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O R B I 5DE AGOSTINI— G R O U P —



IDEN'l'IKI'I'

Learn more about two dinosaurs

and a prehistoric mammalUINTATHERIUM 1657

EUHELOPUS 1660

GARUDIMIMUS 1661

lPREI-IISTORIC WORLD tIt’s the world of great and strange

prehistoric elephants in

TUSKSAND TRUNKS 1662

6N.’

/§po'r'r|an's GUIDE j

Dinosaurs have often beenSTARSOF THESCREEN 1670

lTIMES DETECTIVE cl

PREHISTORIC BABIES 1672

\HISTORY IN PIC'I'|.|RE$l

DINOSAURPARK 1676

Prehistoric creatures beginningwiththe letters M, N and O 1680

Dr David Norman of CambridgeUniversity answers more of yourdinosaur queries BACK COVER

Two Uintatherium battle on theEocene plains T666

@eCD)@e1Uil<ei:i37A deadly pack of Dromaeosaurusattacks a Leptoceratops I668

More fascinating facts and theweekly quiz T678

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One of the rst big mammals,A

rhinoceros-shaped Uintatherium hadsix bony knobs on its head.

fter the dinosaurs died outthere was a huge increase inthe numbers and types ofmammal that roamed the

world. These new animals were small. Thebiggest were only the size of a large dogtoday. But by Early Eocene times, the rstheavyweight mammals had arrived.Uintatherium was a rhinoceros-shapedanimal with a body as long as a car. It was

an extraordinary-looking creature with adistinctive, knobbly head and long fangs.

i7A THEKIU

IDENTIKIT

LEAFY LUNCHAs it lumbered across the plains of Utahand Colorado, USA, Uintatherium lookedfor the soft—leaved plants. Its massive bodywas supported by trunk-like legs as itstood munching a large, leafy lunch.

BE1TER BALANCE

If you stand on tiptoe, it is difcult to keepyour balance. When you stand with yourfeet at, it is easier to balance because youhave a broader base to support yourWeight. Uintatherium’s feet were Verybroad and tipped with Ve,stubby toeswhich spread apart, giving extra stability.



Q 6 0 @ O G C O O U Q O O O 0 9 9 0 0 0 0 O 9 § _

1658

IDENTIKIT

HUGE SKULLUintatherium’s large skull was

as long as that of a rhinoceros.Along the top of its headsprouted three pairs of bonyknobs. The rst pair grew justabove Uintatherium’s nostrils,the second pair in front of itseyes, andthe third pairbetween its eyes and its ears.

Experts think that this bizarre-looking beast probably

used these stubbyhorns in battlesbetween

rivalmales.

Three pairs ofbony knobs

Uintatherium’sskull w as aboutthe same size asthat of today'srhinoceros.

These large canineteeth were probablyused like daggers

74cm i ;>

SFEUDING FOSSIL HUNTERS

Two l9th-century tossil hunters, EdwardDrinker Cope and Othniel Marsh, were

great rivals. They both collected tossils atUinfatherium but had very ditterent ideasabout what the animal actually lookedlike. Cope thought itwas an elephant-

like creature with a trunk and long antlers.Marsh's ideas were much closer to howtoday's experts draw this early mammal.



DAGGERS DRAWNA male Uintatherium had large canineteeth, about as long as your hand, whichhung from the top of its mouth like fangs.

Today,a male

hippopotamususes its tusks

to Wound opponents in erce battles.Uintatherium males probably used theirstrong teeth like daggers to make deepgashes in a rival’s thick skin.

BROAD AND BLUNTAt the back of its jaw Uintatherium’s teethwere much less frightening. Broad, low \molars provided a blunt surface --_ , A

for grinding soft leaves and .’

‘4'

shoots. The teeth in Uintatherium’supper jaw had V—shaped crests. 1’ ,4 .‘

IDEN'I'IKI'I'

‘ lg

l<———4m———+—a>l

Il"ll©Bll@@‘ll’§0 NAME: Uintatherium (oo-Q-tali-La;-ree-um)

means 'beast trom Uinta’, atter the Uinta

Mountains in Colorado, USAt

O GROUP: mammal0 SIZE: up to 4m long0 FOOD: plants0 LIVED: about 50 million years ago in

Early Eocene times in North America and India

:rr»

1



I/HELOPUSAs long as a lorry, Euhelopus was one

of the rst dinosaurs found in China.

‘ Swedish expedition discovered

Euhelopus in the 1920s. It wasa large sauropod, similar in

shape to long-necked Mamenchisaurus.Chinese dinosaurs may have lived in

harsher surroundings than those enjoyedby North American dinosaurs. Shallow,salty lakes and dry scrublands made lifehard for plant-eaters in China. Long-necked Euhelopus may have fed on the tallconifers that grew on higher ground.

SLOPING BACKEuhelopus walked on four pillar-like legswith its neck and tail balanced like a

seesaw. Becauseits front

legsWere

slightlylonger than its hind limbs, Euhelopus’back sloped downwards. It s broad, at feetworked like snow-shoes to

stop this heavy dinosaurfrom sinking into soft

lll<————-.5...-———»4

MONSTER FACTSNAME: Euhe/opus (yoo-E-oli-pus) means

’good marsh loot’GROUP: dinosaurSIZE: up to l5m longFOOD: plantsLIVED: about 150 million years ago in theLate Jurassic Period in China

SAFETY IN NUMBERSEuhelopus probably travelled in a

group for safety. Young sauropodswalked at the centre of the herd,protected by the big adults.

SHORT HEADp

Euhelopus’ short, deep skullwaswwellgp .g,S,erve,d,;.and

eXpertS?i5‘sé‘avv' that it was quite“unusual. Unlike other

sauropods, itslsriostrils were

near the frontfof its head



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GAR!/DIMIMUSOstrich-like Garudimimus had astrange ridge above its eyes.. nly remains of Garudimimus’

skull have been found butthese were so unusual

that scientists placed Garudimimus in agroup of its own —he garudimimids. With

a bony hornlet above its eyes, it looks Verylike today’s emu, which is a ightlessAustralian bird.

NIMBLEGarudimimus W a s a nimbledinosaur that strode alongon two, slender legs withits tapering tail held highand straight behind it.

LIGHTWEIGHTIts legswere bu i l tfor speed asthey did nothave t_9 support aheav

i

Instead ‘o’iihad two arms‘

whibh it held close toits chest as it ran.

LONG STRETCHGarudimimus grew to be as

_ M _ , ,

long as a car. It was probaibl

k‘\ \«——é;sm——»i

mars.NAME: Garudimimus (ga-Ed-ee-1-us)means 'Garucla mimic’ otter Garuda, amythical bird.GROUP: dinosaur.SIZE: up to 3.5m long

.FOOD: plants, possibly insects and mammalsLIVED:

about 80 million years agoin the Late

Cretaceous Period in Mongolia

NOT JUST LEAVESIt is possible that speedy

_, Cfarudimimus-late ‘a Variety ofit

gfood besides leaves and plants.

FAST FEEDERWith its well-balanced, agile

body and keen eyesight, it wasprobably able to spot and chase small

creatures as they scuttled throughthe undgr perhaps it

VV V , ,gbtog Wré" yingby’plucking them from

F

1661



REHISTORIC W°RlD((\

Tusks and trunksThere a re only two kinds of elephantsalive today but in prehistoric timesthere were many more.

ELEPHANTS EVERYWHERE _

By the Miocene Epoch, 25 million yearsago, elephants were becoming morenumerous. They spread from Africato every continent, exceptAntarctica andAustralia.

lthough today’s elephants arethe world’s largest land animals,

, some prehistoric elephants wereeven bigger. But there Were dozens

of species, ranging from mini-elephants the size of smallpigs, to mega-mammothstwice as big as today’selephants. They evolvedmany kinds of weirdtrunks and tusks.

FIRST OF THE DYNASTYPig—sized Moeritherium

was the rst-knownelephant. It lived in Africa40 million years ago. It hadshort legs, a stout body anda long head. Its eyes andears were on the top ofits head, like those ofa hippo. It may

Tuskswere

used tohave waded ndand wallowed food,

in the water like impressa hippo too. mates andfrighten

TINY TRUNK AND TUSKS enemies-

Moeritherium had thebeginnings of a trunk and tusks.The trunk was a bendy snout,like that of today’s tapir.The tusks were small,about the size of yourlittle ngers.

1662



PREI-IISTORIC t;?UPSIDE-DOWN TUSKSElephants evolved bigger bodiesand heads, longer trunks andtusks, and fewer teeth.Deinotherium had two

largetusks that curved down from itslower jaw. This is the oppositeof today’s elephant, whose tuskscurve up from its upper jaw.Deinotherium probably used itstusks for digging roots orstripping bark from trees.

Large body size meant that fewer predators were likely toattack. Big bodies lose heat more slowly in cold conditions

head, trunk, teeth and tusks

Trunk developed so the animal could reach food andwater on the ground

Specialised teeth became bigger and harder for

grinding tough plantfood

Legs go t more like pillars or tree-trunks to carrythe increased weight

O

Qmillg 'A TUSK

It's a very long, large incisor tooth. Elephants,

wild boars, walruses, narwhals and somedeer have tusks. They are made ot ivory,which is a hard, white substance, and theygrow throughout an elephant’s lite.Elephants use them to:

0 pick tood trom the ground0 dig up roots and strip bark trom trees0 gouge salts and minerals trom rocks0 trighten and attack enemies0 battle with rival males0 impress temales at breeding time

"2

1663



EI-IISTORIC WORLDFOUR-TUSKERSPhiomia was another early elephant. Itlived in the forests that covered Egypt 35million years ago. It was 2.5m tall and a

member ofthe

mastodont groupof

elephants. It had four small tusks —woshort upper ones and two at ones

sticking out from its long, lower jaw. Italso had a short trunk. Gomphotheriumlived in Miocene times and was another

four-tusked mastodont.

DIGGING FOR DINNERPlatybelodon, another large Miocene

mastodont, had a mouth thatlooked

likea shovel! The chisel-shaped tusks in itslong lower jaw formed a spade, probablyfor digging up water plants. Its trunkwas wide and at to hold plants on the

shovel. Platybelodon lived in Africa,Europe and Asia.

Here are the TOP TUSKSenormous Anancus looked much like today’s

Sku“ nd elephant, but with incredibly long, straight“’5k‘ °f '3 upper-j aw tusks. At 4m in length, they'“"‘*°d°“' were nearly as long as its body. Anancus

’bV:::::°"‘ roamed Europe and Asia six million yearsago, browsing on forest leaves and rooting

b . .ighggga

out around in the leaflitter on the ground. It

Yeérs “ g mbecame extinct when the Woodlandsdisappeared and grasslands developed.



Plarybelodons. probably usedtheir shovel-like tusks toscoop up plantsfrom thewater.

ALONGSIDE PEOPLESome kinds of prehistoric elephants died

out by the last great Ice Age, two millionyears ago. But others survived and livedalongside prehistoric people. One was

Mastodon, or Mammut, in North America.It had two large tusks in its upper jaw, along trunk, and long hair allover its body.It died out less than 10,000 years ago,when people spread across the continent.

LAST OF THE LINE A

Stegodon had long upper tusks and livedin Asia and Africa about two million yearsago. It was probably the ancestor of themammoths and today’s elephants. Thelargest elephant ever was the steppemammoth. It was 4.5m tall and weighed12 tonnes. The smaller, woolly mammothroamed Europe, Asia and North America.

ra:efsErEUSEFUL TRUNK

A trunk is a very long nose and upper lipcombined to Form a tube. Itis strong, llexible

and sensitive. Elephants use them to:0 reach For leaves high in trees

0 snill the air For scents0 breathe when under water

0 suck up water to squirt into theirmouths as a drink

0 spray water over their backs tor arelreshing shower

0 trumpet to lrienols and enemies0 touch and stroke mates, babies and Friends

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til w W W L

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‘In Early Eocene North America, a noisy battle isif

. .4

taking place between tw o heavyweights. These' '

male Uintatherium are ghting for the

leadership of the herd. The females look on froma safe distance. With a sickening thud the hugecreatures crash into one another. Each lurches tothe side, trying to avoid the bony knobs on thehead of its opponent. But even more to befeared are the huge canine teeth which can slash

through a rival’s skin like a dagger.



r



While peacefullysearching for food in adried-up streambed inCretaceous NorthAmerica, a Leptoceratopsis surrounded by a

hunting pack of hungryDromaeosaurus. It standslittle chance of escapefrom these killers with

their sharp, curved teethand sickle-shaped claws.

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SPOT'I'ER'S GUIDE

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31my

@In Gorgo, lmed in ‘I959,the gigantic dinosaur

wa s actually an actor

wearing a costume.



Prehistoric babiesPrehistoric mammals spent calot of LIFE SUPPORTtime and effort raising their y°ung_ To protect their babies, some mammals

give birth in nests or burrows that arehidden away. More than 30 million years

any animals hardly care ago, the prehistoric rabbit Palaeolagusfor their babies at all. probably burrowed in the ground to make

hey lay eggs but do not wait soft, secret nests for her babies.to see them hatch. Mammals are quitedifferent. They continue to care for

l

A m°*he'

their youngfor

days, months,even

i

P°'°""°"'9"‘years after they are born. Millions of ’- '“°k°s ‘'“Fe

years ago, their prehistoric ancestors o b""°w f°"u her young.behaved in the same way.

QUICK STARTNewborn mammals have to grow upquickly in order to survive. Some growfaster than others. Baby deer are more . ;like small adults. They can run withthe

herdhours

after they areborn.

4T

‘

Today, the antelope-like pronghornrelies on speed to escape attackers. 7° 5“"ViV°rIt can sprint at an incredible °_Y°““980kph. Millions of years 3‘

"'"9°‘°’°‘ago a baby I lingoceros if needed '°9'°w’ '

up very quickly.pronghorn must havedashed away just asquickly when dangerthreatened.



MY PAL JOEYThe kangaroo is the bestknown marsupial. Ababy kangaroo, knownas a ‘joey’, stays in itsmother’s pouch forseveral months. It is

Left: a kangaroo is amarsupial. Its baby growsin a pouch.

Right: a babyrabbit growsinside its mother.

born blind and it has tond its way into thepouch by smell. Insidethe pouch is a nipple towhich the baby attachesitself and sucks to get

BABY BAG its mother’s milk. As it gets bigger, the

The mothers of one group of mammals, joeyleaves the

pouchnow and then to

known as marsupials, carry their babies explore. Procoptodon was a giant kangarooin a pouch of skin underneath their that lived two million years ago. A youngbodies. This keeps the babies safe until Procoptodon would have been about the

they are strong enough to survive on their same size as today’s adult kangaroo.own. Some of the earliest mammals weremarsupials. The opossums of America BABY LOVEevolved between 100 and 75 million years It is usually the mother who feeds and

ago. The kangaroos of Australia appeared cares for her young, and forms a strongmuch later in Miocene times. bond with them. Deer, sheep and other

hoofed animalsare so close to

A i°eY Will their own babies they’ll turn on"e“"‘" *0 "5 any others that come near. The

'“°*h°"5 mothers know exactly how their

F|’(";"‘h “Z;newborn babies smell. If a baby

5 " ‘

ei:'i's“;smells different, they reject it.Prehistoric hoofed mammals

I . .year ° d behaved 1n the same way.

I'J."8 AFACTBIG AND SMALL

Marsupials can be as small as a mouse

or as big as a kangaroo. As babymarsupials grow, their mothers’ pouches

stretch so that they are always bigenough to hold them.

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O I O O O O I C

1673



PLAYTIMEYoung mammals have to learn how tosurvive on their own. Meat-eaters learnhow to hunt by watching their parents.And they develop their hunting skills byplaying with their brothers and sisters.Tiger cubs spend several hours a daychasingeach other or having mock ghts.While this might look like just fun andgames, experts think this probably helpsto make the cubs more alert and strongerso that they become better hunters. Morethan 30 million years ago, cubs of thesabre-tooth tiger Eusmilus must havelearned

throughplay, too.

GROWING UPA baby mammal gets all its nourishmentfrom its mother’s milk. Providing enoughmilk is very hard work. Some mothershave to eat nearly twice as much asnormal to make enough milk for theiryoung. So mammal mothers are keen towean their babies (move them on to solid

food)as soon as

possible.Once

youngmammals stop drinking their mothers’

milk, they start to become much moregrown up and independent. Manymammals leave their mothers when theyare weaned, but some stay with them.Mother monkeys, for instance, carry on

caring for their young long after tgr areweaned. They were probably doing thesame in prehistoric times.

thatslome babyh h .mamma s stay WI1‘ t etr

11?!’\/Yes. A baby orang-utan is an ape that suckles

its mother's milk for about 18 months. Itspends theFirst year of its lite clinging to its mother and staysvery near her tor several years after that.

.

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1674 . .

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Many mammals, such as these baboons,stay with their family group for thewhole of their lives.

mothers a long time?



ONE BIG FAMILYWhen young mammals stay with theirparents, they form big family groups.Many modern apes do this and so did

theirancestors. The prehistoric baboon

Theropithecus lived more than ve millionQ\‘\ 9 —_

{‘\ \‘years ago. Young female baboonsprobably spent their whole lives \ iwith the same group. Amother Theropithecusmight have sat with herdaughters,granddaughters andeven great grand-

A

daughters.

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CHECK ITOUTBaby mammals in the wild have a lot oflearning to do. They must learn who aretheir friends and enemies. They must alsond out What food they can eat and whatthey can’t. They must understand Where

‘ - ,/ /h ir home territory begins and ends..//And they can’t afford to make aT \ \mistake —r it might be the last

‘ s‘mistake they make! If they strayout of their home territory, theycould get into a nasty ght with

their next-door neighbours!A baby Theropithecus might have

‘lived in an enormous family group of

' up to 100 members. It Would have hadT if

to learn where it tted into the groupand who to avoid.

The rough and tumble of familylife 30 million years ago wouldhave had a serious side for a

group of Eusmilus.It helped the

young todevelop

hunngskills.



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Ltf - .discoveriesIrst big dinosaur

Ichthyosaurus holds all the answers. the eaWelt mad ‘

Canada _See how you score

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in the quiz.‘*5’V¢f’Ydifcult#0re

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sailed upweed‘???on

e 66!‘

How many hed nobdid Uinfatherium have? The '5l'k"°w'l °wl

was called:a) twenty-sixb) six a) Oswald

C)Mo ;s b) Ornifhomimus

c) °9)’9°P"Y"X

The name Tyrannosaurus rex ' JUFGSSFC P¢"'k’5

w as rst used by; Velocirapfors were

a) Charles Lufwidge Dodgson s

V V

‘ll5m¢'"9" Thu" |’e°l meb) Henry Faireld Osborn ~ 5) The |'l9l'|l 5516 ,

A c) Edward Rinker Cope C) 55999!‘ lh real life

The dinosaurs in The LandThat Time Forgot were:

i

a) rubber modelsA

b) puppets workedc) live lizards

1

'



Egg;--h.a ,a 6’ spines orplates?

Fisheshfagmfrdswenow 3

were commonin Miocene

gcause scientists KWP m g b

‘ was 5Dacentrurus, a stegosaur found inBritain, France and Portugal, hadspikvi

{Ming feathers in o0PV° 'spines down its back and tail rather than the plates displayed Wmost of

(fossil dung) P"°°‘“°°dby its relatives. over 4m long, Dacentrurus was a Jurassic pla'nt“-:eateI:Miocene sh. 1

Garudimimus wa s

named after:e man who found itmythical bird

he place it was found

Which animal had amouth like a shovel?

a) Platybelodonb) Mastodon

c) Smilodon



METRIORHYNCHUS 150 MYAMetriorhynchus (t-ree-or-@-kuss) was a

crocodile which lived in seas all over theI

world during the Jurassic Period. Half thelength of a crocodile today, Metriorhynchusswam with the help of two pairs of ippersand a wide tail n. Its long, narrow jaws

snapped up shand tore them

apartwith

rows of sharp, pointed teeth. Metriorhynchusmeans ‘long snout’.

MOROPUS26 MYA

Moropus (mor-o_l_1-pus) was about as big

, as a horse. It lived inNorth America in

Miocene times andprobably fed on leaves

and plants rather than ongrass. Moropus had large

clawed feet without anyhoofs. It ran quiteslowly on four stocky

legs and may have dug up roots with itsclaws. Moropus means ‘awkward feet’.

MOSCHOPS 260 MYAMoschops (m_o_s-kops) was a large, lumberingmammal-like reptile that lived in the LatePermian Period in South Africa and Russia.With a thick skull and powerful shoulders,Moschops probably took part in head-buttingcontests with other males. Moschops was a

heavy animal, as long as two small cars. Itlled its barrel-shaped body with a diet of

tough plants. Its name means ‘calf eye’.

‘I2

NOTHOSAURUS200 MYALong, low Nothosaurus (ng—thoh-_s—rus)was a sh-eating reptile which swam in theTriassic seas. Its long neck and at skullhelped it to hunt sh but it was probablyquite a clumsy swimmer. In waterNothosaurus wriggled its body and used itsarms and legs to swim in a ‘doggy paddle’

style. Nothosaurus lived in Europe andSouth Africa.

0OGYGOPTYNX 55 MYAOgygoptynx (Q-gi-gop-tinks) was the rst-

A

I

known owl. It l ived in Palaeocene times

and hunted small mammals thatscurried about at night. Itswooped on its victims and

carried them off in thesecure grip of long,hooked claws.It had alarge headand soft ‘‘

plumes, just likowls have today.

MYA = MILLIONYEARS AGO



In TIMEDETECTIVE nd o u t stillmore aboutTyrannosaurusrex. Read aboutl ife after thedinosaurs inPREHISTORIC

WORLD.

monster facts inIDENTIKITandGIANTS OF THE PAST3-D GALLERY

HISTORY IN PICTURES

Catch up on more

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1'8

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Who invented the nameTyrannosaurus rex?The name was rst used in 1905 A

by an American scientist called DrHenry Faireld Osborn. He W a s

looking for a name for the partialskeleton of a large carnivorousdinosaur that he had found in (Knorthern Montana, USA.Tyrannosaurus rex, which means ‘king ofthe tyrant reptiles’, is an appropriatename for such a massive predator.

(<

How? many bones are there inadinosaur skeleton?There are about 300 bones in mostdinosaur skeletons. Some, however, haveextra bones in the skin, which make uptheir defensive armour-plating, or spinesor plates. The large armoured ankylosaurs

DrDavid Norman ofCambridge

University answers yourdinosaur questions

What did dinosaurs1. smell like?

" )) We have no idea.1'

Many dinosaurs may not\}_., have smelled at all in their

155" natural habitat. Reptilehouses in zoos tend to smell

\rather nasty. But this is an

"“‘*~\ K.)unnatural environment, and

‘

may be caused by poor

Could dinosaurs ,crack nuts?Some dinosaurs, ((such as theoviraptorosaurs,had short,powerful (toothless

were verylike thebeaks ofparrots today,Of all the known

1‘ ‘ _dinosaurs, theoviraptorosaursdenitely hadthe greatestnut-cracking

dinosaurs 70

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