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Page 1: Digoxin Toxicity - Tehran University of Medical Sciences Toxicity.pdf · consisting of digitoxigenin (aglycone) and sugar moieties (three). • The aglycone portion of cardiac glycosides

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Page 2: Digoxin Toxicity - Tehran University of Medical Sciences Toxicity.pdf · consisting of digitoxigenin (aglycone) and sugar moieties (three). • The aglycone portion of cardiac glycosides

Digoxin ToxicityDR. M. POURKASMAEE M.D.BAHARLOO HOSPITAL

BAHMAN 1392

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INTRODUCTIONIn 1785, Sir William Withering described the use of the foxglove plant

More than 200 years later, cardiac glycosides are still prescribed for patientswith:atrial fibrillation andheart failure or left ventricular dysfunction

While the overall use of digitalis has declined, the number of patients admittedwith digitalis toxicity has remained stable and the use of digitalis antibodyfragments has increased

The mortality rate of poisoned patients is poorly documented in cases ofchronic intoxications but reaches 25% in cases of acute overdose.

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The cardiac glycosides occur mainly in plants from which the names have been derived. The major sources are:• Digitalis purpurea,• Digitalis lanata,• Strophanthus gratus,• Strophanthus kombe

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Page 5: Digoxin Toxicity - Tehran University of Medical Sciences Toxicity.pdf · consisting of digitoxigenin (aglycone) and sugar moieties (three). • The aglycone portion of cardiac glycosides

Digitalis purpurea

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Digitalis lanata

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Strophanthus gratus

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Strophanthus kombe

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Other plants:

Oleander Lily of the ValleyConvallaria majalis

Rhododendron

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Page 10: Digoxin Toxicity - Tehran University of Medical Sciences Toxicity.pdf · consisting of digitoxigenin (aglycone) and sugar moieties (three). • The aglycone portion of cardiac glycosides

• The term 'genin' at the end refers to only the aglycone portion (without the sugar).

• Thus the word digitoxin refers to an agent consisting of digitoxigenin (aglycone) and sugar moieties (three).

• The aglycone portion of cardiac glycosides is more important than the glycone portion.

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The R group at the 17-position defines the class of cardiac glycoside

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Two classes have been observed in Nature - the cardenolidesand the bufadienolides.

The cardenolides have an unsaturated butyrolactone ring while the bufadienolides have an a-pyrone ring

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The sugar moiety appears to be important only for the partitioning and kinetics of action. It possesses no biological activity.

Agent GI absorption Onset (m) Peak (h) Half-life

Ouabain Unreliable 5-10 0.5-2 21 h

Deslanoside Unreliable 10-30 1-2 33 h

Digoxin 55-75% 15-30 1.5-5 36 h

Digitoxin 90-100% 25-120 4-12 4-6 days

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Two Important Points1. The constant relationship of myocardial digoxin

concentration to serum concentration supports measuring serum concentrations to monitor patients’ compliance and toxicity.

2. Dosage requirements and the likelihood of toxicity can be anticipated on the basis of muscle mass and not overall body weight.

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:مکانيزم هاي ديگرافزايش تون واگ 1)کاهش سرعت هدايت در گره سينوسي دهليزي و دهليزي بطني•در گره دهليزي بطني Refractory Periodافزايش در 2)کاهش تعداد ضربان قلب3)تسريع در رپوالريزاسيون و کاهش زمان تحريک ناپذيري نسبي دهليزي4)افزايش احتمال ايجاد ايمپالس هاي خودکار در دهليز5)با پاسخ بطني منظم و طبيعي يا همراه برادي کاردي AFاحتمال ايجاد 6)

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Net EffectWeak Positive inotropicNegative chronotropic

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Vasoconstriction VS Vasodilation1) Digitalis has been shown to reduce plasma renin

concentrations in patients with advanced decompensatedheart failure, causing peripheral vasodilation.

2) In patients without heart failure, digitalis can increasevasoconstriction.

This difference is likely due to enhanced responsiveness ofthe baroreceptors in patients with chronic heart failure

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Although, in comparison with placebo, digitalis treatment did not reduce the mortality rate, it did reduce the rate of hospitalization, including hospitalization for worsening heart disease.

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:مسموميت حادتهوع و استفراغ1)هيپرکالمي2)برادي کاردي سينوسي3)ارست سينوسي دهليزي4)3يا 2درجه AVبلوک 5)تاکي کاردي يا فيبريالسيون بطني6)

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:مسموميت مزمناختالالت بينايي1)ضعف2)برادي کاردي سينوسي3)فيبريالسيون دهليزي با پاسخ کند بطني4)ريتم جانکشنال5)آريتمي بطني6)هيپوکالمي7))مسموميت مزمن شديد(هيپرکالمي 8)

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:نکته مهم .شود مي ديده مزمن مسموميت در معموال هيپوکالمي

از نيمي حدود در ولي )ديورتيک توأم مصرف دليل به( احتماال است هيپرکالمي با همراه حاد، مسموميت موارد

Na-K پمپ مهار دليل به ATPase ي رابطه آن شدت و .دارد مير و مرگ ميزان و مسموميت شدت با مستقيمي

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مزمن مسموميت حاد مسموميت اختالالتو استفراغ تهوع تهوع و استفراغ دستگاه گوارش

هوشياري، کوما اختالل سردرد، ضعف و بي حالي، اختالل هوشياري وکوما سرگيجه،

CNS

هر نوع آريتمي ممکن است تقريبا.ديده شود

آريتمي بطني شايع است

آريتمي، آريتمي فوق بطني براديهمراه بلوک دهليزي بطني،آريتمي بطني ناشايع است

قلبي عروقي

يا کاهش طبيعي يا افزايش طبيعي)نيمي از موارد(

سرم پتاسيم

است در محدوده طبيعي يا ممکن.مختصر افزايش يافته باشد

مشخص افزايش يافته بطور سرم ديگوکسين

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ECGPRافزايش 1)

Caبه علت افزايش STو QTکوتاه شدن 2)

QRSو Tمخالف شدن جهت موج 3)

(4ST دپرشن

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The classic digoxin effect appears as a downsloping ST segment depression also known as the "reverse tick" or "reverse check" sign.

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چه کساني نسبت به مسموميت حساس ترند؟بيماران تحت درمان با ديگوکسين1)افراد مبتال به بيماري قلبي مزمن2))ديگوکسين(اختالل کليوي 3))ديژيتوکسين(اختالل کبدي 4)دهيدراتاسيون5):اختالل الکتروليتي6) مصرف ديورتيک(هيپوکالمي( مصرف ديورتيک(هيپومنيزيمي(هيپرناترمي

هيپرکلسمي

تداخالت دارويي7) افزايش سطح سرمي ديگوکسين (کينيدين

%)90تا افزايش سطح سرمي (آميودارون

%)70 - 25ديگوکسين تا افزايش سطح سرمي ديگوکسين (وراپاميل

%)70تا ،ديورتيک ها، استروئيد، رزرپين

کاتکوالمين

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:سطح درماني ديگوکسين

ng/ml 2 تا 0.5

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Page 37: Digoxin Toxicity - Tehran University of Medical Sciences Toxicity.pdf · consisting of digitoxigenin (aglycone) and sugar moieties (three). • The aglycone portion of cardiac glycosides

:ديجيتوکسينسطح درماني

10 ng/ml 30 تا

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Page 38: Digoxin Toxicity - Tehran University of Medical Sciences Toxicity.pdf · consisting of digitoxigenin (aglycone) and sugar moieties (three). • The aglycone portion of cardiac glycosides

:نکته

Serum concentrations are not always diagnostic!

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Page 39: Digoxin Toxicity - Tehran University of Medical Sciences Toxicity.pdf · consisting of digitoxigenin (aglycone) and sugar moieties (three). • The aglycone portion of cardiac glycosides

False positive:1. Spironolactone2. Hyperbilirubinemia3. Chronic renal failure

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انديکاسيون هاي تجويز آنتي بادي اختصاصي ديگوکسينحياتکننده ديس ريتمي تهديد 1)حادمسموميت در K <5 meq\dlغلظت 2)يا نارسايي کليهمنتال تغييرات و ديس ريتمي وعاليم گوارشي مزمن با مسموميت 3)ميلي ليترنانوگرم در 15>سرمي ديگوکسين غلظت 4)(5 SDC <10 6 ساعت بعد از خوردنبالغيندر ميليگرم 10>خوردن 6)در بچه هاميليگرم 4> خوردن7)

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:ارزيابي و تشخيص.گردد مي مطرح باليني معاينه حال شرح اساس بر تشخيص1) در ويژه به داشت توجه بايد ولي است کننده کمک ديگوکسين سرمي سطح گيري اندازه2)

باشد نداشته وجود متناسبي ي رابطه باليني عاليم و سرمي سطح بين است ممکن حاد مسموميت باال سرمي سطح است ممکن )ساعت 12 تا 6( بافتي توزيع شدن کامل از قبل گيري اندازه زيرا

0.5 ديگوکسين درماني سطح کلي طور به .باشد داشته – 2 ng/ml 15 از باالتر سطوح و است ng/ml است کشنده بالقوه طور به.

,BUN :دهيد انجام را روتين تشخيصي اقدامات و آزمايشات ساير3) Cr, CBC, Na, K, Ca, Mg.(4 ECG مانيتورينگ و ECG(5ABG(6 CXR

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:درمان اقدامات اورژانس وCPR را در صورت لزوم انجام دهيد راه هوايي راحفظ کنيد و در صورت نياز از اکسيژن تکميلي و تهويه کمکي

استفاده کنيدIV line برقرار کنيد و اختالل آب و الکتروليت را اصالح کنيد الواژ معده و شارکول فعال به ويژه در ساعات اول مسموميت کمک کننده

4هر (به علت سيکل انتروهپاتيک استفاده از دوز مکرر شارکول . است.توصيه مي شود) ساعت

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Page 43: Digoxin Toxicity - Tehran University of Medical Sciences Toxicity.pdf · consisting of digitoxigenin (aglycone) and sugar moieties (three). • The aglycone portion of cardiac glycosides

)ادامه: (درمان0.5( آتروپين با را قلبي بلوک و کاردي برادي – 2 mg IV( صورت در .کنيد درمان

ريسک علت به آدرنالين و ايزوپروترنول از استفاده .نماييد استفاده ميکر پيس از لزوم.شود نمي توصيه بطني هاي آريتمي

و آميد پروکائين کينيدين، از .کنيد اصالح توئين فني و ليدوکائين با را بطني آريتمي .نکنيد استفاده Ic و Ia آريتمي ضد داروهاي ديگريا آسيستول خطر زيرا نکنيد استفاده الکتروشوک از المقدور حتي VF در .دارد وجود

و کاردي تاکي مثل کنترل قابل غير خطرناک هاي آريتمي و انديکاسيون صورت synchronized صورت به و )ژول 50 -25( دوز حداقل از بايد بطني فيبريالسيون

.کرد استفاده

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)ادامه: (درماناست ممکن زيرا ،نکنيد استفاده کلسيم از کنيد، اصالح را هيپرکالمي

اثر حدودي تا است ممکن خفيف هيپرکالمي .کند تشديد را بطني آريتمي5.5 از باالتر هيپرکالمي .باشد داشته ها آريتمي تاکي قبال در محافظتيmEq/L 1( سديم کربنات بي از استفاده با راmEq/kg(، گلوکز )0.5

mEq/kg IVانسولين عالوه به )بالغين در %50 دکستروز ليتر ميلي 50 يا )0.1 U/Kg/IVاز .کنيد درمان )بالغ فرد يک در واحد 10 يا Kayexalate )0.5 g/kg PO( کرد استفاده توان مي نيز.

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)ادامه: (درمانمقاوم سمپتوماتيک هاي آريتمي و شديد هيپرکالمي( شديد مسموميت در fab( ديگوکسين اختصاصي دوت آنتي از درمان به fragment( استفاده

تشکيل و شده متصل ديگوکسين به سريعا Digibind ياFab .کنيد که صورتي در .گردد مي دفع کليه طريق از که نمايد مي فعال غير کمپلکس

ويال 20 تا 10نباشد مشخص ديگوکسين سرمي سطح يا و شده خورده دوز 4 تا 2 از بعد را دوز لزوم صورت در و کنيد تجويز را گرمي ميلي 40

.کنيد تکرار ساعت

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Digibind1) In cases of acute toxicity empirical dosing recommendations are that 20 vials

of Digibind is adequate to treat most life-threatening ingestions in both adults and children.

2) In children it is important to monitor for volume overload. The physician may consider administering 10 vials, observing the patient’s response, and following with an additional 10 vials if clinically indicated.

3) In cases of chronic intoxication, for adults, 6 vials usually is adequate to reverse most cases of toxicity.

4) In infants and small children (weighing less than or equal to 20 kg), a single vial usually should suffice.

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Equimolar neutralization1) Asystole2) Ventricular arrhythmia (fibrillation or tachycardia)3) Bradycardia: heart rate less than 40 beats/min (after

atropine venous infusion)4) Serum potassium greater than 5 mmol/Lit

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Semimolar Neutralization1) Patients older than 55 years2) Patients with cardiac disease3) Bradycardia: heart rate less than 60 beats/min (after

intravenous atropine)4) Second-or third-degree SA or AV blocks5) Serum potassium greater than 4.5 mmol/Lit

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Routine monitoring of serum digitalis levels after antibody administration is unnecessary

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GoldfrankAcute ingestions greater than 4 mg in a healthychild (or more than 0.1 mg/kg), or 10 mg in ahealthy adult, require digoxin-specific antibodyfragments, with the threshold lower in patientswith significant medical illness.

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)ادامه: (درمان هر کدام از موارد فوق الذکر مشخص باشد دوز مورد نياز چنانچهfab را

:بر اساس فرمول هاي زير محاسبه نماييد

kg * (0.0084(وزن بدن ) * ng/ml(سطح سرمي ديگوکسين ) = ميلي گرمي 40(تعداد ويال

mg * (1.2* (دوز خورده شده ) = ميلي گرمي 40(تعداد ويال

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Dose of Fab fragmentsOne vial of 40 mg of Fab fragments (Digibind) neutralizes 0.6 mg of digitalis (digoxin or digitoxin).One vial of 8O mg of Fab fragments (Digidot) neutralizes 1 mg of digitalis (digoxin or digitoxin).

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)ادامه: (درمانFab fragment دقيقه انفوزيون مي شود و در 30مورد نياز در عرض

.مواردآريتمي هاي کشنده مي توان آن را به صورت بولوز تجويز کرد در صورتي کهfab در اختيار نباشد در آريتمي هاي بطني مي توان 5(آميودارون از mg/kg IV over 30 minutes ( 15(از فني توئين يا mg/kg IV at 50 mg/min (استفاده کرد.

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Note:1) Resolution of digitalis poisoning symptoms after Fab fragment infusion

is rapid. Reversal including correction of serum potassium concentration, has been obtained in 75% of the patients within 1 hour.

2) It is important to understand that serum digitalis concentrations measured by routine methods rise dramatically after administration of digitalis Fab fragments.

3) Free digitalis concentrations may be measured to distinguish bound from unbound fractions, but such measurements are technically more difficult to perform and generally less available.

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Adverse Effects of Fab1) Allergy (<1%)2) ‘’overshoot’’ hypokalemia3) Exacerbation of CHF, resistant to digoxin administration

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)ادامه: (درمان

.علت حجم توزيع باال تکنيک هاي افزايش دفع تأثيري در درمان ندارندبه

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