DISASTER EMERGENCY RESPONSE

A PILLAR OF DISASTER RESILIENCE

Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of

North Carolina, USA

The Timely And Intelligent Concentration of a

City’s Resources to Meet Extremely Urgent Needs During the Initial Hours,

Days, and Weeks After a Natural Hazard Strikes

THE FOCUS:FROM UN—ABLE TO RESPOND

EFFECTIVELY TO

INTELLIGENT EMERGENCY RESPONSE

THE FOCUS:FROM UN—ABLE TO RESPOND

EFFECTIVELY TO

INTELLIGENT EMERGENCY RESPONSE

AN INTELLIGENT CITY KNOWS WHAT IS HAPPENING AND AN INTELLIGENT CITY KNOWS WHAT IS HAPPENING AND WHAT TO DO WHEN PEOPLE, BUILDINGS AND WHAT TO DO WHEN PEOPLE, BUILDINGS AND

INFRASTRUCTURE ARE THREATENED INFRASTRUCTURE ARE THREATENED

AN INTELLIGENT CITY KNOWS WHAT IS HAPPENING AND AN INTELLIGENT CITY KNOWS WHAT IS HAPPENING AND WHAT TO DO WHEN PEOPLE, BUILDINGS AND WHAT TO DO WHEN PEOPLE, BUILDINGS AND

INFRASTRUCTURE ARE THREATENED INFRASTRUCTURE ARE THREATENED

COMMUNITYCOMMUNITYCOMMUNITYCOMMUNITYDATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATIONDATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATION

HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS

•NATURAL HAZARDS•INVENTORY•VULNERABILITY•LOCATION

RISK ASSESSMENTRISK ASSESSMENT

RISK

ACCEPTABLE RISK

UNACCEPTABLE RISK

GOAL: DISASTER GOAL: DISASTER RESILIENCERESILIENCE

•PREPAREDNESS•PROTECTION•EMERGENCY RESPONSE•RECOVERY IENCE

FOUR PILLARS OF FOUR PILLARS OF RESILIENCERESILIENCE

A DISASTER OCCURS WHEN A CITY’S PUBLIC POLICIES ALLOW IT TO BECOME …

UN—PREPARED

UN—PROTECTED

UN—ABLE TO RESPOND EFFECTIVELY

NON—RESILIENT IN THE RECOVERY PHASE

A CITY BECOMES DISASTER RESILIENT

WHEN IT IS …

PREPARED FOR THE INEVITABLE NATURAL HAZARDS THAT ARE LIKELY TO OCCUR AT THE WRONG TIME AND IN THE WRONG PLACE RELATIVE TO

THE CITY’S SOCIAL CONSTRUCTS

A CITY BECOMES DISASTER RESILIENT

WHEN …

ITS PEOPLE, BUILDINGS, INFRASTRUCTURE, ESSENTIAL AND

CRITICAL FACILITIES ARE PROTECTED BY CODES, STANDARDS, ETC AGAINST THE POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF

LIKELY NATURAL HAZARDS

A CITY BECOMES DISASTER RESILIENT

WHEN …

IT IS ABLE TO: A) RESPOND INTELLIGENTLY IN REAL TIME TO

MOVE PEOPLE OUT OF HARM’S WAY, B) MEET THEIR NEEDS IN AN EMERGENCY,

AND C) RESTORE THE CITY’S BASIC FUNCTIONS

A CITY BECOMES DISASTER RESILIENT

WHEN …

IT’S POLICIES NOT ONLY ENABLE IT TO RESIST DISASTERS WITHOUT FAILING,

BUT ALSO FACILITATES

A QUICK, SUSTAINABLE RECOVERY

AFTER THE EMERGENCY PHASE

DISASTER RESILIENCE REQUIRES PUBLIC POLICIES THAT

INTEGRATE RESEARCH, SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE, AND EMERGING

TECHNOLOGIES ON THE FOUR PILLARS OF DISASTER

RESILIENCE WITH THE

CITY’S POLITICAL PROCESS

DISASTER RESILIENCE REQUIRES PUBLIC POLICIES THAT

INTEGRATE RESEARCH, SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE, AND EMERGING

TECHNOLOGIES ON THE FOUR PILLARS OF DISASTER

RESILIENCE WITH THE

CITY’S POLITICAL PROCESS

NATURAL HAZARDS THAT CAN CAUSE DIVERSE

EMERGENCY SITUATIONS

CHINA, 2007: FLOODING CREATED EMERGENCY SITUATIONS

When Planet Earth’s water cycle produced too much water for the drainage system to handle, major flooding occurred.

LOSS OF FUNCTION OF STRUCTURES IN FLOODPLAIN

FLOODSFLOODS

INUNDATION

INTERACTION WITH HAZARDOUS MATERIALS

STRUCTURAL/CONTENTS DAMAGE FROM WATER

WATER BORNE DISEASES (HEALTH PROBLEMS)

EROSION AND MUDFLOWS

CONTAMINATION OF GROUND WATER

CAUSES OF DAMAGE AND

DISASTER

CAUSES OF DAMAGE AND

DISASTER

CASE HISTORIESCASE HISTORIES

JAPAN: 2011: TYPHOON ROKE CREATED EMERGENCY SITUATIONS

When the water temperatures and atmospheric conditions were right, Typhoon Roke occurred and traveled in the Pacific Ocean.

WIND AND WATER PENETRATE BUILDING ENVELOPE

SEVERE

WINDSTORMS

SEVERE

WINDSTORMS

UPLIFT OF ROOF SYSTEM

FLYING DEBRIS PENETRATES WINDOWS

STORM SURGE AND HEAVY PRECIPITATION

IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN

POOR WORKMANSHIP

FAILURE OF NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

CAUSES OF DAMAGE/DISASTER

CAUSES OF DAMAGE/DISASTER

CASE HISTORIESCASE HISTORIES

BAM, IRAN; DEC. 26, 2011: THE EARTHQUAKE CREATED EMERGENCY SITUATIONS

The earthquake was inevitable, but the disaster was caused when ground shaking interacted with sun-dried, clay brick-construction.

BAM, IRAN; DEC. 26, 2003: CREATED EMERGENCY SITUATIONS

BAM, IRAN; DEC. 26, 2003: CREATED EMERGENCY SITUATIONS

INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING

EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES

SOIL AMPLIFICATION

PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SOIL FAILURE AND SURFACE FAULTING )

IRREGULARITIES IN MASS, STRENGTH, AND STIFFNESS

FLOODING FROM TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP AND SEICHE

POOR DETAILING OF STRUCTURALSYSTEM

FAILURE OF NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

CAUSES OF DAMAGE/DISASTER

CAUSES OF DAMAGE/DISASTER

CASE HISTORIESCASE HISTORIES

THAILAND: DEC. 26, 2004: THE TSUNAMI CREATED EMERGENCY SITUATIONS

The tsunami wave generated by the M9.3 earthquake near Banda Ache, Indonesia traversed the entire Indian Ocean.

HIGH VELOCITY IMPACT OF INCOMING WAVES

TSUNAMIS TSUNAMIS

INLAND DISTANCE OF WAVE RUNUP

VERTICAL HEIGHT OF WAVE RUNUP

INADEQUATE RESISTANCE OF BUILDINGS

FLOODING

NO WARNING, OR INADEQUATE WARNING

PROXIMITY TO SOURCE OF TSUNAMI

CAUSES OF DAMAGE/DISASTER

CAUSES OF DAMAGE/DISASTER

CASE HISTORIESCASE HISTORIES

JAPAN; JAN., 11, 2011: KIRISHIMA’S ERUPTION CREATED EMERGENCY

SITUATIONS

When ongoing convergence of the Pacific and Eurasian plates reached a critical point, the volcano erupted explos-ively.

PROXIMITY TO LATERAL BLAST

VOLCANIC

ERUPTIONS

VOLCANIC

ERUPTIONS

IN PATH OF PYROCLASTIC FLOWS

IN PATH OF FLYING DEBRIS (TEPHRA)

IN PATH OF VOLCANIC ASH (AVIATION)

IN PATH OF LAVA AND PYROCLASTIC FLOWS

IN PATH OF LAHARS

IGNORING WARNING TO EVACUATE

CAUSES OF DAMAGE/DISASTER

CAUSES OF DAMAGE/DISASTER

CASE HISTORIESCASE HISTORIES

AUSTRALIA, FEB. 2009: WILDFIRES CREATEd EMERGENCY SITUATIONS

Wildfires occurred when hot temperatures and dry conditions intersected in Australia.

LIGHTNING STRIKES

WILDFIRESWILDFIRES

MANMADE FIRES

PROXIMITY OF URBAN AREA TO THE WILDLAND FIRE

WIND SPEED AND DIRECTION (DAY/NIGHT)

DRYNESS

HIGH TEMPERATURES

LOCAL FUEL SUPPLY

CAUSES OF DAMAGE AND DISASTER

CAUSES OF DAMAGE AND DISASTER

DISASTER LABORATORIES

DISASTER LABORATORIES

SO. CALIF., 2007: LANDSLIDES CREATED EMERGENCY SITUATIONS

When unstable slopes failed after prolonged precipitation, a major landslide occurred.

BUILDING ON UNSTABLE SLOPES

LANDSLIDESLANDSLIDES

BUILDING ON SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO FALLS

BUILDING ON SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO TOPPLES

BUILDING ON SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO SPREADS

BUILDING ON SOIL AND ROCK SUSCEPTIBLE TO FLOWS

SLOPE FAILURE AFTER HEAVY PRECIPITATION

SLOPE FAILURE AFTER GROUND SHAKING

CAUSES OF DAMAGE AND

DISASTERS

CAUSES OF DAMAGE AND

DISASTERS

CASE HISTORIESCASE HISTORIES

THE FOUR PILLARS OF DISASTER RESILIENCE

THE FOUR PILLARS OF DISASTER RESILIENCE

1. PREPAREDNESS (HAZARD, VULNERABILITY, AND RISK

ASSESSMENTS; PREDICTIONS, FORECASTS AND WARNING; DISASTER PLANNING SCENARIOS; INSURANCE;

INTELLIGENT COMMUNITY); …

1. PREPAREDNESS (HAZARD, VULNERABILITY, AND RISK

ASSESSMENTS; PREDICTIONS, FORECASTS AND WARNING; DISASTER PLANNING SCENARIOS; INSURANCE;

INTELLIGENT COMMUNITY); …

THE FOUR PILLARS OF DISASTER RESILIENCE (Continued)

THE FOUR PILLARS OF DISASTER RESILIENCE (Continued)

2. PROTECTION (IMPLEMENTATION OF BUILDING CODES AND LIFELINE

STANDARDS; SITE-SPECIFIC DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR

ESSENTIAL AND CRITICAL FACILITIES) …

2. PROTECTION (IMPLEMENTATION OF BUILDING CODES AND LIFELINE

STANDARDS; SITE-SPECIFIC DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR

ESSENTIAL AND CRITICAL FACILITIES) …

THE FOUR PILLARS OF DISASTER RESILIENCE (Continued)

THE FOUR PILLARS OF DISASTER RESILIENCE (Continued)

3. EMERGENCY RESPONSE (EVACUATION; MASS CARE; SEARCH AND RESCUE; EMERGENCY MEDICAL;

EMERGENCY TRANSPORTATION; LOCAL, REGIONAL, AND

INTERNATIONAL ASSISTANCE)…

3. EMERGENCY RESPONSE (EVACUATION; MASS CARE; SEARCH AND RESCUE; EMERGENCY MEDICAL;

EMERGENCY TRANSPORTATION; LOCAL, REGIONAL, AND

INTERNATIONAL ASSISTANCE)…

THE FOUR PILLARS OF DISASTER RESILIENCE (Continued)

THE FOUR PILLARS OF DISASTER RESILIENCE (Continued)

4. RECOVERY (RECONSTRUCTION; LOCAL, REGIONAL, AND GLOBAL BUSINESS RESUMPTION; POST-DISASTER STUDIES FOR PRE-DISASTER PREPAREDNESS)

4. RECOVERY (RECONSTRUCTION; LOCAL, REGIONAL, AND GLOBAL BUSINESS RESUMPTION; POST-DISASTER STUDIES FOR PRE-DISASTER PREPAREDNESS)

SUMMARY OF DISASTER EMERGENCY RESPONSE

KEY ELEMENTS OF INTELLIGENT EMERGENCY RESPONSE

• Communication

• Evacuation

• Mass Care

• Search and Rescue

KEY ELEMENTS OF INTELLIGENT EMERGENCY RESPONSE

• Emergency Medical

• Emergency Transportation

• Local, Regional, and International Assistance