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A herd of Lotosaurus feeds besidect prehistoric lake

Styracosaurus is no match forferocious Albertosaurus 1980

MennltttMore tascinatin-trivia and the

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7

[4@7@Sail-backed Lotosauruswas one ofthe early reptiles that ruled the landbefore the Age of the Dinosaurs.

TOOTHLESSWONDER

Most thecodontshe fossil skeleton of an atemeat. Butextraordinary animal was Lotosaurusdiscovered in Hunan probably lived on

plants. It did nothave any teeth, but it

province,China. It wasnamedLotosaurus, which ‘means.the ‘lizard from Loto’, after the had a beak-like jaw.placewhere it was found.

A This prehistoricK herbivore probably ate

DINOSAURANCESTORS rather like today’sLotosauruswas a tortoise. It used themember of a group sharp cutting edge of

its jaws to nipthrough the stalks ofplants and tear offbits of leaves.

of animals calledthe thecodonts.They were avery importantorder of reptiles.The thecodonts FAST FOODgave rise to the Lush ferns and

horsetails flourishedcrocodiles,dino ‘ V

pmr.by pools andstreams in Triassictimes. Lotosaurusprobably spentmuch of the daymunching the low-

growingvegetationthat grew by the water’s

edge. Lotosauruswouldhave needed to eat hugequantities of food to keep itsbigbody going.A full—grownLotosaurus could measure asmuch as 2.5m from nose to tail.

1969

U\\

IDEN'I'|KI'I'

MM Etfilfg0 NAME: Lotosaurus (lgv_v-toe-sclv-rus )means

’lizard from Loto’O GROUP: reptileO SIZE: upto 2.5 m long0 FOOD: plants0 LIVED: about 230millionyears ago in the

MidTriassic Period inChina

Lotosauruswanders down toa pool to feed on the lushferns and horsetails thatgrow there. This large plant-eater needs to eat huge

‘

amounts of food to fuel itsbody. Lotosaurus live infor protection predatgorsgg»When the herd iihas st“ ped 3%;

of ~ ‘

-;of new so iceof food.

SAFETY IN NUMBERSLotosaurus did not have sharp teeth ortusks to defend itself. This slow, peacefulplant-eaterwould havemade an easytarget for hungrymeat-eating reptiles,such as Cynognathus.Lotosaurus mayhave lived in herds for protection againstpredators. Theywould have roamedaround in large groups, foraging for food.

SAILINGALONGWhen experts discovered the Lotosaurusfossils, theywere fascinated by the longspines that ran all the way down theLotosaurus’ back. These bony ‘swords’ mayhave supported a skin ‘sail’.Lotosauruswas not the only sail-backed thecodont.The rsmaller, lizfard-likeLongisquama hadan afnazing fan of tall, stiff scales.

lDEN'l'IKI'I'

C G - ' © C ‘ ) ® ® ( * 3 @ ~ 2 ‘ 3 @ @ © @ @ % 9 ® @ @ ® @ @ @ @ @ ® @

Scientists are not really sureWhat ELotosaurué’ sailwas used for. It may havestored heat from the sun, like a solarpanel. Thiswould have allowed WA‘-K TALKLotosaurus to be active in the early Overmillions ofyears, thecodonts changedmorningwhenmost reptiles are quite lheW°>' ll‘e>' 'T‘f°"e°l' G'°°l”°">" lhe" lf*95sloW—moVing. Reptiles are cold-blooded, Chonged p°s'l'°”_they slorled 9r°W'”9which means the needWarmth to Sta more directly underneath their bodies,

t. Th t . If t r t.1eS 1. ix}:instead ofsprawling out to the side.

ECwe a 1SV:mi): epkl) thlieth Some later varieties could even walk on

0_t’ Sunny coun mes‘ may e a e two legs. Experts believe these thecodontsSafl‘?11S0t_St0ppf1d t}}£1p1ant'£fterd d

are the ancestors ofthe dinosaurs.over ea mg W en e sun aze own.There is another theory that the sailwas used to attractmates, or to scare0ffL0t03au7'u3’I'iVa1S~

L

- s o o e o o e o o o o e o o o o e e e o e e e e e o

Lotosaurusprobably ate in the

sameway astoday's tortoise,nipping throughplant stalks and

tearing off leaves.

ALIORAMUSlooking tyrannosaurs.Alioramuswas one of the strangest-

T

T

L

A1iant T rex andmost other‘tyrannosaurs hadhuge headsand short snouts, but not

Alioramus. Not only did this tyrannosaurhave a unique ridge of horns on its nose, italso had a long, thin head. ‘M@THE TERRIBLE TYRANTSThe tyrannosaurs were thelargest carnivores that H

ever lived on land. So f T V 1*about 12 differenthave been found. T’ .all had strongbodiesandWeak arms.

O NAME:A/ioramus (gy-lee-oh-gy-mus) means’ditlerent branch’

O GROUP: clinosaurO SIZE: 6m longO FOOD:meatO LIVED: about 80million years ago in the LateCretaceous Period inMongolia

MEAT SLICER ,.Alioramus had sharp, curve;teeth for slicing up flesh. Its,lowerjaw W a s longer and \

slimmer than othertyrannosaurs’, so its bitewas less powerful.

NOSE JOBAlioramus was abouthalf as long as T rex, but ith:Was still enormous. The row 0bony knobs along its nose

‘

must havemade it look evenmore scary. These hornsmayhave been for display, fordistinguishingmalesfrom females.

1972

Sll/ATHERII/MThis prehistoric giraffe looked morelike today's moose.

here are only two types ofgiraffe around today—thelong-neckedgiraffe We allknow, and the okapi.Millions

ofyears ago therewere many moreVarieties. They spread fromAfrica toAsia.

FOUR HORNSSivatherium fossils were first found inIndia, and it Was named after the Hindugod Siva. Ithad two pr irs ‘\

CHEW ITl

Sivatheri .

diet of toug grasses. Whenthe foodwas half digested, itreturned to the mouth to bechewed a second tiifie.All thistook a long time*,fs‘o 3

Sivatherium probably spentO

most of the day eating. V

NAME: Sivatherium (Q-ah-fie_e-ree-Um)means ’Siva beast’GROUP: giraffeSIZE: 2.2m high at the shoulderFOOD: plants —

LIVED: about 1-5million years ago, from thePliocene to the Late Pleistocene in India andnorthAfrica

in 1923,a’‘L .discover the -‘

V

A.

Ovirapto It \ aslying Vxtt net\fof. "rotocerato

’/e-\g%\V\a d its skullvg sgoi7

Some of the most spectacular findsfrom the prehistoric world have beenuncovered in Asia.

any of the prehistoric animalsfound in Asia are dinosaurs. And,ofall theAsian countries, China

hashad themost dinosaur finds. Most ofthe creatures found there areunknown anywhere else in theWorld. Expeditions to the GobiDesert in Mongolia haveuncovered fantastic dinosaurs, asWell as other prehistoric creatures.Indiandinosaurs range from thehuge sauropodBarapasaurus tothe armour-plated stegosaurDravidosaurus. Dinosaurs have INDIAbeen f0und_1n.S1beI:1a’ 1200’but the The stegosaur Dravidosaurus (9) wasmost astonlshlng Slbenan finds discovered in Tiruchirapalli, southernare the frozenmamm0thS- There India, in ‘I971. Like Tuoiiangosaurus, itsare Stillmanymore d-iSC0Ve1'ieS t0 Chinese cousin,Dravidosauruswasbe made in Asia. covered in protective armour and spikes.

1974

,’ ";// T/

T

l/»\vy\p(l1erig&iMononykus (3)vgaswh,% folugdtin the G\ob'r/Deiert,

i

experts thought it vifés asrlnall J dinosaur. newgexlgidgnce suggests that it is

an.There is probablya complete dinosaur

a waiting to be foundunder the desert sand.Deinocheirus mayhave looked like an

enormous ostrich dinosaur..9«I;

pg Wingless bird.

CHINAT

An almost completeA skeleton of5 YangchuanosaurusV“(6),was found in

Yangchuan, China, in"the 1970s. This

dinosaur was a fearsome-’, r ;r'’ 1 fr 2, w», predatorWll'l‘| massive! F ‘Pf CHINA ‘i’t’ -\ \ E

i. ; ._/ if n 1~ |aws and razor-sharp teeth.\""1- 1/ \.’ 1/ " " V 4'” -3 .A 3 , Mamenchisayrus ~ is

( 7 )wasfound in I‘’

Si1‘qhuan‘“Province,inééit léxearly -

1950;.Thissauropodbrealgs ca recérd byhav‘ the [ohgest

(over!5m) of any

museum. Itmay take months todig itout ofthe ground, and years to study and writeabout it. Eventually it isgiven an officialname, announced to theworld and

displayed in a museum.

INDIA .3;,;;§\\Baraposgg‘F{&(g)*found in ‘t

India, inM

'l8m-long saur\gp\o\¢_. lived about I90V=ir;13illi\years ago in the

‘i 1”

Jurassic Period. asears ase em; _§§9n£‘:§§§‘''%;.% . -9%

-1‘*~a\.®~” aw«.gi§».Ms

knowpanimal.1/’ IT'SA LONG JOB

Itcan take years from the time a dinosaur is {myfound to the time itgoes on display ina ”= r

GREAT GOBI v

The GobiDesert,which is partly in Chinaand partly in Mongolia, hasmarvellousfossils. This part of the world has neverbeen crunched up by one continenterashing into another, so the desertsandstonehas remainedundisturbed formillions ofyears. There are probably manyexciting fossils stillwaiting to be found.

DASHINGDISCOVERERRoy ChapmanAndrews beganhis careerin palaeontology by scrubbing the floor ofthe AmericanMuseum ofNaturalHistoryin NewYork. But he went on to discoverlots ofwonderful dinosaurs in Mongolia. Inbetween digs he dashed around the desertin a car and ‘fought offbandits.He becamea hero and the inspiration for thecharacter IndianaJones.

Roy Chapman Andrews (left) is studyingthe nest of Protocerataps’eggs he foundin Mongolia in ‘I923.

EGGS IS EGGSAndrews’ most important discovery wasanest of 13 Protoceratops’ eggs found in1923.They were the first dinosaur eggsever seen.At first, the expeditionmembersdidn’t believe the strange oval ‘stones’were eggs. ButAndrews wrote later, ‘wehad to agree that eggs is eggs’.

BURIED TREASUREVVhenAltangerelPerle, theMongolianpalaeontologist, and a Polish expeditionwere digging in the greatMongoliandesert in the 197Os, they uncovered twofossilized skeletons in the same place. ItWas obvious from the position of theskeletons that Velociraptor andProtoceratopshad died fighting each other.Some experts think they died of theirterrible wounds, V

.

but othersthink theywere buriedalive by asuddensandstorm.

Protoceratops

Kl/,\,‘ \ Q /

PREHISTORIC WORLDfllx

MONSTEROFTHEDESERTThe Polish Mongolian expeditionthat found Deinocheirus’ arms in1965 must have been glad that thecreature itselfwas no longer roamingaround the GobiDesert. It must havebeen a realmonster! Eachof its armswas about 2.6m long, and they endedin enormous claws. Experts thinkDeinocheirus may have been an8m—long ostrich dinosaur.

CHINESE DISCOVERYI In the early 1950s, the Chinesepalaeontologist C. C.,Youngwassearching rocks in SichuanProvince,China, when he uncovered a hugefossil skeleton.Whenmeasured, itturned out to be 22m long, with a15m—longneck. This is thelongest neck of any animal(a giraffe’s neck is only 2m long).

Scientists hope oneday to discover therest of Deinocheirus’body. Until then,wecan only guesswhatthis massive creaturereally looked like.

C. C. Young named the dinosaur IS ITA DINOSAUR...OR IS ITA BIRD?Mamenchisaurus. It was so huge it took Fossils of a strange animalwere found inthree months to dig it out. Professor the GobiDesert in 1923.At first, expertsYoung found and namedmany dinosaurs, thought it was a dinosaur. Experts areincludingLufengosaurus and now convinced that this Mongolian fossil isTsintaosaurus. He is known as the ‘father a bird. Mononykus did not haveWings, soofChinese palaeontology’. it is a very primitive bird. But it lived

millions of years afterArchaeopteryx—an’

' u o n u

1 that there are lots of p early birdthat did have Wings.Did

: _ , /~ Chinese dinosaurs?

blrdse::i)f1«;7e:(::11,:1tgijnits

ztnure -\/ Yes. Only North America has morenamed dinosaurs. China has, so far,

in differentplaces?

named about 95. But more are being studied Experts areand have not yet been named. Two greatChinese palaeontologists - C. C.Youngand Dong Zhiming - have studied,described and named many ofthesedinosaurs. Between l973 and thelate l980s, Dong named l9different types of dinosaur,including Tuofiangosaurus (right). Tuoiiangosaurus

1977

“ca :’3@,C‘]§€,(1-1 —-:7“-‘ . "

, ..‘.©.“J'J mmffi

@mI@ulDeSTYRACOSAURUS

Even with i ts sturdybodyand awesome frill andhorn,Styracosaurus is nomatch for two ferociousAlbertosaurus. Onemeat-eater runspast theterrified plant-eaterandrips into its flank withrazor-sharp teeth, whilethe secondbeast preparesits attack.As soon asStyracosaurus is too weakfrom loss of blood to fightback, the tyrannosaurswill rush in for the kill.

\ \ \J; W m Fr W“ /A »// l 1

li (/ P,~~\ la 1 » k «

\ \ 7/; J 1 I ; ‘ \ L;

L _ . _ _ a; \ \ _ _ J n .,,J L / ‘ J/N i

”’ Kg‘: 1an //”\\ ' ? ‘’\ " T1"“ ‘ K7/1 Q

\

‘ ~ » * / Q \ I QA ,_‘ , u , W _ 4 J \ \

~._ T? V" l I I l l\ D 5 /l————- \h/l NJ _. nJ :7

Crocodiles were fearless huntingmachines in the days of the dinosaurs

vores todga

rocodiles have changed littlesince their ancestors first

\ appeared about 160million'

years ago. Today, they are ferocioushunterswith little to fear except old age orbeinghuntedby people! Prehistoriccrocodiles were just as fierce.

CROCODILES ORNOT? .

The earliest known crocodiles did not look , I, A, V

_ _ _ ,

much like today’s crocodiles and they werenot even recognised as crocodiles until1980.G’-racilisuchus from theMid TriassicwasWell adapted for life on land. It wasonly 30cm longand ran upright on its slimhind legs, balanced by its large tail.

Gracilisuchus (left) probablyhunted for lizards on land. W,

vV./“

A SMALL START .1

Today’s crocodiles are probably;descended from a family of rearsmall crocodiles, theAtoposauridae. Their _fossils have been found in .

Europe andNorthAmeril

largest,Alligatorium, was on 1g

long. Theselittle Jurassic reptilesW;re?more at home on land than in the water. “

, _Phosphafosaurus looked like today's gavlalbut with a big, heavy iaw.

PASTGIANTS

‘

;rac‘kingturtlethe biggest everlgtrifcphosuchus.Iigillionyears ago,§3'-A_VI81n long!

recently realisedfor their young.

ossilisli in theAtMessel in Germany, fossils in clcoal mine give CI complete picture ofprehistoric Iife in Tertiary times.

etween 66 million andabout two million years

ago, Europe had a tropicalclimate: Swamps, like the Everglades inFlorida today, spread overmuch ofwhat isnow Germany and Poland. In some areas

th:rsfor l (1 very still and stagnant

“V: ‘V“

r

. , W t ' fugpntain -enough oxygen ,

V V

A N Nthe plants and animals that ,----,-

l

.._.;a...Lophiodo

- r / - ..., \ ( ¥

o w n 1,_e.§’~<-

asqspre . :.— we*;§._3;

HAPLESS ANIMALS V4; ; ,y ‘

Any insect that buzzed ‘urfaceandbecame trapped in the wpfiater, any bird l

or bat falling in, any dead animalwashed Fin by the surrounding streams,, was buriedin the deep layers ofmud ahidpeat that i

built up in the bottom of these lakes.

COAL5llt‘lD OILSlowly, over thousands ofyears, the peatturned into seams of brown coa

up

with plant and animalremains that theyturned into roc

_ _ -3

,,A FAMOUS SITEWhe the coa“1and oil have beenextracted,amazmg fossils have been foun3d.'-The most at4

fam us of these"fos§i51*s'sL-‘ees is that of

flessel, nearDarmstadt in Germ"

‘ There 1i\ the skeletons of all-‘*5’o a1s. Most have adar

V

around them ' ‘h "fhe ‘remains o 51 ~ .Messelobunodo

enough, no fish“have

. b >

terWa 6 »ofSon’ousVery lit "

V

\ \d,.Mact_1_1ally live in it.

72

natscnvaUNIQUE TREASURE TROVEThe rocks from Messel are unique.Trappedwithin them are a selection of allthe animals that lived 50millionyears agoin northernEurope.This kind of treasuretrove is called a lagerstatten(ls:1_r-ga-shta-ten). This is __.the name for a deposit '‘

,.

of fossils that is so detailed expexactlyWhat the animalsmust havelooked likewhen they were alive.

BATS LIKE TODAY'SMore than 150 fossil batshavebeendiscovered at Messel. Batsmust haveevolved quite quickly after the pterosaursand dinosaurs died out. They havechanged little in the past 50 million years.

erts can tell

3 V?.»‘l"L|.~$‘~' LIGNITE%3'93‘Lr/L

When dead plants are buriedwithout having achance to rot away, they form a substance calledpeat. Peat ismade upofthree basic elements:carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.As time goes on,this peat can very gradually change to lignite (orbrown cool), then tobituminous coal (black coal)and then to anthracite (hard coal).At each stagethe amount of carbon increases, and the fuel is ofa better quality than the one before.

Prehistoric batswould have lookedvery similar to thebats you see today.

FOSSIL PUZZLESome of the finds are animals that arevery different from today’s creatures.A little shrew-like animal calledLeptictidium (right) had long hind legsand a long balancing tail. Scientists oncethought that it must have run on its hindlegs because of the arrangement of the hipbones. Butwhen they looked at the hipbones again, they had second thoughts.The hips were so well preserved that theycould tell that the legs W e r e built not forrunning, but for jumping.

A hedgehog called Pholidocercus (left)has also been found. The fossil is so

detailed that thew spines

on its backcan be seen.

SURPRISING ANTEATERSAn anteater calledEurotamandua has alsobeen found. This is very surprisingbecausetoday anteaters live only in SouthAmerica.Anteaters probably evolved in Europe about50million years ago, thenmigrated toSouthAmerica,Where they still survive.But for some reason they became extinct inEurope and only fossils remain. TheLophiodon tells a similar story. It is an earlyform of tapir. But today, tapirs live only in

parts ofSouthAmerica andMalaysia.

FOSSIL DETAILSA fossil pangolin,Eomanis, has also beendiscovered at Messel. Pangolins are relatedto anteaters. The Messelpangolins arevery similar to today’sAfrican anteaterexcept they are coveredwith scales. TheEomanis fossil is so detailed that thesescales can be clearly seen.And What didthe anteaters and pangolins eat‘? Ants, ofcourse. Yes, even fossil ants have beenfound at Messel!

CAUGHT IN THE COALMany of these animalswere in turnhunted and eaten by other creatures. Acomplete skeleton ofMiacis, a distantrelative of the cat, has been found. Itlooked very similar to a modern cat,withshort legs and a long tail. It probablyhunted in the sameway. Therewere largeranimals too.Messelobunodon was like anearly antelopewith long running legs andhoofs. It was about the size of a large dog.

um: DE1‘EC'l'|VE

A CLOSE THINGAll these amazing, detailed fossils, includingthe bird above, were almost lost to usforever. It is many years since the mine atMessel was worked to extract its oil shale,and a great hole in the ground was all thatremained. Local councils wanted to use thispit as a handy rubbish tip For nearby towns.For l0 years there was a Fierce battlebetween the politicians and the scientistsabout whether the site should be preservedor filled inwith retuse.At last, in 1988, theyFinally reached an agreement. The Messelpit, with all its wonderful fossils, was to besaved for scientific research.

1987

W HISTORY IN PICTURES

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Follow the footprints on the experts‘WWKmammoth’s back and answer S they gave.

the questions posed!

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skeletonshave been foundgrouped fogefh“ That’areall‘m'3WYlake bed, rhesurface of the lake bed iscoveredwithmudcracks

where itmusthave driedoutin the sun. Itlooks asif theApatosaurusmayallhave diedof thirst inahea-[waveor

drought,Fossilfragments ofCynocephalus, dating fromaround 60 millionyears ago,have been found. Thiscreature can still beseentoday inSouth EastAsia. it isoftenmistakenly calledthe flying lemur. infact, it isnotalemur,andwhileit can glide usingthe folds ofskinbetween thefront and backlegs, it certainlycannot fly. it is askilful climber,holdingontobrancheswith itslongclaws.

Add toyour

collection ofprehistoriccreatureswithAgriotherium.Pencil in a largeoblong in the middle ofthe paper. Put a smalleroblong on one end.

Begin tosketch in

the details of theface and claws.You can startworking incolour now, or youmay prefer to pencilin the whole bearbefore colouring it.

1992

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more oblongs togive the shape ofthe legs. Carryon working inpencilbecause theshapes you are

drawingnow arejust guidelines.

Finish

prehistoric bearby paintingorcolouring in thefur. Don’t makethe fur one solidcolour. It looks morerealistic if you useWhite highlights.

Take a walk inthe Triassic inPREI-IISTORICWORLD.See photos offamous dinohunter BarnumBrown at workin TIMEDETECTIVE.

. . Three fascinatingKeep your copies safe and neatwith these creatures in

' ° ‘ IDENTIKITfantastic binders. ‘

Your binders have been designed to look good at home or at school. Each is andsturdy and hardvvearing—it even has a Wipe—clean cover —and holds 13 HISTORY IN PICTURES

‘ issues.You’llWant to use your DINOSAURS! collection again and again— 3_D GALLERYT for reference, for school projects, or just for fun. So don’t let your copies go ‘5 missing; keep them in your own set ofbinders. GIANTS OF THE PAST l

DINOSAURS! ‘ 3; binders are now \ ll* available and - —

cost just £4.95 P|CTURE]gl72:D|ES:Front cover:

GreshamEosewcirne.' 1 £1 & _ Negpno 4 A, ourfesy Depcsrimentol i rcuyliliiieLiferJ3J3 ?;:::$;1;f:?:::::cMor::,:::$2'>?;vzi<flofi‘.::*°'V ‘ W ’

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1983CR;Daniel Heuclin/NHPA755755 for deta1lS' Artwork:Robin Bouttell/WLAA 197879;Mike Dorey

1988-89; John Francis l974TR; Tony Gibbonsl975TL, 1976 BR; Angela Hctrgreoves/WLAAl984*

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‘ " ” ’ ’' l974B, l975TR,BLBR, l977T, l992T,'Mark

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DrDavid NormanofCambridge‘ i University answers your

i’ dinosaur questions

Were dmosaur egg shells D_rddinosaurseatlike the shells ._. pmecones?Ofhflng’ @995? O . The answer is ‘probably’.Most dinosaur eggs " Q ‘T There is no directwere larger than hens’ eggs, evidence that they did eat pinebut they had a very similar construction cones. I do not know of anyand shape. Perhaps a better comparison fossilized pine cones showing bitewould beWith an ostrich egg. Ostrich eggs marksmade by dinosaurs.are larger than hens’ eggs, and they have However, there is one piecequite thick shells. They are very similar to of intriguing evidence.some dinosaur eggs. A mummified

hadrosaur skeleton //xIfTrexandSmilodon had livedat was examined ‘ask

the sametime,whowould have gggnggarswon inafight? it W’aS itI don’t think Smilodon andT rex would reportedhave fought even if they had lived at the that the stomach \same time. Carnivores do not tend to fight areaW a s packedone another ~ they preymainly on plant} with twigs andeaters and sometimes squabble over the pieces ofpine cone.carcasses of dead animals. However, in a This ceuld befight, SmilodonWeuid havebeen faster evidence that theseandmore agile and it may have been able dinesaurs ate pinet0 fight fer longer.T rex was larger and cones.But it isstroiiger, but peseibie that all the bitsshower and

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andpieces wereWashed inte theelumsier. _g 4 as ciinesauris carcass after the creature

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ii 8ii39 771351122017