Period 1 1491 - 1607

Period 21607 - 1754Europeans and American Indians fought for dominance, control, and security in North America, and distinctive colonial and native societies developed.Period 21607 - 1754Key Concept 2.1Differences in imperial goals, cultures, and the North American environments that different empires confronted led Europeans to develop diverse patterns of colonization.

Spanish, French, Dutch, and British colonizers embraced different social/economic goals, cultural assumptions, and folkways, resulting in varied models of colonization.Spaintight control over process of colonizationconvert or exploit the native population

French & Dutchutilized trade alliances & intermarriage with nativesacquire furs & other products to export to Europe

Spanish, French, Dutch, and British colonizers embraced different social/economic goals, cultural assumptions, and folkways, resulting in varied models of colonization.Britishestablish colonies based on agricultureutilized large numbers of men & womenacquire land, populate settlementsimportation of indentured servantshostile relationships with American Indiansdue to expansion of settlementsKing Philips WarBritish-American system of slavery developed from economic, demographic, and geographic characteristics of the British controlled regions of the world.miscegenationsexual relations or marriage between people of two different racesallowed in Spanish, French, and Dutch colonieswith native people and,in Spains case, with enslaved Africans!in English colonies,males & females rarely intermarriedwith natives or Africansresulted in rigid racial hierarchy!

British-American system of slavery developed from economic, demographic, and geographic characteristics of the British controlled regions of the world.Atlantic slave trade (causes)abundance of landshortage of indentured servantsdifficulty of enslaving native peoplesdemand for colonial goodsTriangular tradeMiddle PassageBarbados Slave Code

Middle PassageBritish-American system of slavery developed from economic, demographic, and geographic characteristics of the British controlled regions of the world.Barbados Slave Codea law passed by England to provide a legal base for slavery in the Caribbean island of Barbadosthe code's preamble, which stated that the law's purpose was to "protect them [slaves] as we do men's other goods and Chattels,any article of tangible property other than land, buildings, and other things annexed to landBritish-American system of slavery developed from economic, demographic, and geographic characteristics of the British controlled regions of the world.Barbados Slave Codelaw required masters to provide each slave with one set of clothing per yearno standards for slaves' diet, housing, or working conditionsdenied slaves even basic rights guaranteed under English common law, such as the right to lifeallowed the slaves' owners to do entirely as they wished to their slaves, including mutilating them and burning them alive, without fear of reprisal

British-American system of slavery developed from economic, demographic, and geographic characteristics of the British controlled regions of the world.Bacons RebellionNathaniel Baconled frontier farmers against government of Virginiaformer indentured servants denied landWilliam BerkeleyGovernor, refused protection against western IndiansEffects:decrease import of indentured servantsturn to African slavery for labor supplylaws make slaves, and their progeny, slaves for life!

British-American system of slavery developed from economic, demographic, and geographic characteristics of the British controlled regions of the world.Overt/covert forms of resistance to slaveryslow pace of worksabotage equipmentrun awayrevoltNew York 1712Stono Rebellion - 1739Denmark Vesey 1822 (planned)Nat Turner - 1831

Environmental & geographic variations, including climate & natural resources, contributed to regional differences in the British colonies.New England Coloniesenvironmental & geographic conditions:rocky soilnon-navigable riversshort growing seasonharsh wintersfish, fur, lumber enterprises developwaterfalls provide source of powerleads to manufacturing & industry to developmajor commercial center

Environmental & geographic variations, including climate & natural resources, contributed to regional differences in the British colonies.New England ColoniesPlymouth/Massachusetts Bay ColoniesPuritanismgroup of Protestants in 16th century within the Church of England (Anglican)demanded simplification of doctrine and worshipadvocated greater strictness in religious disciplinepuritan (lowercase)a person who is strict in moral or religious matters, often excessively so!Puritan (Protestant) Work Ethicidle hands are the devils workshop

Environmental & geographic variations, including climate & natural resources, contributed to regional differences in the British colonies.Middle Coloniesenvironmental & geographic conditions:rich soil export wheat, grains (Bread Basket Colonies)forests lumber, ship buildingtextile & iron industries develop

ethnically & religiously diverseEnglish, Swedes, Dutch, Germans, Scots-Irish and French Dutch Mennonites, French Huguenots, German Baptists, Portuguese Jews, English Anglicans, Lutherans, Quakers, Moravians, Amish, Dunkers, Presbyterians, and Catholics

Environmental & geographic variations, including climate & natural resources, contributed to regional differences in the British colonies.PennsylvaniaWilliam PennThe Quaker Holy Experimentinner light in each personservices without formal ministersdressed plainlyno deference to persons of rankembraced pacifismno military serviceno land-owning aristocracyadult male settlers receive 50 acres of land & right to vote

Environmental & geographic variations, including climate & natural resources, contributed to regional differences in the British colonies.PennsylvaniaGovernmenta representative assemblyfreedom of religionNative-American Relationspeople approached in friendship respond in friendshipletter to the Delaware paid the Delaware for their landregulated trade between tribes and colonistsset up a court for adjudication of disputesno disputes for over 50 years!

Environmental & geographic variations, including climate & natural resources, contributed to regional differences in the British colonies.Southern Coloniesenvironmental & geographic conditions:warm climate long growing seasonswampy land - perfect for crops such as tobacco, rice, indigo, and sugarstaple crop economycash crops sold for profit, not consumptiontobacco, rice, sugar cane, cottonslave labor utilizedin places, slaves constitute majority of population

Environmental & geographic variations, including climate & natural resources, contributed to regional differences in the British colonies.Jamestown - 1607joint-stock companyVirginia Companytobacco cultivationJohn Rolfeindentured servantsleads to Bacons Rebellion and slaveryNative-American Relationscolonial desire for land & crop space leads to warfareAnglo-Powhatan Wars I & II

Period 21607 - 1754Key Concept 2.2European colonization efforts stimulated intercultural contact and intensified conflict between various groups of colonizers and native peoples.

Competition over resources led to conflict within & between North American colonial possessions and American Indians.European/American ConflictsAnglo-Powhatan Wars 1610 16463 warsresulted in a boundary being defined between the Indians and English lands

King Philips War 1675 - 1678New England Wampanoag natives defeatedcolonial expansion ensuredCompetition over resources led to conflict within & between North American colonial possessions and American Indians.European/American ConflictsBeaver Wars 1630s 1640sencouraged and armed by their Dutch and English trading partners, the Iroquois expanded their territory and sought to monopolize the fur traderealigned the tribal geography of North Americadestroyed several large tribal confederaciesChickasaw War 1736Chickasaw vs. the FrenchChickasaw maintained themselves albeit with great loss to both population and way of liferesulted in enmity between the Illini and the ChickasawCompetition over resources led to conflict within & between North American colonial possessions and American Indians.New sources of laborNative Indian Slaveryeasy to escape, blend into other tribal societies

Indentured servitudeperiod of indenture 4 7 yearsfreedom dues

African slaveryslaves for lifeintroduces institutional racism!

Competition over resources led to conflict within & between North American colonial possessions and American Indians.Acquire commodities valued in Europefur lumberfishnaval storespitchtobaccoriceindigoCompetition over resources led to conflict within & between North American colonial possessions and American Indians.Mistrust over conflicting interests of European leaders and colonial citizens

Woolen Act - 1699prohibited American colonists from exporting woolrestricted the import of woolens and linens created in other areas of the British Empire

Competition over resources led to conflict within & between North American colonial possessions and American Indians.Mistrust over conflicting interests of European leaders and colonial citizensMercantilismNavigation ActsSalutary Neglect

Molasses Act 1733tax on molassesnot to raise moneybut to regulate tradeCompetition over resources led to conflict within & between North American colonial possessions and American Indians.Mistrust over conflicting interests of European leaders and colonial citizens

Smuggling reaction to the heavy taxes and regulations imposed by mercantilist trade policieswidespread in Spanish & English coloniesClashes between European and American Indians social & economic values affects both cultures.Trade goods & disease cause cultural & demographic change

Catawba NationSouth Carolinadecimated by smallpox epidemics, tribal warfare and social disruptiondeclined markedly in number in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuriesClashes between European and American Indians social & economic values affects both cultures.Trade goods & disease cause cultural & demographic changeHuron ConfederacyAs the European demand for furs increased during the seventeenth century, both the Iroquois and the Huron began to expand westward in search of new furs and new Indian trading partners. This expansion brought about some violent conflicts between the Huron and the western Indian nations such as the Winnebago (Ho Chunk) and Ottawa. In addition, conflict between the Huron and the Iroquois also increased.Clashes between European and American Indians social & economic values affects both cultures.In 1648, the Seneca and the Mohawk, both members of the Iroquois League of Five Nations, set out to destroy the Huron trading network. The Seneca, armed with firearms obtained from the Dutch, attacked the Huron town of Teanaostaia. Three hundred of the 2,000 inhabitants of the town were killed and 700 were taken captive. The following year, the Iroquois, supplied with 400 guns and unlimited ammunition on credit by the Dutch, attacked and destroyed the Huron. This marked the end of the Huron confederacy. Many of the Huron people took refuge with other Indian nations in the Great Lakes area. A new nation, however, the Wyandot, composed of Huron refugees as well as other Indian refugees, soon emerged, but did not challenge the Iroquois supremacy.Native American NetrootsClashes between European and American Indians social & economic values affects both cultures.Trade goods & disease cause cultural & demographic changeWampanoagAbout 1614, a series of three epidemics, inadvertently introduced through contact with Europeans, began to sweep through the Indian villages in Massachusetts. At least ten Wampanoag villages were abandoned because there were no survivors. The Wampanoag population decreased from 12,000 to 5,000.Clashes between European and American Indians social & economic values affects both cultures.Trade goods & disease cause cultural & demographic changeWampanoagIn 1675, pushed by the Puritans who demanded that the Indians obey Puritan law and who severely punished the Indians who did notMetacom asserted the sovereignty of his people by going to warAs a result of this war commonly called King Philips War many of the smaller Indian nations were destroyed or scatteredClashes between European and American Indians social & economic values affects both cultures.Trade goods & disease cause cultural & demographic changeMetacom stumbled into an ambush in which he was shot and killed. The English drew and quartered his body and took his head to Plymouth where it was displayed to the public for 20 yearsHead was carried in triumph to Plymouth, where it arrived on the very Day that the Church there was keeping a Solemn Thanksgiving to God. God sent em in the Head of a Leviathan for a Thanksgiving-Feast.Cotton MatherBy the end of the war, the Wampanoag were nearly exterminated: only 400 survivedClashes between European and American Indians social & economic values affects both cultures.Spanish worldviewseek accommodation with Native cultureafter Pueblo Revolt 1680,the Pueblo Indians gain a measure of freedom from future Spanish efforts to eradicate their culture and religionSpanish issued substantial land grantsappointed a public defender to protect the rights of the Indians did not again attempt to impose a theocracy on the Pueblo who continued to practice their traditional religionClashes between European and American Indians social & economic values affects both cultures.English worldviewland ownershipprivate vs. tribal/communalgender rolesmatrilineal v. patrilinealmatriarchal v. patriarchalreinforced through contact/conflictpraying townsseek religious conversion, abandonment of native waysgatherer-hunter lifestyle, clothing, rituals, etcClashes between European and American Indians social & economic values affects both cultures.American Indian warfare increases in intensity & destructivenessdeadlier weaponslong riflemusket

alcoholgreat disrupter of Indian lifegreater susceptibility to effects

Period 21607 - 1754Key Concept 2.3The increasing political, economic, and cultural exchanges within the Atlantic World had a profound impact on the development of colonial societies in North America.

Atlantic World commercial, religious, philosophical, and political interactions among Europeans, Africans, and American Natives stimulated economic growth, expanded social networks, & reshaped labor systems.Atlantic economyshared labor marketservants, slaves, free blackswide exchange of goodsAfrican slave tradeproducts of Americasfur, lumber, fish, naval stores, pitch, tobacco, rice, indigo, sugar cane, etc

Atlantic World commercial, religious, philosophical, and political interactions among Europeans, Africans, and American Natives stimulated economic growth, expanded social networks, & reshaped labor systems.Anglicization (convert to English norms)Political communitiesPennsylvaniaWilliam PennThe Quaker Holy Experimentinner light in each personservices without formal ministersdressed plainlyno deference to persons of rankembraced pacifismno military serviceno land-owning aristocracyadult male settlers receive 50 acres of land & right to vote

Atlantic World commercial, religious, philosophical, and political interactions among Europeans, Africans, and American Natives stimulated economic growth, expanded social networks, & reshaped labor systems.Pennsylvania Governmenta representative assemblyfreedom of religionNative-American Relationspeople approached in friendship respond in friendshippaid the Delaware for their landregulated trade between tribes and colonistsset up a court for adjudication of disputesno disputes for over 50 years!

Atlantic World commercial, religious, philosophical, and political interactions among Europeans, Africans, and American Natives stimulated economic growth, expanded social networks, & reshaped labor systems.Anglicization (convert to English norms)Commercial tiesJoint-stock companiesVirginia CompanyLondon Company

Atlantic World commercial, religious, philosophical, and political interactions among Europeans, Africans, and American Natives stimulated economic growth, expanded social networks, & reshaped labor systems.Anglicization (convert to English norms)Legal structures

Atlantic World commercial, religious, philosophical, and political interactions among Europeans, Africans, and American Natives stimulated economic growth, expanded social networks, & reshaped labor systems.Anglicization (convert to English norms)Protestant evangelism

Atlantic World commercial, religious, philosophical, and political interactions among Europeans, Africans, and American Natives stimulated economic growth, expanded social networks, & reshaped labor systems.Anglicization (convert to English norms)Religious toleration

Maryland Act of Tolerationfreedom of worship for all Christians in Marylandsentenced to death anyone who denied the divinity of JesusAtheists, Jews

Atlantic World commercial, religious, philosophical, and political interactions among Europeans, Africans, and American Natives stimulated economic growth, expanded social networks, & reshaped labor systems.Anglicization (convert to English norms)Enlightenment IdeasJohn Locke 1632 - 1704English philosopherideas concerning the natural rights of man and the social contracttheories concerning the separation of Church and State, religious freedom, and libertyinfluenced European Enlightenment writer, Voltaire shaped the thinking of America's founders, from Alexander Hamilton to Thomas Jefferson

Atlantic World commercial, religious, philosophical, and political interactions among Europeans, Africans, and American Natives stimulated economic growth, expanded social networks, & reshaped labor systems.Slavery & colonial wars impacted ideas on raceCasta Systemdetermined a persons social importance in old Mexicoone-hundred different terms to describe different racial categoriesEspaoles - persons of pure Spanish ancestryIndios/Indias - persons of pure Indian AncestryMestizos/Mestizas - one Spanish and one Indian parentMulattos/Mulattas - one Spanish and one Black parentAtlantic World commercial, religious, philosophical, and political interactions among Europeans, Africans, and American Natives stimulated economic growth, expanded social networks, & reshaped labor systems.Slavery & colonial wars impacted growth of ideas on raceMetisare one of the recognized Aboriginal peoples of Canadadescendents of mixed First Nations & Europeansessentially, Native Americans of Canadaoften associated with lower social class distinctionBritains desire to maintain an American empire inspired efforts to strengthen its imperial control, causing increased resistance from independently-minded colonists.British colonies develop similar patternsCultureLawsInstitutionsGovernment

Britains desire to maintain an American empire inspired efforts to strengthen its imperial control, causing increased resistance from independently-minded colonists.Britains efforts to integrate colonies into imperial structure and pursue mercantilist economic gains meets with scant successcolonial resistancesmugglingconflicts with Native AmericansBritish indifference to colonial governanceNavigation Actssalutary neglect

Britains desire to maintain an American empire inspired efforts to strengthen its imperial control, causing increased resistance from independently-minded colonists.Resistance to imperial controlExperiences of self-governmentHouse of Burgessesdirect representationvs. virtual representation

Evolving local ideas of liberty

Britains desire to maintain an American empire inspired efforts to strengthen its imperial control, causing increased resistance from independently-minded colonists.Resistance to imperial controlPolitical thought of Enlightenmentrepublicanismcivic virtuesacrifice ones own personal/individual interestin favor of the community interest

Greater religious independence & diversityGreat Awakening

Britains desire to maintain an American empire inspired efforts to strengthen its imperial control, causing increased resistance from independently-minded colonists.Resistance to imperial controlIdeology of corruption in imperial system