Development of

GISTechnology

Vol.45 No.3 2010

A Conversation with Dato’ Seri Sr Hj Md

Isahak Md Yusuf

Sale-and-Leaseback: Market Transactions or Financial Engineering?

The Malaysian Surveyor is a quarterlypublication which touches upon thedevelopment of the surveying profession,innovations in the surveying technology andsurveyors’ contribution towards market andbuilding industry.

The Institute as a body does not hold itselfresponsible for statements made or opinionsexpressed in the articles and advertisementsprinted in this publication, or for the strictaccuracy of references to law cases, whichare intended only as a gloss on authorisedreports. Rights of translation andreproduction reserved.

PresidentSr Elvin Fernandez, FISM

Hon. Secretary GeneralSr Francis Loh Soong Park, FISM

Editorial Board

EditorAssoc. Prof. Sr Dr. Ting Kien Hwa, FISM

Sub-EditorAssoc. Prof. Sr Dr. Azman b. Mohd Suldi, MISM

MembersSr Dr. Adi Irfan b. Che Ani, MISMSr Mazlan b. Mohd Tahir, MISMSr Dr. Hj. Md Said @ Mohd Zaid b. Abdullah, FISMProf. Sr Dr. Shattri b. Mansor, FISMProf. Sr Dr. Hj. Wan Muhd Aminuddin b. Wan Hussin, FISMSr Mokhtar Azizi b. Mohd Din, MISMSr Mohamad Shazali b. Sulaiman, MISM

Secretary to the BoardZarinah bt. Danial

The Institution of Surveyors, Malaysia3rd Floor, Bangunan JuruukurNo. 64-66, Jalan 52/446200 Petaling JayaSelangor Darul Ehsant: +603 7954 8358 (hunting line) / 7956 9728 / 7955 1773f: +603 7955 0253e: editor@ism.org.myw: www.ism.org.my

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ISM NewsEditorial12th International Surveyors' Congress:Geomatic & Land SurveyorSpeech By Yb Dato' Sri Shahrizat Abdul JalilThe Institution of Surveyors, MalaysiaExcellence Award 201014th PAQS Congress in Singapore

InterviewA Conversation with Dato' Seri Sr Hj Md IsahakMd Yusuf

Peer ReviewKepentingan Mengetahui Komposisi MortarKapur kepada Konservator BangunanRodiah Zawawi, Zuraini Md Ali

Development of GUI for Runoff Estimation bySCS Curve Number Method UsingMapObjects and Visual BasicWan Hussin W.M.A., Mohd. Sanusi S.A., Shamshad A.

Isu-Isu Berkaitan Buruh Mahir Asing DalamIndustri BinaanRadzi Ismail, Prof Madya Abdul Aziz Hussin, Dr Mohd Wira

Mohd Shafiei

Sale-and-Leaseback: Market Transactions or Financial Engineering?Dato' Mani Usilappan

Property Watch Corporate Governance and the PropertyManagement of REIT PropertiesAssociate Professor Sr Dr Ting Kien Hwa FISM

Managing StressPositive Self-Talk and Stress ReductionW. M. A. Wan Hussin

ManagementApplying 'Intelligence' to ProjectsDr Norman Chorn

RegularsMember UpdatesAdvertisements

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4 Vol.45 No.3 2010

THEMALAYSIANSURVEYOR

The Institution of Surveyors, Malaysia (ISM) foundedin 13 March 1961, will be celebrating its GoldenJubilee in year 2011, marking its 50 years ofcontribution to nation building. Starting with 92surveyors from the Divisions of Land Surveyors (LS),Quantity Surveyors (QS) and Property Consultancyand Valuation Surveyors (PCVS) formerly known asGeneral Practice Division, to date, the ISM has over5,000 members with the inclusion of the BuildingSurveyors (BS) Division since 1990.

Throughout the years, ISM plays a major role inpromoting the surveyors profession nationally andinternationally by conducting various activities suchas dialogue with universities, professionalworkshops, CPD events e.g. “Galaxy of SurveyingStars”, career guidance talk, international surveyingstudents conference co-organised with RICS,Jamboree for undergraduate students, technicalvisits and many congresses held with the latestbeing the 12th International Surveyors Congressheld in June at Kuala Lumpur.

The worldwide recognition on ISM is reflected bythe appointments of ISM Past Presidents, Dato’ Prof.Sr Dr. Abdul Kadir bin Taib was appointed as theChairman of Asia South-East and Pacific South-WestDivision (ASEPSW), United Nation Group of Experton Geographical Names (UNGEGN) for the year2010-2015, Sr Ong See Lian was confirmed asPresident-elect of the RICS for the 2011/2012 termand Sr Teo Chee Hai was selected to be the nextPresident of the International Federation ofSurveyors (FIG) from 2011 until 2014.

Having 50 years of experience, ISM will not stophere as a note of satisfaction, it will continue tostrive the best for the future for the sake ofsurveyors in Malaysia. The prospects of expanding

the size of ISM memberships is in-line with theincreasing number of students at the institution ofhigher learning in the various academic disciplinesrelated to surveying. Apart from the existing studentawards and education loans provided by ISM toeligible students, existing activities can be improvedin terms of introducing the role and attractivebenefits that can be gained by being a member ofISM. These can be of interest to them andconsequently, resulting with them joining ISM as astudent member or graduate member before theybecome a full member.

Surveyors in the public and private sectors can alsoplay their roles by exposing these students to thefields in which they can work upon graduation. Forexample, JUPEM created a section called UtilityMapping to handle jobs relating to mapping ofutilities not only those on the surface of the earthbut also underground and this involve theapplication of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR),Global Positioning System (GPS) and GeographicalInformation System (GIS) technology.

Additional membership drive is also needed toattract practicing surveyors to be a member of ISM.We at the Editorial Board will continue to improveon the dissemination of vital relevant informationwhich is of interest to the surveyor’s community. Forthis edition, a peer reviewed article from eachdivision was published and we welcome morearticle contributions from the practitioners of thesurveying community in the near future.

Azman Mohd Suldi

Sub-Editor

Reaching 50 andSurveying AAheadEDITORIAL

ANNOUNCEMENTS

Date: 22 -24 June 2011Venue: Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Date: 22 -24 June 2011Venue: Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

South East Asian SurveyCongress International

Surveyors’Congress

11th

13th& South East Asian SurveyCongress International

Surveyors’Congress

11th

13th&“Innovation Towards Sustainability”“Innovation Towards Sustainability”

CONGRESS REPORT

12TH INTERNATIONALSURVEYORS’ CONGRESS

The 12th International Surveyors’Congress was successfully held from17-18 June 2010 at the Hotel Istana,

Kuala Lumpur and was officiated by YBTan Sri Sr Bernard Giluk Dompok, Ministerof Plantation Industries & Commodities.

The International Surveyors’ Congresswhich is organised each year in the monthof June is a Congress to address the issuesof the day that the four branches of thesurveying profession face. As ISM wouldbe approaching its 50th year come 2011,the theme for this year’s Congress was“Reaching 50 and Surveying Ahead”.

In the Plenary and Parallel sessions, thetwo-day Congress dwelt not only ontechnical issues but also discussedinteresting issues on green initiatives oftoday, the shifting standards of financialreporting, the health of the Malaysianbond market, the surveying profession inSingapore and Hong Kong, and even theeffects of earthquakes on our buildingsand structures. The participants also hadthe opportunity to hear the immediate

ISM News

Vol.45 No.3 2010 5

6 Vol.45 No.3 2010

THEMALAYSIANSURVEYOR

Past President Associate Prof. Sr Dr Hjh. Wan MaimunWan Abdullah who spoke on the “State Of The UnionOf ISM” as well as the President of The Royal Institutionof Chartered Surveyors from London, Mr Max Croftswho gave his views on the future of the surveyingprofession.

The Congress culminated with the 49th Annual GeneralMeeting, Extra-Ordinary General Meeting and 49thAnnual Dinner, which was held on Saturday, 19 June2010. The 49th Annual Dinner was graced by YBSenator Dato’ Sri Shahrizat Abdul Jalil, Minister ofWomen, Family and Community Development.

To the Organising Committee of the 12th InternationalSurveyors’ Congress 2010, congratulations for the jobwell done!

ISM News

Vol.45 No.3 2010 7

Associate Prof Sr Dr Wan Maimun Wan AbdullahPresident of ISM

Sr Elvin FernandezOrganising chair of ISM 49th Annual Dinner

Dear SurveyorsLadies and Gentlemen A very good evening to you all

Iam honoured and privileged to have been invited tograce the 49th Annual Dinner of the Institution ofSurveyors, Malaysia.

I would like to note on the outset that being here isparticularly momentous for me given that ISM has electedits first female president, Assoc. Prof. Sr Wan Maimun WanAbdullah, for its 49th session. I am proud of herachievements. On a personal level, this is an impressiveaccomplishment more so because the surveyingprofession, like politics, is a primarily male-dominated field.On an institutional level, this is indeed a progressive stepforward, and is truly deserving of congratulations! It is areflection that ISM acknowledges and appreciatesleadership and quality performance, regardless of gender.

The surveyor's contribution towards the development ofthe nation is irrefutable. One glance at the horizonstretched out before us confirms this. While for many theterm 'engineer' and 'architect' spring to mind, what manypeople do not realise is that before these individuals caneven begin their work, the surveyor must precede andwork his or her magic. Your work changes the landscape ofcountries, and influences decision makers in both thepublic and private sectors.

I am made to understand that while the overall number ofISM members who are women is 31 percent, thepercentage of Fellows at the highest level of the class isless than 10 percent. In industries as important assurveying, as in politics, the need for diversity and genderbalance cannot be overemphasised. When any level ofdiversity exists, statistics indicate that higher levels ofinnovation are present and gender diversity is not anexception.

Women and men do not necessarily have the sameapproach to tackling a task, and the varying approachescreate a nice balance that enable good decision making totake place. As there is usually more than one way to solvea problem, the different perspectives that men and womenhave are valuable.

In that same vein, women and men have a different way oflooking at things and therefore design different solutions.In most cases, women, by virtue of their different needs,have a different perspective from men and proposedifferent solutions to the design of a landscape, forinstance. In that regard, gender diversity ensures abalanced gender perspective, which takes into account thevarying needs of both men and women that live in asociety.

Ladies and Gentlemen:

Many of you might wonder what can we, as an institution,do?

As the professional institution representing the surveyingprofession in Malaysia, ISM has an important role to play inadvocating for gender balance within the institution andthe industry. Professional institutions such as ISM are oftenable to promote the adoption of comprehensive genderpolicies by employers, which include measures to helpprofessional women balance the demands of a family andtheir profession.

Work-life balance policies that contribute not only to theoverall well-being of all staff, but also to those men andwomen with families make for attractive employmentpackages. With women still considered society´s primarycaregivers for small children, maternity and paternity leave,flexible working hours, part-time work and child carefacilities address young families´ and women´s needs.

It is important to note that the benefits of achieving asuccessful work-life balance are not limited to individualpractitioners but extend to all family members as well. Thisultimately leads to a healthier, happier and moreproductive nation as a whole.

SPEECH by

YB DATO' SRI SHAHRIZAT ABDUL JALILMINISTER OF WOMEN, FAMILY AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENTANNUAL DINNER, THE INSTITUTION OF SURVEYORS, MALAYSIA (ISM) SATURDAY, 19 JUNE 2010

THE INSTITUTION OFSURVEYORS, MALAYSIAExcellenceAward 2010

The Institution of Surveyors, Malaysia (ISM) isproud to present the ISM Excellence Awards todeserving participants who have demonstrated

excellence and leadership to the property andconstruction industry. The ISM Excellence Awards areintended to be premier awards recognising theefforts of individuals and organisations that haveattained outstanding achievements in the propertyand construction industry.

i. Malaysian Surveyor of the Year AwardYB PP Senator Dato’ Sr Hj Abdul Rahim Rahman

This Award is presented to a Member/Fellowof the Institution of Surveyors, Malaysia inrecognition of his/her excellence in any fieldof surveying i.e. geomatic and land surveying,quantity surveying, property consultancy andvaluation surveying and building surveying.This Award will also recognise that althoughthere are four different Divisions of seeminglyseparate disciplines, we are united in that weare all surveyors.

ii. Lifetime Achievement Award Sr Hj Hashim Ismail

This Award is presented to a Member/Fellowof The Institution of Surveyors, Malaysia inrecognition of his/her outstandingachievements in the Surveying Profession overa long period of time and for dedicatedservice to the Institution.

iii. Outstanding Journalist on Property andConstruction Mr Cheah Chor Sooi

This Award is to recognise excellence injournalism for positive reporting of theProperty and Construction Industry and inparticular the Surveying Profession. The Awardaims to recognise journalists who promoteinterest in the Surveying Profession to theGovernment, Regulators and the Public ingeneral. The Award is presented in honour ofthe best written feature article or series ofarticles in the electronic or print media.

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Ladies and Gentlemen:

ISM, like the professionals it represents, plays an importantrole in ensuring the country's continued growth. Byadvocating for such progressive policies, ISM will directlycontribute to Malaysia's national prosperity and sustainabledevelopment. In the context of the nation's skill shortagesand the prospect of an ageing workforce, the promotion ofsuch practices help attract and retain talent from amonguntapped and diverse social groups such as workingmothers, mature workers and other minority groups. Thesenon-traditional social groups provide an alternative pool oftalent that will move our nation towards the high-incomeeconomy we are aiming for.

Gender equality and work-life balance should become areality in our working environment. The framework is inplace: with leadership and our own efforts we can make ithappen.

I would like to end my speech by recording my thanksonce again to ISM for inviting me to your 49th AnnualDinner. On this special occasion, allow me to congratulateall of you in advance on ISM's 50th Years celebration,which will be coming up in 2011. I would also like toextend my warmest wishes to you and the Institution forits continued success in the years to come.

On that note, thank you once again.

Wassalamualaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh.

ISM News

Vol.45 No.3 2010 9

14th PAQS Congress in Singapore

The 15th PAQS congress washeld in Singapore from 24 - 27July 2010. Organised by

Singapore Institution of Surveyors andValuers, it was held jointly with theInternational Cost Engineering Council(ICEC) 7th Congress. A total of 49Malaysian delegates attended thecongress lead by our council memberand chief Delegate, Dato' Sr AbdullManaf.

The theme of the congress is'Sustainable cost management:Borderless innovation' and qualitypapers delivered along this themewere indeed invigorating.

The congress started on Friday, 23 Julywith the PAQS Golf tournament atSentosa Golf Club. The Education &Accreditation sub-Committee and theResearch sub-Committee held theirmeetings on 24 July followed by theICEC Board meeting. The PAQS Boardmeeting was a whole day affair on the25 July 2010. The congress properwas from 26 to 27 July 2010,culminating with the Farewell Dinner.

Ikatan Quantity Surveyor Indonesiamade a presentation during the Boardmeeting and it is hoped thatIndonesia will soon be the 13thmember of PAQS. Canada Institute ofQuantity Surveyors was requested tonominate a candidate for the 2ndVice Chairman post by the 15th PAQSCongress. It was also reported thatBrunei, Sri Lanka and Singapore arecurrently drafting a QS Act orequivalent.

This year PAQS achieved a majormilestone with the 1st formalaccreditation visit and subsequent

Malaysia representatives - ISM & BQSM

PAQS Officers

PAQS Delegates

endorsement of a university QSprogramme from Unitec, Auckland,New Zealand. Many delegates see thisas the beginning of a new chaptertowards mutual recognition ofqualifications among membercountries.

The Research sub-Committee will beworking alongside the new IT sub-committee to upload all congresspapers and research projects ofmember countries onto the PAQSwebsite. With resources gatheredfrom 14 previous congresses, there isa wealth of information within PAQSwhich if well managed, will be oftremendous asset to be shared forthe profession.

Much interest was generated by ICECAfrican delegates on the KL Pact

signed in during the 13th PAQSCongress. The KL pact sets a readyframework for mutual cooperationbetween six international costmanagement organisations inenhancing the profession. Sr KwanHock Hai was appointed by the Boardto monitor activities of KL Pact onbehalf of PAQS

The 15th PAQS Congress will beorganised Institute of QuantitySurveyors of Sri Lanka in Colombo on22 to 26 July 2011.

Reported by:

Sr Chew Nane CheongChairman QS Division28th July 2010

The Council and all members of The Institution of Surveyors, Malaysia would like to extend their heartiest congratulations to:

CongratulationsYBhg Dato’ Prof Sr Dr. Abdul Kadir TaibFor his election as the Chair of the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names (UNGEGN) Asia South-East and Pacific SouthWest Division.

Sr Ong See LianElected as President-elect of the RICS for the 2011/2012 term.

Sr Teo Chee HaiElected to be the next President of the International Federation of Surveyors (FIG) from 2011 until 2014.

YB Senator Dato’ Sr Hj Abdul Rahim RahmanFor his appointment as Senator by the Government of Malaysia.

We are proud and honoured that our past presidents have been recognised for their services rendered to the surveying profession and the community at large. We hope that their exemplary services and leadership provided to the profession will motivate younger

members in this profession to scale greater heights.

A Conversation with Dato'Seri Sr Hj Md Isahak Md Yusuf

The Malaysian Surveyor had the privilege of interviewing YBhg Dato' Seri Sr Hj Md Isahak MdYusuf to learn more about the man and his insights into the current surveying education and

profession, especially in the area of Quantity Surveying and his vision towards the Institution ofSurveyors Malaysia (ISM)

YBhg Dato' Seri Sr Hj Md Isahak MdYusof is the Chairman/ManagingDirector of Pakatan International

Md Isahak dan Rakan-rakan Sdn Bhdand Council Member cum Education &Accreditation Board Chairman of TheInstitution of Surveyors, Malaysia (ISM)for the session 2010/2011.

He was born on 21 August 1934 inPenang and received his earlyeducation in Penang Free School. He isthe first bumiputra Quantity Surveyor inthe corporate sector in Malaysia. Hegraduated in Quantity Surveying fromPerth Technical College now known asCurtin University, Western Australia. In1966 after returning to Malaysia fromAustralia, he joined a firm known asSuckling & McDonald as a QuantitySurveyor. After four years, he waspromoted as a Partner and the firm wasre-named as Suckling, McDonald & MdIsahak. Since 1977, he was appointedas the Chairman/Managing Director,and the firm was changed to PakatanInternational, Md Isahak dan Rakan-rakan Sdn Bhd. After over 30 years ofinvolvement in the quantity surveyingconsultancy practice, PakatanInternational, Md Isahak dan Rakan-rakan Sdn Bhd has many projectslocally and abroad. Some mega projectsthat have been completed are KualaLumpur International Airport (KLIA),Pusat Dagangan Dunia Putra (PWTC)and Komplek Tun Abdul Razak(KOMTAR) in Penang etc.

YBhg Dato' Seri Sr Hj Md Isahak MdYusof is well known with his experienceand expertise in quantity surveyingbecause he is committed andprofessional in his career. During hisinvolvement in the professional field, heused to hold several important posts inseveral organisations. He is not onlyactive with The Institution of Surveyors,

Interview

Vol.45 No.3 2010 11

The ISM must maintain the highstandards in QS practice

equivalent with the developedcountries in the world.

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THEMALAYSIANSURVEYOR

Malaysia. In fact, he also participated in otherassociations such as the Australian Institute ofQuantity Surveyors, The Royal Institution ofChartered Surveyors, etc. In 1979, he was appointedas President of The Institution of Surveyors, Malaysiafor the session 1979/1980. To commemorate all hiscontributions, he was awarded with a few honoursfrom the Penang state government and Malaysiannation tokens of appreciation. The latest was in2008, where he was awarded with the 'DarjahGemilang Pangkuan Negeri' (D.G.P.N) by T.Y.T. YangDi Pertua Negeri Pulau Pinang, Tun Dato' Seri HajiAbdul Rahman bin Haji Abbas which carries the titleof 'Dato' Seri'.

How long have you been a member of theISM and what are the positions that youhave held during those years as amember?

I have been a member for 36 years since 1974 andthe positions I have held are as follows:

1978 - 1979 Vice President of the Institution ofSurveyors Malaysia

1979 - 1980 President of the Institution ofSurveyors Malaysia

1980 - 1981 Immediate Past President of theInstitution of Surveyors Malaysia.

2004 - 2010 Chairman of the Education &Accreditation Board Institution ofSurveyors Malaysia

You are the Director of PakatanInternational Md Isahak dan Rakan-RakanSdn Bhd and you are actively involved withthe ISM. How do you manage yourprecious time?

Yes you are right, time is very precious. Therefore, Ihave to divide my time carefully between the officeand spending time for voluntary work in theassociation like the ISM. My working day is long; Iwill be in the office everyday as early as 9.00 amand sometime work on weekends. When I amrequired to attend a meeting at the ISM, orelsewhere, I will plan a day earlier to finish all theoffice work and leave the office for the requiredmeeting. I must stress that meeting is not aneveryday affair and meetings at the ISM are wellplanned. It will make your life pleasant and not somuch pressure on yourself. I have capable Directorsand Secretaries. I should thank them and with theirhelp, I am able to attend meetings without anyproblems.

What are the progresses that you haveseen for the profession and the Institutionin particular?

The profession of Quantity Surveying (QS) hasmoved forward tremendously from the era of thesixties. When I started working, we had to usecomptometer operator using a calculator, and thetypist using the manual typewriter to work. Thecomptometer operator and the typist had tocalculate and type laboriously the work and had towork overtime to finish on time. Gradually, thisprocess was replaced by the latest InformationTechnology (IT) and several software for QS work.

Now, Quantity Surveyors do not do taking offmanually any more. They have been trained at theUniversities and Colleges with the latest InformationTechnology (IT) and they are familiar with varioussoftware in their daily work in producing the BQ,Post Contract and Final Account work using thelatest QS software i.e. RIPACS, Masterbills, Buildsoftsetc.

The ISM from its humble beginning took over fromRICS after independence and had their meetings atborrowed offices. But today, the ISM has its ownbuilding in New Town Centre, Petaling Jaya.

The ISM with its full management staff headed bythe COO, Miss Katherine Thiang who looks after andprovide services to the four disciplines i.e. QuantitySurveying, Geomatic & Land Surveying, BuildingSurveying and Property Consultancy and ValuationSurveying operates from the ISM Building.

Do you have any vision for the ISM ingenerally?

The ISM should plan and be fully modernised withthe latest Information Technology (IT) to serve itsmembers and the public. In order to achieve this,the Council Members have to plan short and long

The ISM should work very closely with the universities andcolleges, and plan so that the under graduates from universities

of higher learning is well qualified with the latest InformationTechnology (IT) for the requirement of the industry.

The QS career has a brightfuture but professional QS

has to keep a high standardof ethics and requirement in

the country and abroad inparticular, using the latest

Information Technology (IT),usage of Green Technology

and IBS system.

Interview

Vol.45 No.3 2010 13

term improvements in assisting the ISM with up-to-date Cost Analysis and Data Centre for membersand public usage. The centre will compliment wellwith professional bodies locally and abroad.

How do you think you could contribute tomake ISM relevant to the industry and thecountry?

The ISM should work very closely with theuniversities and colleges, and plan so that the undergraduates from universities of higher learning is wellqualified with the latest Information Technology (IT)for the requirement of the industry. This willcertainly help boost the image of the QS practice inMalaysia and also Malaysian QS can work abroad inmany countries i.e. England, Australia, Hong Kong,Singapore, etc.

Could you comment on the surveyingeducation in Malaysia? How do you seesurveying as a professional career?

The ISM must maintain the high standards in QSpractice equivalent with the developed countries inthe world. To achieve this, all qualified andregistered QS in Malaysia must be trained at theuniversity that has been accredited by the Board ofQuantity Surveyors before they are allowed topractice. Therefore, this practice must always befollowed.

The QS career has a bright future but professionalQS has to keep a high standard of ethics andrequirement in the country and abroad in particular,using the latest Information Technology (IT), usageof Green Technology and IBS system.

Do you think there are any commonmisconceptions people have about thesurveying profession?

Yes, the common misconception is the publicthought that Quantity Surveyor is Land Surveyor. Iremember when I came back and I mentioned that Iam a Quantity Surveyor, the response came was -Yes I know you are the man looking through theTheodolite. But this misconception is now differentbecause they are many QS practicing firms and themedia has projected the correct image of QScorrectly.

What is your advice to those who wish topursue a career in Quantity Surveying?

My advice is for them is to be well versed in theEnglish language and Bahasa Malaysia, work hard,learn as much as possible on the latest technologyin particular, the Green Building Technology, IBSsystem and Project Management, and for those who

have equipped themselves well, they will be ashining star in the future in the profession.

After nearly 50 years in existence, whatare the successes ISM have achieved andwhat are the challenges ahead?

Next year, the ISM will be celebrating its 50 yearsanniversary. The success is tremendous which canbe seen around us. The ISM has its own buildingand a good reserve of fund with large a number ofqualified professionals. The challenges ahead are toserve the public well and keep up with the latesttechnology especially the Green Technology asmentioned earlier.

What is your advice to young surveyors?

Do not think to be a "boss" in a day. Be patient,honest, work hard and serve the public and privatesectors in particular, their bosses well, and peoplewill respect you for what you have done. This willalso be recognised by the Institution andprofessional colleges.

Next year, the ISM will be celebrating its 50 years anniversary.The success is tremendous which can be seen around us. The

ISM has its own building and a good reserve of fund with large anumber of qualified professionals.

Be patient, honest, workhard and serve the public andprivate sectors … and peoplewill respect you for what you

have done.

14 Vol.45 No.3 2010

THEMALAYSIANSURVEYOR

Kepentingan MengetahuiKomposisi Mortar Kapur kepada Konservator Bangunan

Penggunaan mortar kapur baiki yang sama dengan mortar asal telah dikenalpasti sebagai kaedahterbaik memulihara bangunan batu-bata sebelum perang. Di Malaysia, pemilihan ini adalah tepat

kerana kapur merupakan bahan pengikat utama dalam mortar sebelum kilang Portland simenberoperasi di Rawang pada tahun 1953. Maklumat penting yang diperlukan dalam penyediaan mortarkapur baiki adalah komposisinya iaitu jenis kapur, nisbah kapur: pasir, jenis pasir, gred pasir dan jenisbahan tambahan. Kaedah mudah untuk mendapatkan maklumat ini adalah secara pelarutan asid ke

atas mortar asal dan diikuti dengan analisis ayak keatas sisa pepejalnya. Pengetahuan mengenaianalisis mortar kapur bersejarah dan rumusan formula mortar baiki adalah penting kepada konservator

yang terlibat dalam kerja pemuliharaan dan penyenggaraan bangunan batu bersejarah. Artikel inimelaporkan keputusan analisis komposisi mortar kapur bersejarah yang diambil dari tiga buah

bangunan sebelum perang di Melaka. Hasil kajian menunjukkan kesemua bangunan yang dikaji dibinamenggunakan mortar kapur tulen dengan campuran nisbah berat kapur: pasir adalah di antara 1:2 dan1:5. Secara amnya keputusan kajian ini boleh digunakan untuk merumus formula mortar baiki namun ia

masih kurang lengkap kerana tidak merangkumi ciri-ciri mekanikalnya.

Rodiah Zawawi, Zuraini Md AliJabatan Ukur BangunanFakulti Alam Bina, University Malayae-mail: rodiahzawawi@hotmail.com

Peer Review

Vol.45 No.3 2010 15

1.0 Pengenalan

Kemerosotan pada fabrik bangunan batu bersejarahsering dikaitkan dengan kehilangan dan kerosakanmortar kapur pada kemas-ikat dan lepaan. Ini

berlaku kerana mortar kapur yang digunakan untukmengikat dan mengemas dinding bangunan ini secararelatifnya rapuh dan telap berbanding unit batu-batanya(Hughes, 1986). Bagaimanpun ciri-ciri yang dimiliki olehmortar kapur ini dianggap unggul kerana ia dapat berfungsisebagai bahan korban yang melindungi struktur batu-batadari agen kemerosotan seperti air, haba, hakisan, garam,tumbuhan dan haiwan perosak. Dari aspek penyenggaraan,kerosakan pada mortar kapur dan lepaan lebih mudah danmurah dibaiki berbanding menggantikan unit batu-batayang rosak. Justeru, kerosakan mortar kapur pada bangunanbatu lama tidak dianggap sebagai kegagalan sebaliknyakejayaan kerana kelakuan ini dapat memanjangkan kitarhayat bangunan (Ratcliffe dan Orton, 1998). Di Malaysia,bukti penggunaan mortar kapur dapat dilihat pada ratusanbangunan kolonial dan rumah kedai yang dibina sebelumPerang Dunia II, 1945 (Syed Zainol, 1995). Bagaimanapunpenggunaan mortar kapur pada bangunan beransur-ansurberkurangan dengan beroperasinya kilang simen Portland diRawang, Selangor pada tahun 1953. Perkembangan inidapat dilihat dari penggunaan konkrit bertetulang yangmeluas dan pesat dalam pembinaan bangunan baru daninfrastruktur (Voon Fee, 2007).

menyebabkan kerosakan pada fabrik dan kegagalankepada struktur dinding galas bangunan (lihat Rajah 1).Menurut Holmes dan Wingate (2002) kecacatan iniboleh dikurangi dan diatasi dengan menggunakanmortar baiki yang sama dengan yang asal iaitu mortarkapur dalam kerja membaiki dan menyenggarabangunan batu-bata bersejarah.

Menggunakan mortar kapur sebagai bahan baiki padabangunan bersejarah telah bermula lebih seabad yanglalu. Bukti kejayaan penggunaannya diceritakan olehHolmstrom (1996) dalam projek pemuliharaanbangunan bersejarah di Gamla Stan, Sweden. Praktismenggunakan kapur sebagai bahan pengikat dalammortar dan cat bukan sahaja mengembalikan nilaiestetika tetapi juga memanjangkan kitaranpenyenggaraan bangunan lama. Ini berlaku keranamortar dan cat kapur membenarkan bangunan lama‘bernafas’ sebagaimana kelakuan asalnya semasadibina. Kelakuan ini merujuk kepada pergerakan bebaslembapan melalui elemen binaan terutama strukturdinding galas. Selain itu, mortar kapur juga merupakanbahan boleh terbalik di mana ciri-ciri kimia mortar iniadalah sama dengan bahan mentah asalnya. Ciri-ciri inimenyebabkan mortar kapur boleh ditanggalkan ataudiubah dengan mudah tanpa mendatangkan kerosakankepada tempat yang dibaiki. Keadaan ini memberikangangguan minima kepada fabrik bangunan di sampingdapat mengekalkan ketulenan rekabentuk, teknologidan bahan binaan asal sesebuah bangunan lamabersejarah.

Di Malaysia, penggunaan mortar kapur dalam kerjamembaiki dan menyenggara bangunan warisanbersejarah telah bermula lebih sedekad yang lalu. Inidapat dilihat dari beberapa kertas seminar konservasibangunan di peringkat kebangsaan. A. Ghafar (2001)contohnya menceritakan penggunaan mortar kapurdalam kerja-kerja pembinaan semula dinding KotaCornwalis di Pulau Pinang. Manakala Mohd Zobir et al.(2004) melaporkan keputusan analisis mortar asal bagibangunan kolonial Panggung Drama yang terletak diJalan Bandar, Kuala Lumpur. Kedua-dua kajian tersebutbagaimanapun berdasarkan analisis kimia yangmenggunakan peralatan canggih. Walaupun kaedah iniberguna, ia secara relatif adalah mahal manakalakeputusan kajian tidak boleh digunakan secara tunggaldalam memberikan gambaran sebenar komposisimortar kapur asal (Middendorf et al., 2000). Keadaanini berlaku kerana unsur kalsium dan silicon dalammortar boleh wujud dalam dua bentuk iaitu sebagaipengikat dan/atau agregat.

Menyedari kelemahan ini, Middendorf et al. (2000)mencadangkan supaya mortar kapur dianalisis denganmenggunakan kombinasi beberapa kaedah dan satudarinya mestilah analisis basah iaitu pelarutan asiddiikuti dengan analisis ayak. Kedua-dua kaedah inidipilih kerana ianya mudah dan murah di sampingkeputusan kajiannya yang tepat dan boleh dipercayai.Berbeza dengan simen mortar pada bangunan moden,mortar kapur yang digunakan pada bangunanbersejarah adalah kompleks di mana ciri-cirinya bolehberubah mengikut masa, kaedah penyediaaan, sumbergeologinya dan agen kemerosotan. Menurut Goins(2000) ralat kajian boleh dikurangi dengan memahamikaedah analisis dan pensampelan mortar asal.

Sifat simen Portland yang cepat mengeras merupakanantara faktor utama yang menyebabkan penggunaannyameningkat dengan pesatnya bukan sahaja dalampembinaan bangunan baru tetapi juga dalam kerja-kerjapemuliharaan dan penyenggaraan bangunan batubersejarah. Siti Ummi Sarah (2008) melaporkan kesanpenggunaan mortar simen dalam kerja membaikpulihbangunan kolonial telah menyebabkan kerosakan yanglebih teruk pada struktur batu-bata. Kecacatan yang samajuga dilaporkan oleh beberapa penyelidik di negara barat(Hughes, 1986; Ballard, 2004). Keadaan ini berlaku keranamortar simen adalah padat dan lebih kuat berbanding batu-bata pada bangunan bersejarah. Penggunaan mortar simenpada bangunan bersejarah menyebabkan batu-bataterdedah kepada agen kemerosotan. Keadaan ini berlakukerana fungsi batu bata berubah menjadi elemen binaanyang lebih lemah dan berliang berbanding mortar simen.Akibatnya, batu-bata terdedah kepada kadar kecacatan dankerosakan yang tinggi. Keadaan ini seterusnya

Rajah 1: Kesan penggunaan mortar simen pada bangunankolonial (Kajian lapangan, 2009)

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2.0 Kriteria MemilihKaedah Analisis Pemeriksaan di tapak dan kajian dimakmal ke atas mortar asalmerupakan langkah awal sebelummemulakan kerja-kerja pemuliharaandan penyenggaraan bangunan batubersejarah. Kajian di makmalmelibatkan kos yang relatifnya tinggibergantung kepada jenis analisis,manakala pemeriksaan di tapakmemerlukan operator yang cekap danberpengetahuan luas bukan sahajadalam menganalisis mortar kapurtetapi juga dalam kerja pemuliharaanbangunan. Pemilihan yang betulditekankan kerana mortar kapurbersejarah adalah bahan yangkompleks, di mana ciri-ciri mortarnyaadalah berbeza mengikut tempat dankronologi pembinaan (Hughes danCallebaut, 2000).

Selain itu sifat fizikal, kimia danmekanikal mortar kapur bersejarahjuga boleh berubah terhadap masa(Binda et al., 2000). Justeru,pemilihan sampel yang betul adalahpenting supaya data yang terkumpuladalah tepat dan boleh dipercayai. Inidapat dicapai dengan mengenalpastiobjektif utama kajian dan memilihkaedah analisis serta kuantiti sampelyang sesuai.

Menurut Hughes dan Callebaut(2000), pemilihan kaedah bagimenganalisis mortar kapur bersejarahuntuk tujuan memulihara bangunanadalah berbeza dari tujuan akademik.Jadual 1 menunjukkan hubunganantara tujuan kajian dan maklumatyang diperlukan. Bagi bangunanbersejarah yang diwartakan,pengambilan sampel adalah terhadkepada kuantiti tertentu. Justeru,kaedah analisis yang dipilihhendaklah bersesuaian dengan

hendaklah direkodkan untuk rujukansemasa dan di masa depan. Sampelyang diambil perlu disimpan segeradalam bekas yang bertutup, kedapdan berlabel (rujuk Rajah 2). Langkahini penting bagi memastikan sampelkekal dalam keadaan asalnya dantidak tercemar.

3.0 Metodologi Tujuan kajian adalah untuk merumusformula mortar baiki bagi memuliharadan menyenggara bangunan batu-bata bersejarah. Objektif dicapaidengan melakukan pemeriksaan ditapak dan di makmal ke atas mortaryang diambil dari tiga buah bangunanpra perang di bandar Melaka.Pemeriksaan awal di tapak dilakukandengan menggunakan kantapembesar untuk mengenalpasti jenisagregat dan bahan tambah dalammortar. Manakala kajian di makmaldilakukan untuk mengetahuikomposisi mortar iaitu jenis pengikat,nisbah pengikat: pasir dan gred pasir.Kaedah yang dipilih untuk tujuan iniadalah pelarutan asid dan analisisayak. Pemilihan ini adalah selarasdengan pendapat Middendorf et al.(2000) di mana kaedah ini adalahmudah dan tepat untuk menganalisismortar kapur bersejarah.

3.1 Kajian KesMortar dari tiga buah bangunan lamadi bandar Melaka dipilih sebagaikajian kes. Bandar Melaka dipilihkerana kepentingan sejarah dan nilaisenibinanya. Bangunan kolonial danrumah kedai pra perang di bandar inimempunyai senibina yang unik danmenjadi daya tarikan utamakehadiran pelancong asing ke bandarini (A. Ghafar, 1998). Menyedarikepentingan ini, berbagai usahapemuliharaan dan penyenggaraantelah dan sedang dilakukan untuk

kuantiti sampel mortar asal yangboleh diambil.

Jadual 2 menunjukkan kaedahanalisis dan kuantiti sampel yangdiperlukan. Selain itu, kaedahpensampelan yang betul adalahpenting dalam mendapatkanrumusan mortar ganti yang samadengan mortar asal dan sepadandengan batu-bata.

2.1 Kaedah PensampelanPengambilan sampel mortar daribangunan bersejarah mengakibatkankerosakan kekal pada fabrikbangunan. Justeru, kerja pengambilansampel perlu dilakukan dengan telitidan terancang supaya sampel yangdiambil mencukupi dan dapatmewakili mortar asal. Beberapaperalatan yang sesuai diperlukanbergantung kepada kekerasan mortar.Tukul dan gerudi teras hanyadigunakan sekiranya pengambilansampel secara manual dengan tangantidak berjaya. Selain itu, maklumattentang lokasi dan kondisi sampelmortar serta bahan di sekelilingnya

Jadual 1: Tujuan kajian dan maklumat yang diperlukan(Hughes dan Callebaut, 2000)

Jadual 2: Kuantiti minimum sampel mortar (Hughes dan Callebaut, 2000)

Rajah 2: Cara menyimpan sampel mortar

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mengekalkan senibina bangunannya. Menurut A. Ghafar(2001), langkah terbaik bagi kerja ini adalah denganmenggunakan mortar kapur sebagai mortar baiki.Bagaimanapun, usaha ini sukar dilakukan keranakekurangan maklumat dan data berkaitan mortar kapurasal yang digunakan pada bangunan lama di Melaka.Kekurangan ini boleh menyebabkan mortar baiki inidirumus mengikut piawaian moden berasaskan mortarsimen. Praktis ini bagaimanapun bertentangan denganprinsip asas pemuliharaan bangunan, di mana bahanbaiki terbaik adalah bahan yang sama dengan asal.Pengunaan bahan baiki yang tepat dan sepadanditekankan kerana ia dapat memanjangkan hayatbangunan.

Rajah 3: Tiga kajian kes di bandar Melaka

Di Malaysia,penggunaan mortarkapur dalam kerja

membaiki danmenyenggara bangunan

warisan bersejarahtelah bermula lebihsedekad yang lalu.

Untuk tujuan tersebut di atas, mortar dari tiga kajian kes dipilih iaitu binaan Kubu Melaka, bangunan lama HSBC danrumah kedai lama. Rajah 3 menunjukkan lokasi bagi tigabuah bangunan yang dipilih. Mortar asal bagi Kubu Melakadiambil dari pengikat struktur asas yang terletak di bawahtanah manakala bagi bangunan lama HSBC dan rumahkedai lama, mortar diambil pada lepaan dinding luar yangtelah rosak.

3.2 Peralatan dan BahanBahan yang digunakan dalam kajian ini terdiri dari sampelmortar kapur bersejarah, asid hidroklorik 10% (larutkan10ml HCl 1N dalam 100ml air suling) dan air suling.Manakala peralatan yang digunakan dalam kajian iniadalah kanta pembesar, kamera, bikar kaca, rod kaca,pipet, penimbang digital, mangkuk pijar, spatula, ketuhar,mesin ayakan dan dulang ayak.

3.3 Prosedur Kajian Prosedur yang digunakan dalam kajian ini adalah sepertimana yang dicadangkan oleh Holmes dan Wingate (2002)dalam buku mereka bertajuk ‘Building with lime’.Bagaimanapun beberapa pengubahsuaian dilakukanberdasarkan kemudahan dan peralatan yang terdapat diMakmal Bangunan, Fakulti Alam Bina, Universiti Malaya.Prosedur kajian menurut urutan adalah seperti berikut:

1. Periksa komposisi sampel mortar menggunakan kantapembesar. Rekod tekstur sampel samada padat atauberliang. Catatkan kewujudan dan kuantiti bendasingseperti arang, kulit kerang, karangan laut, kapurdempol, batu kapur dan sebagainya.

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4.0 Analisis Data dan Perbincangan Keputusan kajian membincangkan sifat fizikal dankomposisi mortar kapur asal iaitu jenis kapur, nisbahkapur: pasir, jenis dan gred pasir yang terdapat dalammortar bersejarah di bandar Melaka. Gred pasir yang baikmembentuk taburan normal, contoh ditunjukkan dalamrajah 4 (The Scottish Lime Centre, 2003).

a) Mortar Kubu Melaka

Berdasarkan rekod sejarah, sampel mortar yang diperolehidari struktur asas Kubu Melaka dipercayai berusia lebih400 tahun dan dibina oleh Portugis (Hoyt, 1993).Pemeriksaan visual ke atas ketulan mortar ini mendapatiianya berwarna merah jambu dan agak berdebu. Keadaanini berlaku disebabkan kehadiran debu tanah atau batadalam mortar. Praktis mencampurkan debu bata ke dalammortar kapur merupakan amalan lazim bagi kebanyakannegara barat di abad ke 17 (Baronio dan Binda, 1988).

Pemeriksaan ke atas mortar tak terusik mendapati seketulkapur terhidrat sebesar 15mm terperangkap di tengahmortar (lihat Rajah 5). Kewujudan kapur terhidratmenunjukkan mortar dihasilkan di tapak dan ianyadisediakan dengan menimbus pasir basah ke atas kapurtohor. Air dari pasir bertindak dengan kapur tohor danmembentuk kapur terhidrat. Tindakbalas diiringi denganpembebasan haba yang banyak bergantung kepadaketulinan kapur. Mortar yang terhasil kemudiannya terusdigunakan untuk membina dinding bata tanpa menunggu

2. Timbang kira-kira 100 gram sampel mortar yangbelum terusik menggunakan penimbang digital.Kemudian hancurkan sampel ini menggunakantangan dan asingkan dari sampel bahan-bahan yangberkalsium karbonat seperti kulit kerang, batu kapuratau karang laut.

3. Masukkan sampel mortar yang hancur ke dalambikar kaca. Kemudian curahkan asid hidroklorik 10%ke dalam bikar sehingga semua sampel mortartenggelam. Biarkan asid bertindakbalas dengankapur di dalam mortar. Ini ditunjukkan olehpembentukan buih yang banyak. Kacau campuran inimenggunakan rod kaca supaya semua sampelbersentuhan dengan asid. Tambah asid dan kacaucampuran sekiranya perlu. Rekodkan warna larutan,tahap tindakbalas antara asid dan sampel serta jenisbau yang terbebas.

4. Bersihkan permukaan dinding bikar denganmenyemburkan air suling padanya. Kemudianlarutan dalam bikar dibiarkan selama 15 jam supayabahan sisa pepejal terenap. Larutan jernih tanpa sisakemudiannya disedut menggunakan pipet.Masukkan sisa basah dalam mangkuk pijar dankeringkannya dalam ketuhar pada suhu 100 darjahCelsius selama 12 jam.

5. Timbang sisa yang kering bersama mangkuk pijar.Kemudian ayak sisa ini menggunakan mesin ayakandan dulang ayak. Dulang ayak disusun mengikuturutan di mana saiz ayak terbesar terletak di atasdiikuti yang kecil dibawahnya. Saiz ayak yangdigunakan untuk menganalisis sisa kering ini adalahadalah 5, 2.36, 1.18, 0.6, 0.3, 0.15 dan 0.53 mm.

6. Timbang dan rekodkan berat sisa yang tertinggal diatas setiap dulang ayak. Periksa kondisi pasir dalamsisa ini samada ianya berbentuk pasir butiranterasing atau gumpalan pasir halus yang terikat padatdan padu.

7. Analisis keputusan kajian dengan mengira beratbahan berkalsium karbonat dan peratusan sisapepejal yang tertahan di atas dulang ayak.

Rajah 4: Contoh pasir bergred baik (The Scottish LimeCentre, 2003)

Rajah 5: Kapur terhidrat terperangkap didalam mortar kapur bersejarah

Berdasarkan rekod sejarah,sampel mortar yang diperolehi

dari struktur asas Kubu Melakadipercayai berusia lebih 400

tahun dan dibina oleh Portugis(Hoyt, 1993).

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Vol.45 No.3 2010 19

mortar sejuk dan kapur terhidratsepenuhnya. Kaedah pembinaan inimenjadi pilihan Portugis kerana KubuMelaka merupakan benteng pertahananpenting dan perlu dibina segera bagimengekalkan pendudukannya ke atasBandar Melaka. Praktis menggunakanmortar kapur yang masih panas adalahlazim di negara Eropah bagi tujuanmerintangi serangan fros (Baronio danBinda, 1988). Pemeriksaan menggunakankanta mendapati ketulan kecil arangterdapat dalam mortar ini. Keadaan inimenunjukkan batu kapur beserta sisapembakaran tercampur semasapenyediaan mortar kapur bersejarah. Iniberlaku kerana kayu dan batu kapurdibakar bersama-sama di dalam tanurtegak. Keadaan ini lazim dalampengeluaran kapur sebelum tanur berputardiperkenalkan pada pertengahan abad ke19 (Binda et al., 1988).

Rajah 6 menunjukkan taburan saiz pasirbagi mortar bersejarah yang diambil dariasas kubu Kota Melaka. Merujuk kepadaRajah 4, pasir bagi mortar ini adalahbergred baik tetapi dikelaskan bersaizhalus. Ini berlaku kerana 3 suku daripadapasir ini mempunyai saiz tidak melebihi 0.6mm. Keputusan kajian menunjukkan 18%agregat adalah bersaiz 0.053 mm dan lebihhalus. Ini menunjukkan pasir sungai danlumpur digunakan dalam penyediaanmortar.

b) Mortar kapur dari Bangunan lamaHSBC

Bangunan lama HSBC Melaka dibina padaawal abad ke 20. Pemeriksaan dengankanta pembesar mendapati tekstur mortarkapur lepaan dinding luar bangunan iniadalah padat. Keadaan ini menunjukkanmortar disediakan dengan cara yang lebihteliti berbanding mortar pada Kubu Melaka.Perkembangan ini sepadan denganpencapaian baik dari aspek sosio ekonomidi mana penggunaan mortar kapur telahberkembang luas dalam pembinaanbangunan batu.

Rajah 6 menunjukkan taburan saiz pasiryang digunakan dalam mortar bagi melepadinding luar bangunan lama HSBC diMelaka. Pasir yang digunakan dalammortar ini adalah bergred baik (rujuk Rajah

Rajah 6: Taburan saiz pasir dalam mortar bersejarah

Jadual 3: Nisbah kapur: pasir bagi mortar bersejarah

4). Bagaimanapun ia dikelaskanbersaiz kasar kerana tiga sukudarinya tertahan pada ayakbersaiz 0.6 mm. Kandungan pasirkasar yang tinggi menyebabkanmortar mempunyai liang ronggayang banyak. Keadaan inimembantu pengerasan mortarsecara pengkarbonan. Selain itu,ia juga membenarkan penyejatanlembapan ke atmosfera dengancepat. Kewujudan arang dalammortar menunjukkan sisapembakar tercampur semasapenyediaan mortar. Ini mungkindilakukan secara sengaja dengantujuan untuk memberikankekuatan tambahan kepadamortar kapur.

c) Mortar kapur dari rumahkedai

Bangunan rumah kedai di manasampel mortar diambil dipercayaidibina pada awal abad ke 19(Hoyt, 1993). Mortar kapur inimempunyai tekstur yang padatdan relatifnya sama denganmortar dari bangunan lama HSBC.

Analisis ayak menunjukkan pasiryang digunakan adalah bergredbaik (rujuk Rajah 4 dan 6).Bagaimanapun pasir dikelaskanbergred kasar kerana 70%tertahan di atas dulang ayak 0.6mm. Kewujudan 4% pasir bersaizkecil dari 0.053 mm danberwarna merah jambumenunjukkan kehadiran sedikitdebu tanah dalam mortar kapur.Kewujudan pasir dalam bentukbutiran menunjukkan tiadatindakabalas kimia berlaku diantara debu tanah dan kapurdempol untuk membentuk bahanberhidraulik.

4.1 Nisbah Kapur:PasirDalam Mortar Jadual 3 menunjukkan nisbahberat kapur: pasir bagi tiga kajiankes yang dibincangkan di atas.Hasil kajian menunjukkan nisbahberat kapur: pasir yang digunakandalam mortar kapur bersejarahadalah di antara 1:2 hingga 1:5.Komposisi mortar mortar

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The Scottish Lime Centre (2003) TAN1: Preparation and use oflime mortars, Edinburgh: Historic Scotland

Voon Fee, Chen (2007) Architecture, Didier Milley Pty. Ltd

bersejarah didapati berbeza-beza mengikut era pembinaandan kegunaannya. Kajian menunjukkan lepaan kapur padabangunan lama HSBC mempunyai kandungan kapurtertinggi. Pemeriksaan kondisi di tapak menunjukkanmortar ini lebih keras serta melekat kuat pada bangunanberbanding mortar yang lain. Ini menunjukkan seluruhkapur dempol yang mengikat agregat telah bertindakbalasdengan gas karbon dioksida di atmosfera dan bertukarmenjadi batu kapur. Mortar kapur dari Kubu Melaka jugadidapati kaya dengan kapur di mana nisbah beratkapur:pasir adalah 1:3. Mortar ini bagaimanapun agakrapuh kerana terletak di bawah tanah dan sentiasabersentuhan dengan air. Keadaan ini menghalangpengerasan mortar kapur secara pengkarbonan, iaitutindakbalas kapur terhidrat dengan gas karbon dioksida.

Keputusan kajian menunjukkan nisbah berat kapur: pasirpada lepaan rumah teres adalah bersamaan 1:5. Nisbah iniadalah bersamaan dengan nisbah piawai penyediaanmortar simen moden iaitu 1:3 (isipadu). Pengurangannisbah kapur berlaku kerana bahan ini relatifnya mahalberbanding batu-bata. Mortar ini juga mempunyai teksturyang lebih poros dan berliang.

5.0 Kesimpulan dan CadanganKajian menunjukkan kaedah pelarutan asid adalah sesuaiuntuk menganalisis mortar kapur bersejarah di Malaysiakerana bahan pengikat yang digunakan adalah jenis kapurtulen. Kajian juga mendapati pasir bergred baik telahdigunakan dalam penyediaan mortar kapur bersejarah.Bagaimanapun taburan saiz pasir didapati berbeza

Kajian menunjukkankaedah pelarutan asid

adalah sesuai untukmenganalisis mortar kapur

bersejarah di Malaysiakerana bahan pengikatyang digunakan adalah

jenis kapur tulen.

mengikut kegunaan mortar dan era pembinaan.Keputusan analisis pelarutan asid ke atas mortarbersejarah menunjukkan nisbah berat kapur: pasir adalahdi antara 1:2 hingga 1:5. Rumusan ini secara amnya bolehdigunakan dalam menyediakan mortar ganti bagi kerjamemulihara dan menyenggara bangunan lama yang dikajidan yang seusia dengannya. Walau bagaimanapun, kajianyang lebih mendalam perlu dilakukan untukmengenalpasti ciri-ciri mekanikal dan kimia mortar kapurbersejarah di samping mengenalpasti kaedah tradisionaldalam penyediaan mortar kapur. Kajian yang dicadangkanadalah penting dalam merumus mortar ganti yang lebihtepat dan tahan lasak.

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Vol.45 No.3 2010 21

Development of GUI forRunoff Estimation by SCS Curve Number Method Using MapObjects and Visual Basic

The Soil Conservation Service (SCS) Curve Number Method has been widely used as the preferredmethod for runoff estimation. This method simplifies the relationship between rainfall and runoff byintroducing the Curve Number as a constant. The Curve Number varies according to land use and soil

type which are the two most significant factors governing runoff generation. Presently, many computerprogrammes provide runoff estimation based on the SCS Curve Number Method such as the WinTR-55.This study made an attempt to develop a Graphical User Interface (GUI) for runoff estimation using the

SCS Curve Number Method by integrating Microsoft Excel, MapObjects 2.3 and Visual Basic 6. Theprogramme accepts watershed boundary, soil map and land use map as input. GUI intersects soil and

land use maps and then assigns a Curve Number (CN) and the runoff can be calculated using Excel. Thespatial display of result provides helpful information in the Best Management Practise (BMP) for

watershed management, land use management, and flood mitigation and irrigation planning.

*Wan Hussin W.M.A., *Mohd. Sanusi S.A., **Shamshad A.*School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia**Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, New Delhi, IndiaE-mail: * wmabwh@gmail.com, ** sahmad.ci@jmi.ac.in

1. INTRODUCTION

In hydrology, the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) NumberMethod is used to determine how much rainfallinfiltrates the ground and how much rainfall becomes

surface runoff. A high Curve Number means high runoffand low infiltration, whereas a low Curve Number meanslow runoff and high infiltration. The Curve Number isdefined by the land use and hydrologic soil group data.This is the most common method for predicting stormrunoff volume. Many watershed models such as AGNPS(Young et al., 1994), EPIC (Williams, 1995) and SWAT(Arnold et al., 1998) used this method to determine runoff.

Details of spatial variation of catchment are lost when atraditional approach of an area weighted Curve Number foran entire watershed is used to study the runoff. There is aneed to develop a watershed-modelling GIS tool for anypolygon shape. The advancements and increasingavailability of GIS information, high speed computers andsoftware development tools like object-orientedprogramming (OOP) and visual programming languagesalso contributed to such developments. The developmentof a hydrological system has thus become a relatively easytask with data access management and some GISfunctionality (Zhan and Huang, 2004).

This study discusses the procedure and also presentspartial results to develop a graphical user interface (GUI)for the estimation of runoff using the SCS Curve NumberMethod. The interface can be developed using MicrosoftVisual Basic 6.0 Professional which can be combined withMicrosoft Excel and MapObjects. The function of the toolwill be to intercept soil type and land use data with eachother and that can be used to define the Curve Numberautomatically by adding the soil and land use data withGIS capabilities.

2. OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING(OOP)There is no standard definition of Object-OrientedProgramming (OOP). The tools available to theprogrammer depend on the type of programmingenvironment used. The Object-Oriented Programming maybe defined as the programming language model organisedaround objects rather than actions and data rather thanlogic. A programme is viewed as a logical procedure thatinputs data, processes it and produces output data. Thebasic stress in a programme is how to write the logic, nothow to define the data. In Object-Oriented Programming,what is of concern is the manner in which the objects aremanipulated rather than the logic required to manipulatethem.

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THEMALAYSIANSURVEYOR

The first step in OOP is the identification of all the objectsthat are required to be manipulated and to know theirrelationship with each other, which is often known as datamodelling. Once an object has been identified, it isgeneralised as a class of objects, the kind of datacontained by it and logic sequences that can manipulate itare defined. Each distinct logic sequence is known as amethod.

The concepts and rules used in OOP provide the followingimportant benefits (Kristi, 1997):

Reusable and maintainable: The object is designedsuch that it can solve many problems of the sametype, rather than solving a specific problem.

Robust: The object is free of errors and also safe fromerrors in other objects.

Efficient: The object performs the task quickly using afew resources. The reuse of codes encouragesefficiency.

Compatible: Although the object is independent, itcan interact with other objects as and when required.

Extensible: The object can incorporate newrequirements.

Ease of use: The object is intuitive as it is based onreal world examples.

High integrity: The object neither contradicts itself northe environment by identifying external objectinteractions.

3. ENVIRONMENT FOR DEVELOPMENT OFGUI The GUI technical development for the SCS Curve NumberMethod will consist of three sub-systems namely datamanagement, model management and user interface.Microsoft Excel plays the role of a base for these sub-systems. Sheets are used for data management work, thebuilt-in mathematical functions forms the model base andVisual Basic then integrates both the designing ofinterfaces and the building of complex models (Figure 1).MapObjects will enhance mapping abilities. In this case,

…the Soil ConservationService (SCS) Number Methodis used to determine how muchrainfall infiltrates the ground

and how much rainfallbecomes surface runoff.

Visual Basic Development Environment

Spreadsheet

Excel Environment

Ac�veX Automa�on Interface

MapObjects Component

Figure 1: GUI development environment using Excel andMapObjects

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Vol.45 No.3 2010 23

the function is the same as that of ArcViewwhich is needed to intercept between the soiltype map and the land use map. The technicaldetails of the software used are discussed in thefollowing sections.

3.1 Microsoft Excel Excel is a complex software from Microsoftwhich is used to solve problems incomputational science. It is a multi-purposesoftware used as a calculator, data organiser,graphic programme, database, statisticalprogramme accounting system, etc. Excel is alsothe most commonly used software for complexstatistical and engineering analysis as it providesa set of data analysis tools. It has many built-infunctions classified as financial, date and time,statistics, mathematics, etc. The functions caneasily be inserted by the user using the functiondialog box. These functions can be used foralmost all well-structured problems.

Users of Excel can also use Online AnalyticalProcessing (OLAP), which is a type of softwarethat provides analysis of data stored in adatabase or data warehouse. OLAP tools canquickly provide the answer to complex databasequeries and enable users to analyse different dimensionsof multi-dimensional data. OLAP is often used in dataprocessing of data warehouse which contains largeamount of data, which is often termed as data mining, andis a collection of subject-oriented, integrated, time-variant,non-volatile collection of data that supports the decisionmaking process of management.

3.2 MapObjects Application Features andFunctionsMapObjects is likely to become the programmingenvironment for those wishing to build GIS capabilitiesinto an application developed within a windows-basedprogramming environment. Most of the GIS applicationdevelopers may be acquainted with popular GIS softwareslike IDRISI, ArcView, Erdas Imagine and ILWIS, etc., butmay have little idea of MapObjects and the programmingenvironment that it is designed for.

MapObjects is a collection of mapping and geographicinformation system (GIS) components from theEnvironmental Systems Research Institute, Inc. (ESRI). Itconsists of an ActiveXTM Control and many programmableActiveX Automation Objects that allow applicationdevelopers to add dynamic mapping and GIS capabilitiesto applications. MapObjects ActiveX can be used withmany standard programming environments, such as VisualBasic, Delphi, Visual C++, etc., so applications can bedeveloped quickly and easily (www.esri.com, 2006).

MapObjects offers capabilities to help programmers forinsertion of dynamic maps into multiple applicationsincluding the following:

Supports a variety of data sources and image formats

Possesses advanced geocoding capabilities

A scale bar, legend control including source codedesigned to help in easily developing otherapplications

Management of GPS data

Possesses advanced data handling capabilities foroptimised performance

Built-in capabilities with ArcIMS Web connectivitymiddleware for development of a Web-basedmapping and GIS applications

MapObjects application contains a standard set of maptools viz. zoom, pan, find, information tool, and layerproperties. Points or lines associated with pictures, sub-surface cross sections panoramic movies, samplingdescriptions, etc. are hyperlinked to the associated images.For querying the tabular analytical databases, an interfaceis developed and integrated into the application. Thecreation of custom dialogs using the Visual Basicdevelopment environment in Excel is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Creation of custom dialogs using Visual Basicdevelopment environment in Excel

The GUI technicaldevelopment for the SCS

Curve Number Method willconsist of three sub-systems namely datamanagement, model

management and userinterface.

A CN of 100 represents a limiting condition of a perfectlyimpermeable watershed with zero retention and thus, allthe rainfall becoming runoff. A CN of zero conceptuallyrepresents the other extreme, with the watershedabstracting all rainfall with no runoff regardless of therainfall amount.

Watershed parameter CN can be determined fromempirical information. SCS has developed tables of initialCurve Number (CNi) values as a function of the watershedsoil type, land cover/use/condition. These are listed in theSCS-SA User Manual (Schulze et al., 1992).

Hydrologic soil groups refer to the standard SCS soilclassification procedures, where classification A refers tosand and aggregated silts with high infiltration rates, andgoes to classification D, that corresponds to soils that swellsignificantly when wet and have low infiltration rates.Table 1 summarises the characteristics of the hydrologicsoil groupings (Schulze et al., 1992).

For a watershed with sub-areas of different soil types andland cover, a composite Curve Number CN is determinedby weighting the CN for the different sub-areas inproportion to the land area associated with each.

After getting the Curve Number value and the rainfall data,the next procedure is to calculate the Curve Number foreach drainage basin by area-weighting the land use-soilgroup polygons within the drainage basin boundaries. The

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THEMALAYSIANSURVEYOR

SPISPQ8.0)2.0( 2

+−

= (1)

4. SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE (SCS)METHODThe Soil Conservation Service (SCS) method is used todetermine the surface runoff from a watershed. Runoff isaffected by several parameters such as soil type, soilmoisture content, and land use. As these parameters arenot constant throughout the watershed, the CurveNumbers need to be adjusted to this situation as well.Before the programme can carry out modification, areference Curve Number should be provided. These valuesof Curve Number differ for every soil hydrological groupand land use type (TR-55, 1986).

Many water quality parameters can be calculated such asthe sediment and nutrient transports based on the runoff.Some applications of this method with watershed modelsin Kansas were reported recently (Bhuyan et al., 2002;Bhuyan et al., 2003; Tsou and Zhan, 2004). Traditionally,an area weighted average Curve Number for the entirewatershed is used to study the runoff of a watershed.Details of the spatial variation in the watershed are oftenlost. A software known as ArcCN Runoff was developed tocalculate the runoff as an ArcGIS tool for generating CurveNumber and runoff (Zhan and Huang, 2004). StandardSCS CN method is based on the following relationshipbetween rainfall depth, P and runoff depth, Q, both inmillimetres.

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ −= 1100254CN

S (2)

Soil Group Runoff poten�al Infiltra�on Soil structureA Low High Sand, sandy loam, loamy landB Moderately low Low Loam, silt loamC Moderately high Low Sandy clay loamD High Very low Clay loam, clay, silty clay, sandy clay

Antecedent Moisture Condi�on(AMC)

USDA – SCS, 1985 (AMC 5 days)

I (Dry) < 36mmII (Normal) 36 – 53 mm

III (Wet) > 53 mm

Table 1: Hydrological soil group

Table 2: AMC Categories

To obtain the volumes, P and Q (in millimetres) must bemultiplied by the basin area. The potential maximumretention, S (in millimetres), represents an upper limit ofthe amount of water that can be abstracted by thewatershed through surface storage, infiltration, and otherhydrologic abstractions. For convenience, S is expressed asbelow in terms of CN, which is a dimensionless watershedparameter ranging from 0 to 100.

Creating an easy applicationto use will save the end-

users' cost and timeassociated with the training

generally required to performanalyses associated withmore sophisticated GIS

software packages.

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Vol.45 No.3 2010 25

∑

∑

=

= n

ii

n

iii

av

A

ACNCN

1

)*((3)

CNIIxCNIICNI058.0102.4

−= (4)

CNIIxCNIICNIII13.010

23+

= (5)

Land Use data

Soil data

Boundary

Sub class

Hydrological Soil Group

Curve Number Run OffIntercept

Input layer Process Select field Process Output Calculation

Figure 3: Process of the model

basic equation for average Curve Number calculation isshown below:

Figure 4: Hydrological soil group map shown in window

Assign a Curve Number to each unique polygon,based on the standard SCS Curve Number tables.

Standard coding procedures should be followed toincrease efficiency and to organise code in a logicalmanner and increasing readability.

5.1 GUI DevelopmentThe mapping ability in Excel is achieved using MapObjects.The procedure to integrate GIS and spread sheet usingVisual Basic Programming environment is as discussedbelow:

1. Set Excel to design mode using toolbox.

2. Insert MapObjects to the Excel Sheet, and positionand size the map control as necessary.

3. In Visual Basic environment, add codes to realise GISand spread sheet functions, if necessary.

The buttons for opening map layer, Zoom, Pan, Identify,FullMap Extent etc. were created as shown in Figure 4 onForm 1 using Visual Basic, MapObjects and Excel. The

This CN value is for AMC II, and maximum potentialretention is given by this equation where CN valueobtained is CN II for AMC II.

CN value can be adjusted for near saturated and drywatersheds by using the following two equations:

5. BUILDING APPLICATIONSEstimating a Curve Number requires the mapping of thesoil and land use within the drainage basin boundaries,the specification of unique soil types and the unique landuse categories. The application has to be developedsystematically. The flow chart in Figure 3 shows the stepsimplemented in this study.

The typical process for estimating the Curve Number for adrainage area is as follows:

Define and map the boundary of the drainage basinfor which the Curve Number will be calculated.

Map the soil types and land use for the drainage basinof interest.

Convert the soil types to hydrologic soil groups.

Overlay the land use and hydrologic soil group maps,identify each unique land use-soil group polygon, anddetermine the area of each polygon.

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THEMALAYSIANSURVEYOR

necessary codes were written for each button to makethem operational. Form 2 in the programme is used toadd the layer or map that will appear in the programme.The map will be shown on the Form if the checkbox isclicked. Adding map processes is almost similar to addingthemes in the ArcView GIS software. The boundary,hydrological soil group map and the land use map wereadded as shown in Figures 4 and 5, respectively.

This programme then identified the land use and the soiltype when a point was selected using the identify function.Then a Form will show the data which is included in themap. All the information in the land use map and the soilhydrologic type map were saved in Excel. Both thehydrological soil group map and land use map were thenintersected to determine the Curve Number. Figure 6shows how the programme works during intersectingprocess. Figure 6 also shows the data of one selectedpoint in the land use and soil map. It shows that the landuse category is urban and the soil type group is A.

…the SoilConservationService (SCS)

Number Method isused to determinehow much rainfall

infiltrates theground and how

much rainfallbecomes surface

runoff.

Combination of the land use map and soil map atthis location indicates Urban-A category. Thecorresponding value of the Curve Number for thisselected point is obtained from Table 4 which is 77.Similarly, all other Curve Numbers corresponding tothe land use and soil categories are determined. Allthe Curve Numbers are then entered in Excel and theaverage Curve Number is obtained.

6. CONCLUSIONThe methodology for development of the GUI forestimation of runoff from a watershed with GIScapabilities is presented and partially implementedby integrating Microsoft Excel, Visual Basic andMapObjects. The tool is helpful to researchcommunities for protection of water resources andwater quality in watersheds. The proposedintegration is useful and simple to help the successof this modelling. The programme has helped theprocess of determining the Curve Number moreaccurately and faster. However, there are user-friendlyscopes of improvement and more functions can beadded to this programme to make it more user-friendly and all the parameters to model the rainfalland runoff can be calculated. The application can bedeveloped as a stand-alone product to eliminate theneed for the end user to purchase a GIS software.Creating an easy application to use will save the end-users’ cost and time associated with the training

MapObjects offerscapabilities to help

programmers for insertion ofdynamic maps into multiple

applications…

Figure 6: The intersected land use map and soil intercepted

g p

Figure 5: Land use map shown in window

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Vol.45 No.3 2010 27

Hydrological Soil Group Land Use

A B C D

Rubber 64 74 81 85

Coconut 71 80 87 90

Oil Palm 64 74 81 85

Cocoa 64 74 81 85

Pineapple 71 80 87 90

Paddy 64 75 83 86

Mixed Planta�on 67 78 85 89

Fruit Farm 64 74 81 85

Sugarcane 67 78 85 89

Mixed Vegetable 67 78 85 89

Tropical Forest 32 53 67 74

Mangrove Forest 35 56 70 77

Cleared Land 77 85 90 92

Range Land 59 74 82 86

Mineral Mines 68 79 86 89

Urban Land 77 85 90 92

Table 3: Curve Number of study area

generally required to perform analyses associated withmore sophisticated GIS software packages.

AcknowledgementThe study was undertaken for the project entitled GISBased Watershed Management System for Non-PointSource (NPS) Pollution Modelling from the Ministry ofScience, Technology and the Innovation (MOSTI) Malaysia,and Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) under IRPA grant.

REFERENCESArnold, J.G., Srinivasan, R., Muttiah, R.S., and Williams J.R.(1998). Large area hydrologic modeling and assessment,Part I: Model development. Journal of American WaterResources Association 34 (1): 73-89.

Bhuyan, S.J., Koelliker, J.K. Marzen, L.J., and Harrington, J.A.(2002). Assessment of runoff and sediment yield usingremote sensing, GIS, and AGNPS. Journal of Soil and WaterConservation 57 (6): 351-364.

Bhuyan, S.J., Koelliker, J.K., Marzen, L.J., and Harrington, J.A.(2003). An integrated approach for water qualityassessment of Kansas watershed. Environmental Modeling& Software 18: 473-484.

Hughes, D.A. and Forsyth, D.A. (2006). A generic databaseand spatial interface for the application of hydrological andwater resources models. Computer and Geosciences 32(9):1389-1402.

Kristi, L. (1997). Application Development with MapObjectsand Visual Basic. Paper presented in ESRI User Conference1997.

Li, Y. Shen, Q. and Li, H. (2004). Design of spatial decisionsupport systems for property professionals usingMapObjects and Excel. Automation in Construction 13: 565-573.

Schulze, R.E., Schmidt, E.J., Smithers, J.C. (1992). SCS-SAUser Manual PC Based SCS Design Flood Estimates forSmall Catchments in Southern Africa, Report No. 40,Department of Agricultural Engineering University of Natal,Pietermaritzburg, South Africa.

TR-55, (1986). Technical Release 55: Urban Hydrology forSmall Watershed. NRCS-USDA, 1986.

USDA, (1986). United States Department of Agriculture, SoilConservation Service: Urban Hydrology for SmallWatersheds. Technical Release 55. National TechnicalInformation Service, Springfield, VA.

Williams, J.R., Dyke, P.T., and Jones, C.A. (1982). EPIC-amodel for assessing the effects of erosion and soilproductivity. In: Proceedings of the Third InternationalConference on the State-of-the Art in Ecological Modeling.International Society of Ecological Modeling.

Young, R.A., Onstand, C.A., Bosch, D.D., and Anderson, W.P.(1994). Agricultural non-point source pollution model.AGNPS User’s Guide, Version 4.03, USDA-ARS.

Zhan, X. and Huang, M.L. (2004). ArcCN-Runoff: an ArcGIStool for generation curve number and runoff maps.Environmental Modeling & Software 19: 875-879.

ESRI, MapObjectsTM. (2006). Embeddable GIS andMapping Components for Application Developers(www.esri.com)

The tool is helpful to researchcommunities for protection of

water resources and waterquality in watersheds.

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ISU-ISU BERKAITANBURUH MAHIR ASINGDALAM INDUSTRI BINAANRadzi Ismail, Prof Madya Abdul Aziz Hussin, Dr Mohd Wira Mohd ShafieiPusat Pengajian Perumahan, Bangunan dan Perancangan, Universiti Sains MalaysiaEmail: radhi_ismail@yahoo.com, abdaziz@usm.my, wira@usm.my

Isu utama dalam sektor binaan negara adalah lambakan buruh mahir asing yang mengurangkan peluangpekerjaan kepada penduduk tempatan. Artikel ini membincangkan mengenai punca pengambilan buruh

mahir asing berbanding buruh mahir tempatan oleh kontraktor dan mengenalpasti bidang kemahiranyang ditawarkan di institusi kemahiran samada ia mengikut keperluan sektor binaan negara. Penemuankajian telah mendapati separuh daripada buruh mahir yang bekerja dengan mereka adalah buruh mahir

asing. Seterusnya, faktor sikap buruh mahir asing manjadi daya tarikan kepada majikan untukmengambil mereka bekerja. Kursus yang ditawarkan oleh institusi kemahiran tidak memenuhi kehendak

majikan terhadap buruh mahir. Selain itu, kerajaan perlu menyelaraskan upah bagi buruh mahirtempatan dan asing supaya tidak mempunyai perbezaan yang ketara. Institusi kemahiran perlu menilai

kursus yang ditawarkan di peringkat sijil agar memenuhi keperluan buruh mahir dalam sektor binaandan menerapkan sikap bertanggungjawab dan keutamaan kualiti kerja kepada pelajarnya.

Peer Review

Vol.45 No.3 2010 29

PENGENALAN

Kemasukan buruh asing adalahbermula daripada penjajahanBritish yang membawa masuk

buruh-buruh asing, secara tidak langsungpada ketika itu telah merubah corakekonomi Tanah Melayu iaitu daripadaekonomi tradisional kepada ekonomisecara kapitalis atau moden. Negara awalpada awal kemasukan buruh asing adalahIndia dan China (kumpulan Intelek J.P.MU.M 1995). Pada tahun 1901 menunjukkanterdapat 58,211 orang India, 299,739 Cinadan pada tahun 1911 menunjukkanbilangan mereka semakin bertambah,orang India seramai 172, 465 dan Cina433,244. Keadaan ini mewujudkan bentukmasyarat berbilang bangsa di NegeriMelayu iaitu Melayu, Cina dan India yangmempunyai perbezaan samasekali dalamkebudayaannya, bahasa, cara hidup, sosialdan politiknya. Perbezaan ini menyebabkanadanya konflik nilai dari aspekkepercayaan, hak kelahiran, politik,ekonomi, pendidikan dan sosial di antarakaum ini di Malaysia. Sumber-sumber inputbinaan dalam pembinaan adalahgunatenaga, bahan binaan, loji dan alatbinaan dan kewangan (Abu Bakar, A H1998). Guna tenaga merupakan salah satuinput utama yang berpengaruh. Sekiranya,berlaku kelebihan bilangan buruh intensifpenggunaan buruh di dalam pembinaanakan menjadi lebih ekonomi tetapisekiranya berkurangan terutamamelibatkan bidang khusus akan menimbulmasalah dan kesukaran di dalam membuatpenentuan berkaitan kenaikan harga (AquaGroup, 1999). Setelah menilai isu-isuberkaitan buruh mahir asing yang datangke negara untuk bekerja dalam industribinaan, kajian ini telah menetapkanbeberapa objektif-objektif iaitumengenalpasti punca pengambilan buruhmahir asing berbanding buruh mahirtempatan dan mengenalpasti bidangkemahiran yang ditawarkan di institusikemahiran samada ia mengikut keperluansektor binaan di negara ini.

Keluaran Dalam Negeri Kasar (KNDK) mengikut Sektor 2006-2008 (pada harga 2000)

Sektor Perubahan Bahagian kepada KDNK Sumbangan kepada (%) (%) Pertumbuhan KDNK

(mata peratusan)

2006 2007(1) 2008(2) 2006 2007(1) 2008(2) 2006 2007(1) 2008(2)

Pembinaan -0.5 5.2 6.3 3.1 3.0 3.0 0.0 0.2 0.2

(1) Anggaran (2) Unjuran

PENGENALAN SEKTORBINAAN 1.0 Perkembangan IndustriBinaan Negara Perkembangan industri binaannegara terus mencatatkankenaikan. Jadual 1 menunjukkanKDNK sektor binaan, bagi tahun2006-2008 secara keseluruhansektor ini dijangkakan akan terusmencatatkan kenaikan. Padatahun 2007 kadar pertumbuhansebanyak 5.2% akan memberikanperkembangan positif kepadakenaikan pada tahun seterusnya.Pada tahun 2008 sebanyak 6.3%kadar perubahan kenaikandijangka akan berlaku, berikutanpeningkatan aktiviti kejuruteraanawam pada separuh kedua tahun.Pada suku keempat 2007, sektorpembinaan terus mengekalkanpertumbuhan pada kadar 4.7peratus. Pertumbuhan inididorong oleh perkembangandalam projek kejuruteraan awamseperti pembinaan lebuh raya,

lapangan terbang, stesen janakuasa dan aktiviti infrastrukturyang lain oleh sektor swasta dankerajaan. Bagi keseluruhan tahun,sektor pembinaan mencatatkanpertumbuhan tahunan tertinggisejak tahun 1999 denganpeningkatan sebanyak 4.6 peratus.Dalam hal ini, sektor swasta telahmembantu dalam peningkatan ini,terutamanya kerja-kerja tempaanindustri minyak dan gas sertaprojek pengantian danpemasangan paip. (Prestasi danProspek Laporan Ekonomi2005/2006).

2.0 Pendaftaran KontraktorMengikut CIDB(Construction IndustryDevelopment Board) Perkembangan industri binaannegara telah mendorongpeningkatan bilangan kontraktormengikut kelas. Rajah 1menunjukkan pendaftarankontraktor sehingga Disember2005.

Jadual 1: Keluaran dalam negeri kasar (KNDK) mengikut sektor 2006-2008

Rajah 1: Pendaftaran kontraktor sehingga Disember 2005

Sumber: Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia 2008

Sumber: Lembaga Pembangunan Industri Pembinaan Malaysia (CIDB)

Pengunaan tiga kategori guna tenagadalam industri binaan iaitu pakarteknologi, buruh mahir dan buruhseparuh mahir, tidak mahir dan amadalah seperti Rajah 2. Pakarteknologi merupakan jumlah bilanganyang kecil iaitu sebanyak 1%. Pakarteknologi merupakan golongan yangmemandu arah, merancang,mengawal, mengorganisasi danmenyusun sesuatu projek ke arahmencapai kejayaan.

Manakala bagi buruh mahir, merekaadalah golongan yang memahamitugas yang disampaikan olehgolongan profesional atau pakarteknologi untuk diterangkan kepadapekerja di bawahnya atau buruhseparuh mahir, tidak mahir dan am.Mereka mempunyai kepakarantersendiri yang tidak dapat dilakukanoleh orang bawahan dan mempunyai

pengalaman yang luas dalam industribinaan. Menurut Wang (1987), buruhmahir merupakan pekerja yang pakarsecara khusus dalam sesuatu bidangdan boleh bekerja sendirian. Merekatelah melalui pendidikan formal bagimenaikkan taraf tersebut ataupunmereka telah menjadi perintis dalamsesuatu bidang pembinaan untuktempoh yang lama. Oleh itu, merekamenjadi mahir dalam bidang tersebutseperti kerja kayu, kerja besi, kerjakonkrit dan sebagainya. Buruh mahiryang diperlukan sektor binaan adalah29% daripada keseluruhan projekyang bakal dilaksanakan. Peratusan iniadalah kedua tertinggi dalamkeseluruhan kategori pekerja dalamsektor binaan.

Namun golongan yang menjadipendokong atau penyumbangterbesar dalam projek pembinaan

30 Vol.45 No.3 2010

THEMALAYSIANSURVEYOR

Rajah 1 menunjukkan kelaskontraktor gred G1 merupakanpendaftran yang tertinggi iaitu 37,130berbanding gred kelas yang lain.Perkembangan ini berlakudisebabkan jumlah modal yang perludikeluarkan adalah lebih sedikitberbanding dengan gred yang laindan gred ini hanya melibatkanbumiputera. Selain itu,perkembangan ekonomi negara yangsemakin memberangsangkan telahmembantu peningkatan bilangankontraktor.

KATEGORI PEKERJADALAM SEKTORPEMBINAANDalam industri binaan terdapatbeberapa kategori iaitu pakarteknologi, buruh mahir, buruhseparuh mahir, tidak mahir dan am.

Pakar Teknologi - Merupakangolongan yang mempunyaikelayakan dan pengalamankepakaran yang diperlukan ditapakbina. Golongan ini mempunyaipengkhususan dalam bidangteknologi, sains dan pengurusanbangunan. Dikategori dalamkelompok ini adalah sepertipengurus tapak, juruukur bahan danjurutera.

Buruh Mahir - Buruh mahir daritakrifan Seksyen 2 Akta LembagaPembangunan Industri PembinaanMalaysia 1994 ialah seorang yangmempunyai suatu tahap kemahiranyang boleh diterima oleh LembagaPembangunan IndustriPembinaan(CIDB). Jadual 2menunjukkan senarai kategori buruhmahir.

Pekerja Separuh Mahir, Tidak Mahirdan Am - Dari pendapat Wang(1987), buruh separuh mahir terdiridaripada pekerja yang mendapatkemahiran dan pendidikan dalambidang tertentu tetapi kurangpengalaman di tapak. Menurut Wang(1987), buruh tidak mahir dan ammerupakan pekerja yang tidakmempunyai kepakaraan.

KEPERLUAN BURUHMAHIR Buruh mahir merupakan orangperantaraan di antara pakar teknologidan buruh tidak mahir dan am.Kedudukan buruh mahir adalah amatpenting dalam sektor binaan keranaburuh mahir boleh menterjemahprojek yang hendak dilaksanakanmengikut acuan yang sebenar.

a)b)c)d)e)f)g)

Tukang konkrit Tukang kayu Juruelektrik berlesen Tukang catPekerja logam Tukang kaca Pengendali logi binaan

Tukang plaster /Tukang TurapPembenkok bar PengimbalTukang jubin Tukang kayu halusTukang buat longkang Penurap batu/Tukang batu

h)i)j)k)l)m)n)

Pakar teknologi

Buruh mahir

Buruh separuh mahir, tidak mahir dan am70%

29%1%

Rajah 2: Peratus pengunaan tiga kategori guna tenaga dalam industri binaan

Jadual 2: Klasfikasi Kerja Mahir Mengikut Jadual Ketiga AktaLembaga Pembangunan Industri Pembinaan Malaysia 1994

Sumber: Pengurusan Projek Perspektif Industri Pembinaan Abdul Rashid AbdulAziz dan Abdul Aziz Hussin (1999)

Sumber: Akta Lembaga Pembangunan Industri Pembinaan Malaysia 1994

Kedudukan buruh mahir adalah amat pentingdalam sektor binaan kerana buruh mahirboleh menterjemah projek yang hendak

dilaksanakan mengikut acuan yang sebenar.

adalah buruh separuh mahir, buruhtidak mahir dan am. Walaupungolongan ini tidak mempunyaipengalaman yang luas tetapi merekamerupakan penyumbang tenagayang besar dalam merealisasikankejayaan projek pembinaan.

INSTITUSI KEMAHIRAN Institusi kemahiran merupakan satubadan atau pusat yangbertanggungjawab untukmenyediakan tenaga mahir dalamindustri di negara. Tujuan penubuhaninstitusi kemahiran adalah untukmengambil pelajar lepasan SPMyang kurang bernasib baik untukmeneruskan pengajian ke peringkatyang lebih tinggi.

1.0 Politeknik Politeknik yang terdapat disemenanjung Malaysia, Sabah danSarawak mempunyai 21 buah.Kursus yang relevan dengan senarai15 jenis kemahiran yang ditarifkanburuh mahir adalah sijil kejuruteraanawam dan kejuruteraanperkhidmatan bangunan. MenurutBerita Harian 8 Ogos 2006, sejumlah113,060 permohonan diterimadaripada lulusan Sijil PelajaranMalaysia (SPM) tahun lalu untukmelanjutkan pelajaran ke politeknikpada sesi kemasukan Julai2006/2007.

2.0 Institut Kemahiran Mara(IKM)Terdapat 12 buah IKM di semanjung,Sabah dan Sarawak yang telahdibina untuk menampung keperluan

di dalam bidang pendidikan danindustri di Malaysia. Antara kursusyang relevan dengan takrif buruhmahir ialah Kejuruteraan Bangunan,Teknologi Bekalan Air &Pembentungan dan KejuruteraanAwam Lukisan Struktur.

3.0 Kolej KomunitiPada masa sekarang Kolej Komunitimempunyai 34 buah yang terkini. Diantara kursus yang ditawar relevandengan takrif buruh mahir adalah sijilteknologi pembinaan, sijil pelukispelan senibina dan sijilpenyenggaraan bangunan. Bilanganpengambilan yang dibuat oleh KolejKomuniti adalah melalui duaperingkat iaitu pada bulan Julaiuntuk 3,420 tempat dan bulanDisember untuk 2,760 tempat disemua 34 kolej.

4.0 Pusat Giat MaraTerdapat 105 buah pusat giat maradi seluruh Malaysia termasuk Sabahdan Sarawak. Antara kursus yangditawarkan berkaitan dengan takrifburuh mahir ialah pemasangan paipdomestik, teknologi bangunanberasaskan batu-bata dan teknologibangunan berasaskan kayu.

5.0 Akademi Binaan Malaysia(ABM)Akademi Binaan Negara adalah hasildaripada penelitian kajian yangdijalankan oleh CIDB dalam usahameningkatkan bilangan buruh mahirdi dalam sektor binaan. Terdapatenam pejabat ABM diseluruhMalaysia termasuk Sabah dan

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Vol.45 No.3 2010 31

Permintaanterhadap buruh

asing adalahberlaku apabilaburuh tempatan

menolak pekerjaanyang ditawarkan

kerana kadar gajiyang rendah,

kurangnya latihan,ketiadaan minat

dan kemahiran olehburuh tempatan

Tahun Bil. Syarikat Memohon Bil. Syarikat Diluluskan2005 4, 545 3, 0232004 2, 106 1, 0202003 1, 560 1, 7141998-2002 4, 847 964

Sarawak. Kursus yang ditawarkan olehABM adalah 14 yang revelan dengansenarai buruh mahir dalam takrifanburuh mahir. Kursus yang relevan yangterdapat di ABM ialah program latihankemahiran belia.

PENGLIBATAN BURUHMAHIR ASING DI DALAMINDUSTRI BINAANProgram kemasukan pekerja asingadalah sentiasa berlaku sehingga waktudan ketika ini. Ini adalah keranapermintaan daripada majikan tempatanmasih berlaku. Jadual 3 menunjukkanbilangan syarikat yang membuatpermohonan dan bilangan yangdiluluskan dari tahun 1998 hingga2002, 2003, 2004 dan 2005 bagikemasukan buruh asing dalam sektorbinaan.

Sekiranya diteliti bagi tahun 2005bilangan syarikat yang memohonadalah 4,545 dan yang diluluskanadalah 3,023. Kelulusan yang dibuatakan menambahkan lagi bilangankemasukan buruh asing.

Merujuk kepada Jadual 4 bagi tahun2005 bilangan buruh asing yangdipohon adalah 244,242 orang danyang diluluskan adalah 63,538 orang.Perkara ini menunjukkan masih ramailagi warganegara asing yang mahudatang ke Malaysia saban tahun keranagaji lebih lumayan berbanding negaraasal mereka di samping bilanganpeluang pekerjaan yang banyakdiwujudkan oleh kerajaan dan pihakswasta.

Tahun Bil. Pekerja Dipohon Bil. Pekerja Diluluskan2005 244, 242 63, 5382004 170, 822 24, 0772003 77, 952 49, 9041998-2002 422, 558 26, 316

Jadual 3 Butiran Statistik Permohonan Syarikat Kemasukan PekerjaAsing Binaan

Jadual 4: Butiran Statistik Permohonan Pekerja Asing Binaan

Sumber: Lembaga Pembangunan Industri Pembinaan Malaysia (CIDB)

Sumber: Lembaga Pembangunan Industri Pembinaan Malaysia (CIDB)

32 Vol.45 No.3 2010

THEMALAYSIANSURVEYOR

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MENDORONGMAJIKAN MENGAMBIL BURUH MAHIRASING“Permintaan terhadap buruh asing adalah berlaku apabilaburuh tempatan menolak pekerjaan yang ditawarkankerana kadar gaji yang rendah, kurangnya latihan,ketiadaan minat dan kemahiran oleh buruh tempatan”dinyatakan oleh Fevre (1984). Perkara ini berlakudisebabkan sikap rakyat tempatan yang terlalu memilihpekerjaan tanpa memikirkan peluang yang telahdiwujudkan menjadi punca pengambilan buruh asing.

Berdasarkan kenyataan yang dikeluarkan oleh Chang SeeTen ADUN Gelang Patah (4 April 2002) dalam ucapannyaketika mesyuarat di Dewan Rakyat iaitu “Kegiatan ekonomiinsentif buruh ini menghadapi masalah untukmandapatkan tenaga kerja daripada rakyat tempatan samaada mereka menceburi diri dalam export-orientated atauuntuk kegunaan atau pengeluaran untuk kegunaantempatan. Mereka sangat memerlukan buruh asing.Sebagai contoh, rakyat tempatan sudah tidak berminatuntuk menjadi buruh pembinaan atau bekerja di ladangyang memerlukan kekuatan dan kelasakan fizikal tetapitidak menjanjikan gaji yang tinggi. Persekitaran kerja dibawah matahari sebagai buruh pembinaan atau pekerjaladang juga kurang menyenangkan dan menjadikanpeluang pekerjaan sedemikian kurang menarik kepadarakyat tempatan.”

Kelebihan utama untuk Malaysia menggunakan pekerjaburuh yang diimport secara besar-besaran adalah kos yangrendah (Malaysia Today Sunday 10 Oktober 2004). Perkaraini memberikan garisan keuntungan yang lebih baikberbanding dengan mengambil buruh tempatan kepadamajikan.

Menurut Katz (1986), upah tinggi boleh meningkatkandaya usaha pekerja, mengurangkan kos pusing gantiburuh, menggelak pekerja bersatu dan mengenakantekanan melalui kesatuan sekerja dan menarik pekerja

yang berkualiti. Hubungan produktiviti dan upah adalahselari iaitu apabila upah meningkat dan produktiviti turutmeningkat. Perkara ini, memberikan gambaran bahawasekiranya majikan mahukan peningkatan produktivitisyarikat maka peningkatkan kadar upah perlu dilakukan.Sekiranya diteliti kadar upah buruh asing yang datang kenegara kita, upah mereka adalah lebih tinggi berbandingupah di negara mereka. Walaupun kadar upah merekaadalah rendah berbanding buruh tempatan dalam industribinaan negara.

PENYELIDIKAN 1.0 SampelSampel yang diambil pada bulan Mac 2007 melibatkanpihak yang menggunakan buruh asing dalam kerjapembinaan mereka iaitu kontraktor. Sebanyak 30 sampelyang terdiri daripada kontraktor yang berdaftar denganPusat Khidmat Kontraktor (PKK) serta LembagaPembangunan Industri Pembinaan Malaysia (CIDB) disekitar negeri Perlis dan Pulau Pinang. Tumpuan hanyadiberikan ke atas penggunaan buruh mahir olehkontraktor di sekitar dua buah negeri ini.

2.0 Analisis Beberapa penemuan berikut telah diperolehi hasildaripada soal selidik yang dijalankan. Penemuan utamaialah pengambilan buruh mahir asing adalah melebihidaripada buruh mahir tempatan yakni melebihi separuhdaripada keseluruhan buruh mahir di syarikat-syarikatyang terlibat. Kecenderungan untuk menggunakan tenagakerja asing boleh dikaitkan dengan sebab-sebab berikut :

i. Sikap buruh mahir asing yang kurang cuti.

ii. Kadar upah yang lebih rendah berbanding upah yangperlu dibayar kepada buruh tempatan.

iii. Ketahanan dalam melaksanakan kerja .

iv. Sikap yang lebih komited dalam pekerjaan.

Bil. Kategori BuruhMahir

KeperluanKontraktor

Institusi Kemahiran

Politeknik IKM Kolej Komuniti

Pusat Giat Mara ABM

1 Tukang konkrit √ √ √2 Pembengkok bar √ √ √3 Tukang kayu √ √ √4 Penurap batu/Tukang batu √ √ √ √5 Tukang plaster/Tukang turap √ √ √6 Tukang jubin √ √ √7 Tukang cat √8 Tukang kayu halus √ √9 Pekerja logam √ √10 Tukang buat longkang √ √11 Tukang kaca √ √12 Pengimpal √ √13 Pengendali loji binaan √ √14 Tukang paip √ √ √ √15 Juruelektrik berlesen √ √ √ √ √ √

Jadual 5: Keperluan Kontraktor Dan Penyediaan Buruh Mahir Oleh Institusi Kemahiran

Sumber: Isu-isu Berkaitan Buruh Mahir Asing Dalam Industri Binaan Radzi Ismail (2007)

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Berhubung objektif kedua, adalah didapati terdapat sedikitperbezaaan di antara bidang kemahiran yang ditawarkan diinstitusi kemahiran dengan keperluan sektor binaan.Didapati semua kategori buruh mahir adalah di tahap yangdiperlukan dalam syarikat yang dikaji tetapi tidakkesemuanya ditawarkan oleh institusi kemahiran. Kursus-kursus yang diperlukan oleh sektor binaan tidak ditawarkanoleh institusi kemahiran termasuklah kursus tukang cat,tukang kayu halus, pekerja logam, tukang buat longkang,tukang kaca, pengimpal dan pengendali loji binaan.

3.0 Penemuan Penemuan utama yang diperolehi adalah kontraktor yangmengguna tenaga buruh mahir asing adalah melebihiseparuh daripada jumlah buruh mahir yang bekerjadengan mereka. Perbezaan sikap, kesanggupan dankomited terhadap kerja adalah sebab-sebab yangmembezakan antara buruh mahir asing dan buruh mahirtempatan. Perkara ini jelas mengambarkan sebabberlakunya pengambilan buruh mahir asing di negara kita.

Perbezaan kadar upah bagi buruh mahir tempatan danasing menyebabkan kontraktor lebih gemarkanpengambilan buruh mahir asing di mana kadar upah yangrendah akan meningkatkan keuntungan kepada kontraktor.

Hasil kajian yang dilakukan menunjukkan keperluan tenagaburuh mahir dalam sektor binaan masih pada tahap yangdiperlukan kerana institusi kemahiran tidak menyediakankursus yang lebih menjurus kepada penyediaan buruhmahir dalam sektor binaan. Hanya Akademik BinaanNegara (ABM) sahaja yang menyediakan buruh mahirmengikut keperluan. Perkara ini boleh dilihat dengan lebihjelas dalam Jadual 5 iaitu keperluan kontraktor danpenyediaan buruh mahir yang disediakan oleh institusikemahiran. Akademik Belia Negara yang lebih memberifokus dalam menyediakan buruh mahir dalam sektorbinaan iaitu 14 kursus daripada 15 kesemua senarai buruhmahir yang dikeluarkan oleh CIDB.

CADANGAN Dalam pemerhatian dan penelitian terhadap kajian yangtelah dilakukan ini, pengurangan pengambilan buruh mahirasing boleh dilakukan dengan semua pihak memainkanperanan masing-masing. Kekurangan buruh mahirtempatan merupakan faktor pengambilan buruh mahirasing berlaku. Oleh itu, kerajaan perlu melakukan penilaianterhadap kursus yang ditawar oleh institut kemahirankerana kursus yang ditawar perlulah memenuhi kemahiranyang dikehendaki oleh kontraktor dalam sektor binaan danbukan hanya menumpukan kepada bidang profesional danpra-profesional.

Institusi kemahiran perlulah memainkan peranannyasendiri dalam melakukan kajian terhadap kursus yangrelevan dengan keperluan dalam sektor binaan.Seterusnya, penambahan pengambilan pelajar untukmemasuki institusi kemahiran perlulah dilakukan supayamasalah lambakan buruh mahir asing dapat diatasi dengansegera dan berkesan.

Faktor-faktor lain juga perlu dilihat oleh institusi kemahirandalam menyediakan buruh mahir yang memenuhi segalakehendak kontraktor. Sikap merupakan perkara pentingdalam pengambilan pekerja oleh majikan keranakecenderongan kepada hasil kerja akhir.

KESIMPULAN Secara kesimpulannya, pengurangan pergantungan kepadaburuh mahir asing dapat dilakukan dengan kerjasamadaripada semua pihak yang terlibat. Kerajaan melaluiinstitusi kemahiran perlulah menambah bilanganpengambilan pelajar ke dalam institusi kemahiran denganmenambah bilangan pusat kemahiran atau membesarkaninstitusi kemahiran. Selain itu, institusi kemahiran perlumenjalankan kajian terhadap kursus yang relevan dalammenyediakan buruh mahir dalam sektor binaantermasuklah kursus terhadap keperibadian buruh mahir itusendiri. Oleh itu, kesedaran dalam diri masyarakat adalahpenting dalam membangunkan negara denganmenggunakan kemahiran dan kudrat sendiri. Perkara iniakan menjadi kebanggaan kepada negara sekiranyapembangunan yang dicapai adalah hasil kerja rakyatnya.

RUJUKAN Abdul Rashid Abdul Aziz dan Abdul Aziz Hussin [1999]Pengurusan Projek Perspektif Industri Pembinaan.

Abu Hassan Abu Bakar [1998] Input-input Binaan Di DalamNegara Membangun: Masalah dan Konstrain, BuletinPenyelidikan PBP, USM.

Akta Lembaga Pembangunan Industri Pembinaan Malaysia,[1994].

Aqua Group [1999] Tender and Contacts for Building/the AquaGroup; with sketches by Brian Bragnall.

Construction Industry Development Malaysia (CIDB)www.cidb.gov.my,Presentation-Malaysian Construction Industry.[accessed: 2008, April 4]

Jabatan Imegresen Malaysia-Pekerja Asing Separa Mahir &Kurang Mahir-http//:www.imi.gov.mybm Perkhidmatan WargaAsing.asp. [Accessed: 2008 April 4]

Kartz lawrence F [1986] Efficiency Wage Theories: A partialevaluation.N.BER Working Paper.# [1906 April]

Konflik Nilai Antara Kaum Di Malaysiahttp://members.tripod.com/~PKPMSM1/sejarah20m.html[Accessed: 2008 April 8]

Kumpulan Intelek [1995] Tenaga Buruh Jabatan Pengajian MediaUniversiti Malaya Kuala Lumpur.

Maklumat Objektif, Kursus Yang Ditawarkan Diperingkat Sijil DiPoliteknik 2007 http://www.politeknik.edu.my/webjan06/menu/[Accessed: 2007 April 22]

Maklumat Objektif, Kursus Yang Ditawarkan Diperingkat SijilInstitut Kemahiran Mara 2007 http://www.ikm.edu.my [Accessed:2007 April 22]

Maklumat Objektif, Kursus Yang Ditawarkan Diperingkat Sijil KolejKomuniti 2007 http://www.mohe.gov.my/info_kpt_senarai.php.[Accessed: 2007 April 22]

Wang, B.T.H [1987], Construction and Development [withreference to Malaysia] Petaling Jaya, Pelanduk Publication.

Maklumat Objektif, Kursus Yang Ditawarkan Diperingkat SijilPusat Giat Mara 2007 http://www.giatmara.edu.my/

[Accessed: 2007 April 22]

Radzi Ismail [2007], Isu-isu Berkaitan Buruh Mahir Asing DalamIndustri Binaan, Disertasi Sarjana Sains, Pusat PengajianPerumahan, Bangunan dan Perancangan, Universiti SainsMalaysia.

34 Vol.45 No.3 2010

THEMALAYSIANSURVEYOR

Sale-and-Leaseback

Market Transactions orFinancial Engineering?

Dato’ Mani UsilappanMani Usilappan Chartered Surveyors

A sale-and-leaseback deal isone in which the owner of an

asset sells his asset and leaseback from the purchaser at an

agreed rent or terms ofpayment for a period of years.

In other words, the asset’sownership and occupation or

use are differentiated andseparated. The leaseback is

usually for a fixed term ofyears, with guaranteed rentals

by the vendor.

Introduction

According to Tipping and Bullard (2007), the normativesale-and-leaseback transaction is one in which theowner of a property sells that property to a third party

and simultaneously takes a lease on that property from thethird party (Adams and Clarke, 1996). In other words, theoriginal owner sells the property to an investor, whoimmediately becomes his landlord.

Hence, in a sale-and-lease back arrangement, the vendordisposes his asset together with all the risks of ownership ofthat asset to a third party, but the risks of occupation isretained by way of an assured leaseback mechanism.

In a normal sale and purchase, the asset is transferredwithout any rental arrangements; both the ownership andoccupational rights and risks are transferred.

The history and growth of the sale-and-leaseback, as tracedby Tipping and Bullard (2007), are as follows:

Adams and Clarke state that the sale-and-leaseback modelcan be traced back to the UK in the late 1920s and early

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Vol.45 No.3 2010 35

1930s, having been used there by anumber of retailers to raise capital. Themodel’s first large-scale use was in theUSA, where it was first used in 1936 bySafeway Stores (Adams and Clarke,1996). Here, it was used for severalsupermarket premises. Usually, it wasused as a device to facilitate thetakeover of family-owned supermarketbusinesses. Often, the capital releasedfrom the sale-and-leaseback of asupermarket premises raised sufficientcapital to pay for both the premisesand the business. This set theprecedent for the large-scale growth ofthe model for many types ofoperational property in the USA.

In Malaysia, the growth of the sale-and-leasebacks (SAL) can be traced to theEmployment Provident Fund (EPF)which chose this mechanism in themid-nineties to invest into real estate,buying such properties as KFC Buildingin Jalan Sultan Ismail, the GiantSupermarket Chain, SOGO along JalanTuanku Abdul Rahman, etc.

The real growth and impetus into theSAL took off when M-REITs gainedpopularity. The Al-Aqar and theBoustead REITs are wholly SALs, whilstthe others have some properties underSAL arrangements. The AmanahRayaREIT has a large holding of SALs.

The growth in SALs was a result of themove towards strategic Corporate RealEstate Asset Management (CREAM).Operational enterprises found asubstantial amount of their assetslocked in real estate. Strategiccorporate planners found that throughSAL, they could unlock the assets anddeploy the liquid assets in expandingthe businesses or venturing into newbusinesses.

Devaney and Lizieri (2004) state thatmost businesses can expect theirnormal trading activities to achieve aconsiderably greater return than thatwhich could be expected from propertyyields. They argue that where this is so,the holding of operational property hasa detrimental effect on the value of thebusiness. Hence, if the capital lockedinto property were to be released andre-deployed in the business, thatbusiness could be more profitable.Holding both the business and theoperational property within a singlecompany will distort the company’saccounts. Placing them into separateentities can overcome this.

Using the proceeds of property sales torecycle capital back into the corebusiness, and generate a return oncapital that is higher than the cost offunds, is for many an often far more

attractive commercial proposition.The increasing breadth and depth ofquality assets becoming available iswelcomed by investors enablingthem to demonstrate their financialand property management skills andexpertise and achieve greatereconomies of scale (KPMG, 2006).

Operational property can be used byenterprises in several ways. SAL is notthe only way to use operationalproperty. Other ways, with an infinitenumber of variations have alwaysbeen used by businesses. These are:

inclusion of all operationalproperty within the structure of asingle trading entity;

separate property and tradingdivisions;

sale-and-leaseback;

sale-and-manage back; and

property outsourcing.

These approaches are capable ofadaptation and variation. In addition,a number of premises have neverbeen owned by operating companies.Instead, they have always beenrented from landlords (Tipping andBullard, 2007).

Examples of SALs inEuropeSome important SALs done in Europepre 2006 are featured in Table 1.

The main motives driving the sale-and-leaseback model, as per Tippingand Bullard (2007), which are notnecessarily mutually exclusive, are:

finance;

accounting;

taxation;

specialisation; and

flexibility.

As explained by Aart C. Hordijk, DirkRompelman & Leonie Koerhuis(2010), the release of capital ispresently one of the main factorsdriving the sale-and-leaseback modelin the UK. Barris (2002) identifiescapital release as being an importantconsideration in sale-and-leasebacksince the turn of the century. Theattractions are that a tradingcompany may be able to betteroptimise its capital through focusingon trading activities or may be able toreduce its borrowings throughadoption of the model.

Name Date Size Buyer CountryABN AMRO Jul-05 £175 million Evans Randall UKBoots Aug-05 £298 million REIT Asset Management UKCoop Dec-05 €442 million ING Real Estate SwedenDebenhams Mar-05 £495 million Bri�sh Land UKDresdner Bank Dec-05 €2 billion Fortress GermanyGoldman Sachs Jun-05 £280 million Tishman Speyer UK

IBM Nov-05more than £120 million Highcross UK

Prak�ker Dec-05 €500 million IXIS AEW

Germany, Hungary and

Portugal

State of Hessen Oct-05 €1.07 billionComme rzLeasing und Immobilien Gruppe Germany

Tesco Mar-05 £366 million Consensus Business Group UKTesco Nov-05 £270 million Morley Fund Management UKTravel Lodge Oct-04 £400 million Prestbury UKVendex Nov-05 Approx. €1.4 billion IEF Capital Netherlands

Table 1: Selection of key announced and completed sale-and-leasebacks

Reference: KPMG (2006), "Sale-and-leaseback takes the spotlight", available at:www.kpmg.co.uk/pubs/sale_and_leaseback.pdf

… [the] sale-and-leaseback transaction is onein which … the original owner sells the

property to an investor, who immediatelybecomes his landlord.

36 Vol.45 No.3 2010

THEMALAYSIANSURVEYOR

Another important advantage of a sale-and-leaseback transaction, next toTipping and Bullard (2007) and Korb(1972) described by Clark (1964) andRhoads (2001), is the use of sale-and-leaseback to avoid taxes. Without theownership of the building, the companydoes not pay property taxes. At thesame time, the rent paid to the lessor isgenerally fully deductable, which couldlower income tax. This might be amotive for the management of acompany to choose for the sale-and-leaseback model.

The company’s management can alsohave a more strategic motive for thechoice for the sale-and-leasebackmodel. Specialisation is an importantpoint in a lot of companies. Theproperty can be sold to a companywhich had the expertise in exploitingproperties, and the selling company canspecialise itself in his own corebusiness which releases the companyfrom the liability to manage theproperty.

Leasing instead of owning also createsa certain kind of flexibility. It can, forexample, be decided based on abusiness plan that a certain locationshould be closed in the future, andmanagement considers it sensible todivest the ownership of this location ina timely manner via a sale-and-leaseback transaction. By securing inthe agreement the right to sub-leasethe building, the lessee can even createextra flexibility.

Further, it can be the case that in anoverstressed property investmentmarket, high-book profits can beachieved, while management believesthat this will not be possible to thisextent in the future. From the point ofview of timing, it can then be decidedto make such a transaction. Animportant consideration furthermore isthat there will be no more liability forfluctuations in the value of the property.

Potential Benefits forVendor and PurchaserKPMG (2006) identified in theirpublication “sale-and-leaseback takesthe spotlight”, the following benefits:

Potential seller benefits

Frees up capital to fund CAPEX ormerger and acquisition activity or toreallocate to core activities.

Tax benefits are realised byoffsetting lease costs as anoperating expense.

Seller remains in day-to-dayoperational control of the property.

Building operation management

Facilities management

Corporatereal-estate

managementFinancial

Organisational

Physical

Strategy

Tactics

Logistics

Chief real-estate management

Predominant management activities at different management levels

Improvement of balance sheetthrough exchange of fixed assets,often carried at a below marketvalue, for cash.

One-off profit and loss accountbenefit reflecting profit realisedover book value.

Transfers property value risk to athird party on a fully transparentbasis.

Potential investor benefits

Property value may appreciateduring the lease term.

Investment often requires no oronly modest propertymanagement activity.

Long-term leases are attractive tolenders, enabling high debtleverage.

Immediate positive cash returnson equity which may improveduring lease term to facilitaterefinancing.

Figure 1: The Three Levels of Real Estate Management

Source: From property measurement by Renko Bon, MacMaha & Carder, (1995)

…the selection ofthe right type of

property, the needfor operational

purposes, the trackrecord and quality ofvendor is vital to thesuccess of the SAL.

The Three Levels of RealEstate Management In corporate Real EstateManagement, three levels ofmanagement have been recognised.These are explained by way of achart. At the third level is thecorporate strategic level. It is thislevel that is addressed in SALs. Theother two levels are really generalproperty management functions.

Risks and Uncertainties inSALBaum and Crosby (1988), haveidentified a number of possible riskswhich could affect a propertyinvestment, for instance:

1 tenant risk

2 sector risk

3 structural risk

4 legislation risk

5 taxation risk

6 planning risk

7 legal risk

The table below analyses the risks asidentified by Baum and Crosby(1988) as to who will be liable forthe risks. It is clear that by divestingthe real estate the owner-occupier ofan operational enterprise is able todiversify his risks to the purchaser,but remains responsible for thepayment of rent. Hence, it can beargued that the biggest risk for thepurchaser in a SAL is the tenant riskwhich is borne by the vendor.

Peer Review

Vol.45 No.3 2010 37

Issues and Problems with SALWin-win arrangementsAs explained above the attraction of SAL is that it providesa win-win attraction for both the vendor and the purchaser.For the vendor capital tied up in the assets is unlocked andis available for use in business expansions or reinvestmentinto other businesses. For the purchaser there is theassurance of income, through the leaseback guarantees bythe vendor. It is this win-win position that gives rise to lotsof manipulations especially if the vendor or the purchaserdoes not act in accordance with robust market practices.

As the sale-and-leaseback can be easily turned into a“money lending” exercise, prudence and knowledge ofproperty market activity, trends, price levels and propertyrisk analysis play a major role.

Cheaper costs of fundsThe unlocking of assets provides cheaper access to money.The borrower will probably be given a loan of 70% loan tovalue and the bank’s lending rates which are usually 150 to200 basis points above Base Lending Rates. Currently costof funds will be in the region of 7.5 to 8.0%. Withleaseback guaranteed pegged at 7%, the borrower cost offunds is cheaper. Obviously, it is possible for large tranchesof loans to be borrowed at between 4.5 to 5%. In this casethe ability of the usage of funds in business expansion willoutweigh the extra cost. Also the advantage of writing ofrental payments as expense, added with the ability of thenew investment to bring in higher than rental incomemakes SAL a means to cheaper access to funds.

Vehicle for investment The guaranteed rentals built into the leaseback make it agood investment vehicle for large tranches of cash. Pensionfunds and other investors will find this sort of investmentattractive because large amounts of money can be investedwith assured security of rental income.

Assured returns for purchaserThe leaseback provides for guaranteed income. However,these guarantees are only as good as the guarantor. If thelessee is unable to meet the commitments, then theinvestment will be at risk. Hence, the selection of the righttype of property, the need for operational purposes, thetrack record and quality of vendor is vital to the success ofthe SAL.

Legal and financial instrumentsThe very nature of a tied arrangement in a SAL requirescareful legal arrangements to prevent it becoming adisaster. The tenant’s covenants need to be verified. Theperiod of lease, agreed rents, increases in rents accordingto market changes, break clauses, if any, buy backarrangements, manner of arbitration, in the event ofdisputes all need to be spelt out clearly.

High pricingThe Malaysian experience with sale-and-leasebacks is thatthe investors in SALs want a 7% return on their historicalcost. This means that for some time of properties for which

Type of Risks Owner occupied Tenanted Sale-and-leaseback

Tenant Risk By Owner-Occupier By Occupier By Occupier

Sector Risk By Owner-Occupier By Owner By Owner

Structural Risk By Owner-Occupier By Owner By Owner

Legisla�on Risk By Owner-Occupier By Owner By Owner

Taxa�on Risk By Owner-Occupier By Owner By Owner

Planning Risk By Owner-Occupier By Owner By Owner

Legal Risk By Owner-Occupier By Owner By Owner

Table 1: Risk Spread between Owner Occupied and Tenanted Properties

Reference: Baum and Crosby (1998) modified by Mani Usilappan

…SALs can easily be turned intoa financing activity rather than

a property investment.Especially in the current

deregulations on finance andthe globalisation of funds, the

distinction between capital andassets is being blurred.

…it will appear a betterproposition that the SALs be

structured in such a way that aprofessional property managerbe appointed or outsource the

property management to credibleprofessional property managers

with sound exposure and fullyunderpinned by professional

indemnity insurances.

38 Vol.45 No.3 2010

THEMALAYSIANSURVEYOR

the market yield is more than 7%, the prices being paidwould be high.

Generally, industrial buildings such as warehouses,factories and plantation lands would fetch a higher yieldthan 7%. This would mean that investors, such as REITs,by buying at a 7% return on their investment wouldactually be paying higher prices.

On the flip side, when vendors sell office propertieswhich generally now are valued at 6 to 6.5%, would beselling their property cheaper. Hence, very few qualityoffice buildings are in the portfolio of Fund Managers. Ininstances where such properties exchange either theprices are priced high with a rental guarantee of 7%,which the market might not be able to support. Thisprovides added risks to the vendor, especially if thelessee defaults on his payments. Some vendors provide acapital amount as sinking fund to top up the differenceof the rental and the agreed 7%. It is submitted this kindof arrangement is not property investment, but moreakin to money lending.

Support by Market RentsIn some cases, the market rents passing cannot sustainthe 7% wanted. Although the vendor gives a guarantee,this guarantee, in the absence of a market supportedrental must be viewed with great care. Although financedocuments tie down agreed increases in the future theseare not attractive.

No considerations for overage i.e. rentalgrowthOften the leaseback arrangement is fixed at the agreed7% return on the historical price. Although someleasebacks do allow for agreed increases, these increasesare often miniscule. There are instances when rentalincreases are reaped or creamed away by thevendor/lessee. When rental yields rise above the 7%, thevendor/lessee takes the overage as his. Agreementsmust be structured such that the purchaser can obtain ashare of the growth, if not the whole of the growth. MostSAL agreements in the UK are upwards only reviews. Thissafeguards the investors’ returns.

Financial EngineeringAs observed earlier, SALs can easily be turned into afinancing activity rather than a property investment.Especially in the current deregulations on finance andthe globalisation of funds, the distinction between capitaland assets is being blurred. The SAL vehicle can be usedas a lending package where the vendor obtains as muchas 100% of the value by paying a fixed rate of 7%. If heborrows money on the asset, traditionally, he will onlyobtain 70% of the value with a 150 to 200 basis pointsover the Base Lending Rate, thus effectively making hisborrowing not only expensive, but also getting a loweramount. In addition, whenever there is an increase inrentals, the vendor/lessee stands to gain because of theoverage.

As observed by Devaney and Lizieri (2004), businessescan expect their normal trading activities to achieve aconsiderably greater return than that which could beexpected from property yields. Therefore, unlocking100% of their asset value for 7% is attractive against abusiness return of 15 to 20%.

Property Management IssuesIn most SALs the vendor/lessee is responsible for servicecharges, outgoings and other property expenses. Thereturn to the purchaser is not only net, but is also hasslefree and relieves him of any property managementactivities, save those of a watch dog nature. As theproperty management is by the vendor/lessee thepurchaser needs to keep tight control over what is beingspent and done on the property so that any depreciationor obsolescence effects are mitigated and prompt actiontaken by the vendor/lessee. A under provision forproperty management expenses would be detrimental tothe investor, as in the long run his investment would beseverely depreciated.

On the other hand, the vendor/lessee by accepting theproperty management function carries the risk of theproprietor of the property whose liability and risk is toensure that proper property management takes place.

Again looking into managing corporate real estate, if theleaseback carries the property management function,then the corporate strategy to sell the property toconcentrate on the core business is not achieved as thevendor/lessee is still encumbered with the propertymaintenance and management function, even thoughthe property is no longer his.

Looking at these scenarios, it will appear a betterproposition that the SALs be structured in such a waythat a professional property manager be appointed oroutsource the property management to credibleprofessional property managers with sound exposureand fully underpinned by professional indemnityinsurances.

REFERENCESAart C. Hordijk, Dirk Rompelman & Leonie Koerhuis (2010)“Ten years of sale-and-leaseback transactions in TheNetherlands”, Journal of Corporate Real Estate Vol 12 No 1 pg26-32

Baum, Andrew, & Crosby, Neil (1988) Property InvestmentAnalysis Estates Gazette

Devaney, S. and Lizieri, C. (2004), “Sale-and-leaseback, assetoutsourcing and capital market impacts”, Journal of CorporateReal Estate, Vol. 6 No.2, pp.118-32

Valachi, Donald J. (1999) Sale-Leaseback Solutions: Examinethe Business and Tax Considerations of These Transactions,May-Jun Commercial Investment Real Estatehttp://www.ciremagazine.com/article.php?article_id=472

KPMG (2006), “Sale-and-leaseback takes the spotlight”,available at: www.kpmg.co.uk/pubs/sale_and_leaseback.pdf

Mani Usilappan (2009) “Corporate Real Estate: A ForgottenAsset” The Malaysian Surveyor

Tipping, M. and Bullard, R.K. (2007), “Sale-and-leaseback as aBritish real estate model”, Journal of Corporate Real Estate, Vol.9 No.4, pp.205-17.

Tomi Grönlund , Antti Louko and Mika Vaihekoski (2008)Corporate Real Estate Sale-and-leaseback Effect: EmpiricalEvidence from Europe European Financial Management, Vol.14, Issue 4, pp. 820-843

Member Updates

Vol.45 No.3 2010 39

QUANTITY SURVEYINGFELLOWSr Hj Dzulkifli b Jaafar Perunding DMA S/B, KL

Sr Mohd Farid b Naim

MEMBERSr Halimatus Saadiah bt Sanam Kem. Tenaga, Teknologi Hijau & Air,Pahang

Sr Hamidi b Naimudin Bhgn. Senggara Fasiliti Bangunan, JKR HQ

Sr Kee Ching Ching Baharuddin Ali & Low S/B, KL

Sr Mohd Rodzi b Hj Mansor Caw. Pengurusan Korporat, JKR HQ

Sr Ong Hui Pau Perunding KK Bina S/B, Sabah

Sr Ung Chin Teong KPK QS (Semenanjung) S/B, KL

GRADUATEAhmad Shahir b Mohd Nasir @ Nazir AS2 Consultant S/B, PJ

Abdul Latif b Sabri Sime Darby Property Bhd, Sel

Ang Bin Kai Unitech QS Consultancy S/B, Penang

Azman b Hamzah Total QS Services S/B, JB

Belinda Chan Siok Ling KPK QS (Sarawak) S/B

Chan Wai Sim KCL QS Konsult, KL

Chin Wei Min Perunding C + T Management, KL

Ewe Jun Wei Unitech QS Consultancy S/B, Penang

Fong Sen khyun @ Peter Rider Livett Bucknall LLP, Singapore

Haniz Zuraiha bt Zaharullil Pembinaan BLT S/B, Putrajaya

Hasnul Jafni b Zulkarnain Perunding NFL S/B, KL

Irma Harnie bt Ibrahim Amer & Associates, Sel

Khairul Azwan b Zulkifli Perunding NFL S/B, KL

Khairul Hizar b Mohd Khuzamah Bhgn. Perunding, Dokumentasi & ICT, JKRHQ

Kuo Hua Ling Perunding WCH, Kuching

Lau Beng Hua JUBM S/B, Sel.

Lim Chih Heng QS Konsultant, Penang

Ling Jung Che Jurukur Bahan FPS S/B, KL

Luqman b Yahaya AZM Perunding Ukur Bahan, Sel.

Mohamad Fadli b Baharudin ASCAP Builders S/B, Sel.

Mohammad Zamani b Ibrahim Baharuddin Ali & Low S/B, KL

Mohd Arphian b Ahmad Perunding NFL S/B, KL

Mohd Ashraf b Mohd Fateh Perbadanan Pengurusan Sisa Pepejal & Pembersihan Awam, Kem. Perumahan &Kerajaan Tempatan, KL

Mohd Fitri b Zainal Abidin QSE Construction S/B, Sel.

Mohd Hafizi b Rohani JUB Ikatan Sepakat S/B, PJ

Mohd Khairuddin b Mustafa Pembinaan BLT S/B, Putrajaya

Mohd Nazri b Ahmat Advantage QS S/B, PJ

Muhammad Shafiq b Hashim Amer & Associates, Sel

Munira bt Hamdan GAPPDMS, Kuching

Mustafa b Mohd Said Dasa Sentosa S/B, PJ

Muzaini bt Muhiyuddin JB Bergabung, Johor

Natifah bt Hassan Caw. Pengurusan Projek, JKR HQ

Nur Hidayah bt Idris Primakos, Penang

Nurul Hani bt Muhamad Sabri Ahmad Zaki Perunding NFL S/B, KL

Nurul Izzati bt Mohamed Najib Perunding NFL S/B, KL

Salwa bt Shahruddin JKR HQ, KL

Salwana bt Kamarudin AI Konsult, Puchong

Sundari bt Suhardi Primakos, Penang

Syuhada bt Mohamad MRQS Consultant, JB

Zaharah YusoffPembinaan BLT S/B, Putrajaya

Zaidatulnaim bt Idris JUBM S/B, Sel

PROBATIONERCheng Wei Ying Northcroft Lim Perunding S/B, PJ

Chong Siong Taur Jurukos, Sel.

Goh Chung Han Perunding Kos KVC, Sabah

Heng Chee Hau QS Jurukos, Puchong

Irwan b Sharifuddin Syarikat Perumahan Negara bhd, KL

Kelly Hiu Kai Li THL Consultants, KL

Lim Sing Kooi THL Consultants, KL

Liu Sam Hui Rivertree Corporation S/B, KL

Low Chak Siang Renewed Global S/B, JB

Mohamad Ashmuni b Hj Hussin MCM Associates S/B, Kedah

Tan Teng Haur Bandar Utama Development S/B, PJ

Wivinia Cheng Soon Leng KPK QS (Sabah) S/B

STUDENTAdrian Ong Keng Eu

Andy Hau Wee Ren

Chan Bin Soon

Chee Eng Seng

Foong Chui-Tsin Melissa

Foo Sze May

Ho Lee Ching

Khariyanee bt Mohamad Khariji

Mimi Suzi Atia bt Rosli

Muhamad Amirul Mukmin b Ali Sabri

Muhamad Taufiq b Abdul Majid

Ng Sue Ann

Norain bt Abbas

Nordiana bt Abu Bakar

Norfarhana bt Zakaria

Norjuhaida bt Abd Razak

Noor Hayati bt Hamidon

Noor Suhaida bt Mohamad Said

Nor Marlia bt Abu Bakar

Nur Afiqah bt Zulkifly

Nur Farhanah bt Azman

Nurul Ashikin bt Abdul Latiff

Nurul Balkis bt Shaharidun

Nuur Diyana bt Abdullah

Phuah Chee Meng

Tee Zhi Lun

Teoh Kay Chong

Thomas Chong Teck Fatt

Yap Tzyy Kheng

GEOMATIC AND LAND SURVEYINGMEMBERSr Ahmad Shahlan b Mardi UTM Skudai

Sr Aziz b HassanJUPEM Negeri Sembilan

Sr Clement Ting Pang Kui JUPEM Negeri Sembilan

Sr Dexter Peter JUPEM KL

Sr Fakhrul Anwar b Mohamad Rafiai JUPEM Sarawak

Sr Harith Fadzillah b Abd Khalid Politeknik Ungku Omar, Ipoh

Sr Masreta bt Mohd @ Basri Politeknik Ungku Omar, Ipoh

Sr Mohd Asri b Zahid Politeknik Ungku Omar, Ipoh

Sr Mohd Nazri b Zakaria Prisma Survey Consultant, KL

Sr Najhan b Shafiee Ifron Geohydro S/B, KL

Sr Ng Eng Guan JUPEM KL

Sr Othman b Mokhtar @ Mahmud JUPEM KL

Sr Radzuan b Saari UTM Skudai

Sr Rosli b Pin NZ Survey Consultant, Sel

Sr Syed Mohammed b Syed Abd Rahman JUPEM Negeri Sembilan

Sr Thirak a/l Eh Kam Abdullah Talha & Rakan2, KL

Sr Zamri b Seman Jurukur Ikhtiar, Pasir Mas, Kelantan

GRADUATEAly Azwan b Zaharudin MHS Survey Consultant

Khairil Anuar b Mohamed Jurukur Inovasi, Johor

Nur Amalina bt Zulkifli

Teoh Boon Siong Jurukur Asas, Kelantan

STUDENT Chongi Anak Tanuk Ling Leh Kiong Mohamad B Mat Hussin Muhamad Asri b Zainuddin Nik Norzieana bt Nik MohamadNashiruddin Nur Izzati bt Mohd Zaidi Nur Nabilah bt ZakariaNurul Syahidah bt Mohd Sanusi Shairah bt Yaacob

BUILDING SURVEYINGMEMBERSr Haw Eng Seng P-Con Building Surveyors S/B, Sel

Sr Hikmah bt Kamarudin UiTM, Shah Alam, Sel

Sr Loo Chee Hooi P-Con Building Surveyors S/B, Sel

Sr Wan Zureia bt Wan Ismail UiTM, Shah Alam, Sel

GRADUATEMohd Afiq b Mohd Nazeri

Nick Platini Adzure b Ismail Materials Testing Laboratory S/B, KL

Anis Azlina bt Ahmad Fuad JKR HQ

Azras bt Md Shah Kembang Serantau S/B, KL

Firdaus b Yusof Perbadanan Bekalan Air Pulau Pinang

Haliza bt Ab Karim Politeknik Kota Melaka

Mardhati bt Abdul Rahim

Mashita bt Abdul Razak

Mohamed Solleh b Shamsudin Bhgn. Senggara Persekutuan Negeri Johor

Mohd Dali b Mohd Alias Pucak Palma S/B, Perak

Norazura bt Mizal azzmi UiTM Perak

Norimah bt Madding

Norizan bt Mahmud JKR HQ

STUDENT Abdul HAmid b Mahmood

Akhtar b Ahmad Izzat

M Fadlee b Hamzar

Mohamad Nazri b Ngabeni

Mohammad Akmal b Abdul Aziz

Mohd Amirudin b Abu Zar

Mohd Fikri b Mohd Sidek

Mohd Ire b Abdul Hamid

Muhammad Zekry b Mohamad Zaki

Nur Ain Izzati bt Mamat

Ros Afidah bt Saharudin

Siti Nadiah bt Abdul Rahim

Syed Ahmad Hafiz b Syed Mohd Zainudin

LIST OF NEW MEMBERS July-August 2010

The Institution of Surveyors, Malaysia

Educational LoanAwards for 2010/2011The Institution of Surveyors, Malaysia invites application from Malaysia Citizens for Educational Loans to pursue full-time courses at local universities.

UniversitiesUniversity of Malaya

University of Technology MalaysiaUniversity of Technology MARAUniversity of Science Malaysia

International Islamic University of MalaysiaUniversity Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

Field of StudyLand Surveying

Quantity SurveyingBuilding Surveying

Property Management / Estate Management

Eligibility• Candidates must have obtained an offer for admission for full timestudies to any of the universities in any of the field specified above.

• Candidates must not have received any scholarship or financialassistance from the Government or any other organization.

Special IncentiveCandidates who obtained in their studies;

a. 1st Class Honours:- The whole of Educational Loan will automatically be awarded as scholarship.b. 2nd Class Upper:– 50% of the Total Educational Loan may be considered to convert as scholarship

upon reviewed by Committee.

Value of LoanDegree: Up to RM7,000 per annumDiploma: Up to RM5,000 per annum

GuarantorsCandidates shall obtain the consent of two acceptable guarantors who must provide personal guarantee for

repayment of the loan.

Repayment of LoanLoan amount must be repaid with a period of not less than 36 months after the recipient has graduated.

How to applyThe application form, may be obtained from the ISM Secretariat or downloaded from ISM website:

http://www.ism.org.my.(Closing Date: 31 December 2010)

All application must be sent to:The Chairman

Scholarship and Education Fund CommitteeThe Institution of Surveyors, Malaysia

3rd Floor, Bangunan Juruukur, 64-66, Jalan 52/4, 46200 Petaling Jaya

The Institution of Surveyors, Malaysia

Educational Loan Awards 2010/2011

for Post Graduate ProgrammeThe Institution of Surveyors, Malaysia invites application from Malaysia Citizens for Educational Loans to pursue full-time courses at local universities.

UniversitiesUniversity of Malaya

University of Technology MalaysiaUniversity of Technology MARAUniversity of Science Malaysia

International Islamic University of MalaysiaUniversity Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

Field of StudyLand Surveying

Quantity Surveying/Project Management/Construction ManagementBuilding Surveying

Property Management / Estate Management

Eligibility• Candidates must have obtained an offer for admission for full time studies to any

of the universities in any of the field specified above.

• Candidates must not have received any scholarship or financial assistance from the Government or any other organization.

• Candidates must be at least a Graduate member of the Institution not less than3 years at the time of application.

• Repayment of study loan within the period of 3 and 5 years for the Master Programme and the PhD programme respectively.

• Duration of Studies for:-a) Master Program- must not exceed 2 yearsb) PhD Program- must not exceed 5 years

Value of LoanMaster Program: Up to RM10,000.00 per annumPhD Program: Up to RM20,000.00 per annum

GuarantorsCandidates shall obtain the consent of two acceptable guarantors who must

provide personal guarantee for repayment of the loan.

Repayment of LoanLoan amount must be repaid with a period of not less than 36 months after the recipient has graduated.

How to applyThe application form, may be obtained from the ISM Secretariat or downloaded from ISM website:

http://www.ism.org.my.(Closing Date: 31 December 2010)

All application must be sent to:The Chairman

Scholarship and Education Fund CommitteeThe Institution of Surveyors, Malaysia

3rd Floor, Bangunan Juruukur, 64-66, Jalan 52/4, 46200 Petaling Jaya

42 Vol.45 No.3 2010

THEMALAYSIANSURVEYOR

One of the main features of theREIT sector in Malaysia is thehigh level of ownership

concentration and significantparticipation of owners in management- an insider system of corporategovernance.

Concentrated ownership bringspotential advantages such as controllingshareholder has high monitoringincentives, the opportunity to providemore focused strategic direction andcould facilitate long term commitment.

However, past studies on East Asiancompanies have shown that suchconcentrated ownership with excessivepower has reduced the effectiveness ofimportant shareholder protectionmechanisms such as shareholderparticipation through voting,transparency and information disclosure.When ownership is concentrated, thefirms’ operations could be structured toserve the insiders’ interest to thedetriment of overall profitability of these

companies.In the past,major shareholderscould divert wealth frominvestors such as payingthemselves special dividends, or forcethe firm to make related partytransactions/deals with othercompanies they own to transfer wealthto themselves.

The central issue for corporategovernance under these conditions istherefore to prevent the controllingshareholders from expropriating theassets of the minority shareholders.

The corporate governance practices andpolicies of REIT Managers are guided bymeasures recommended in theGuidelines of Real estate InvestmentTrusts issued by the SecuritiesCommission, the Malaysian Code on

Corporate Governance andthe Property Managementof REIT Properties

Associate Professor Sr Dr Ting Kien Hwa FISMEditorEditorial Board

With the successful launchingof the Malaysian REITs in 2005,

the REIT industry today hasgrown significantly into a RM10billion Ringgit indirect property

industry. This implies at leastRM10 billion worth of publicreal estate are under formalmanagement of professional

Property Managers.

Property Watch

Vol.45 No.3 2010 43

Corporate Governance and the ListingRequirements of Bursa Malaysia SecuritiesBerhad.

With regard to the property managementof REIT properties, under the SC REITGuidelines, the real estates of a REIT shallbe managed by a Property Manager dulyappointed by the REIT Manager andapproved by the Trustee. The PropertyManager appointed to manage the realestates of REITs shall possess adequate

human resources with the necessaryqualifications, expertise and

experience in real estatemanagement.

This current requirement on theappointment of an external Property

Manager for REIT is in fact a goodcorporate governance practice, as itensures that the Property Manager doesnot have close relationship with the REITManager.

If the property manager is not independentof the REIT Manager, in suchcircumstances, there exists opportunitiesfor favourable treatment of sponsorproperties over other REIT propertiesand/or overpricing of services by the REITManager. There would also potentially be alack of transparency in the costs ofmaintenance and management of the REITproperties.

Of late, there are requests by REIT sponsorsto remove the requirement to appointexternal independent property managers tomanage REIT properties. REIT sponsorshave proposed to internalise the propertymanagement function by having in-houseproperty management team employeddirectly by the REIT Managers. Thisproposal is contrary to the best practice ofcorporate governance.

For the best practice of corporategovernance, there is a need to minimiseinsider trading, related party transactionsand incidences of capricious decision-making. Property management of REITproperties is no exception. Clarity,consistency and timeliness of disclosedinformation are necessary to protect theinterest of minority shareholders.

Members of the ISM who are appointed asindependent non-executive directors of

REITs would be in a position to explainand convince the sponsors and theBoard of Directors of REITs thatproperty managers need to beindependent and external to the REITorganisation for the sake of corporategovernance where:

“Corporate governance is the processand structure used to direct and

manage the business and affairs of thecompany towards enhancing businessprosperity and corporate accountabilitywith the ultimate objective of realizing lingterm shareholder value, whilst taking intoaccount the interests of otherstakeholders.”

(HLFC, 1999, p.52)

…under the SC REITGuidelines, the real

estates of a REIT shallbe managed by a

Property Managerduly appointed by the

REIT Manager andapproved by the

Trustee.

44 Vol.45 No.3 2010

THEMALAYSIANSURVEYOR

The Connection between SelfTalk and Stress

In the therapeutic community, it is believedthat negative statements from others canerode our sense of self-worth. Children

tend to believe negative assessments of themfrom teachers and parents, and developcompromised self-concept when criticised ona regular basis. It is vital that the ratio ofpositive-to-negative comments be at least fiveto one for a relationship to be healthy andsurvive the long-term. For these reasons, weare taught not to let others put us down, butsometimes the person eroding our sense ofself-worth and limiting our potential is ourown self. Our self-talk and the words our innerdialogue uses when we think, can increaseour stress levels, limit our potential, andcolour our experience with a negative pen.

Language Colours Often the type of words we use, bring aboutdeep effect on the way we are perceived byothers. The usage of wrong words can alsodivert the perceptions of reality and anycorrective measures to alter the situation and

Positive Self-Talk and

Stress Reduction

Patterns of negative or positive self-talk oftenstart in childhood. The educating roles playedby our parents and teachers are significant as

its effects are so deep-rooted it colours ourthinking. It will dictate the way we think and

react to situations that arise before us.Usually, the self-talk habit influences our

thinking pattern and the way stress is handled.However, any time can be a good time to

change the negative self-talk attributes toinduce more positive self-talk. By bringing

more positive energy into your life andsurrounding yourself with positivity it induces

the mind to remain optimistic and positive. Thefollowing are some easy ways you can stop

yourself from using negative self-talk and useyour mind to boost your productivity and self-

esteem, and relieve stress.

W.M.A. Wan HussinUniversiti Sains Malaysia

Managing Stress

Vol.45 No.3 2010 45

to change the expectations are arduous. The wrongapproach adopted can also be very costly, thus failing tochange the mind and turning self-mastery into self-sabotage with our own thoughts and negative pen.

The following two (unedited) excerpts, the first by MsTishondra Puspa of Seremban and the second, by MsOng Tek Koon of Puchong, published in the WeekenderMailbag Column of The Star newspaper dated Saturday8 May 2010, might shed light on the context ofmisunderstanding due to perception and differentcultures adopting different colours.

Embarrassing MisunderstandingLate last year, I went on a trip to Beijing, China. I stayedat the Shangrila Hotel. The staff there was conversantin English, and we had no problem communicatingwith them.

On the first day, we went on a guided tour to the GreatWall of China. It was amazing and the guide wasinformative. Later, we decided to visit the SummerPalace, the Temple of Heaven, Tiananmen Square,Forbidden City and thought maybe it would be a goodidea to go by taxi.

The hotel receptionist arranged a taxi service for us andgave us the contact number. The next day, I called thetaxi service and said, “Hello, may I talk to Mr Chong”.

The clerk replied, “Lan chow”, which sounded like anexpletive. I was shocked. I asked again, and sherepeated what she said. Disgusted, I put down thephone.

As I pondered the incident, it occurred to me that shemust have said, “Lunch hour”. It was 1pm, after all. Anhour later, there was a knock on my door. I waschanging after my bath, so I replied, “Coming”, as Iemerged from the bathroom. Immediately, somebodyopened the door.

Before I could grab a towel, I saw someone standing atthe door.

He said, “I thought (you said) come in,” and quicklyshut the door.

It was the taxi driver the receptionist had arranged for. Idecided there and then to change my plans and to takethe bus to save from further embarrassment.

The next day at a park, I came across a peddler sellingnuts. I enquired, and the peddler said something inMandarin. I bought a packet and was happilymunching away when I felt a pat on my back.

“Hey, these nuts are for birds.”

Red with shame, I put the packet down and hurriedaway.

Embarrassing UnderstandingMy first trip to Penang was in 1989. Having completedour STPM examination, a few of my classmates and Imade our first visit there.

We were very excited. The express bus from Malacca atmidnight took five hours to reach Butterworth.

We disembarked at the Butterworth Bus Station, whichwas very quiet in the early hours of the morning. All theshops were closed, and there was hardly anyonearound except for a few passengers.

The ferry ticket counter opened at 6am, and we got ourtickets. Hour after hour passed, and we saw everybodygrabbing their ferry ride.

We started to feel doubtful - where was the ferrymarked “Pulau Pinang” that we were waiting for?

Finally, one of my friends asked a man nearby wherethe ferry to Pulau Pinang was. The man gave us astrange look and said ALL the ferries were headed toPulau Pinang. What were we waiting for?

We were surprised and told him that we saw ferries to“Pulau Kapas”, “Pulau Langkawi”, “Pulau Tioman” etc.but none to “Pulau Pinang”.

The man laughed heartily at this and said those werejust the names of the ferries. We were stunned andlaughed at our own silliness. I’m reminded of thisincident every time I travel to Penang.

While the two incidents above are not nerve wrecking,the following are some other common examples wenormally encounter in our daily life, and they could endup with negative ill-effects and more stress.

By bringing more positiveenergy into your life and

surrounding yourself withpositivity it induces the mind toremain optimistic and positive.

Using self-talk that is optimisticrather than pessimistic has

stress management benefits,productivity benefits and even

health benefits.

The next time you find yourselfstressing about something or

deciding you’re not up to achallenge, stop and rethink,

and see if you can come up witha neutral or positive

replacement.

46 Vol.45 No.3 2010

THEMALAYSIANSURVEYOR

A disagreement happens between two colleaguesdue to trivial matters. One is influencing the restabout the negativities of the other party and thetime-bomb could explode any time. If many weremore receptive to the negative remarks than thetrue positive values, though limited, a nightmarewill crop up. With no training in positive self-talk,you would accept the negativities and the remarkslabelled at them.

Often, we may perceive the same things differentlybased on the words and the language used todescribe them. It could be due to the person whodisseminates the information, making it evenworse with lots of ‘additives’ that change thewhole scenario. The fact is people who speakdifferent languages in a multiracial community maysee the same things differently based on the wordstheir language uses to describe these things as thiscan affect the perception of colours and theinfluence is significant.

Increased Perception of Stress Negative self-talk can alter the experience of stress inmany ways. What you perceive and what you dwell oncould also colour the scenario of an incident. Whenyour self-talk is negative, you may perceive things asmore stressful. For example, when you tell yourselfsomething is ‘difficult’, ‘unfair’ or ‘hard to come by’, itbecomes more stressful to deal with unless you tellyourself that everything in life is ‘a challenge’, ‘a test’, or‘one of those things that you have to go through in life’.This is because the subconscious mind tends to believethe thoughts it hears. Limiting your abilities by tellingyourself you “can’t”, “this is too hard”, or “it’s not worthtrying” is already loosing half the battle in life. Usingself-talk that is optimistic rather than pessimistic hasstress management benefits, productivity benefits andeven health benefits.

When you tell yourself you can’t handle something, youtend to stop looking for solutions. The fact that tellingyourself you can’t handle something is actuallydepriving the creativity within and prophesyingnegative self-talk. Stopping negative thoughts andcreating habitually positive internal dialogue canreduce stress and self empowerment.

Developing the Positive Self-Talk HabitThe first step toward change is to be more aware of theproblems in hand. You probably don’t realise howoften you say negative things to yourself and to yourfriends around you, but constant positive self-talkpractice can make us more conscious of the internal

dialogue, its content and the manner it should bepresented.

As you notice yourself saying something negative inyour mind, you can stop your thought instantly bysaying to yourself “Stop”. Saying this repeatedly aloudwill be more powerful, and having to say it aloud willmake you more aware of how many times you arestopping negative thoughts.

As you find yourself mentally complaining aboutsomething, sometimes for the sake of complaining,rethink the assumptions. Are you assuming somethingis a negative event when it isn’t, necessarily? Plansbeing cancelled at the last minute can be viewed as anegative event, but what you do with your newly-freedschedule can be what you make of it. Sometimes,cancelling the plans may be worthwhile if you stick toyour decision and your reasoning. The next time youfind yourself stressing about something or decidingyou’re not up to a challenge, stop and rethink, and seeif you can come up with a neutral or positivereplacement.

A good way to stop a bad habit is to replace it withsomething better.

W.M.A. Wan Hussin is a Professor at the School of Civil Engineering,Universiti Sains Malaysia. He conducts several courses on stressmanagement and delivers public lectures and talks on managementissues for various organisations. He is currently a Licensed LandSurveyor, Malaysian Speaking Professional (MSP) of the MalaysianAssociation of Professional Speakers, a Fellow of the Institution ofSurveyors Malaysia and a Certified Professional Utility Locator and canbe reached at wmabwh@gmail.com.

Stopping negative thoughts andcreating habitually positive

internal dialogue can reducestress and self empowerment.

The first step toward change isto be more aware of the

problems in hand.

Management

Vol.45 No.3 2010 47

The major causes of project failure arewell documented. The causes higheston the list are not process related, as

maybe expected, but are directly driven bythe people dynamics of the project. PM-Partners group refers to this as the “art” and“science” of project management. Mostorganisations invest heavily in the “science”of project management (e.g. systems,methodology and performancemanagement) but neglect the “art” ofstakeholder management, teamengagement and communication. The abilityof a project manager to build a team thataddresses both the art and science ofproject management will substantiallyimprove the success rate of projects for anorganisation.

Valuing DiversityEmerging science indicates that there arefour intelligence groups that need to beharnessed within a successful project team.

As with many other aspects of life, peoplehave different ways of approaching a

Applying ‘Intelligence’

to ProjectsApproximately two-thirds (66%)of all projects surveyed over thepast decade have failed or werechallenged. Most troublesomewere larger projects. Only 19%

of large- projects costingUS$750,000 to US$3 millionwere successful in 2009 (The

Standish Group 2009).

Dr Richard StejerPM-Partners group

48 Vol.45 No.3 2010

THEMALAYSIANSURVEYOR

challenge such as the delivery of a project. Somepeople will be successful at the art, and others willexcel at the science. A person’s experience, naturalinclinations, education and influences will determinewhich intelligence they have developed.

Top 3 Causes of Poor Performance*

Lack of User Involvement 15.9%

Lack of Executive Support 12.8%

Lack of User Input 12.3%

(The CHAOS Manifesto, 2009, The StandishGroup International)

Emotional Intelligence (EQ)Emotional Intelligence encapsulates the soft skillsrequired to effectively engage people. Within theproject management context these people are mostadept when engaging with stakeholders. People withhigh “EQ” are able to take a very considered approachto their communication and interaction with others.They understand the logic surrounding what needs tobe achieved, they can put themselves into the shoes ofothers and use well-honed communication skills tobring about a positive response. Contrary to popular

Contrary to popularunderstanding having good

“people” skills doesn'tmean you're always

placating people.

understanding having good “people” skills doesn’tmean you’re always placating people. Instead, havinghigh EQ means you also know when to stand firm andhow to crack the whip when appropriate.

Management Intelligence (MQ)People with high management intelligence are mastersof managing the interface between the project and theorganisation. They have a “head” for organisationalstructure and are able to translate organisational goalsand needs into project outcomes. They understandhow to work the system to secure resources for theproject. They know when to engage in politics andwhen to avoid it.

Process IntelligenceVital to all projects is effective methodology; findingthe balance between control and flexibility, enablingpeople to efficiently and effectively complete tasks.People with high process intelligence know how to

Management

Vol.45 No.3 2010 49

strike that balance. They know how to createtrusted processes that give people clear directionand confidence.

Conflict IntelligenceIn the project management context, conflictintelligence isn’t so much about sorting outproblems between people but rather having thesmarts to effectively manage competingsolutions. Often there is more than one way tocomplete a task or achieve an outcome. A personwith high conflict intelligence can work throughthe benefits of each solution, assess relevance,impact and requirements and then recommendthe optimum path.

Optimising Your Project TeamWhether you have the opportunity to build ateam from scratch or have inherited an existingteam, there are some fundamental steps you cantake to optimise the performance of your team.

The first principle to keep top of mind is that youwant all four intelligence groups to be coveredby your team. The absence of any of the groupswill contribute to project failure. If there are anysignificant gaps in the team then you need toconsider ways of bridging that gap, eitherthrough recruitment or skills development.

1. Capability AssessmentsConduct an assessment of each team memberusing proven psychological profiling tools such asBar-On EQi to identify each person’s strengths.Build people’s roles within the team to play totheir strengths. If you are recruiting newmembers, assess gaps within the existing teamand use your recruitment strategy to addressthose shortfalls.

2. Competency Training and MentoringNo team or person is perfect. In most instancesnew skills will need to be developed. There are avariety of formalised training courses availablethat address each of the required skills areas. Itis important to note, from our experience, thattraining delivers only part of the desiredoutcome. If you are managing a complex orimportant project we strongly recommend

combining training with on-the-job mentoring by experiencedproject managers with the skill sets you would like toreplicate.

3. Health ChecksProject health checks can be conducted at the start, during orat the end of a project. Health checks are an easy,unobtrusive spot check on how the team is performing inpractice. Health checks will provide you with valuable insightsenabling you to fine-tune team performance.

PM-Partners group builds project management capabilities and deliver projects fororganisations throughout the Asia Pacific region. Established over 15 years, our teamof 100 + highly certified and experienced project managers are ready to assist withtraining, mentoring, consulting and project delivery to ensure your organisationachieves success. Visit www.pm-partners.com.au or call 1300 701 314.

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Whether you have theopportunity to build a

team from scratch or haveinherited an existing team,

there are somefundamental steps you

can take to optimise theperformance of your team.

The causes highest on the listare not process related, as

maybe expected, but aredirectly driven by the people

dynamics of the project.

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Property Consultancy & Valuation Surveyors

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Quantity Surveyors

Vol.45 No.3 2010 53

Property Consultancy & Valuation Surveyors

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Kota KinabaluSuite 8A, 8th Floor Wisma Pendidikan, Jalan PadangP O Box 1159888817 Kota Kinabalu, SabahTel: 088-223369Fax: 088-216537

Kuching3rd Floor, No. 2 Jalan Song Thian Cheok93100 Kuching, SarawakTel: 082-232212Fax: 082-232198

MS ISO/IEC GUIDE 62:1999QS 02121999 CB 01

ACCREDITED CERTIFICATION BODYMALAYSIA

PERUNDING KOS PEMBINAAN & PENGURUS PROJEK

14A, Jalan Bandar 3,Taman Melawati,

53100 Hulu KelangSelangor Darul Ehsan

Tel: 03-41075970 , 41084452Fax: 03-41073044

E-mail : gjbahan@yahoo.com.my

(Lembaga Juruukur Bahan Malaysia Permit No: 1993/FP00005

Jurukur Bahan PerdanaNo:16-A Jalan 17/54 (Section 17)Taman Tan Sri Lee Yan Lian46400 Petaling JayaSelangor Darul EhsanMalaysia

Tel No: 603-79566699Fax No: 603-79550281

Email:jbp@streamyx.com, perdana@jbp.com.my

Jurukur Bahan & Perunding Kos Binaan

Quantity Surveyors & Construction Cost Consultant

29A, Jalan SS 4C/5,Taman Rasa Sayang47301 Petaling Jaya

Selangor Darul EhsanMalaysia

Tel: 03-7803 7795 / 96Fax: 03-7803 7791

E-mail: ksk_a@streamyx.com

54 Vol.45 No.3 2010

THEMALAYSIANSURVEYOR

J.B. BERGABUNGBQSM Permit No : 1993/FP00037MOF Register No : 455-00000555

JURUKUR BAHAN & PERUNDING KOS BINAAN

QUANTITY SURVEYORS &CONSTRUCTION COST CONSULTANTS

42-B, Jalan Kuning, Taman Pelangi,80400 Johor Bharu,Johor Darul Takzim.

Tel : 07-332 2872 , 332 2888Fax : 07-3325255

Email : jbbg.jb@gmail.com

Quantity Surveyors : Juru Ukur BahanConstruction Cost : Penasihat Ekonomi PembinaanConsultantProject Managers : Pengurus Projek

PENANG OFFICE56D, 1st & 2nd Floor, Perak PlazaJalan Perak, 10150 Penang, MalaysiaTel: 04-2285441 Fax: 04-228 5546Email: jubutara@gmail.com

No. Pendaftaran :LEMBAGA JURUUKUR BAHAN MALAYSIA : 1992/FS00025

KEMENTERIAN KEWANGAN : 00000575

JURUKUR BAHAN PROFESIONAL &PERUNDING KOS BINAAN

PROFESSIONAL QUANTITY SURVEYORS &CONSTRUCTION COST CONSULTANTS

25 Pent, Jalan SS 15/8A,47500 Subang Jaya

Selangor Darul Ehsan

Tel: 03-5633 6748, 5633 6753Fax: 03-5634 8254

E-mail:juba@juba.com.my

Construction Economist & Cost Consultant

Quantity Surveyors

Vol.45 No.3 2010 55

Jurukur Bahan & Perunding Kos BinaanQuantity Surveyors &

Construction Cost Consultants

5th Floor, Blue Wing, Pro-Centre BuildingLot 330, 8th Miles, Jalan Hulu Kelang

68000 Selangor Darul Ehsan

Tel: 03-4106 3250Fax: 03-4106 3254

E-mail: rqs_team@yahoo.com

CHARTERED QUANTITY SURVEYORS ANDCONSTRUCTION COST CONSULTANTS

No. 18-1 Jalan PJS 8/12, Dataran Mentari, 46150 Petaling Jaya, SelangorTel: 03-56329999 (Hunting Line) Fax: 56363723 / 56367723

E-mail: ymfkl@streamyx.comLembaga Juruukur Bahan Malaysia Permit No. 1993/FC00009

YONG DAN MOHAMMAD FAIZ (SABAH)Block M Lot 4, 3rd Floor, Sinsuran Shopping Complex,

No. 11-3, Jalan Tun Fuad Stephens. P.O.Box 1234088826 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah Tel: 211626 & 211378

Fax:211873 LJBM Permit No. 200/FP00282

In Association With Rider Levett BucknailSingapore, Hong Kong, Jakarta, Bangkok, Vietnam, China, Phillipines,

Australia, New Zealand, Great Britain, Europe, Africa, Middle East, India, U.S.A, Canada

chartered quantity surveyors,development cost consultantsjuruukur bahan berkanun

65-C, Jalan SS21/60,Damansara Utama,47400 Petaling Jaya,Selangor Darul Ehsan.Tel : 03-7726 2985, 7726 1096, 7725 2019Fax: 03-7726 1572E-mail : mqsconsult@yahoo.com /

mqs@streamyx.com

UKUR BAHAN KONSULTQUANTITY SURVEYORS & BUILDING ECONOMISTS

NO. 16-A, JALAN PERSIARAN ZAABA

TAMAN TUN DR. ISMAIL

60000 KUALA LUMPUR

Tel : 603-7729 8100 (4 Lines)Fax : 603-7727 1636E-mail : ubkqs@tm.net.my

ubkqssb@gmail.com

THEMALAYSIANSURVEYOR

56 Vol.45 No.3 2010

Permit No.109 (S.P)

CURRENT CORRESPONDANCE ADDRESS:

No.1-5, Block D2,Jalan PJU 1/39, Dataran Prima,47301 Petaling Jaya.

Tel : 03-7803 3553Fax: 03-7803 3554Email: admin@kuantikonsult.com.my

KL OfficeAddress : The Place 3-3A, Jalan PJU 8/5G,

Perdana Business Centre, 47820 Damansara PerdanaSelangor Darul Ehsan.

Tel : 03-7726 6090Fax : 03-7725 6090E-mail : amd05@streamyx.com

Ktn OfficeAddress : A193, IM 16/1, Bandar Indera Mahkota,

25200 Kuantan, PahangTel : 09 5722 786Fax : 09 5722 788E-mail : jobaba@streamyx.com

Perunding Ukur Bahan/Ekonomi Pembinaan/Pengurusan ProjekConsultant Quantity Surveyor/ Building Economist/Project Management

KL Office:No.49A, Jalan SG 3/10, Taman Seri Gombak

68100 Batu Caves, Selangor Darul EhsanTel: 03-61861337/61895060 Fax: 03-61890094

E-mail: prokoskonsult@hotmail.com

JB Office:PRO KOS KONSULT SDN. BHD

No. 41-01, Jalan Pulai Perdana 11Taman Sri Pulai Perdana

81110 Johor Bahru, Johor Darul TakzimTel: 07- 5208395 Fax: 07-5208421E-mail: prokos_konsult@yahoo.com

Quantity Surveyors

Construction Economist & Cost Consultant

With Compliments

Vol.45 No.3 2010 57

JohorNo 25-02, Jln Pendidikan 3, Tmn Universiti

81300 Skudai, JohorTel/Fax: 07-5217675

Email: jsjohor@jurukursetia.com

PahangNo. 43A, Jalan Sekilau 1, Bukit Sekilau

25200 Kuantan, PahangTel/Fax: (609) 5126685

Email: jspahang@jurukursetia.com

JURUKUR PERUNDING SERVICES SDN BHD (HEADQUARTERS)No. 7 Jalan Industri PBP 3

Taman Industri Pusat Bandar Puchong47100 Puchong, Selangor Darul Ehsan

Tel no.: 03-5623 3228Fax no.: 03-8062 2999 & 03-8061 3399

E-mail: director@jpsurveys.comWebsite: www.jpsurveys.com

JOHOR KEDAHNo. 5-01, Jalan Pulai Perdana 145-B & 146-B Tingkat 211/2 Taman Seri Pulai Perdana Kompleks Alor Setar81110 Skudai Lebuhraya Darul AmanJohor Darul Takzim 05100 Alor Setar, Kedah Darul AmanTel no.: 07-520 4328 Tel no.: 04-731 2604 / 04-731 0663Fax no.: 07-521 4328 Fax no.: 04-731 6560Attn: Sr. Teo Chee Hai Attn: Sr. Geh Thuan Hooi

MELAKA PULAU PINANGNo. M1-4-31 76 Jalan Lim Lean TengKompleks Yayasan Belia Sedunia 11600 Pulau Pinang(WYF Complex) Tel no.: 04-281 8488 / 04-281 6794Leboh Ayer Keroh Fax no.: 04-281 648875450 Melaka Bandaraya Bersejarah Attn: Sr. Raja Ahmad Kahar b. Raja AriffTel no.: 06-231 8070 / 06-231 8235Fax no.: 06-233 1735Attn: Sr. Mahadi Suboh

TERENGGANUBRUNEI DARUSSALAM 46-B, Tingkat 2Unit 11, 2nd Floor, Block C Jalan Sultan Zainal AbidinKg. Pengkalan Gadong BE 3719 20000 Kuala TerengganuNegara Brunei Darussalam Terengganu Darul ImanTel no.: 02-451546 / 02-456357 Tel no.: 09-622 5118Fax no.: 02-456358 Fax no.: 09-631 5118Attn: Pg Hj Matusin Pg Hj Matasan Attn: Sr. Nik Afinde b. Nik Yaakob

PERAKJurukur Perunding Services (Ipoh) Sdn Bhd

50 Jalan Ghazali Jawi31400 Ipoh, Perak Darul Ridzuan

Tel no.: 05-545 0077 / 05-545 0841Fax no.: 05-547 4658

E-mail: jpipoh@streamyx.comAttn: Sr. Ho Koon Kan , Sr. Zulkifli b. Mat Rais

With Best Compliments

LICENSED LAND SURVEYOR

OUR PROFESSSIONAL SERVICES

� CONSULTANT IN LAND & HOUSING DEVELOPMENT

� CADASTRAL SURVEY � DIGITAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY � ENGINEERING SURVEY

� HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY� MAPPING SURVEY� MINING SURVEY � SUBTERRANEAN SURVEY� TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY

Main Office20-2, Jalan PJU 5/15, Dataran Sunway,Kota Damansara, 47810, Petaling Jaya, Selangor D.E.Tel : +603-6157 9988 Fax : +603-6157 2145Email: main@put.com.my

Branch Office45A, Lorong PS2, Bandar Perda, 14000,Bukit Mertajam, Seberang Perai, PenangTel : +604-538 3122 Fax : +603-539 3122Email: png_main@put.com.my

Visit our website at : h�p://www.put.com.my

Head Office:No 34A, Jalan BRP1/2Bukit Rahman Putra, Sungai Buloh47000 Selangor Darul EhsanTel: 03-6156 6797, 6156 6696Fax: 03-6156 6659E-mail: qsfocus@gmail.com

Branch Office:No.270A, Jalan Simbang, Taman Perling,81200 Johor Bahru,Johor Darul TakzimTel: 07-2380099Fax: 07-2360011E-mail: qsfocus.jb@gmail.com

PROPERTY DEVELOPMENT COST CONSULTANTCONSULTANT QUANTITY SURVEYORS

PROJECT MANAGEMENT CONSULTANT

No. 2-G, 2nd Floor, Wisma Guru Terengganu, Jalan Hiliran, 21000 Kuala Terengganu,Terengganu Tel: 09-6203565/3566Fax: 09-6203567Email: mazliis@yahoo.com

THEMALAYSIANSURVEYOR

58 Vol.45 No.3 2010

BAHARUDDIN ALI & LOW SDN BHD(R.O.C. No. 63558-U) LJBM No.: 1993/FC00010

Jurukur-Jurukur Bahan Berkanun & Ekonomis PembinaanChartered Quantity Surveyors & Construction Cost Consultants

Head Office217 & 219, Jalan Perkasa Satu,Taman Maluri, Cheras,55100 Kuala Lumpur

Tel: (603) 9285 3744Fax: (603) 9285 5452/6231Email: balow@balow.po.myWebsite: www.balow.po.my

Branch Office72B, Jalan Abiad, Taman Tebrau Jaya,80400 Johor Bahru, Johor Darul TakzimTel: (607) 333 8480Fax: (607) 333 9614Email: balowjb@streamyx.comWebsite: www.balow.po.my

Building Surveyors

P-CON Building Surveyors Sdn. Bhd. Company No. 815157 W)

Business Associate: BSC Building Surveyors & Consultants

Dilapidation SurveysPre & Post-Construction Condition SurveysBuilding Condition SurveysBuilding Defects Survey - Inspections, investigations & rectifications - Pathology & diagnosis

Pre-Purchase Building Surveys/ Due Diligence SurveysWater Seepage/ Leakage Problem SurveysWaterproofing Tests & Water Pressure TestsProperty Damage Due to Construction/ Development WorksPre-Leasing Condition Surveys

MAIN OFFICE: No. 41-C, Jln TK1/11A, Tmn Kinrara, 47180 Puchong, Selangor, Malaysia.admin@p-consurvey.comTel: 03 – 8070 2661Fax: 03 – 8070 7016

JOHOR OFFICE:No. 61, Jalan Indah 4/6, Taman Bukit Indah, 81200 Skudai, Johor Bahru.jb@p-consurvey.comTel: 012 – 235 3468Fax: 07 – 236 6744

Website: www.p-consurvey.com

No. 41A, JALAN SS 15/447500 SUBANG JAYA, SELANGOR

TEL: 603-56335361/03-56335362 Fax: 603-56 33 52 92EMAIL: ksnls@hotmail.com

ksnair1@hotmail.com

SURVEY SERVICES : LAND TITLE SURVEY

SUB-DIVISION OF BUILDING (Strata title)

UNDERGROUND LAND (Stratum title)

TOPOGRAPHICAL & ENGINEERING SURVEYS

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SURVEY

SPATIAL DATA

GPS SURVEYS

QSIC2010 is the 9th in a series of Quantity Surveying national and international conferences organised annually since 2001. QSIC2010 is jointly organised by the Board of Quantity Surveyors Malaysia, The Institution of Surveyors Malaysia, Universiti Teknologi MARA and Public Works Department Malaysia.

THE AIMThe conference is expected to bring together and provide a platform for Quantity Surveyors to expand the frontiers of their professional services, especially in terms of adoption of innovative tools and practices; and exploring further opportunities in breaking into the global market.

THE OBJECTIVES• To instigate the transformation of quantity surveying business processes and capability through the

implementation of innovative tools and practices.

• To explore the expanding roles of quantity surveyors involved in new areas beyond construction.

• To create awareness on the direction of quantity surveying professional services with reference to the global market.

• To learn from international project practitioners’ experience through their involvement in international projects.

Contact Persons:Loh Mei Ling / Alina SaripTel: +603 2696 7823 / 8140Fax: +603 2692 5680Email: qsic@bqsm.gov.my

Address:Secretariat, QSIC2010 SecretariatBoard of Quantity Surveyors Malaysia17th Floor, Ibu Pejabat JKR, Jalan Sultan Salahuddin50582 Kuala Lumpur

For further information please call or email: