development of tourism in the european northern periphery
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DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM IN THE
EUROPEAN NORTHERN PERIPHERY
Dr Jan Mosedale
WHAT IS PERIPHERY???
Merriam-Websters Dictionary:the outward bounds of something asdistinguished from its internal regions or
center
Brown and Hall (2000: 1) add a socialcomponent to the term periphery: to beperipheral is to be marginalised, to lackpower and influence and it therefore carriessocial, political and economic implications
WHAT IS PERIPHERY???
Geographic isolation (distance, poor access to and
from markets)
Economic marginalisation (lack of resources,
decline of traditional industries)
Lack of infrastructure
Reliance on imports -> economic leakage
Generally a rural setting
Low and declining (or ageing) population
Can anyone give me an example of a
peripheral community in the UK?
WHAT IS PERIPHERY???
Despite the previous list of characteristics that
define periphery, it is a subjective concept. It
depends on ones perception of place.
WHAT IS PERIPHERY???
Paradoxes of peripheries:
1. Isolation and remoteness (two key
characteristics of the periphery) can be
desirable to some tourists.Nature, Heritage, slower pace of life, being away from
the grid
In tourism, it is the very symptoms of peripherality
(Brown and Hall, 2000: 3) that have become
desirable and drive new economic growth and social
development.
WHAT IS PERIPHERY???
Paradoxes of peripheries:
2. If tourism is not planned or managed
adequately, it might just destroy the
remoteness or tradition that the early
tourists were coming for -> change in
tourism product.
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1. GEOGRAPHICALLY REMOTE
FROM MASS MARKETS
Spatial distance
Communicative distance
Outside of the day-trip zone of major population
centres
2. LACK OF EFFECTIVE ECONOMICAND POLITICAL CONTROL OVER MAJOR
DECISIONS THAT AFFECT WELL-BEING
Issues of economic restructuring
Globalisation
Political institutions elsewhere
3. RELATIVELY WEAK INTERNAL
ECONOMIC LINKAGES
High degree of importation
Inter-firm relations often weak within region
Often industries based on resource extraction /
natural resources
4. RELATIVELY WEAK INTERNAL
COMMUNICATION & TRANSPORT
LINKAGES
Links often from periphery to core rather than
between peripheries
Intra-firm relations
5. OFTEN HIGH AESTHETIC /
NATURAL AMENITY VALUES
Sign of lack of development or even economic
restructuring
Relationship to high biophysical values of
naturalness and remoteness - wilderness
Cultural heritage is often the thing which hasnt
changed because there wasnt the money to
update
6. MIGRATION OUTFLOWS
Younger people for education and employment
opportunities
Families with respect to better schooling and
employment opportunities
Some retirement outmigration
BUT for a few peripheral locations there is
migration inflow - amenity, seasonal, retirement
and lifestyle migration
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7. COMPARATIVE LACK OF
INNOVATION
Argued by Botterill et al. (1997) BUT this point is
highly debatable
High rates of innovation may be one of the few
points of comparative competitive advantage -
but this is related to what underlies the capacity
to innovate in terms of intellectual and social
cultural
8. INTERVENTIONIST ROLE OF LOCAL,
NATIONAL & SUPRANATIONAL STATE
Occurs because of economic difficulties of the
periphery
It is very hard for governments to refuse to assist
peripheral regions in some way - national myths
of the rural and peripheral
Significance of changing political philosophies
regarding the role of the state - move from the
welfare to the entrepreneurial/neo-liberal state
BUT CAN PERIPHERAL PLACES
SUCCEED WITH TOURISM?
Some places obviously are better positioned than
others for reasons of accessibility as well as
capital - economic, intellectual and social
But what are we wanting in economic terms
People travelling through?
People stopping?
People stopping and spending?
People stopping/staying longer and therefore
spending more?
THE NORTHERN PERIPHERY
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vtLseO3U9Oo
SCANDINAVIA
Huge land areas with a relatively smallpopulation
Many of the typical Scandinavian features aresituated in Norway: combination of sea andmountains.
North Cape and Lofoten Islands offer fishing,whale watching and other nature-based activities
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PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH
TOURISM IN THE NORTHERN
PERIPHERY
Accessibility especially outside of the core region of Scandinavia
(Denmark is the only Scandinavian country with a land link to
western Europe; the rest are reliant on air and sea links)
High cost of living = expensive areas to visit
Short summer season due to climate (lasts from late June to the
middle of August resulting in many destinations relying on imported
seasonal foreign labour, especially from Southern and Eastern
Europe, resulting in leakage of profits)
Winter is too extreme, particularly in thenorthern part of the region, to enable masswinter sports tourism
Nothing geographically comparable to theAlps to enable mass downhillski/snowboarding tourism
Lack of sunshine in the winter months inthe most northern parts of Scandinavia
Potential growth types of tourism (i.e.,wilderness tourism) cannot be majorgenerators of tourists if they are to survive
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eUiR7fhIIBI
COMPARING THE NORTHERN EUROPEAN
PERIPHERY WITH DEFINITIONS OF
PERIPHERY
Yes, it is geographically remote
Yes, it is dominated by rural/wilderness areas
Yes, it has relatively small and highly
distributed populations
No, it is not always dependent on imports and is,
in actual fact in many ways economically
independent with access to abundant natural
resources (especially Norway)
No, standards of living in the northern periphery
are amongst some of the highest in the world
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THE PERIPHERY OF THE
NORTHERN EUROPEAN PERIPHERY
Yes, it is geographically remote
Yes, it is dominated by rural/wilderness areas
Yes, it has relatively small and highly distributed populations
Yes, it is dependent on imports
Whilst in global terms living standards are high they are lower
than in the rest of Scandinavia and are heavily state subsidised
SAMI: THE PEOPLEPOTENTIAL OF TOURISM IN THE
NORTHERN PERIPHERY
Winter sports
Wilderness/eco/adventure tourism
Heritage tourism
Urban and cultural tourism
Health tourism
Santa Claus
Legoland
Northern Lights
Land of the midnight sun
TOURISM IN THE EUROPEAN
NORTHERN PERIPHERY
Dominated by domestic (excluding Denmark)
and intra-regional tourism (sun and sports)
skiing in the winter and a reverse flow to the coast
in the summer
Main type of tourism is VFR
Main mode of transport for tourism is the
private car
Second home tourism very popular
The capitals of each country tend to be the
dominant tourism destination for all seasons
Core regions of Scandinavia tend to gain most from
tourism
No passport or visa requirements historically for
cross border travel
Accurate statistics for tourism in this region are
very hard to calculate
Traditionally a source rather than a destination of
international tourism
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The aims of developing tourism in the Europeannorthern periphery in general and the peripheral
segment of the region in particular are to:
Maintain settlement patterns (a long term
governmental policy)
Ensure long-term opportunities for employment
and services
SCANDINAVIANS AS A SOURCE OF
INTERNATIONAL TOURISTS
As a result of the high standards of living andliberal governments the Nordic countries
represent a lucrative, though relatively small,
market for the international tourism industry
Historically the prime destinations for these
tourists is the southwest of Europe, particularly
Spain
Overall, tourism has a significant negative
impact on the Scandinavian economies
SUGGESTED READINGS
Boniface, B. & Cooper, C. 2005. Worldwide
destinations casebook: the geography of travel and
tourism. Elsevier: Amsterdam. Case 15.
Horner, S. & Swarbrooke, J. 2004. International
cases in tourism management. Elsevier:
Amsterdam. Case Study 10
Brown, F. and Hall, D. (2000) Introduction: theparadox of peripherality. In: F. Brown and D.
Hall (eds) Tourism in peripheral areas. Clevedon:
Channel View Publications. pp. 1-6.