division avenue high school ms. foglia regents biology

1

Division Avenue High School Ms. FogliaRegents Biology

AP Biology 2008-2009

Cells & Cell Organelles

The Building Blocksof Life

Regents Biology

bacteriacells

bacteriacellsTypes of cells

animal cellsanimal cells plant cellsplant cells

Prokaryote- no organelles

Eukaryotes- organelles

Regents Biology

Cell size comparison

Bacterial cellAnimal cell

§ micron = micrometer = 1/1,000,000 meter§ diameter of human hair = ~20 microns

most bacteria§ 1-10 microns

eukaryotic cells § 10-100 microns

Regents Biology

Why study cells?§ Cells → Tissues → Organs → Bodies

u bodies are made up of cellsu cells do all the work of life!

Regents Biology

§ What jobs do cells have to do for an organism to live…u “breathe” § gas exchange: CO2 vs. O2

u eat§ take in & digest food

u make energy§ ATP

u build molecules§ proteins, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acids

u remove wastes u control internal conditionsu respond to external environmentu build more cells§ growth, repair, reproduction & development

The Work of Life

ATP

Regents Biology

Organelles§ Organelles do the work of cells

u each structure has a job to do§ keeps the cell alive; keeps you alive

Model Animal Cell

2


Regents Biology

Cells need power!§ Making energy

u to fuel daily life & growth, the cell must…§ take in food & digest it§ take in oxygen (O2)§ make ATP§ remove waste

u organelles that do this work…§ cell membrane § lysosomes§ vacuoles & vesicles § mitochondria

ATP

Regents Biology

Cell membrane§ Function

u separates cell from outsideu controls what enters or leaves cell§ O2,CO2, food, H2O, nutrients, waste

u recognizes signals from other cells§ allows communication between cells

§ Structureu double layer of fat§ phospholipid bilayer

u receptor molecules§ proteins

lipid “tail”

phosphate“head”

Regents Biology

cell membrane§cell boundary§controls movementof materials in & out§recognizes signals

cytoplasm§jelly-like material holding organelles in place

Regents Biology

Vacuoles & vesicles§ Function

u moving material around cell

u storage§ Structure

u membrane sacsmall food

particle

vacuole

digesting food inside cell

Regents Biology

Food & water storageplant cellsplant cells

contractilevacuole

contractilevacuole

animal cellsanimal cells

central vacuole central vacuole

food vacuoles food vacuoles

Regents Biology



vacuole & vesicles§transport inside cells§storage

3


Regents Biology

Lysosomes

small foodparticle

vacuole

digesting food

lysosomes

§ Functionu digest food u clean up & recycle§ digest broken

organelles§ Structure

u membrane sac of digestive enzymes

digesting brokenorganelles

Regents Biology

lysosome§food digestion§garbage disposal &recycling




Regents Biology

§ Functionumake ATP energy from cellular respiration§ sugar + O2 → ATP§ fuels the work of life

§ Structureu double membrane

Mitochondria

in both animal & plant cellsin both animal & plant cells

ATP

Regents Biology





mitochondria§make ATP energy from sugar + O2

Regents Biology

§ Mitochondriau make energy from sugar + O2

§ cellular respiration§ sugar + O2 → ATP

§ Chloroplastsu make energy + sugar from sunlight§ photosynthesis

§ sunlight + CO2 → ATP & sugarw ATP = active energyw sugar = stored energy

n build leaves & roots & fruit out of the sugars

Plants make energy two ways!ATP

sugar

ATP

Regents Biology

Mitochondria are in both cells!!animal cellsanimal cells plant cellsplant cells

mitochondriamitochondriachloroplastchloroplast

4


Regents Biology

central vacuole§storage: food, water or waste

mitochondria§make ATP in cellular respiration

chloroplast§make ATP & sugars in photosynthesis

cell wall§support


lysosome§digestion & clean up

cytoplasm

Regents Biology

Cells need workers (proteins)!§ Making proteins

u to run daily life & growth, the cell must…§ read genes (DNA)§ build proteinsw structural proteins (muscle fibers, hair, skin, claws)w enzymes (speed up chemical reactions)w signals (hormones) & receptors

u organelles that do this work…§ nucleus § ribosomes§ endoplasmic reticulum (ER) § Golgi apparatus

Regents Biology

Proteins do all the work!

cellsDNA proteins

one of the major job of cells is to make proteins,because…

one of the major job of cells is to make proteins,because…

proteins do all the work!proteins do all the work!

signals

structure

enzymes

receptors

Regents Biology

Nucleus§ Function

u control center of cellu protects DNA§ instructions for building proteins

§ Structureu nuclear membraneu nucleolus§ ribosome factory

u chromosomes§ DNA

Regents Biology






nucleus§protects DNA§controls cell

chromosomes§DNA

Regents Biology

Ribosomes on ER

Ribosomes § Function

u protein factoriesu read instructions to build proteins from DNA

§ Structureu 2 subunitsu some free in cytoplasmu some attached to ER

largesubunit

smallsubunit

5


Regents Biology







ribosomes§builds proteins

Regents Biology

Endoplasmic Reticulum§ Function

u part of protein factory§ helps complete the

proteinsumakes membranes§ Structure

u rough ER§ ribosomes attached§ works on proteins

u smooth ER§ makes membranes

Regents Biology








ER§helps finish proteins§makes membranes

Regents Biology transport vesicles

vesiclescarrying proteins

§ Functionu finishes, sorts, labels & ships proteins§ like UPS headquarters w shipping & receiving department

u ships proteins in vesicles§ “UPS trucks”

§ Structureumembrane sacs

Golgi Apparatus

Regents Biology








Golgi apparatus§finishes, packages & ships proteins


Regents Biology

DNA

RNA

ribosomes

endoplasmicreticulum

vesicle

Golgi apparatus

vesicle

proteinon its way!

protein finishedprotein

Making Proteins

TO:

TO:

TO:

TO:

nucleus

6


Regents Biology

central vacuole§storage: food, water or waste

mitochondria§make ATP in cellular respiration

chloroplast§make ATP & sugars in photosynthesis

cell wall§support


Golgi apparatus§finish & ship proteins

nucleus§control cell§protects DNA

endoplasmic reticulum§processes proteins§makes membranes

lysosome§digestion & clean up

cytoplasmribosomes§make proteins

Regents Biology

Cells need to make more cells!§ Making more cells

u to replace, repair & grow, the cell must…§ copy their DNA§ make extra organelles§ divide the new DNA & new

organelles between 2 new “daughter” cells

u organelles that do this work…§ nucleus § centrioles

Regents Biology

Centrioles§ Function

u help coordinate cell division§ Structure

u one pair in each cellu “motor” proteins

Regents Biology







Golgi apparatus§finishes, packages & ships proteins

lysosome§food digestion§garbage disposal &recyclingvacuole & vesicles

§transport inside cells§storage

centrioles§cell division

Regents Biology

§ Cells have 3 main jobsumake energy§ need food + O2

§ cellular respiration & photosynthesis§ need to remove wastes

umake proteins§ need instructions from DNA§ need to chain together amino acids & “finish”

& “ship” the proteinumake more cells§ need to copy DNA & divide it up

Cell Summary

Our organellesdo all those

jobs!

AP Biology 2008-2009

That’s mycellular story…Any Questions?

division avenue high school ms. foglia regents biology

Documents