS
tand
-Alo
ne S
ubje
ct
Geo
grap
hic
aspe
cts
of p
rote
ctin
g A
mer
ican
inte
rest
s (s
ea tr
avel
, def
ensi
ble
bord
ers,
acc
ess
to r
esou
rces
)
The
effe
ct o
f Man
ifest
Des
tiny
in s
ettli
ng a
nd d
evel
opin
g th
e W
est
War
with
Mex
ico,
Tex
as R
epub
lic, C
alifo
rnia
Rep
ublic
, and
Indi
an W
ars
as fr
uits
of M
anife
st D
estin
y
>. D
emog
raph
ic p
ress
ures
pro
pel m
igra
tion.
Diff
icul
ty o
f far
mer
s to
pas
s on
(th
roug
h in
herit
ance
) ad
equa
te in
tact
-ara
ble
land
to c
hild
ren
(Con
nect
icut
exa
mpl
e)
Soi
l exh
aust
ion
redu
ces
carr
ying
cap
acity
of t
he la
nd (
e.g.
, Mar
ylan
d to
bacc
ola
nds)
> A
rmy
Cor
ps o
f Top
ogra
phic
al E
ngin
eers
map
ping
/exp
lorin
g fo
r m
ilita
ry a
ndci
vilia
n pu
rpos
es
> R
ole
of te
chno
logi
cal i
nnov
atio
n in
wes
twar
d ex
pans
ion
App
licat
ion
of s
teel
plo
w to
farm
the
wes
tern
pra
irie
Bar
bed
wire
pro
tect
ed a
gric
ultu
re fr
om g
razi
ng a
nim
als
Cat
tle d
rives
dep
ende
nt u
pon
phys
ical
env
ironm
ent a
nd r
ailw
ay te
chno
logy
Rai
lroad
exp
ansi
on in
fluen
ced
settl
emen
t and
eco
nom
ic p
atte
rns
(e.g
., fu
nctio
nal r
egio
ns a
nd h
iera
rchi
es o
f pla
ces
deve
lope
d ar
ound
trai
nde
pots
).
f. S
lave
soc
iety
> U
nder
grou
nd R
ailro
ad
Nav
igat
iona
l too
ls in
clud
ed c
onst
ella
tions
, son
g ly
rics,
land
mar
ks.
Rel
igio
us g
eogr
aphy
(lo
catio
n of
Qua
ker
settl
emen
ts)
18T
he B
est o
f B
oth
Wor
lds
His
tory
Con
tent
His
tory
and
Geo
grap
hy T
augh
t Sim
ulta
neou
sly
Geo
grap
hy T
augh
t as
aS
tand
-Alo
ne S
ubje
ct
Pro
xim
ity to
em
bark
atio
n te
rmin
als
incr
ease
d ra
te o
f mig
ratio
n.
>. H
ow d
id g
eogr
aphi
c fa
ctor
s an
d fe
atur
es in
fluen
ce w
here
sla
very
wou
ld g
row
and
spre
ad?
> M
ap th
e gr
owth
and
spr
ead
of s
lave
ry fr
om 1
820
to 1
860,
and
cor
rela
te th
is
spre
ad w
ith o
ther
phy
sica
l/env
ironm
enta
l and
soc
iocu
ltura
l fac
tors
and
with
emer
ging
per
cept
ual r
egio
ns.
g. F
ailu
re o
f atte
mpt
edco
mpr
omis
es
>-
Bal
ance
of s
lave
vs.
free
sta
tes
h. Im
prov
edtr
ansp
orta
tion
and
com
mun
icat
ions
sys
tem
s
>.-
Em
ergi
ng te
chno
logi
es/m
etho
ds a
nd th
eir
effe
cts
Pon
y ex
pres
sm
ore
rapi
d co
nnec
tions
with
the
dist
ant W
est
Tel
egra
phy
near
inst
anta
neou
s co
mm
unic
atio
n
Rai
lroad
sab
ility
to h
aul h
eavy
goo
ds a
nd la
rge
num
bers
of p
eopl
e
Can
als
succ
eede
d in
som
e pl
aces
, fai
led
in o
ther
s
).-
Var
ious
net
wor
ks o
f tra
de (
Bos
ton'
s m
ills
and
Sou
ther
n co
tton)
Y.-
Com
pare
and
con
tras
t the
four
rai
lroad
rou
tes
sele
cted
as
pote
ntia
l mai
n ra
il
arte
ries
to c
ross
the
cont
inen
t to
the
Pac
ific
as a
utho
rized
by
the
1853
Arm
yA
ppro
pria
tions
Act
.
>-
Tra
ce th
e ro
utes
and
phy
sica
l geo
grap
hic
setti
ngs
of th
e m
ajor
wes
tern
trai
ls
San
ta F
e, S
pani
sh, C
alifo
rnia
, Mor
mon
, Gre
at S
alt L
ake,
and
Ore
gon
> T
he v
alue
of a
sea
rou
te th
roug
h th
e C
entr
al A
mer
ican
isth
mus
con
nect
ing
the
Car
ibbe
an S
ea a
nd P
acifi
c O
cean
Ble
ndin
g H
isto
ry a
nd G
eogr
aphy
in th
e K
-12
Cur
ricu
lum
His
tory
Con
tent
His
tory
and
Geo
grap
hy T
augh
t Sim
ulta
neou
sly
Geo
grap
hy T
augh
t as
aS
tand
-Alo
ne S
ubje
ct
Per
iod
#7
The
Uni
on in
Cris
is: 1
861
to 1
877
a. A
brah
am L
inco
ln(e
lect
ion,
ple
a fo
rpe
ace/
com
prom
ise,
sece
ssio
n)
> D
iffer
ing
geog
raph
ic p
atte
rns
of s
lave
and
free
sta
tes
b. C
ivil
War
20
Com
pare
and
con
tras
t Nor
th v
ersu
s S
outh
indu
stria
l cap
acity
(bo
th h
ad a
full
rang
e of
indu
stria
l cap
acity
but
Nor
th h
ad 8
1% o
f tot
al U
.S. p
rodu
ctio
n an
d th
eS
outh
onl
y ha
d 19
%).
> C
ompa
re a
nd c
ontr
ast N
orth
ver
sus
Sou
th a
gric
ultu
ral b
ase.
> C
ompa
re a
nd c
ontr
ast N
orth
ver
sus
Sou
th in
fras
truc
ture
bas
e (e
.g.,
rail
lines
,
road
net
wor
ks, c
omm
unic
atio
n ne
twor
ks).
Y.-
Com
pare
and
con
tras
t Nor
th v
ersu
s S
outh
res
ourc
e ba
se a
nd p
rodu
cts.
Nor
thte
xtile
s, ir
on a
nd s
teel
, flo
ur, l
umbe
r m
inin
g. M
ajor
cen
ters
at N
ew Y
ork,
Bal
timor
e, P
hila
delp
hia,
Chi
cago
, St.
Loui
s
Sou
thlu
mbe
r, m
inin
g, ir
on a
nd s
teel
. Maj
or c
ente
rs a
t Ric
hmon
d an
d N
ewO
rlean
s
Exa
mpl
es o
f whe
re g
eogr
aphy
influ
ence
d m
ajor
Civ
il W
ar b
attle
s on
land
and
sea
(e.g
., hi
lls, w
oods
, riv
ers,
pla
ins,
val
leys
, and
coa
stlin
es in
fluen
ced
such
thin
gsas
sup
ply
lines
and
oth
er lo
gist
ical
sup
port
s, m
ilita
ry fo
rtifi
catio
ns a
nd d
efen
ses,
and
dom
estic
infr
astr
uctu
re)
>-
Tra
ce th
e tr
oop
mov
emen
ts, l
ogis
tical
req
uire
men
ts, a
nd th
e as
soci
ated
phy
sica
l
envi
ronm
ents
of v
ario
us c
omm
ande
rs.
The
Bes
t of
Bot
h W
orld
s
His
tory
Con
tent
His
tory
and
Geo
grap
hy T
augh
t Sim
ulta
neou
sly
Geo
grap
hy T
augh
t as
aS
tand
-Alo
ne S
ubje
ct
Nor
thM
cCle
llan,
Gra
nt, M
eade
, Jos
eph
Hoo
ker,
Am
bros
e B
urns
ide,
Will
iam
T. S
herm
an
Sou
thB
raxt
on B
ragg
, Jos
eph
John
ston
, Jon
B. H
ood,
Jac
kson
c. W
ar a
nd L
inco
ln's
aim
s(E
man
cipa
tion
Pro
clam
atio
n, 1
3th,
14t
h,
and
15th
Am
endm
ents
)
o D
emog
raph
ic c
hang
es
Bla
cks
mig
ratin
g no
rth
Bla
ck p
opul
atio
n no
w c
ount
s fu
lly fo
r ap
port
ionm
ent
d. R
econ
stru
ctio
n).
- "S
olid
Sou
th"
elec
tion
patte
rn d
evel
ops
(Sou
ther
n st
ates
vot
e al
ong
sim
ilar
patte
rns)
.
",-
Mig
ratio
n of
car
petb
agge
rs a
nd g
reen
horn
s to
the
Sou
th a
nd W
est i
n se
arch
of
econ
omic
opp
ortu
nitie
s
)- D
estr
uctio
n of
the
Sou
ther
n pl
anta
tion
econ
omy
and
the
rise
of th
e in
dust
rial
Nor
th, a
nd th
e lo
ng-t
erm
impl
icat
ions
of t
hese
eve
nts
e. In
tern
atio
nal r
elat
ions
(Fre
nch
inva
sion
of
Mex
ico,
Sew
ard'
s F
olly
,
etc)
0- M
onro
e D
octr
ine
expo
ses
diffe
rent
per
cept
ions
of r
egio
ns a
nd p
lace
s
).-
Exp
lore
rs a
nd n
atur
alis
ts o
pen
up a
nd s
tudy
the
wes
tern
terr
itorie
s (e
.g.,
Cla
renc
e K
ing,
Joh
n W
esle
y P
owel
l, F
erdi
nand
Hay
den)
).-
How
did
the
gove
rnm
ent c
ontin
ue to
attr
act i
mm
igra
nts
from
abr
oad
in s
pite
of
the
war
?
).-
Exp
ansi
on o
f U.S
. tra
de n
etw
orks
thro
ugho
ut th
e w
orld
Yo.
Des
ign
and
layi
ng o
f the
tran
s-A
tlant
ic c
able
con
nect
ing
the
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
with
Gre
at B
ritai
n an
d E
urop
e
Ble
ndin
g H
isto
ry a
nd G
eogr
aphy
in th
e K
-12
Cur
ricu
lum
21
His
tory
Con
tent
His
tory
and
Geo
grap
hy T
augh
t Sim
ulta
neou
sly
Geo
grap
hy T
augh
t as
aS
tand
-Alo
ne S
ubje
ct
f. C
ontin
ued
wes
twar
dex
pans
ion
(Hom
este
ad>
- D
ista
nce
deca
ydi
fficu
lty in
gov
erni
ng a
t a d
ista
nce
Act
, Mor
rill A
ct)
> C
ompl
etio
n of
tran
s-co
ntin
enta
l rai
lroad
(G
olde
n S
pike
) an
d th
e im
port
ance
of
this
eve
nt in
bot
h sy
mbo
lic a
nd in
rea
l effe
cts
> H
ow d
id s
pann
ing
the
Ohi
o (C
inci
nnat
i, 18
67)
and
Mis
siss
ippi
(S
t. Lo
uis,
187
4)
Riv
ers
with
brid
ges
affe
ct tr
avel
, tra
de, e
xpan
sion
, set
tlem
ent,
and
man
ufac
turin
g?
> C
ontin
ued
grow
th o
f ran
ches
and
cat
tle p
rodu
ctio
n ne
twor
ks
> E
xpan
sion
of a
gric
ultu
re in
the
Wes
t
> In
dian
War
s be
gin
occu
rrin
g w
est o
f the
Mis
siss
ippi
, and
Indi
ans
are
mov
ed to
rese
rvat
ions
.
> P
robl
ems
asso
ciat
ed w
ith g
over
ning
the
dist
ant W
este
rn te
rrito
ries
from
Was
hing
ton,
D.C
.
> T
he r
epla
cem
ent o
f the
Sha
wne
e T
rail
with
the
Chi
shol
m T
rail
(use
d to
mov
e
cattl
e to
Eas
tern
mar
kets
)
> C
ompa
re a
nd c
ontr
ast t
he r
ealit
y of
life
in th
e W
est w
ith th
e m
yth
of th
e "W
ild
Wes
t".
g. C
hang
es in
the
fabr
ic o
f>
Che
ap la
nd c
reat
ed th
e w
orld
's la
rges
t nat
ion
of in
depe
nden
t far
mer
s at
the
Am
eric
an li
fesa
me
time
that
indu
stria
lizat
ion
was
rap
idly
cha
ngin
g so
cial
, eco
nom
ic, a
nd
cultu
ral c
ondi
tions
.
>-
Indu
stria
l spe
cial
izat
ion
forc
ed fo
rmal
ly s
elf-
suffi
cien
t com
mun
ities
to r
ely
on
neig
hbor
ing
tow
ns a
nd c
ities
.
> T
he g
row
th o
f tra
nspo
rtat
ion
and
com
mun
icat
ion
syst
ems
stim
ulat
ed th
e gr
owth
of c
ities
and
cur
taile
d so
me
econ
omic
aut
onom
y in
sm
all t
owns
(e.
g., r
ailro
ads
and
Chi
cago
sla
ught
erho
uses
red
uced
suc
h op
erat
ions
acr
oss
the
prai
ries)
.
22T
he B
est o
f B
oth
Wor
lds
His
tory
Con
tent
His
tory
and
Geo
grap
hy T
augh
t Sim
ulta
neou
sly
Geo
grap
hy T
augh
t as
aS
tand
-Alo
ne S
ubje
ct
> H
ow d
id th
e di
strib
utio
n of
citi
zens
by
race
, nat
ion
of o
rigin
, age
, and
gen
der
chan
ge a
fter
the
Civ
il W
ar?
Peri
od #
8
Em
erge
nce
of M
oder
n A
mer
ica:
187
7 to
189
0
a. E
xpan
ding
eco
nom
ic
grow
th (
indu
stria
l,ag
ricul
tura
l,tr
ansp
orta
tion,
etc
.)
>-
Incr
easi
ng r
ate
of u
rban
gro
wth
:
Impa
ct o
f rai
lroad
s on
the
grow
th o
f ind
ustr
y an
d th
e sp
read
of u
rban
izat
ion.
New
cen
ters
of p
opul
atio
n gr
ew a
cros
s th
e re
gion
that
was
to b
ecom
e kn
own
as
the
Mid
wes
t.
Gro
wth
and
reb
irth
of S
outh
ern
citie
s
o- A
gric
ultu
ral r
evol
utio
n/re
sour
ce d
evel
opm
ent:
Mec
hani
zatio
n in
crea
ses
yiel
dsan
d fr
ees
labo
r to
mov
e to
wor
k in
fact
orie
s.
> Im
pact
of i
mpo
rted
spe
cies
on
envi
ronm
ent (
e.g.
, gyp
sy m
oth)
>-
Dem
ogra
phic
tran
sitio
n: Im
prov
ed h
ealth
and
pub
lic s
ervi
ces
redu
ce d
eath
rat
es
whi
le e
cono
mic
gro
wth
enc
oura
ges
redu
ced
birt
h ra
tes.
> C
ontin
ued
popu
latio
n an
d de
mog
raph
ic s
hifts
acr
oss
the
natio
n
>.-
Con
tinue
d in
vent
ion
and
impr
ovem
ents
in te
chno
logy
> G
eogr
aphi
c gr
owth
and
spr
ead
of R
ocke
felle
r's S
tand
ard
Oil
as A
mer
ica'
s fir
st
mod
ern
mon
opol
y (a
cqui
sitio
n of
ref
iner
ies,
oil
field
s, r
ailro
ad o
ptio
ns, p
rice
fixin
g)
>,-
Gro
wth
and
spr
ead
of A
ndre
w C
arne
gie'
s st
eel c
ompa
ny a
long
with
oth
er s
teel
oper
atio
ns:
Ble
ndin
g H
isto
ry a
nd G
eogr
aphy
in th
e K
-12
Cur
ricu
lum
23
His
tory
Con
tent
His
tory
and
Geo
grap
hy T
augh
t Sim
ulta
neou
sly
Geo
grap
hy T
augh
t as
aS
tand
-Alo
ne S
ubje
ct
Loca
tions
of b
asic
ingr
edie
nts
of s
teel
: iro
n or
e (G
reat
Lak
es r
egio
ns),
coa
lm
anuf
actu
red
into
cok
e an
d lim
e (P
enns
ylva
nia)
, man
gane
se (
Virg
inia
)
Gro
wth
of s
teel
and
coa
l pro
duct
ion
in th
e S
outh
(es
peci
ally
in A
laba
ma
and
Ten
ness
ee)
Loca
tions
and
inte
ract
ions
am
ong
the
tran
spor
tatio
n ne
twor
ks th
at d
eliv
ered
ingr
edie
nts
to s
teel
pla
nts
).-
Com
pare
and
con
tras
t the
pos
t-C
ivil
War
indu
stria
l rev
olut
ion
in th
e S
outh
with
the
pre-
Civ
il W
ar in
dust
rial r
evol
utio
n in
the
Nor
th.
b. N
ew w
orld
of b
usin
ess
(Wal
l Str
eet,
capi
tal b
oom
,
The
Gos
pel o
f Wea
lth,
etc.
)
> G
eogr
aphi
c pr
ereq
uisi
tes
for
this
new
wor
ld o
f bus
ines
s:
Ava
ilabi
lity
of c
heap
raw
mat
eria
ls
Abu
ndan
t foo
d su
pply
(se
e A
gric
ultu
ral R
evol
utio
n in
poi
nt "
a" a
bove
)
Few
to n
o fo
reig
n en
emie
s
Goo
d w
ater
sup
plie
s
Req
uisi
te e
nerg
y su
pplie
s
c. L
abor
(gr
ieva
nces
,
strik
es, c
onfli
cts,
etc
.)
).-
Loca
tion
of c
ompa
ny to
wns
and
the
resu
lting
pat
tern
s of
pow
er
d. C
losi
ng o
f the
Am
eric
an F
ront
ier
(Fre
deric
k Ja
ckso
n
Tur
ner's
thes
is u
sing
189
0
cens
us)
).-
Lim
its o
n po
pula
tion
in th
e W
est:
Alth
ough
per
man
ent s
ettle
men
ts e
xten
ded
acro
ss A
mer
ican
terr
itory
,po
pula
tion
dens
ity v
arie
d
Pop
ulat
ion
dens
ity p
er to
tal a
crea
ge c
ompa
red
to p
opul
atio
n de
nsity
per
ara
ble
acre
age
24T
he B
est o
f B
oth
Wor
lds
His
tory
Con
tent
His
tory
and
Geo
grap
hy T
augh
t Sim
ulta
neou
sly
Geo
grap
hy T
augh
t as
aS
tand
-Alo
ne S
ubje
ct
> Q
uest
ioni
ng th
e id
ea o
f the
lim
itles
s fr
ontie
r
> N
atur
al h
azar
ds (
e.g.
, ext
rem
e w
eath
er, d
roug
hts,
soi
l los
s) a
ffect
ed th
e liv
es o
f
farm
ers,
ran
cher
s, a
nd m
iner
s ac
ross
the
Wes
t.
e. S
ocia
l/cul
tura
l/pol
itica
lev
ents
and
issu
es
> G
eogr
aphi
c sp
read
of w
omen
's r
ight
s lo
bby
grou
ps
f. In
tern
atio
nal r
elat
ions
> C
ontin
ued
and
incr
easi
ng e
xpan
sion
of A
mer
ica'
s in
tern
atio
nal t
rade
net
wor
ks
and
influ
ence
/inte
ract
ion
on a
glo
bal s
cale
> A
mer
ica'
s in
crea
sing
inte
rest
s an
d co
ncer
ns in
land
s be
yond
the
cont
inen
tal U
.S.
(beg
inni
ng w
ith th
e S
amoa
Tre
aty
of 1
878)
Per
iod
#9
Ris
e of
Am
eric
a A
s a
Wor
ld P
ower
and
Wor
ld W
ar I:
189
0 to
192
0
a. P
opul
ist m
ovem
ent
(far
m s
ubsi
dies
,
redi
strib
utio
n of
wea
lth,
elec
tion
refo
rm, e
tc.)
> G
eogr
aphi
cal d
istr
ibut
ion
of P
opul
ist p
ower
(W
est a
nd S
outh
) du
e to
sup
port
for
farm
ers,
res
tric
tions
on
imm
igra
tion,
pub
lic o
wne
rshi
p of
rai
lroad
s)>
Dev
elop
men
t of a
gric
ultu
ral r
egio
ns
> U
nifo
rm r
egio
ns b
ased
on
phys
ical
and
cultu
ral c
hara
cter
istic
s
b. U
nite
d S
tate
s as
a
wor
ld p
ower
(impe
rialis
m, S
pani
sh-
Am
eric
an W
ar, e
tc.)
> G
eopo
litic
al is
sues
influ
ence
U.S
. im
peria
l mot
ives
.
The
wea
knes
s of
Spa
in a
llow
s op
port
uniti
es in
Cub
a an
d th
e P
hilip
pine
s.
Incr
easi
ng im
peria
listic
aim
s of
Eur
opea
n po
wer
s fo
ster
ed A
mer
ican
res
olve
inLa
tin A
mer
ica
(e.g
., M
onro
e D
octr
ine,
Roo
seve
lt C
orol
lary
).
The
Mar
xist
rev
olut
ion
in R
ussi
a fo
ster
ed A
mer
ican
nat
iona
lism
.
>-
U.S
. glo
bal m
ilita
ry e
xpan
sion
Ble
ndin
g H
isto
ry a
nd G
eogr
aphy
in th
e K
-12
Cur
ricu
lum
25
His
tory
Con
tent
His
tory
and
Geo
grap
hy T
augh
t Sim
ulta
neou
sly
Geo
grap
hy T
augh
t as
aS
tand
-Alo
ne S
ubje
ct
Dev
elop
men
t of t
he U
nite
d S
tate
s as
a s
ea p
ower
(A
lfred
Tha
yer
Mah
an)
U.S
. mov
emen
t int
o st
rate
gica
lly im
port
ant p
lace
s (e
.g.,
Haw
aii,
Gua
m,
Pan
ama,
etc
.)
c. P
rogr
essi
ve m
ovem
ent
(ref
orm
s, T
heod
ore
Roo
seve
lt, e
tc.)
).-
Nat
iona
l Par
k S
yste
m
Pre
serv
atio
n, c
onse
rvat
ion,
and
dev
elop
men
t deb
ates
(Jo
hn M
uir
was
a
pres
erva
tioni
st, G
iffor
d P
inch
ot w
as a
con
serv
atio
nist
)
Yos
emite
Val
ley
was
pre
serv
ed b
ut th
e eq
ually
maj
estic
Het
ch H
etch
y V
alle
yw
as s
ubm
erge
d as
a w
ater
sup
ply
rese
rvoi
r fo
r S
an F
ranc
isco
.
d. Im
mig
ratio
n(u
npre
cede
nted
mig
ratio
n, a
ssim
ilatio
n,et
c.)
>-
Mig
ratio
n (p
ush-
pull
fact
ors)
Pus
hpo
litic
al p
erse
cutio
n, c
onsc
riptio
n, p
over
ty, r
elig
ious
per
secu
tion
Pul
lop
port
uniti
es in
Am
eric
a
Cha
in m
igra
tion
role
of p
oliti
cal m
achi
nes
and
patr
onag
e
>-
Exp
ansi
on o
f a m
ultic
ultu
ral s
ocie
ty
Diff
eren
ces
betw
een
"old
" (r
elat
ivel
y ho
mog
enou
s) v
ersu
s "n
ew"
(cha
ract
eriz
ed b
y ex
trao
rdin
ary
ethn
ic d
iver
sity
) im
mig
rant
s
Set
tlem
ent i
n ur
ban
area
s of
Nor
thea
st a
nd M
idw
est
e. W
orld
War
I>
- G
eopo
litic
al a
nd g
eoec
onom
ic n
etw
orks
: The
nee
d by
bot
h A
llied
and
Axi
s
pow
ers
for
trad
e w
ith th
e U
nite
d S
tate
s to
sec
ure
reso
urce
s le
d to
Atla
ntic
nav
alco
nflic
t and
U.S
. inv
olve
men
t.
>-
War
-indu
ced
tech
nolo
gica
l im
prov
emen
ts
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
(tan
ks, a
utos
)
26T
he B
est o
f B
oth
Wor
lds
His
tory
Con
tent
His
tory
and
Geo
grap
hy T
augh
t Sim
ulta
neou
sly
Geo
grap
hy T
augh
t as
aS
tand
-Alo
ne S
ubje
ct
Com
mun
icat
ion
(rad
io)
Man
ufac
turin
g (f
acto
ry s
yste
m)
Beg
inni
ng o
f air
pow
er (
espe
cial
ly fo
r re
conn
aiss
ance
)
>-
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
emer
ges
as g
loba
l pea
ce b
roke
r
f. P
ostw
ar is
olat
ioni
sm
(Wils
on's
def
eat,
reje
ctio
nof
Lea
gue
of N
atio
ns, e
tc.)
g. P
ostw
ar e
cono
mic
boom
> In
crea
sing
rol
e of
the
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
in in
tern
atio
nal e
cono
mic
trad
e>
- T
ime
zone
s en
acte
d in
the
Uni
ted
Sta
tes.
Peri
od #
10
The
Tim
e B
etw
een
the
War
s: 1
920
to 1
939
a. S
ocia
l exp
ansi
on
>-
Wom
en's
suf
frag
e
(19t
h A
men
dmen
t)
>--
NA
AC
P, M
arcu
s G
arve
y
>,-
Birt
h co
ntro
l>
,- D
emog
raph
ic e
ngin
eerin
g
> F
ree
publ
ic e
duca
tion
> R
ural
/urb
an d
icho
tom
ies
b. C
ultu
ral e
xpan
sion
>.-
Mex
ican
imm
igra
tion
o. M
igra
tion
patte
rns
chan
ge fr
om r
ural
to u
rban
Ble
ndin
g H
isto
ry a
nd G
eogr
aphy
in th
e K
-12
Cur
ricu
lum
27
His
tory
Con
tent
His
tory
and
Geo
grap
hy T
augh
t Sim
ulta
neou
sly
Geo
grap
hy T
augh
t as
aS
tand
-Alo
ne S
ubje
ct
> E
mer
genc
e of
pop
cultu
re (
Har
lem
Ren
aiss
ance
, film
, spo
rts
star
s, e
tc.)
>-
Reg
ular
com
mer
cial
rad
io b
road
cast
s
> E
mer
genc
e of
Los
Ang
eles
and
Wes
t Coa
st a
s ur
ban/
cultu
ral c
ente
rris
e of
mov
ie in
dust
ry
> P
rolif
erat
ion
ofau
tom
obile
s (F
eder
alH
ighw
ay A
ct)
> T
he g
row
th o
f the
hig
hway
sys
tem
impr
oved
inte
rsta
te a
nd n
atio
nal
conn
ectiv
ity.
> G
row
th o
f roa
ds im
prov
ed in
ter-
urba
n an
d re
gion
al c
onne
ctiv
ity a
nd fo
ster
ed
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f sub
urbs
.
> U
nder
side
of c
ultu
ral
expa
nsio
n (K
KK
, nat
ivis
m,
race
con
flict
, pov
erty
)
c. E
cono
mic
exp
ansi
onan
d pr
ospe
rity
(192
2-
1929
, ind
ustr
ial e
ffici
ency
,so
cial
and
eco
nom
icch
ange
s)
> C
hang
e fr
om s
team
pow
er to
ele
ctric
pow
er in
man
ufac
turin
g al
low
ed g
reat
er
flexi
bilit
y in
site
loca
tions
.
> U
rban
res
iden
ts b
ecom
e th
e m
ajor
ity in
the
Uni
ted
Sta
tes;
rur
al b
ecom
es th
e
min
ority
.
>-
Pro
visi
on o
f res
iden
tial u
tiliti
es im
prov
ed
> Im
prov
ed n
utrit
ion
due
to b
ette
r tr
ansp
orta
tion
and
tech
nolo
gy
Ref
riger
ated
rai
lroad
car
s pr
omot
ed th
e ea
ting
of fr
esh
frui
ts a
nd v
eget
able
s.
Exp
ansi
on o
f the
can
ning
indu
stry
gen
erat
ed m
ore
wid
espr
ead
dist
ribut
ion
ofve
geta
bles
.
d. G
reat
Dep
ress
ion/
Dus
tB
owl (
mon
etar
y an
d fis
cal
polic
y pr
oble
ms,
192
9cr
ash,
New
Dea
l)
> D
ust B
owl
Mig
ratio
n fr
om O
klah
oma
to C
alifo
rnia
For
ced
mig
ratio
n
Cul
ture
tran
spla
nted
with
the
mig
rant
s
>. S
oil e
rosi
on, s
trai
ght r
ow p
low
ing,
clea
r fie
ld h
arve
stin
g, r
ecur
ring
drou
ghts
, dry
win
ds
28T
he B
est o
f B
oth
Wor
lds
His
tory
Con
tent
His
tory
and
Geo
grap
hy T
augh
t Sim
ulta
neou
sly
Geo
grap
hy T
augh
t as
aS
tand
-Alo
ne S
ubje
ct
> E
cono
mic
dep
ress
ion
Glo
bal c
onne
ctio
ns a
ffect
ed th
e en
tire
wor
ld e
cono
my.
Dev
elop
men
t of H
oove
rvill
es
> N
ew D
eal -
CC
C, W
PA
, TV
A
Wat
ersh
ed m
anag
emen
t (e.
g., f
lood
con
trol
, hyd
roel
ectr
ic p
ower
, sw
amp
recl
amat
ion)
Con
serv
atio
n (e
.g.,
loca
l par
ks d
evel
opm
ent,
refo
rest
atio
n, s
oil c
onse
rvat
ion)
Infr
astr
uctu
re d
evel
opm
ent (
e.g.
, brid
ges,
airp
orts
, roa
ds, e
lect
ric p
ower
)
> C
onse
rvat
ion,
wat
ersh
ed
man
agem
ent,
low
-impa
ct a
gric
ultu
re,
sust
aina
bilit
y
Peri
od #
11
Wor
ld W
ar II
and
Am
eric
an G
loba
l Pre
emin
ence
: 193
9 to
195
7
a. P
recu
rsor
s
(dic
tato
rshi
ps in
Jap
an,
Ger
man
y, It
aly;
U.S
.
isol
atio
nism
)
> In
tern
atio
nal r
elat
ions
: Uni
ted
Sta
tes
impl
emen
ts N
eutr
ality
Act
s af
fect
ing
trad
e
and
trav
el a
s w
ell a
s et
hnic
set
tlem
ent a
t hom
e.
b. W
orld
War
II>
Thr
eat t
o so
vere
ignt
y of
U.S
. ter
ritor
y (H
awai
i, A
lask
a, C
alifo
rnia
, Tex
as)
> W
artim
e in
dust
rial p
rodu
ctio
nbo
om to
wns
and
wid
espr
ead
mov
emen
ts o
f
peop
le (
incl
udin
g ra
cial
min
oriti
es)
> T
he s
cale
of d
estr
uctiv
e ef
fect
s of
wea
ponr
y in
crea
sed
with
dev
elop
men
t of
mor
e po
wer
ful t
echn
olog
ies,
up
to th
e at
omic
bom
b.
> W
ar lo
gist
ics
(pro
min
ence
of a
ir po
wer
, airc
raft
carr
iers
, oce
anog
raph
y, w
eath
er
pred
ictio
n, e
tc.)
Ble
ndin
g H
isto
ry a
nd G
eogr
aphy
in th
e K
-12
Cur
ricu
lum
29
His
tory
Con
tent
His
tory
and
Geo
grap
hy T
augh
t Sim
ulta
neou
sly
Geo
grap
hy T
augh
t as
aS
tand
-Alo
ne S
ubje
ct
c. C
onta
inm
ent o
fco
mm
unis
m (
Mar
shal
l
Pla
n, N
AT
O, U
N, e
tc.)
> E
mer
genc
e of
glo
bal-s
cale
com
petit
ion
betw
een
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
as le
ader
of f
ree
wor
ld a
nd U
SS
R a
s le
ader
of c
omm
unis
ts
d. P
ostw
ar p
rosp
erity
(fai
th in
pro
gres
s, h
ome
owne
rshi
p)
> F
air
Dea
l pro
gram
s ge
nera
ted
regi
onal
and
sec
tora
l red
istr
ibut
ion
of w
ealth
(i.e
.,
from
cor
pora
tions
, bus
ines
ses,
and
sub
urba
n ar
eas
to in
ner
citie
s an
d ru
ral a
reas
)
>-
Incr
easi
ng g
row
th o
f sub
urbs
, dec
line
of fa
mily
farm
> P
opul
atio
n dy
nam
ics
Bab
y B
oom
beg
ins
Pop
ulat
ion
of c
hild
ren
(<15
yea
rs o
f age
) in
crea
ses
Pop
ulat
ion
pyra
mid
s
> M
ultip
le n
ucle
i mod
el o
f urb
an m
orph
olog
y
> G
reen
Rev
olut
ion
> P
opul
atio
n dy
nam
ics
e. A
fflue
nt a
nd m
obile
soci
ety
> V
acat
ion
trav
el
> "
Driv
e-in
" bu
sine
sses
>-
Beg
inni
ng o
f Fro
st B
elt t
o S
un B
elt m
igra
tion
> C
omm
erci
al a
ir tr
avel
f. B
egin
ning
s of
civ
il rig
hts
(Bro
wn
u. B
oard
of
Edu
catio
n, M
ontg
omer
y
bus
boyc
ott,
Littl
e R
ock,
etc)
).-
Reg
iona
l diff
eren
ces
in r
acia
l ine
quity
and
atti
tude
s to
war
d ra
cial
diff
eren
ces
30T
he B
est o
f B
oth
Wor
lds
His
tory
Con
tent
His
tory
and
Geo
grap
hy T
augh
t Sim
ulta
neou
sly
Geo
grap
hy T
augh
t as
aS
tand
-Alo
ne S
ubje
ct
Per
iod
#12
Tec
hnol
ogic
al A
dvan
ces,
Vie
tnam
, and
Soc
ial U
phea
val:
1957
to 1
973
a. In
tens
ifica
tion
of C
old
War
>-
Dom
ino
The
ory
effe
cts
on U
.S. f
orei
gn p
olic
y of
the
prox
imity
influ
ence
of
com
mun
ists
in A
sia
and
Latin
Am
eric
a
>,-
Rea
sons
for
and
impl
icat
ions
of m
ilita
ry b
uild
up/s
pace
rac
e (e
.g.,
Inte
rcon
tinen
tal B
allis
tic M
issi
le tr
ajec
torie
s an
d di
stan
ces,
Dis
tant
Ear
ly W
arni
ngS
yste
m, p
oten
tial f
or s
atel
lite
surv
eilla
nce
and
wea
pons
in o
rbit
over
the
Ear
th)
>-
Pea
ce C
orps
>-
Gre
at c
ircle
rou
tes,
pol
ar m
ap
proj
ectio
ns, a
nd th
e sh
ort d
ista
nce
betw
een
the
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
and
the
Sov
iet U
nion
ove
r th
e N
orth
Pol
e
b. T
echn
olog
ical
impr
ovem
ents
>-
Tel
evis
ion'
s ef
fect
s ar
ound
the
wor
ld
> S
atel
lite
com
mun
icat
ion
and
a sh
rinki
ng w
orld
>-
NA
SA
and
geo
grap
hic
rese
arch
).-
Res
ourc
e de
velo
pmen
t and
use
for
plas
tics
and
chem
ical
indu
strie
s
>-
Diff
usio
n of
new
ant
ibio
tics
and
vacc
ines
>--
Impr
oved
Ear
th im
agin
gae
rial
phot
ogra
phy,
sat
ellit
e im
ages
c. V
ietn
am W
ar>
- H
uman
/env
ironm
ent i
nter
actio
n (A
gent
Ora
nge,
nap
alm
, etc
.)
> C
ultu
ral c
onta
ct/c
onfli
ct
> E
valu
ate
the
effe
ctiv
enes
s of
hig
h-te
ch w
eapo
nry
and
tact
ics.
> T
ropi
cal e
cosy
stem
d. S
ocia
l uph
eava
l (ci
vil
right
s, a
ssas
sina
tions
,
disi
llusi
onm
ent)
>-
Mig
rant
farm
wor
ker
mov
emen
t (m
igra
tion
patte
rns
and
regi
onal
dis
trib
utio
n)
>-
Cou
nter
cultu
re m
ovem
ent
hipp
ies
and
com
mun
es (
mig
ratio
n pa
ttern
s an
d
regi
onal
dis
trib
utio
n)
> S
elec
tive
Ser
vice
(dr
aft d
odge
rs, r
egio
nal i
nequ
aliti
es in
dra
ft bo
ards
)
> S
ense
of p
lace
as
refle
ctio
n of
soc
ial
cond
ition
s (B
erke
ley,
Woo
dsto
ck, e
tc.)
>-
Pol
ynuc
leat
ed m
odel
s of
urb
an
mor
phol
ogy
Ble
ndin
g H
isto
ry a
nd G
eogr
aphy
in th
e K
-12
Cur
ricul
um31
His
tory
Con
tent
His
tory
and
Geo
grap
hy T
augh
t Sim
ulta
neou
sly
Geo
grap
hy T
augh
t as
aS
tand
-Alo
ne S
ubje
ct
> G
hetto
cro
wdi
ng a
nd r
ace
riots
)- R
egio
nal d
iffer
ence
s in
res
ista
nce
to c
hang
e in
rac
e re
latio
ns
),-
Bab
y-B
oom
er g
ener
atio
n ef
fect
s (n
eed
for
scho
ols
and
othe
r go
vern
men
t
serv
ices
, gro
wth
of c
hild
-orie
nted
goo
ds a
nd s
ervi
ces,
etc
.)
).-
Gro
wth
of p
lace
less
ness
Gen
eric
land
scap
es o
f con
sum
ptio
n
e. E
nviro
nmen
tal
uphe
aval
s
),-
Hum
an/e
nviro
nmen
t int
erac
tion
the
reco
gniti
on a
nd r
espo
nses
to
envi
ronm
enta
l pol
lutio
n (W
ater
Qua
lity
Impr
ovem
ent A
ct, E
PA
, Cle
an A
ir A
ct)
)- L
egis
latio
n ag
ains
t pes
ticid
e (D
DT
, etc
.)
>-
Spr
ead
of n
ucle
ar w
eapo
ns
)- S
prea
d of
nuc
lear
pow
er
). O
il cr
isis
o- R
enew
able
and
non
-ren
ewab
le
reso
urce
s
)- E
nviro
nmen
tal e
thic
s
)- E
arth
as
a cl
osed
sys
tem
(vi
ews
from
spac
e)
Peri
od #
13
Col
d W
ar C
limax
and
New
Wor
ld O
rder
: 197
3 to
Pre
sent
a. F
inal
cha
pter
of
Am
eric
an-S
ovie
t
com
petit
ion
),-
Pro
xy c
onfli
cts
incr
ease
in T
hird
Wor
ld tr
oubl
e sp
ots
(e.g
., C
entr
al A
mer
ica,
Iran
,
Afg
hani
stan
)
* U
.S. r
esol
ve in
crea
ses
and
Sov
iet U
nion
col
laps
es
b. E
nviro
nmen
tal i
ssue
s>
Tox
ic w
aste
s an
d cl
ean-
up).
- A
cid
rain
(D
ying
tree
s an
d in
crea
sing
pH in
riv
ers
and
lake
s in
nor
thea
stU
nite
d S
tate
s an
d C
anad
a)
).-
Bio
dive
rsity
(E
verg
lade
s, P
acifi
c
Nor
thw
est s
alm
on, H
awai
i)
32T
he B
est o
f B
oth
Wor
lds
His
tory
Con
tent
His
tory
and
Geo
grap
hy T
augh
t Sim
ulta
neou
sly
Geo
grap
hy T
augh
t as
aS
tand
-Alo
ne S
ubje
ct
>-
Env
ironm
enta
l/eco
nom
ic tr
adeo
ffs
(hyd
roca
rbon
fuel
s ve
rsus
glo
bal
war
min
g, s
potte
d ow
l eco
syst
em v
ersu
slo
ggin
g in
tere
sts)
>-
Glo
bal e
pide
mic
s (A
IDS
, flu
,
tube
rcul
osis
)
> N
atur
al d
isas
ters
(H
urric
ane
And
rew
,
Mou
nt S
t. H
elen
s)
> O
il sp
ills
(Exx
on V
alde
z, G
alap
agos
2001
)
> N
ucle
ar w
aste
/pla
nts
(Thr
ee M
ile
Isla
nd, C
hern
obyl
)
> H
azar
dous
was
tes
(Lov
e C
anal
,
Sup
erfu
nd p
rogr
ams)
>-
Bio
regi
onal
ism
c. E
cono
mic
issu
es>
Rap
idly
incr
easi
ng g
loba
l int
erde
pend
ence
and
con
nect
ions
>-
Tec
hnol
ogy/
info
rmat
ion-
base
d
glob
al s
ocie
ty (
Inte
rnet
, ele
ctro
nic
>,-
Rus
t Bel
t to
Sun
Bel
t cha
nges
bank
ing
and
stoc
k tr
adin
g)
> D
eclin
e of
agr
icul
ture
and
man
ufac
turin
g ve
rsus
ris
e of
ser
vice
indu
strie
s>
Sup
rana
tiona
l tra
ding
blo
cs (
EU
,
NA
FT
A, G
AT
T)
> O
utso
urci
ng a
nd p
ost-
For
dism
(red
uctio
n of
per
man
ent w
orkf
orce
and
rise
of c
ontr
acto
rs, f
all o
f com
pany
tow
ns)
> P
rimar
y, s
econ
dary
, ter
tiary
indu
strie
s
Ble
ndin
g H
isto
ry a
nd G
eogr
aphy
in th
e K
-12
Cur
ricu
lum
33
His
tory
Con
tent
His
tory
and
Geo
grap
hy T
augh
t Sim
ulta
neou
sly
Geo
grap
hy T
augh
t as
aS
tand
-Alo
ne S
ubje
ct
d. N
ew W
orld
Ord
er*
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
as s
ingl
e w
orld
sup
erpo
wer
).-
U.S
. med
iato
r ro
le in
wor
ld r
egio
nal
conf
licts
(M
idea
st, B
alka
ns)
),-
Glo
bal d
iffus
ion
of A
mer
ican
cul
ture
(Coc
a C
ola,
Bay
wat
ch, D
alla
s,Le
vi's
)
39T
he B
est o
f B
oth
Wor
lds
App
endi
x
At t
he o
utse
t of
this
pro
ject
, the
Gilb
ert M
. Gro
sven
or C
ente
rfo
r G
eogr
aphi
c E
duca
tion
com
mis
sion
ed a
ser
ies
of f
our
inve
s-tig
ativ
e es
says
des
igne
d to
sea
rch
the
rele
vant
lite
ratu
re a
nd s
etfo
rth
the
logi
c of
join
t tea
chin
g an
d le
arni
ng o
f hi
stor
y an
d ge
og-
raph
y. T
hese
pap
ers
prov
ide
the
philo
soph
ical
and
con
cept
ual
unde
rpin
ning
s of
this
pro
ject
. Wri
tten
by h
ighl
y re
spec
ted
scho
l-ar
s in
the
fiel
ds o
f hi
stor
y an
d ge
ogra
phy,
they
app
ear
as a
spe
cial
issu
e of
the
Mid
dle
Stat
es C
ounc
il fo
r th
e So
cial
Stu
dies
200
1Y
earb
ook.
* T
hese
sch
olar
ly s
urve
ys a
re f
irst
-rat
e an
d th
eir
auth
ors
dese
rve
enor
mou
s cr
edit
for
draw
ing
atte
ntio
n to
the
criti
cal
inte
rfac
e of
his
tory
and
geo
grap
hy. T
hey
are
liste
d he
re s
epar
ate-
ly b
ecau
se, w
ithou
t the
ir c
ontr
ibut
ions
, the
ove
rall
proj
ect w
ould
have
lack
ed a
str
ong
foun
datio
n. T
he a
utho
rs o
f th
e pr
esen
tre
port
ow
e ea
ch o
f th
ese
scho
lars
a c
ontin
uing
deb
t of
grat
itude
.
Wal
ter
A. M
cDou
gall,
Uni
vers
ity o
f Pe
nnsy
lvan
ia.
Geo
grap
hy, H
isto
ry, a
nd T
rue
Edu
catio
n.
Bri
an W
. Blo
uet,
Fred
Hub
y Pr
ofes
sor
of G
eogr
aphy
and
Inte
rnat
iona
l Edu
catio
n, C
olle
ge o
f W
illia
m a
nd M
ary.
App
roac
hes
to H
isto
ry a
nd G
eogr
aphy
.
Paul
Gag
non,
Bos
ton
Uni
vers
ity.
Ess
entia
l His
tory
Con
tent
for
K-1
2.
Pat G
ober
, Ari
zona
Sta
te U
nive
rsity
.E
ssen
tial G
eogr
aphy
Con
tent
for
K-1
2.
Ble
ndin
g H
isto
ry a
nd G
eogr
aphy
in th
e K
-12
Cur
ricu
lum
An
addi
tiona
l ess
ay, t
o be
pub
lishe
d as
a m
onog
raph
, was
wri
t-te
n by
pro
ject
co-
dire
ctor
Dav
id W
arre
n Sa
xe. I
t foc
uses
spe
cifi
-ca
lly o
n U
.S. h
isto
ry, a
nd p
rovi
des
esse
ntia
l top
ics
in a
chr
onol
og-
ical
ord
er th
at e
mph
asiz
es th
e co
ncep
ts o
f la
nd a
nd li
bert
y, i.
e.,
that
und
ersc
ores
bot
h th
e ge
ogra
phic
al is
sues
and
the
gove
rnin
gpr
inci
ples
that
pro
vide
d th
e ge
nesi
s an
d gr
owth
of
the
Am
eric
anna
tion.
**
* C
opie
s of
the
Mid
dle
Stat
es C
ounc
il fo
r th
e So
cial
Stu
dies
200
1 Y
earb
ook
are
avai
labl
e fo
r $1
2 (U
S D
olla
rs)
thro
ugh
the
offi
ce o
f th
e T
reas
urer
, MSC
SS,
Rid
er U
nive
rsity
, 208
3 L
awre
ncev
ille
Roa
d, L
awre
ncev
ille
NJ
0864
8.
** T
his
is a
vaila
ble
thro
ugh
the
Gilb
ert M
. Gro
sven
or C
ente
r fo
r G
eogr
aphi
cE
duca
tion,
Sou
thw
est T
exas
Sta
te U
nive
rsity
, 601
Uni
vers
ity D
rive
, San
Mar
cos
TX
786
66. C
ost i
s $3
0 (U
S D
olla
rs).
35
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