Diffusion through a Membrane Simulation

Beaker

Cell

Starch Molecules

Starch

Glucose Molecules

StarchGlucose

Iodine Molecules

StarchGlucoseIodine

StarchGlucoseIodine

Give it some time…….

StarchGlucoseIodine

StarchGlucoseIodine

StarchGlucoseIodine

StarchGlucoseIodine

StarchGlucoseIodine

StarchGlucoseIodine

StarchGlucoseIodine

StarchGlucoseIodine

StarchGlucoseIodine

Times Up!

StarchGlucoseIodine

StarchGlucoseIodine

What Diffused in and out the Cell?

StarchGlucoseIodine

StarchGlucoseIodine

Diffused IN

Water

StarchGlucoseIodine

Starch

GlucoseIodine

Diffused OUT

StarchGlucoseIodine

StarchGlucose

IodineDidn’t Diffuse at All

StarchGlucoseIodine

What about a real Cell?

Lets look at the epidermis of a Red Onion….Up Close.

If we make a wet mount slide of a Red Onion Epidermis it

would look like this:

The cell loses water through osmosis as it tries to create a ratio

of water:salt inside the cell that matches the

outside

If salt water is added, there will be

more salt outside the cell than in.

This Process is Called Plasmolysis

What if we add water without

salt?

NYSED Part D Lab Review

NYSED Part D Lab Review

Diffusion and Osmosis

• Designed to help you understand the concepts of Diffusion and Osmosis and how these cell processes effect the cell;

• Define: diffusion, osmosis, hypertonic, isotonic, hypotonic, saline, selectively permeable, molecule size;

Part 1: Diffusion• Diffusion: movement of molecules from an area of

high concentration to an area of low concentration along the concentration gradient.

• Example is when you put your Lugol’s solution into the water and the water began to turn the “rust/tea” color.

Before diffusion occurs… After diffusion occurs…

Part 2: Create a “cell”• Soak 10 inches of dialysis tubing;• Tie knot in one end;• Put 10mL of glucose solution in and 20mL of starch solution in;• Pinch/clamp closed and put into cellular environment (Lugol’s and

water) for 15 minutes;• Observe the changes and infer what happened

Insert into “cellular

environment”

Wait about 15 minutes

and observe.

After 15 minutes, observe…

• What happened to the glucose in the “cell”? …the starch in the “cell”? …the Lugol’s iodine outside the “cell”? Why?

Starch solution (S)

Iodine solution (I)Glucose solution (G)

G

S

I

IG

S

I

I

G

GG

G

S S

At the beginning… After 15 minutes…

II

I

I

And now, the part that makes you cry (ok, not really, but the “Red Onion” part of the lab)…

• Prepare a wet mount slide of the inner epidermis of a red onion section;

• Observe the red onion and draw what you see;

• Add a couple of drops of saline (salt) solution to the epidermis. Wait 5 minutes;

• Observe under microscope again, note any changes;

• Add freshwater to the slide, wait 5 minutes, observe changes again.

Red Onion Plasmolysis Observation• Before and after observations of red onion

epidermis under the microscope (400X)

Red onion under in isotonic (normal) solution. Note cell membrane and cytoplasm almost completely “fill” the boundary of the cell wall.

Red onion under in hypertonic (salt) solution. Note cell membrane has “withdrawn” and the cytoplasm has lost water to the salty environment, making it appear smaller and darker.

1. What does the tubing represent?

2. What is inside the tubing?

Cell membrane

Starch & glucose

3. What did we add to make the liquid outside the “cell” amber colored?

Starch indicator (iodine)

4. Why does the inside of the “cell” turn purple or black?

Starch indicator diffused into the tubing

High s.i.conc.Low s.i. conc.

5. How do we know that starch did not move from the inside to the outside?

No color change outside

6. How can we find out if glucose moved into the beaker?

Glucose (high conc.)

?

Do a glucose indicator test using the fluid in the beaker

7. After placing 10 drops of the amber solution into a test tube, what do we add to it?

Glucose indicator

8. After adding the glucose indicator solution (blue) what do we do with the test tube?

Heat it

9. If there is glucose in the solution, what will happen to the blue color after heating the tube for 2 minutes?

The color changes

10. The blue color changed to orange. This means that what substance is in the test tube?

glucose

11. Glucose indicator solution was added to these test tubes, and then the tubes were heated. Which will change color?

starch glucose C6H12O6

Were you right?

“Making Connections” NYSED Lab

The new NYSED monument, possibly?

(LE teacher humor, you wouldn’t understand…)

How many times in one minute can you squeeze a

clothespin??• An interesting take on the

entire lactic acid build-up argument.

First, Look for a pattern…

Taking your pulse is rather simple. Use the index and middle finger of one hand to palpate (feel) the arterial pulse in your radial artery on your wrist. Count for 15 seconds and multiply by 4 to determine the number of times your heart beats in one minute.

Pulse RateTrial #1 ____X 4 = _____ bpm

Trial #1 ____X 4 = _____ bpm

Trial #1 ____X 4 = _____ bpm

Note: The NYSED “Making Connections” Lab measures for 20

seconds and multiplies by 3, but any calculation that leads to a

count of 60 seconds is acceptable.

Collect “Class Data” and prepare a “histogram” of your results…

Pulse Rate per minute (range of averages)

<51 51-60 61-70 71-80 81-90 >90

Number of students in this range

And now, develop and draw your histogram…

<51 51-60 61-70 71-80 81-90 >90

Average Pulse Rate Range

And now, make a hypothesis…

Student AIf you exercise first, then you should be able to squeeze a clothespin more times in one minute.

Student BIf you rest first, then you should be able to squeeze a clothespin more times in one minute.

Explain why… Explain why…

Now, do your “experiment” and collect your data…

3... 2… 1… GO!!! Start counting the number of Squeezes for one FULL minute and record your data.

The Beaks of Finches

NYSED Lab

What is the “goal” of the lab?

• Demonstrate how Darwin’s Finches (those that he observed on the Galapagos Islands) have adapted new beaks yet remain similar to the shared common ancestor that most likely came from the mainland.

Required Supplies for “B of F”A randomly assigned “beak”

Timer

Petri dish

Small seed island

Large seed island

Round 1

• Only one seed at a time may be eaten. To be “eaten” it must land inside your stomach.

• If you scoop seeds or eat more than one at a time, you “choke” and vomit all of your seeds out.

• Average is taken from four trials, 60 seconds each.

And now, Round 1…Seeds Collected

Partner #1 Trial #1

Partner #1 Trial #2

Partner #2 Trial #3

Partner #2 Trial #4

Average

Did you average over 13 seeds?

YES NO

Go to Round 2 Increased

Competition

Repeat Round 1 on the “big seed”

island with the same beak

Successful in Round 1? Welcome to Round 2!!!

Seeds Collected

Partner #1 Trial #1

Partner #1 Trial #2

Partner #2 Trial #3

Partner #2 Trial #4

Average

Repeat the same procedure but this time have another “bird” to compete against!

Compete the table and move on to Round 3 where there is “Increased Competition” if you average over 13 seeds.

Round 2 - Increased Competition

Unsuccessful in Round 1?Seeds Collected

Partner #1 Trial #1

Partner #1 Trial #2

Partner #2 Trial #3

Partner #2 Trial #4

Average

Did you average over 13 seeds this time?

YES NO

Go to Round 2, but with another large

seed eater as competition on the “large seed” island

Get a new “beak” and try yet again(not a possibility

in nature)

Go to a “large seed” island and start over (even though you have starved to death, you are resurrected)

Successful in Round 2?Welcome to Round 3!!

Increased Competition (more than 1 other bird)

Seeds Collected

Partner #1

Trial #1

Partner #1

Trial #2

Partner #2

Trial #3

Partner #2

Trial #4

Average

Repeat the same procedure but this time have even more birds to compete against!

Don’t fret. It is almost over!

Not successful in Round 2?

“Here endeth the lesson…”

So, what did you learn?• Birds have evolved many different mechanisms and

modifications that make them more well-adapted to the environment in which they live.

• Structural differences (in beaks) are significant enough to make you into a new species, but you did descend from a common ancestor.

• The adaptations that are contribute to the most success allow that individual to survive and reproduce.

• The adaptations that are contribute to a lack of success are not passed on since they either starve or have no “breeding rights”.

Relationships and

Biodiversity NYSED Lab

Review

Please note:• “Curol” is a fictitious plant extract mentioned in

the NYSED lab that has the ability to effectively treat cancer. IT DOES NOT EXIST. Likewise, any “Curol” images included in this presentation are simply images taken from an internet search and are not a cancer cure. It is simply a product found with a similar name. I do not know what it is used for as the website was not translated into the English language.

What does this lab entail?

• Seven tests that look at the physical, chemical, and microscopic characteristics of three plants that may be able to create Curol, even though they are not Botana curus (the plants that does produce it).

• Comparison of data to determine relationships.

• Define the crucial need for biodiversity.

Test 1 - Structural Characteristics of Plants

Species Y

Species Z

Species X

Botana curus

QUESTION:

Which leaves most closely resemble the leaves produced by Botana curus?

Record your observations in the data table.

Test 2 – Structural Characteristics of Seeds

Botana curus seeds Species X seeds

Species Y seedsSpecies Z seeds

QUESTION:

Which seeds most closely resemble the seeds produced by Botana curus?

Record your observations in the data table.

Test 3 – Microscopic Internal Structures of Stems

QUESTION:

Which stem structures most closely resemble the stem structures of Botana curus?

Record your observations in the data table.

Species Y Species Z

Botana curus Species X

Test 4 – Paper Chromatography to Separate Plant Pigments

“Spot” your chromatography paper and label it with a pencil.

B.curus X Y Z

Water migrates up paper via

capillary action and carries

plant pigments with it.

B.curus X Y Z

Test 5 – Indicator Tests for Enzyme M

Botana curus

Species X

Species Y

Species Z

Put two drops of each plant Extract in separate wells of

the well tray.

Indicator Enzyme

M

Botana curus(“fizzed” a little)

Species X(no “fizz”)

Species Y(“fizzed” a little)

Species Z(“fizzed” a little)

Add a small sprinkle of “Indicator

Enzyme M”

Record your results.

Test 6 – Using Simulated Gel Electrophoresis to Compare DNA

Botana curus A T T C C G G A T C G A T C G C C G G A T A T A C T C C G G T A A T A T C

Species X A T T G T A C C G G G A T C C G G A C G T C G C G A C T A A T A T A G C A

Species Y A C C G G T C C G G G A T C G C A C C C G G T A C T C C T G T A A T A T C

Species Z A T T C C G G A T C G A T C G C C G G A T A T T C T C C G G T A A T A T

The strips below represent the DNA strands extracted from each plant (B. curus, X, Y, and Z). Each strand will be “cut” between a double C/double G. Therefore, lines are drawn below where each strip should be cut. Then, count up the number of bases and paste appropriately in the simulated Gel Electrophoresis table on the next slide.

Simulated Gel Electrophoresis# of

BasesBotana curus Species X Species Y Species Z

24

23

22 G G A C G T C G C G A C T A A T A T A G C A

21

20

19

18

17 G G T A C T C C T G T A A T A T C

16

15

14

13

12 G G A T C G A T C G C C G G G A T C G C A C C C G G A T C G A T C G C C

11 G G A T A T A C T C C G G A T A T A C T C C

10

9 G G T A A T A T C G G T A A T A T C

8 A T T G T A C C

7 G G G A T C C

6

5 A T T C C G G T C C A T T C C

4

3 A C C

2

1

-

+

Test 7 – Molecular Evidence for Relationships

Botana curus CAC GTG GAC TGA GGA CTC CTC

mRNA GUG CAC CUG ACU CCU GAG GAG

Amino acid Val His Leu Thr Pro Glu Glu

Species X CAC GTG GAC AGA GGA CAC CTC

mRNA GUG CAC CUG UCU CCU GUG GAG

Amino acid Val His Leu Ser Pro Val Glu

Species Y CAC GTG GAC AGA GGA CAC CTC

mRNA GUG CAC CUG UCU CCU GUG GAG

Amino acid Val His Leu Ser Pro Val Glu

Species Z CAC GTA GAC TGA GGA CTT CTC

mRNA GUG CAC CUG ACU CCU GAA GAG

Amino acid Val His Leu Thr Pro Glu Glu

And where did you get those Amino Acids from???

Your friend and mine… The Universal Genetic Code Chart

So, what is the closest and most probable alternative source for Curol???

Test Most similar to Botana curus?

Test 1 – Structural Characteristics of Plants Species Z as it has the same kind of parallel veination in the leaves.

Test 2 - Structural Characteristics of Seeds Species Z seeds are flat and striped, much the same as Botana curus seeds are.

Test 3 – Microscopic Internal Structure of Stems Species Z vascular bundles closely resemble those of Botana curus.

Test 4 – Paper Chromatography of Pigments Species Z and Botana curus share a similar pattern of pigmentation in paper chromatography.

Test 5 – Indicator Tests for Enzyme M While many “fizzed”, once again Species Z and Botana curus reacted the same.

Test 6 – Simulated Gel Electrophoresis Identical banding pattern in both Botana curus and Species Z.

Test 7 – Amino Acid Comparison Species Z and Botana curus have the most similarities.

And the winner is…..(insert drum roll here…)

Species Z