developing of nuclear energy for power generation under malaysia's etp

7/25/2019 Developing of Nuclear Energy for Power Generation Under Malaysia's ETP

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DEVELOPING NUCLEAR ENERGY FOR POWERDEVELOPING NUCLEAR ENERGY FOR POWERGENERATIONGENERATION

IN MALAYSIAIN MALAYSIASS

ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION PROGRAMME (ETP)ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION PROGRAMME (ETP)

bby Jamaly Jamal KhaerKhaer IbrahimIbrahimDirector, Nuclear Power Programme DevelopmentDirector, Nuclear Power Programme Development

Malaysia Nuclear Power Corporation (MNPC)Malaysia Nuclear Power Corporation (MNPC)

Prime MinisterPrime Ministers Departments Department

International Construct ion Week (ICW) 2014International Construct ion Week (ICW) 2014Kuala LumpurKuala Lumpur

118 September 20148 September 2014

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WHY IS NUCLEAR ENERGY IN THE ETP?WHY IS NUCLEAR ENERGY IN THE ETP?

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NUCLEAR ENERGY INNUCLEAR ENERGY IN THE ETPTHE ETP

Source: Economic Transformation Programme (ETP) document

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Source: Economic Transformation Programme (ETP) document

5

NUCLEAR ENERGY IN THE ETP


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AIMING FOR A HIGHAIMING FOR A HIGH--INCOME ECONOMY BY 2020INCOME ECONOMY BY 2020

600600

500500

400400

300300

200200

100100

009090 9494 9898 0202 0606 0808 1010 1212 1414 1616 1818

RMRMbillionbillion

9292 9696 0000 0404 2020

5.4% p.a.5.4% p.a.actual growthactual growth(1990(1990--2010)2010)

5.4% p.a.5.4% p.a.GDP growthGDP growth

(2011(2011--2020)2020)

GDP in 2020 at sustained 5.4% growth rateGDP in 2020 at sustained 5.4% growth rate

as in 1990 to 2010: RM 869 bil lionas in 1990 to 2010: RM 869 bi llion

HighHigh--Income EconomyIncome Economy

Minimum GDP growthMinimum GDP growth

5.0% p.a. (20115.0% p.a. (2011--2020)2020)

Minimum GDP for HighMinimum GDP for High--Income Economy: RM 840 billionIncome Economy: RM 840 billion

USD15,329USD15,329

700700

800800

900900

1,0001,000

1,1001,100

1,2001,200

1,3001,300

1,4001,400

Vision 2020 Target PathVision 2020 Target Path

RM 1,388 billion in 2020RM 1,388 billion in 2020Real GDP in constant 2000 pricesReal GDP in constant 2000 prices

USD14,818USD14,818

USD17,500USD17,500

New Economic Model (NEM)New Economic Model (NEM)

GDP growth targetGDP growth target6.5% p.a.6.5% p.a.

(2011(2011--2020)2020)

66

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labour

labour

effic

ienc

y

effic

ienc

y

inves

tment

inves

tment

Per CapitaPer Capita

IncomeIncome(USD)(USD)

currentcurrentper capitaper capita

incomeincome

businessbusinessas usualas usual

~7,000~7,000

~15,500~15,500

~17,500~17,500HighHigh--IncomeIncomeEconomiesEconomies

Middle & LowerMiddle & LowerIncomeIncome

EconomiesEconomies

20102010 20202020

Eight Strategic Reform Init iatives (SRIEight Strategic Reform Initiatives (SRIs)s)

valuedrive

rvalue

driverss average annualaverage annual

growth of 6.5%growth of 6.5%

1MALAYSIA:1MALAYSIA: People First, Performance NowPeople First, Performance NowPreservation & Enhancement of Unity in DiversityPreservation & Enhancement of Unity in Diversity

GOVERNMENT TRANSFORMATION PROGRAMME (GTP)GOVERNMENT TRANSFORMATION PROGRAMME (GTP)6 National Key Results Areas (NKRA6 National Key Results Areas (NKRAs)s) for Effective Delivery of Government Servicesfor Effective Delivery of Government Services

Apri l 2009Apri l 2009

January 2010January 2010

ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION PROGRAMME (ETP)ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION PROGRAMME (ETP)8 Strategic Reform Initiatives (SRI8 Strategic Reform Initiatives (SRIs) & 12 National Key Economic Areas (NKEAs) & 12 National Key Economic Areas (NKEAs)s)

New Economic Model: A HighNew Economic Model: A High--Income, Inclus ive & Sustainable NationIncome, Inclusive & Sustainable NationMarch 2010March 2010

1010THTH MALAYSIA PLANMALAYSIA PLANMacroeconomic Growth TargetsMacroeconomic Growth Targets

& Expenditure Allocation& Expenditure AllocationSmooth Implementation ofSmooth Implementation of

GovernmentGovernments Development Programmes Development Programme

June 2010June 2010

20152015

1111THTH MALAYSIA PLANMALAYSIA PLAN

FOUR

PILLARSTOACHIEVE

FOUR

PILLARSTOACHIEVE

VISIO

N2020

VISIO

N2020

Source: Malaysia, New Economic Model (NEM)

NEW ECONOMIC MODEL (NEM)NEW ECONOMIC MODEL (NEM)TRANSFORMING MALAYSIATRANSFORMING MALAYSIA

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effic

ienc

y

effic

ienc

y

labour

labour

safetysafetycultureculture

highhigh--technology knowledgetechnology knowledge--basedbasededucation & training infrastructureeducation & training infrastructure

investm

ent

investm

ent

HighHigh--Income EconomyIncome Economy

20102010

valuedrive

rs

valuedrive

rs

Per Capita IncomePer Capita Income

highly skilled work forcehighly skilled work force

MiddleMiddle--IncomeIncomeEconomyEconomy

STRATEGI

CREFORMINITI

ATIVES(S

RI

STRATEGI

CREFORMINITI

ATIVES(S

RIs)s)

1.1. ReRe--en

ergisingP

rivateSector;

energising

PrivateSector;

2.2. Develo

pingQual

ityWorkfo

rce&Reducing

Developin

gQuality

Workforce

&Reducing

Dependen

cyonFore

ignLabou

r;

Dependen

cyonFore

ignLabou

r;

3.3. Creatin

gCompet

itiveDom

esticEcon

omy;

CreatingC

ompetitive

Domestic

Economy;

4.4. Streng

theningPu

blicSector

;

Strengthen

ingPublic

Sector;

5.5.Trans

parent&M

arket

Transparen

t&Market

--friendlyA

ffirmative

Action;

friendlyAff

irmativeA

ction;

6.6. BuildingKno

wledgeBa

seInfrastr

ucture;

BuildingKno

wledgeBa

seInfrast

ructure;

7.7. Enhan

cingSourcesofG

rowth;

EnhancingSourc

esofGrow

th;

8.8. Ensur

ingSustai

nabilityofGrowth

.

Ensuring

SustainabilityofG

rowth. industrial advancementindustrial advancement

high technologyhigh technology& high quality& high quality

competitivecompetitiveelectricityelectricity

sustainablesustainabledevelopmentdevelopment

greengreen--househousegas emissiongas emission

avoidanceavoidance

enhanced energyenhanced energy

securitysecurity

concentratedconcentrateddevelopmentdevelopmentaround plantsaround plants

private sectorprivate sector

investmentinvestment

POTENTIAL CONTRIBUTION OFPOTENTIAL CONTRIBUTION OF NUCLEAR POWERNUCLEAR POWER PROJECTSPROJECTSTO THE NEWTO THE NEW ECONOMIC MODEL (NEM)ECONOMIC MODEL (NEM)

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PENINSULARMALAYSIA

40% of land area;80% of population;90% of electricity.

STATES OFSABAH & SARAWAKON BORNEO ISLAND

60% of land area;20% of population;10% of electricity.

MALAYSIALand Area: 329,733 sq. km.

Population: 29.3 million (2012)

POINTS TOPONDER:

CHINESE TAIPEI,

is a quarter the sizeof PeninsularMalaysia wi th apopulationof 24 million,but has 6 operatingnuclear power plants& 2 underconstruction.

REPUBLIC OFKOREA,is three quarters thesize of PeninsularMalaysia wi th a

population of50 million,but has 23 operatingnuclear power plants& 4 underconstruction.

BUT,BUT,NUCLEAR ENERGY CONSIDERED ONLY FOR PENINSULAR MALAYSIANUCLEAR ENERGY CONSIDERED ONLY FOR PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

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What is the next most viable main energy source?

Oil has long been decoupledOil has long been decoupledfrom electricity generationfrom electricity generation

Hydropower resources mostly in Sarawak,Hydropower resources mostly in Sarawak,with resources on the Peninsula almost fu lly developedwith resources on the Peninsula almost fu lly developed

CoaCoall mostly imported,mostly imported,

with increasing importswith increasing imports

Peninsular gas resources depleting,Peninsular gas resources depleting,with anticipated increasing import of LNG for electricity generawith anticipated increasing import of LNG for electricity generationtion

EVOLUTION OF NATIONAL ELECTRICITY GENERATION FUEL MIXEVOLUTION OF NATIONAL ELECTRICITY GENERATION FUEL MIX

Source: adapted from Malaysias Ministry o f Energy, Green Technology & Water (KeTTHA)2012

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PENINSULAR MALAYSIA LOADPENINSULAR MALAYSIA LOAD--DURATION CURVEDURATION CURVE

Source: Energy Commission Malaysia, Annual Report 2012

Combined Cycle Gas TurbinesCombined Cycle Gas Turbines

On Wednesday, 20 June 2012

1111

What is the next most viable main energy source,What is the next most viable main energy source,

for base load electr icity generation?for base load electric ity generation?


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PENINSULAR MALAYSIA POWER GENERATION MIXPENINSULAR MALAYSIA POWER GENERATION MIXUP TO 2022UP TO 2022

Source: Energy Commission, Peninsular Malaysia Electricity Supply Industry Outlook 2013

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Increasing dependence on coal imports & and share of coal in electricity generation,

leading to decreasing energy security & increasing carbon emission.

Declin ing share of gas util isation in electric ity generation.


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2019

Energy

DEMAND-SUPPLY GAP:NEED NUCLEAR POWER

2020 Year

Energy Demand Growthwithout Policy Intervention

Energy Resource & Supply Constraintwithout Policy Intervention

Targeted SlowerEnergy Demand Growthwith Policy Intervention:Energy Effic iency (EE) &Demand-Side Management (DSM).

Increased Energy SupplyOptionswith Policy Intervention:throughGreen Energy Development,Fit-In Tarif fs (FIT),Increased Oil & Gas

Exploration & Product ion inDeeper Seas, Residual Fields,etc.

NuclearNuclear energy needed to fi ll energy demandenergy needed to fi ll energy demand--supply gapsupply gapwith renewable energy on supply side & energy effic iency & demanwith renewable energy on supply side & energy effic iency & demandd--side management.side management.

NEED FOR NUCLEAR ENERGY FOR THE PENINSULANEED FOR NUCLEAR ENERGY FOR THE PENINSULA

Source: adapted from Economic Planning Unit (EPU), Prime Ministers Department, Malaysia

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NUCLEAR ENERGY INNUCLEAR ENERGY IN THE ETPTHE ETP

2525THTH OCTOBER 2010OCTOBER 2010

ECONOMICECONOMICTRANSFORMATIONTRANSFORMATION

PROGRAMMEPROGRAMME(ETP),(ETP),

INCLUDINGINCLUDINGNUCLEAR POWERNUCLEAR POWER

DEPLOYMENTDEPLOYMENT

LAUNCHEDLAUNCHED

Launching of the ETP by the Prime Ministeras part of the New Economic Model (NEM),

incorporating an Entry Point Project (EPP)on nuclear power deploymentunder the National Key Economic Area (NKEA)for Oil, Gas & Energy (OGE) sector,

with target of building twin-unit nuclear power plantwith total capacity of 2 Gigawatts,with the first unit in operation by 2021.

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20102010 20112011 20122012 20132013 20142014 20152015 20162016 20172017 20182018 20192019 20202020 20212021

Preparation PhaseDecision

PhaseImplementation Phase Launch

Regulatory FrameworkPreparation

Permits& Safety Analysis

Operation Permits& Safety Reports

Pre-Feasibili ty Study (PFS)

ProjectDevelopment

Feasibil ity Study (FS)

Basic & Detailed Design

Bid Invitation & Evaluation

Contract Award & Vendor Procurement

Site Grading & Excavation

Construction

Commissioning

Signing/Ratifying or Acceding to International Instruments & Legislative Development

Site Investigations

Site LicenceConstruction Licence

Preliminary Safety Analysis Report (PSAR)

Pre-Operational Baseline Radiological Data Gathering

Final Safety Analys is Report (FSAR) for Operating Licence

Operator Training

Continuous Stakeholder Involvement, Public Information, Human Capital, Industrial & Technolog ical DevelopmentProgramme&

Regualtory

Develop

ment

INDICATIVEINDICATIVE TIMELINE FOR NUCLEAR POWERTIMELINE FOR NUCLEAR POWER DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENTIN THE ETPIN THE ETP

Source: Malaysia NKEA OGE Laboratory 2010, Economic Transformation Programme (ETP)

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Public opinion survey to identifypriority segments & concerns Awareness pro jects Transparency in project implementation

PublicPublic

AcceptanceAcceptance

Promote public acceptance

Fast-track process & make government priorityInternationalInternational

GovernanceGovernance

Sign/ratify relevant treaties &conventions

Al ign on international best pract ices Top-down mandate to accelerate process Engage foreign experts to assess site

& construction permit applications

RegulatoryRegulatorycontextcontext

Put in place detailed regulations

Public information programme Option for localities to bid to host nuclear

plantsas in Japan & Republic of Korea

NuclearNuclearPlant SitePlant Site

Acqu isit ionAcquis it ion

Acqu ire approval for plant si tes Obtain public support in locality

Negotiate with vendors based on timeline

ConstructionConstructionTimelineTimeline

Require best-in-class timeline

from vendors

Potential resolutionChallenge

Combine low-cost & market financinge.g. sovereign-guaranteed foreign export credits,

foreign equity, commercial loans,including Islamic financing options.

ProjectProjectFinancingFinancing

Obtain low-cost financing

KEY CHALLENGES IN NUCLEAR POWERKEY CHALLENGES IN NUCLEAR POWER DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT

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ESTABLISHMENT OFESTABLISHMENT OF MNPC AS THE NEPIOMNPC AS THE NEPIO

77THTH JANUARY 2011:JANUARY 2011:

ESTABLISHMENTESTABLISHMENTOFOF

MALAYSIAMALAYSIA

NUCLEAR POWERNUCLEAR POWERCORPORATIONCORPORATION

(MNPC)(MNPC)AS AAS A NEWNEW

FULLY DEDICATEDFULLY DEDICATED

NUCLEAR ENERGYNUCLEAR ENERGY

PROGRAMMEPROGRAMME

IMPLEMENTINGIMPLEMENTINGORGANISATIONORGANISATION

((NEPIO)NEPIO)

Malaysia Nuclear Power Corporation (MNPC)registered under the Companies Act of Malaysia,as a ful ly Government-owned companylimited by guarantee, without share capital,placed under the jurisdiction ofthe Prime Ministers Department,as a new fully dedicated NEPIO,

and officially launched by the Prime Ministerto spearhead nuclear power deploymentunder the Economic Transformation Programme (ETP)on 11th January 2011.

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Based onBased on the Memorandumthe Memorandum of Association of MNPC under the Companies Act:of Association of MNPC under the Companies Act:

To plan, spearhead & coordinate the implementation ofTo plan, spearhead & coordinate the implementation ofnuclear energy development programme for Malaysianuclear energy development programme for Malaysia

and to take the necessary action to realise the development ofand to take the necessary action to realise the development ofthe first nuclear power plant in Malaysia;the first nuclear power plant in Malaysia;

To ensure the development of nuclear infrastructure for the counTo ensure the development of nuclear infrastructure for the countrytryis in l ine with International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) guidelis in l ine with International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) guidel inesines

covering 19 key areas of national position, nuclear safety, manacovering 19 key areas of national position, nuclear safety, management, funding &gement, funding &

financing, legislative framework, safeguards,financing, legislative framework, safeguards,regulatory framework, radiation protection, electrical grid,regulatory framework, radiation protection, electrical gr id,human resource development, stakeholder involvement,human resource development, stakeholder involvement,

site & supporting facili ties, environmental protection, emergencsite & supporting facili ties, environmental protection, emergency planning, security &y planning, security &physical protection, nuclear fuel cycle, radioactive waste,physical protection, nuclear fuel cycle, radioactive waste,

industrial involvement, and procurement; and,industrial involvement, and procurement; and,

To identify the company or special purpose vehicle (SPV)To identify the company or special purpose vehicle (SPV)to be the owner and/or operator of nuclear power plant.to be the owner and/or operator of nuclear power plant.

OBJECTIVES OF MALAYSIA NUCLEAR POWER CORPORATION (MNPC)OBJECTIVES OF MALAYSIA NUCLEAR POWER CORPORATION (MNPC)

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Ministers of the Federal GovernmentMinisters of the Federal Government Order (No. 2) 2013Order (No. 2) 2013

issued under the Ministersissued under the Ministers of the Federal Government Act (Act. No.2) ofof the Federal Government Act (Act. No.2) of 19691969& published& published in the Federal Government Gazette, P.U. (A) 184, dated 26 Junein the Federal Government Gazette, P.U. (A) 184, dated 26 June 2013:2013:

Under the Functions of the Prime MinisterUnder the Functions of the Prime Minister

Malaysia Nuclear Power Corporation:Malaysia Nuclear Power Corporation:

PlanningPlanning, spearheading and, spearheading and coordinatingcoordinatingthethe implementationimplementation ofof nuclear energy developmentnuclear energy development

asas well as to ensure the development of nuclear infrastructure forwell as to ensure the development of nuclear inf rastructure for thethe countrycountryisis in line with thein line with the International Atomic Energy Agency guidelinesInternational Atomic Energy Agency guidelines..

FUNCTIONS OFFUNCTIONS OF MALAYSIA NUCLEAR POWER CORPORATION (MNPCMALAYSIA NUCLEAR POWER CORPORATION (MNPC))UNDER THE MINISTERIAL FUNCTIONS ORDER (No. 2) 2013UNDER THE MINISTERIAL FUNCTIONS ORDER (No. 2) 2013

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BUT, WHY NUCLEARBUT, WHY NUCLEAR ENERGYENERGY

& HOW& HOW CAN WE MANAGECAN WE MANAGE IT?IT?

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NUCLEAR FUEL ENERGY CONTENTNUCLEAR FUEL ENERGY CONTENT

nuclear fuel is energy intensive;

nuclear plant refueling cycle

is between 12 & 24 months;

nuclear fuel loads for a few yearscan be stored easilyin nuclear power plants;

thus, nuclear plants can be operatedwithout interruption for a few years,even with nuclear fuel supplyinterruption.

This 30 gm. pellet of uranium oxide fuelThis 30 gm. pellet of uranium oxide fuel

can deliver the same amount of energycan deliver the same amount of energyas 3 tonnes of coal.as 3 tonnes of coal.

If the spent nuc lear fuel is reprocessedIf the spent nuclear fuel is reprocessed

to extract plutonium produced in uraniumto extract plutonium produced in uranium

for use as fuel in fast breeder reactors,for use as fuel in fast breeder reactors,this tiny pellet can deliver much more energythis tiny pellet can deliver much more energy

equivalent to 150 tonnes of coal.equivalent to 150 tonnes of coal.

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uel Requirements for 1,000 MWe plantr 1-year ful l-load operation

2,000,000 metric tonnes of coal;1,960,000,000 gallons of oil;30 metric tonnes of uranium;0.6 metric tonne of tr itium & hydrogenfor nuclear fusion;100 km2 of photovoltaic panels

10% effic iency;3,000 1-MW capacity wind turbines;30,000 km2 of wood for biomass;16,100 km2 of corn for bioalcohol; or,800,000,000 chicken for biogas.

FuelFuelSpecificSpecificEnergy,Energy,

kJ/g.kJ/g.

Methane, CH4 50.7

Propane, C3H8 46.0

Octane, C8H18 41.2

Ethanol, C2H5OH 27.8

Glucose, C6H12O6 15.6

Coal, C96H135O9NS ~30

Hydrogen, H2(for combustion)

249

Uranium-235 90,000,000

Specific Energy of Alternative Fuel

2222COMPARISON OF ENERGY CONTENTCOMPARISON OF ENERGY CONTENT

& FUEL REQUIREMENTS FOR 1,000 MWe POWER PLANT& FUEL REQUIREMENTS FOR 1,000 MWe POWER PLANT


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2352359292UU

2382389292UU

two main uranium isotopes in nature,uranium-235 & uranium-238

only uranium-235 is readily fissile

& undergoes nuclear fissionbut constitutes only0.7% of uranium atoms in nature

uranium-238 constitutes

99.3% of uranium atoms in nature& is not readily f issile, but fertile,i.e. can be transformed intoplutonium-239 as nuclear fuel

plutonium does not exist in nature& can be mass producedonly in nuclear reactors

92 protons92 protons143 neutrons143 neutrons

in nucleusin nucleus

0.7% abundance0.7% abundanceFISSILEFISSILE

92 protons92 protons

146 neutrons146 neutronsin nucleusin nucleus

99.3% abundance99.3% abundanceFERTILEFERTILE

same chemical propertiessame chemical propertieswith difference of only 3 neutronswith difference of only 3 neutrons

in nuclei that provides basisin nuclei that provides basisfor uranium enrichmentfor uranium enrichment

SOURCES OF NUCLEAR FISSION ENERGYSOURCES OF NUCLEAR FISSION ENERGY

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NUCLEARNUCLEARREACTORSREACTORS

nuclear fusionnuclear fusionor thermonuclearor thermonuclear

reactorsreactors

nuclear fissionnuclear fissionreactorsreactors

fusion reaction sustainedfusion reaction sustainedby very high temperature approachingby very high temperature approaching

the surface temperature of the Sunthe surface temperature of the Sun

fission reaction sustained by neutronsfission reaction sustained by neutrons& fission reactors sub& fission reactors sub--classifiedclassifiedby neutron energyby neutron energy

This presentation focused on nuclear fission,This presentation focused on nuclear fission,particularly thermal reactors.particularly thermal reactors.

being developed under an Internationalbeing developed under an InternationalThermonuclear Experimental ReactorThermonuclear Experimental Reactor

(ITER) Project(ITER) Project

NUCLEAR FUSION &NUCLEAR FUSION & FISSION REACTORSFISSION REACTORS

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NUCLEAR FISSION CHAINNUCLEAR FISSION CHAIN REACTIONREACTION

1/100,000,000,000,000th second1/100,000,000,000,000th secondper neutron generationper neutron generation

2352359292UU

2382389292UU

induced fissioninduced fission

of uraniumof uranium--235235

after neutronafter neutronabsorptionabsorption

fission productfission productatom Xatom X

fission productfission product

atom Yatom Y

200200megaelectronmegaelectron

vol t (MeV)vol t (MeV)

of energyof energyper Uper U--235235atom fissionedatom fissioned

averageaverage

2.43 neutrons2.43 neutronsper fissionper fission

of uraniumof uranium--235235

2392399494PuPu

transmutationtransmutationof uraniumof uranium--238238

into plutoniuminto plutonium--239239

induced fissioninduced fissionof subsequentof subsequentUU--235 atoms235 atoms

2352359292UU

2352359292UU

2382389292UU

2352359292UU

absorption of neutronabsorption of neutron

by uraniumby uranium--238238

neutron,neutron,11

00nn

1100nn

1100nn

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NUCLEAR FISSION CHAINNUCLEAR FISSION CHAIN REACTIONREACTION

BUT, IN A NUCLEAR REACTOR:

fission neutrons are fast, of more than 1 megaelectron-volt (MeV) energy,& need to be slowed down or moderated to thermal energy (0.025 eV),to increase probability of further U-235 fission & sustain reaction.

slowing down through collis ion of fast neutrons with moderator atoms,with most commercial nuclear power reactors using wateras moderator.

need to control neutron population or fluxwith control rods or neutron absorbers,

e.g. boron, cadmium, hafnium or gadolinium,to avoid runaway chain reaction.

certain f ission products, especially xenon-135 (Xe-135),can readily absorb neutrons or be neutron poisons,which can inhibit the nuclear chain reaction.

need to remove fission heat with reactor cooling system& the moderator can also be the coolant, especially water.

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FISSION NEUTRON ENERGYFISSION NEUTRON ENERGY SPECTRUMSPECTRUM

neutron energy (electronneutron energy (electron--Volt, eV)Volt , eV)

0.0010.001 0.010.01 0.10.1 11 1010 100100 10001000 101044 101055 101066 101077 101088

relative

neutronflux

relative

neutronflux

1010--1010

1010--88

1010--66

1010--44

1010--22

101000

101022

thermalthermalneutronsneutrons

epithermalepithermalneutronsneutrons

fastfast

neutronsneutrons

close similarity between energy spectraclose similarity between energy spectra

for uraniumfor uranium--235 & pluton ium235 & pluton ium--239 fission neutrons239 fission neutrons

1 MeV1 MeV

0.025 eV0.025 eV

can design nuclear fission reactorscan design nuclear fission reactors toto operate on thermal, epithermal or fast neutronsoperate on thermal, epithermal or fast neutronsusing different neutron moderator, coolantusing dif ferent neutron moderator, coolant , &, & nuclear fuel characteristicsnuclear fuel characteristics

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NUCLEAR FISSION REACTORSNUCLEAR FISSION REACTORS

NUCLEARNUCLEARREACTORSREACTORS

nuclear fusionnuclear fusionor thermonuclearor thermonuclear

reactorsreactors

nuclear fissionnuclear fissionreactorsreactors

fastfastreactorsreactors

thermalthermal

reactorsreactors

operate on thermal neutronsoperate on thermal neutrons

& require moderators;& require moderators;existing commercial reactors.existing commercial reactors.

operate on fast neutronsoperate on fast neutrons& do not require moderator;& do not require moderator;

still prototype reactors.still prototype reactors.

epithermalepithermalreactorsreactors

operate on epithermal neutronsoperate on epithermal neutrons

& require some moderator;& require some moderator;still experimental reactors.stil l experimental reactors.

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BASIC PRINCIPLE OF NUCLEAR REACTORSBASIC PRINCIPLE OF NUCLEAR REACTORS

2382389292UU

239239

9494

PuPu

2352359292UU2352359292UU

2382389292UU

239239

9494

PuPu

fast (> 1 MeV)fast (> 1 MeV)fission neutronsfission neutronsfrom precedingfrom precedingUU--235 fission235 fission

slowing downslowing down

of fission neutronsof fission neutrons

to thermal energiesto thermal energies

transmutationtransmutationof uraniumof uranium--238238

into plutoniuminto plutonium--239239

fast neutron fissionfast neutron fission

of plutoniumof plutonium--239239

thermal neutron fissionthermal neutron fissionof uraniumof uranium--235235

control rods inserted tocontrol rods inserted to

absorb excess neutronsabsorb excess neutrons& control neutron flux& control neutron flux

absorption of neutronsabsorption of neutronsby neutron poisonby neutron poison


neutron absorptionneutron absorptionby uraniumby uranium--238238

coolantcoolantmoderator,moderator,

HH22OO

11

00nn

1100nn

1100nn

1100nn

11

00nn

1100nn 1

100nn

1100nn

1100nn

1100nn

1100nn

1100nn


fissionfissionproductproduct



(neutron poison)(neutron poison)

fission energyfission energy(heat)(heat)

fission energyfission energy

(heat)(heat)

nuclear fuel elementnuclear fuel element

fuel element claddingfuel element c ladding

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condensedcondensedwaterwater

steamsteamturbineturbine

coolingcoolingwater inwater in

hot waterhot wateroutout

steam linesteam line

nuclearnuclearreactorreactorvesselvessel

primaryprimarycooling loopcooling loop

reactor containment buildingreactor containment build ing

steamsteamgeneratorgenerator

electricalelectricalgeneratorgenerator

nuclearnuclearfuelfuel

controlcontrolrodsrods

Nuclear Steam Supply System (NSSS)Nuclear Steam Supply System (NSSS)

Balance of Plant (BOP)Balance of Plant (BOP)

coolantcoolantmoderatormoderator

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NUCLEAR POWER PLANTNUCLEAR POWER PLANT


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NUCLEAR POWER PLANT WITH TWONUCLEAR POWER PLANT WITH TWO--LOOP COOLING SYSTEMLOOP COOLING SYSTEM(PRESSURISED WATER REACTOR (PWR))(PRESSURISED WATER REACTOR (PWR))

3131

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3232NUCLEAR POWER PLANT WITHNUCLEAR POWER PLANT WITH ONEONE--LOOPLOOP COOLING SYSTEMCOOLING SYSTEM

(BOILING WATER REACTOR (BWR))(BOILING WATER REACTOR (BWR))

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TYPICAL NUCLEAR POWER PLANT LAYOUTTYPICAL NUCLEAR POWER PLANT LAYOUT

Reactor Containment BuildingReactor Containment BuildingNuclear Fuel Bui ldingNuclear Fuel Building

Nuclear Auxiliary BuildingNuclear Auxiliary Building

Radioactive Waste BuildingRadioactive Waste BuildingDiesel Generator Building 2Diesel Generator Building 2

Turbine BuildingTurbine Building

Control & InstrumentationControl & InstrumentationElectrical BuildingElectrical Building

Access Bui ld ingAccess Bui ld ing

Service Build ingService Building

Service BuildingService Build ing

Turbine Buildings usually aligned perpendicularlyTurbine Buildings usually aligned perpendicularlyto Reactor Containment Build ings for safety reasonsto Reactor Containment Buildings for safety reasons

DieselDiesel

GeneratorGeneratorBuilding 1Building 1

Office BuildingOffice Building

3333

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Sequoyah Nuclear Power Plantin Tennessee, U.S.A.

ReactorContainment

Buildings(Twin Units)

Cooling Towers(Twin Units)

Turbine Building

Electrical Switchyard& Grid Connection

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Nuclear Power Plant BuildingsNuclear Power Plant Buildings

ReactorReactorContainmentContainment

BuildingBuilding

Cooling TowerCooling Tower

TurbineTurbineBuildingBuilding

3535

3636


36/105

Nuclear Reactor VesselNuclear Reactor Vessel3636

3737


37/105

Nuclear Power Plant Steam GeneratorNuclear Power Plant Steam Generator

3737

3838


38/105

Nuclear Power Plant Steam GeneratorNuclear Power Plant Steam Generator

38

N l P Pl tN l P Pl t3939


39/105

Nuclear Power PlantNuclear Power PlantSteam TurbineSteam Turbine

4040


40/105

Nuclear Power Plant Steam TurbineNuclear Power Plant Steam Turbine

4141


41/105

NuclearNuclearPowerPowerPlantPlantElectricalElectricalGeneratorGenerator

4242


42/105

Cerenkov Radiation creates blue glowCerenkov Radiation creates blue glow

Nuclear Power Reactor CoreNuclear Power Reactor Core

During Refuelling OperationDuring Refuelling Operation

4343


43/105

URANIUMURANIUM

4444


44/105

uraniummining

uraniumrefining

uraniumore

uraniumtetraoxide, U3O8,

or yellow-cake

uraniumconversion

enrichedUF6 gas(3 to 5% U-235)

uraniumenrichment

uraniumhexafluoride,

UF6, gas

UF6reconversion

nuclear fuelfabrication

enricheduraniumdioxide

nuclear fuelassemblies

nuclearpower plants

spent nuclear fuelreprocessing

recoveredunused uranium

extractedplutonium

irradiated orspent nuc lear fuel

high-levelnuclear wastedisposal

interim spentnuclear fuelstorage

spent

nuclear fuel

0.7% U-235& 99.3% U-238

natural

uraniumdioxideor metal

depleteduranium

by-product

NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLENUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE

diversionof extracted plutoniumto nuclear weaponsproduction

diversion of highly enriched(>90% U-235) uranium

to nuclear weaponsproduction

GLOBAL NUCLEAR WEAPONS NONGLOBAL NUCLEAR WEAPONS NON--PROLIFERATION SAFEGUARDSPROLIFERATION SAFEGUARDS45


45/105

GLOBAL NUCLEAR WEAPONS NONGLOBAL NUCLEAR WEAPONS NON-PROLIFERATION SAFEGUARDSPROLIFERATION SAFEGUARDSREGIMEREGIME

TREATY ON THE NON-PROLIFERATION OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS (NPT)with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

as the Treaty verification agency

with differentiated treaty obl igations

betweennuclear weapon States (NWS)

& non-nuclear weapon States (NNWS)

IAEA Safeguards Agreements

& Additional Protocolswith NNWS NPT Parties(bilateral agreements)

NWS not obliged to concludeIAEA Safeguards Agreements,but obliged to disarm nuclear weapons

IAEAsafeguards verification

UN SECURITY COUNCILbased on

IAEA Statute

Reinforced by Nuclear Weapons-Free Zone Treaties

& Regional Treaty Safeguards Authorities(e.g. Treaty on the South-East Asia

Nuclear Weapons-Free Zone (SEAWNFZ)& SEANWFZ Commission)

GLOBAL NUCLEAR SAFETY REGIME

4646


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GLOBAL NUCLEAR SAFETY REGIMEGLOBAL NUCLEAR SAFETY REGIME

NationalNational & Regional& RegionalNuclearNuclearInfrastructureInfrastructure

IAEA SafetyIAEA SafetyStandardsStandards

IAEA SafetyIAEA SafetyReviews andReviews and

ServicesServices

GlobalGlobalKnowledgeKnowledgeNetworkNetwork

RegulationRegulationEnforcementEnforcement

OperationOperation

Research & EducationResearch & Education

International Legal InstrumentsInternational Legal InstrumentsConventionsConventions & Codes& Codes of Conductof Conduct

Global ExpertsGlobal Experts CommunityCommunity

BASIC SAFETYBASIC SAFETY PRINCIPLES FORPRINCIPLES FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTSNUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

4747


47/105

BASIC SAFETYBASIC SAFETY PRINCIPLES FORPRINCIPLES FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTSNUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

GENERAL NUCLEAR SAFETY OBJECTIVEGENERAL NUCLEAR SAFETY OBJECTIVE

TECHNICAL SAFETY OBJECTIVETECHNICAL SAFETY OBJECTIVEinherent safety,inherent safety,

multimulti --barrier containmentbarrier containment& defence in depth in plant design& defence in depth in plant design

& prudent plant siting& prudent plant siting& safety culture in plant& safety culture in plant managementmanagement

RADIATIONRADIATION PROTECTION OBJECTIVEPROTECTION OBJECTIVEAs Low As Reasonably AchievableAs Low As Reasonably Achievable

(ALARA)(ALARA)& emergency response,& emergency response,

with evacuation, if necessary,with evacuation, if necessary,facilitated by prudent sitingfacilitated by prudent siting..

1 SAFETY OBJECTIVE:The fundamental safety objective is to protect people& the environment from the harmful effects of ionizing radiation.

10 SAFETY PRINCIPLES:

Principle 1: Responsibil ity for SafetyPrinciple 2: Role of Government

Principle 3: Leadership & Management for SafetyPrinciple 4: Justifi cation of Facilities & ActivitiesPrinciple 5: Optimization of ProtectionPrinciple 6: Limitation of Risks to IndividualsPrinciple 7: Protection of Present & Future GenerationsPrinciple 8: Prevention of AccidentsPrinciple 9: Emergency Preparedness & ResponsePrinciple 10: Protective Actions to Reduce Existing or Unregulated Radiation Risks

GLOBAL NUCLEAR LIABILITY REGIMEGLOBAL NUCLEAR LIABILITY REGIME

4848


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GLOBAL NUCLEAR LIABILITY REGIMEGLOBAL NUCLEAR LIABILITY REGIME

Unified Global Nuclear Liability RegimeUnified Global Nuclear Liability Regimethrough thethrough the 1988 Joint1988 Joint Protocol relatingProtocol relating toto the Viennathe Vienna & Paris Conventions& Paris Conventions

OECD Conventions

(Regional)

OECD ConventionsOECD Conventions

(Regional)(Regional)

IAEA Conventions

(Global)

IAEA ConventionsIAEA Conventions

(Global)(Global)

1960 Paris Convention onThird Party Liability

in the Field of Nuclear Energy

(amended in 1964, 1982 & 2004)

1960 Paris Convention on1960 Paris Convention onThird Party LiabilityThird Party Liability

inin the Field of Nuclear Energythe Field of Nuclear Energy(amended in 1964, 1982 & 2004)(amended in 1964, 1982 & 2004)

1963 Vienna Convention onCivil Liability for Nuclear Damage

1963 Vienna Convention on1963 Vienna Convention onCivilCivil Liability for NuclearLiability for Nuclear DamageDamage

1963 Brussels ConventionSupplementary to the Paris

Convention

on Nuclear Third Party Liability

1963 Brussels Convention1963 Brussels ConventionSupplementary to the ParisSupplementary to the Paris

ConventionConvention

on Nuclear Third Partyon Nuclear Third Party

LiabilityLiability

1997 Protocol to Amendthe Vienna Convention on

Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage

19971997 Protocol to AmendProtocol to Amendthethe ViennaVienna Convention onConvention on

Civil Liabili ty for NuclearCivil Liability for Nuclear DamageDamage

1997 Convention on

Supplementary Compensationfor Nuclear Damage

1997 Convention on1997 Convention on

SupplementarySupplementary CompensationCompensationfor Nuclear Damagefor Nuclear Damage2004 Protocols Revising

the Paris & Brussels Conventions

2004 Protocols Revising2004 Protocols Revisingthethe Paris & Brussels ConventionsParis & Brussels Conventions

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF NUCLEARFUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF NUCLEAR LIABILITYLIABILITY

4949


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& NUCLEAR INSURANCE& NUCLEAR INSURANCE

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES

Liability is channeled exclusively

to the operators of nuclear installations;

Liability of operator is absolute,i.e. operator is held liable

irrespective of fault,except for acts of armed conflict,

hostilities, civil war or insurrection;

Liability of the operator is limited in amount;

Liability is limited in time;

Under both the OECD & IAEA Conventions

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLESFUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES

LiabilityLiability is channeled exclusivelyis channeled exclusivelyto the operators of nuclear installations;to the operators of nuclear installations;

Liability of operator is absolute,Liability of operator is absolute,i.e. operator is heldi.e. operator is held liableliable

irrespectiveirrespective of fault,of fault,except for acts of armed confl ict,except for acts of armed conflict,

hostilitieshostilities,, civilcivil war or insurrection;war or insurrection;

Liability of the operator is limited in amount;Liability of the operator is limited in amount;

Liability is limited inLiability is limited in time;time;

Under both the OECD & IAEA ConventionsUnder both the OECD & IAEA Conventions

Nuclear InsuranceNuclear Insurance& Reinsurance Pools& Reinsurance Pools

National Limi t of Liability on OperatorsNational Limi t of Liability on Operators

Limit for International CompensationLimit for International Compensation

Compensation byCompensation byNational GovernmentsNational Governmentsunder Respective Lawsunder Respective Laws

International CompensationInternational Compensationuunder the Conventions onnder the Conventions on

Supplementary CompensationSupplementary Compensation

CONCEPT OF MULTICONCEPT OF MULTI BARRIER CONTAINMENTBARRIER CONTAINMENT

5050


50/105

CONCEPT OF MULTICONCEPT OF MULTI--BARRIER CONTAINMENTBARRIER CONTAINMENT

aircraft crashaircraft crash--proofproof

5151


51/105

Nuclear Power Plant Building Aircraft Crash TestNuclear Power Plant Building Aircraft Crash TestUS F4 Phantom Fighter Jet Crash Test AgainstUS F4 Phantom Fighter Jet Crash Test AgainstA MockA Mock--up Segment of A Nuclear Power Plantup Segment of A Nuclear Power Plant

Containment BuildingContainment Building

NUCLEAR POWER PLANT BUILDING AIRCRAFT CRASH TEST VIDEONUCLEAR POWER PLANT BUILDING AIRCRAFT CRASH TEST VIDEOUSUS F4 Phantom Fighter Jet Crash TestF4 Phantom Fighter Jet Crash Test AgainstAgainst

5252


52/105

USUS F4 Phantom Fighter Jet Crash TestF4 Phantom Fighter Jet Crash Test AgainstAgainstA MockA Mock--UpUp Nuclear Power Plant Containment BuildingNuclear Power Plant Containment Building SegmentSegment

MULTIMULTI--BARRIER CONTAINMENT & DEFENCEBARRIER CONTAINMENT & DEFENCE--ININ--DEPTHDEPTH

5353


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MULTIMULTI BARRIER CONTAINMENT & DEFENCEBARRIER CONTAINMENT & DEFENCE ININ DEPTHDEPTH

CONCEPT & LEVELS OFCONCEPT & LEVELS OF DEFENCE IN DEPTHDEFENCE IN DEPTH Prevention ofPrevention ofPreventionPrevention

5454


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CONCEPT & LEVELS OFCONCEPT & LEVELS OF DEFENCE IN DEPTHDEFENCE IN DEPTH

LEVELLEVEL::

OBJECTIVE:OBJECTIVE: MEANS:MEANS:

LevelLevel11

Prevention of abnormal operationPrevention of abnormal operation& failures& failures

Conservative design;Conservative design;High quality in constructionHigh quality in construction

and operation & maintenance.and operation & maintenance.

LevelLevel22

Control of abnormal operation;Control of abnormal operation;Detection of failures.Detection of failures.

Control, limiting & protectionControl, limiting & protectionsystemssystems

& other surveillance features.& other surveillance features.

LevelLevel

33Control of accidents withinControl of accidents within

Design Basis Accidents (DBA).Design Basis Accidents (DBA).Engineered Safety Features (ESF)Engineered Safety Features (ESF)

& accident procedures.& accident procedures.

LevelLevel44

Control of severe plantControl of severe plantconditions, including preventionconditions, including prevention

of accident progression &of accident progression &mitigation of consequences ofmitigation of consequences of

severe accidents.severe accidents.

Complementary measuresComplementary measures& accident management.& accident management.

LevelLevel55

Mitigating radiologicalMitigating radiologicalconsequences of significantconsequences of significant

radioactivity releases.radioactivity releases.

OffOff--site emergency response.site emergency response.

Prevention ofPrevention ofseveresevere corecore

damagedamage

PreventionPreventionofof accidentsaccidents

EMERGENCY ZONES FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTSEMERGENCY ZONES FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

5555


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EMERGENCY ZONES FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTSEMERGENCY ZONES FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

populationcentres

low population zone

NPP exclusion zone(zero population)

NPP

NPP site boundary

COMPARATIVE RADIATION EXPOSURECOMPARATIVE RADIATION EXPOSURE BY SOURCEBY SOURCE

5656


56/105

Source: United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR)

COMPOSITIONCOMPOSITION OF FRESH &OF FRESH & IRRADIATED OR SPENTIRRADIATED OR SPENT NUCLEAR FUELNUCLEAR FUEL

5757


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INITIALINITIALFRESH FUELFRESH FUELevery 1000 kg.every 1000 kg.

3.3% enriched3.3% enriched

with Uwith U--235235

33 kg. U33 kg. U--235235

967 kg. U-238

8.0 kg. unused U-235

4.6 kg. U-236

8.9 kg. Pu-239& other isotopes

of plutonium

943 kg. U-238 SPENT FUELSPENT FUEL

every 1000 kg.every 1000 kg.

0.65 kg. varioustransuranic elements

35 kg. assortedfission products

3-yearcoolingcooling

High-LevelNuclear Waste

RecyclableNuclear Material

RADIOACTIVE WASTERADIOACTIVE WASTE CATEGORY INCATEGORY IN FRANCEFRANCE

5858


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CategoryRadioactivity

RangeVolume Radioactivity Waste Sources

Very LowLevel

(VLL)

1 to 102

Bq/g. 58 % 10-3 %

earth, gravel & scrap metal fromdismantling and process waste (pumps,

valves..)

Low Level(LL)

103to 10

5

Bq/g. 40 % 1 %

waste from operating nuclearinstallations, reactors, factories,

laboratories, hospitals,waste from Defence,

graphite from dismantling

MediumLevel (ML)

105

to 109

Bq/g. 2 % 1 %

ion exchange resinsfrom reactor coolant,

slurries, hulls & end fittings

HighLevel (HL)

109 to 1012

Bq/g. 0.1 % 98 %

vitri fied waste & irradiated fuel

Medium & highMedium & high--level waste accounts for 5% of total wastelevel waste accounts for 5% of total waste volume, butvolume, but contains 99% of radioactivi ty.contains 99% of radioactivi ty.

RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENTRADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT BYBY CATEGORY IN FRANCECATEGORY IN FRANCE

5959


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Waste CategoryWaste CategoryVeryVery

ShortShort--livedlivedShortShort--lived < 30yrslived < 30yrs LongLong--lived > 30yrslived > 30yrs

VLL ()Surface storage

since 2003

1,000,000 m3

Mining residues:stored locally52,000,000 m3

Radiferous waste:under investigation

>100,000 m3

LL ( + )

Radioactivedecay

Surface storage centressince 1969:

1,300,000 m3

Graphite wasteunder review:

14,000 m3

ML ()Waste from reprocessingunder review: 60,000 m3

HL ( + )

+ waste from spent fuel reprocessing:

5,000 m33,500 tonnesunder review

LOW & MEDIUM LEVEL WASTE TREATMENT IN FRANCELOW & MEDIUM LEVEL WASTE TREATMENT IN FRANCE

6060


60/105

Shirts, gloves, shoes

Filters...

TreatmentTreatment(examples)(examples)

Compacting

Casting in bars

ConditioningConditioning(example)(example)

Encapsulationin cement

inside concrete drum

TraceabilityTraceability

tiquette code-barre

Inspection

Bar code label

Types of WasteTypes of Waste

Source: Various sources

LOW & MEDIUM LEVELLOW & MEDIUM LEVEL WASTE STORAGE STRUCTURESWASTE STORAGE STRUCTURESININ FRANCEFRANCE

6161


61/105

ININ FRANCEFRANCE

humus

concrete recess

drainage layer

layer of clay

inspection gallery

Raft

buried gravitational separation system

LOW & MEDIUM LEVELLOW & MEDIUM LEVEL WASTE STORAGE STRUCTURESWASTE STORAGE STRUCTURESININ FRANCEFRANCE

6262


62/105

ININ FRANCEFRANCE

THREE PHASES IN STORAGE:

1. Operat ion;2. Monitoring for

at least 300 years; and,3. Reclamation after that stage.

THREE CONTAINMENT SYSTEMS:

1st containment system, the waste package;2nd containment system, host structure covered & drained;3rd containment system, the site.

SPENT NUCLEAR FUELSPENT NUCLEAR FUEL MANAGEMENT & STORAGEMANAGEMENT & STORAGEIN FRANCEIN FRANCE

6363


63/105

IN FRANCEIN FRANCE

Spent fuel assembly storage

Spent nuclear fuelassembly

Transport of 6 tonnesof spent nuclear fuelin 110 tonne flask

Interim Spent Nuclear Fuel Storagein pool at la Hague, France

SPENT NUCLEAR FUELSPENT NUCLEAR FUEL MANAGEMENT & STORAGEMANAGEMENT & STORAGEIN FRANCEIN FRANCE

6464


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Hall for storing glass containers

from the vitrification plant(COGEMA - Marcoule)

Storage of spent fuel by the CEA,Cascad installation

Source: COGEMA, France

RADIOTOXICITY OF SPENT NUCLEAR FUELRADIOTOXICITY OF SPENT NUCLEAR FUEL

6565


65/105

Source: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

DEEP UNDERGROUND STORAGEDEEP UNDERGROUND STORAGE FOR HIGHFOR HIGH--LEVEL NUCLEAR WASTELEVEL NUCLEAR WASTEININ FRANCEFRANCE

6666


66/105

Clay host formation

Seal

Storage shafts or recessesGallery

>200

m

Uppersedimentaryrockformations Way-shaft

NATURALOUTLET

Fault

Shaft

Engineeredbarriercontainer

DEEP GEOLOGICAL NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT & DISPOSALDEEP GEOLOGICAL NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT & DISPOSAL& NATURAL NUCLEAR REACTOR IN OKLO, GABON& NATURAL NUCLEAR REACTOR IN OKLO, GABON

6767


67/105

Olkiluoto,

Finland

New Mexico,USA

Bure (Meuse/Haute-Marne),France

Oskarshamn, Sweden

2 billion-year old natural nuclear reactors in Oklo, Gabon


GEOLOGICAL NUCLEAR WASTE STORAGE RESEARCHGEOLOGICAL NUCLEAR WASTE STORAGE RESEARCHIN VARIOUS COUNTRIESIN VARIOUS COUNTRIES

6868


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Mol, Belgium (clay) Grimsel, Switzerland (granite)

Gorleben, Germany (salt) Bure, France (clay)

YuccaMountain,

USA(tuff)

Mont Terri, Switzerland(clay)


GLOBAL URANIUM RESOURCE AVAILABILITYGLOBAL URANIUM RESOURCE AVAILABILITY

6969


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Resource CategoryLess than

USD 40/kg.ULess than

USD 80/kg.ULess than

USD 130/kg.U

No recoverycost estimate

assigned

Reasonably AssuredResources (RAR)

1,947,000 2,643,000 3,297,000 n.a.

Inferred 799,000 1,161,000 1,446,000 n.a.Prognosticated n.a. 1,700,000 2,519,000 n.a.

Speculative n.a. n.a. 4,557,000 2,979,000

Total 2,716,000 5,504,000 11,819,000 14,798,000

Historical &Historical &ProjectedProjectedGlobal UraniumGlobal UraniumSupply & DemandSupply & Demandfrom 1945 to 2025from 1945 to 2025

NoteNote::

Estimated g lobal uranium requirementEstimated g lobal uranium requirementfor operating nuclear power plantsfor operating nuclear power plants

for 2012 is 67,990 tonnes.for 2012 is 67,990 tonnes.

Global resourcesGlobal resources sufficientsufficient forfor 80 years80 years..Use of fast reactors wil lUse of fast reactors wil l prolong to 2,500prolong to 2,500 yearsyears..

Uranium in phosphates estimated atUranium in phosphates estimated atoverover 35 mill ion tonnes35 mill ion tonnes..

Source: OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA), IAEA & other sources

GLOBAL URANIUM SUPPLYGLOBAL URANIUM SUPPLY

7070


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MajorUraniumProducers:

UraniumResources (tonnes)

% ofWorldTotal

Austral ia 1,243,000 23

Kazakhstan 817,000 15

RussianFederation

546,000 10

South Africa 435,000 8

Canada 423,000 8

USA 342,000 6

Brazil 278,000 5Namibia 275,000 5

Niger 274,000 5

Jordan 112,000 2

Uzbekistan 111,000 2

India 73,000 1China 68,000 1

Mongolia 62,000 1

SSecondary nuclearecondary nuclearfuel supply fromfuel supply f rom

dismantled nucleardismantled nuclearweaponsweapons

under the Megatonsunder the Megatonsto Megawattto MegawattProgrammeProgramme

between the USAbetween the USA& Russian& RussianFederationFederation


GLOBAL URANIUM & NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE SERVICE PRICE TRENDSGLOBAL URANIUM & NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE SERVICE PRICE TRENDS

7171


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pricesdeclinedsince

Spot Yellow-cakePricesin Constant 2007

US$& Current US$

Uranium pr ice increase in recent years due to dynamics of global uranium supply and demand itself,i.e. flooding at McArthur River mine in Saskatchewan, Canada,with largest known high-grade uranium deposits in the world, in 2003,temporary shutdown of Honeywell uranium conversion plant in Metropol is, Illlinois, USA, in late 2004 to early 2005,uncertainties over continued operation of Rssing mine in Namibia,fire at the multi-mineral Olympic Dam mine in South Australia,and advent of uranium hedge funds in 2005,with underlying positive outlook for nuclear power due to concerns over global warming & Kyoto Protocol.

71

1988 to 2013

Source: UxC

CURRENT GLOBAL URANIUM & NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE SERVICE PRICECURRENT GLOBAL URANIUM & NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE SERVICE PRICE

7272


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Uranium & Nuclear Fuel ServicesSpot Market Prices

on 24 February 2014

Uranium Ore, andConversion

& Enrichment ServicesPrice Trends

from December 2013

to February 2014

Source: UxC

SWU = Separative Work Unit for enrichment

CURRENT GLOBAL URANIUM ENRICHMENT SUPPLIERSCURRENT GLOBAL URANIUM ENRICHMENT SUPPLIERS

7373


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CountryCountryUranium Enrichment ServiceUranium Enrichment Service

SupplierSupplierStart of OperationStart of Operation

Uranium EnrichmentUranium EnrichmentCapacityCapacity (SWU(SWU per year)per year)

Gaseous DiffusionGaseous Diffusion::

USAUSA US Enrichment Company Inc.(USEC)

1954 11,300,000

FranceFrance Areva 1979 10,800,000Centrifuge:

RussianRussianFederationFederation

TENEX 1949 to 1964 15,000,000 to 20,000,000

United KingdomUnited Kingdom URENCO 1976 3,100,000

NetherlandsNetherlands URENCO 1973 2,500,000

GermanyGermany URENCO 1985 1,700,000JapanJapan Japan Nuclear Fuel Ltd. (JNFL) 1992 600,000

1997 450,000ChinaChina China National Nuclear

Corporation (CNNC)2002 500,000

1999 500,000OthersOthers

((Argentina,Argentina,Brazil, India andBrazil, India andPakistan)Pakistan)

not applicable not applicable 300,000

Total 46,750,000 to 51,750,000


NUCLEAR POWER COST CHARACTERISTICSNUCLEAR POWER COST CHARACTERISTICS

7474


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NuclearNuclear plant construction costs generally higher,plant construction costs generally higher,comparedcompared to coal or gasto coal or gas--fired plants,fired plants,becausebecause of higher level of technology,of higher level of technology, sophisticationsophistication of equipment,of equipment,qualityquality of materialof material && quality assurance standards.quality assurance standards.

Even though such factors contributeEven though such factors contribute toto higher nuclear power plant capitalhigher nuclear power plant capitalcost,cost,onceonce the plants are commissioned,the plants are commissioned, variablevariable or operating costs are minor.or operating costs are minor.

Thus,Thus, nuclearnuclear power plants are most suitable forpower plants are most suitable for basebase--load.load.

StandardStandard practice to internalisepractice to internalise decommissioning, spentdecommissioning, spent fuelfuel managementmanagementand radioactiveand radioactive waste disposalwaste disposal costs incosts in nuclear generation costs,nuclear generation costs,

unlikeunlike otherother energy sources.energy sources.

7575

IMPROVEMENT IN NUCLEAR POWER TECHNOLOGIESIMPROVEMENT IN NUCLEAR POWER TECHNOLOGIES


75/105

Reduced construction periods of modern nuclear power plants,from 10 to 15 years, down to 3 to 6 years,and extension of the plant operating li fe from 25 to 40 years, and now 60 years.

Design of nuclear fuel used in modern plants have also resultedDesign of nuclear fuel used in modern plants have also resultedin a significant extension of the refueling cycle of those plantin a significant extension of the refueling cycle of those plants,s,from 12 to 18 months, up to 24 months,from 12 to 18 months, up to 24 months,hence, minimising scheduled plant outage,hence, minimising scheduled plant outage,and improving overall plant load factors.and improving overall plant load factors.

RANGE OF SIZES OF POWER PLANTS BY ENERGY SOURCERANGE OF SIZES OF POWER PLANTS BY ENERGY SOURCE

7676


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Fuel typeFuel type 1 kW1 kW 10 kW10 kW 100 kW100 kW 1 MW1 MW 10 MW10 MW 100 MW100 MW 1,000 MW1,000 MW

Capacity rangesCapacity ranges

RenewableRenewable

ConventionalConventional

HumanHuman heartheart

1.5 W1.5 W

BiomassBiomass 10 kW10 kW--50 MW50 MW

CoalCoal 8080--1,000 MW1,000 MW

WindWind 10 kW10 kW--5 MW5 MW

SolarSolar 1 kW1 kW--100 kW100 kW

GasGas 25 kW25 kW--500 MW500 MW

HydroHydro 1 kW1 kW--700 MW700 MW

NuclearNuclear 300300--1,500 MW1,500 MW

Source: Malaysia NKEA OGE Laboratory 2010, Economic Transformation Programme (ETP)

COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES OF NUCLEAR POWER ECONOMICSCOMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES OF NUCLEAR POWER ECONOMICS

7777


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Comparative Cost Structure by Fuel TypeComparative Cost Structure by Fuel Type

Nuclear Power GenerationNuclear Power Generation

Cost ComponentsCost Components

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

Natural gas

Wind farm

Nuclear

Clean coal &CCS

Clean coal

Coal

Billion US $

InvestmentInvestment

Costs forCosts for

1,000 MWe Plant1,000 MWe Plant

Range of Levelised Generation Costs for New Power PlantsRange of Levelised Generation Costs for New Power Plants


LIFELIFE--CYCLE CASH FLOW OF A NUCLEAR POWER PLANTCYCLE CASH FLOW OF A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

7878


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NoteNote::

Latest generation of nuclear power plantsLatest generation of nuclear power plants have 60have 60--year lifetime,year lifetime,which may be extended to 80 years, subject to safety review at ewhich may be extended to 80 years, subject to safety review at end of 60nd of 60--years.years.

IMPACT OF FUEL COSTS ON ELECTRICITY GENERATION COSTSIMPACT OF FUEL COSTS ON ELECTRICITY GENERATION COSTSFINLAND (2000)FINLAND (2000)

7979


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Source: World Nuclear Association (WNA)

COMPARATIVE LEVELISEDCOMPARATIVE LEVELISED GENERATION COST RANGEGENERATION COST RANGEBY ENERGYBY ENERGY SOURCE IN USASOURCE IN USA

8080


80/105


COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES OF NUCLEAR POWERCOMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES OF NUCLEAR POWERIN THE MITIGATION OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONSIN THE MITIGATION OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS

8181


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COMPARISON OF LIFECOMPARISON OF LIFE CYCLECYCLE GREENHOUSE GAS (GHG) EMISSIONSGREENHOUSE GAS (GHG) EMISSIONSBYBY ENERGY SOURCEENERGY SOURCE

8282


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[16][16][15][15]

[15][15]

[13][13]

[8][8]

[4][4]Standard deviationStandard deviation

aa MeanMean

MinMin -- MaxMax

[sample size][sample size]

gCO

gCO22--eqeq/kW

h

/kWh

[8][8]

[12][12]

[10][10]

[16][16]

[8][8]

gCO

gCO22--eqeq/kW

h

/kW

h

00

200200

400400

600600

800800

1 0001 000

1 2001 200

1 4001 400

1 6001 600

1 8001 800

lignitelignite coalcoal oi loi l gasgas CCSCCS00

2020

4040

6060

8080

100100

120120

140140

160160

180180

hydrohydro nuclearnuclear windwind solarsolarPVPV

biobiomassmass

storagestorage

NoteNote different scales on vertical axesdifferent scales on vertical axes


COMPARATIVE WASTE GENERATION BETWEEN ENERGY SOURCESCOMPARATIVE WASTE GENERATION BETWEEN ENERGY SOURCES

8383


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Waste Generated by EnergyWaste Generated by EnergySourceSource

Indust rial Waste per CapitaIndust rial Waste per Capitaper Annum in Franceper Annum in France


COMPARATIVE FATALITY RISKS OF COMMERCIAL ENERGY SOURCESCOMPARATIVE FATALITY RISKS OF COMMERCIAL ENERGY SOURCES

8484


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Energy Source Fatalities(1970-92)

Fatal Victims Fatality per TW-yr.

Hydropower dam breaks 4,000 workers & public 883

Coal mine accidents & methane explosions 6,400 coal miners 342

Oil & gas explosions & well blowout 1,200 workers & public 85

Nuclear plant & fuel facility accidents 50workers

& fi re personnel13

Source: Paul Scherer Institute

NUCLEAR POWER PLANTNUCLEAR POWER PLANT DESIGN EVOLUTIONDESIGN EVOLUTION

8585


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Source: Generation IV Forum (GIF)

GLOBAL NUCLEAR POWER STATUSGLOBAL NUCLEAR POWER STATUS

8686


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434 operable nuclear power p lants in the world434 operable nuclear power plants in the world and many more areand many more are planned, mostly in Asia.planned, mostly in Asia.

Nuclear PowerNuclear PowerPlant Status:Plant Status:

No. ofNo. ofPlants:Plants:

GeneratingGeneratingCapacity (MWe):Capacity (MWe):

Operable 434 374,335UnderConstruction

70 74,911

In Planning 173 186,388

Proposed 310 349,170

Status as of 1 February 2014

Top 10 countries most reliant on nuclear power in 2013Top 10 countries most reliant on nuclear power in 2013

CountryCountry Nuclear as % of total electricityNuclear as % of to tal electricity

France 74.8

Slovakia 53.8

Slovenia 53.8

Belgium 51.0

Ukraine 46.2

Hungary 45.9Sweden 38.1

Switzerland 35.9

Czech Republi c 35.3

Finland 32.6

Top 10 countries with most nuclear projects in progressTop 10 countries with most nuclear projects in progress

CountryCountryUnitsUnits

OperableOperableUnitsUnits

ConstructionConstructionUnitsUnits

PlannedPlannedUnitsUnits

ProposedProposed

China 20 28 58 118

Russian Fed. 33 10 31 18

India 21 7 18 39

USA 100 5 7 15

Korea (ROK) 23 5 6 0Japan 48 3 9 3

UAE 0 2 2 10

Pakistan 3 2 0 2

Slovakia 4 2 0 1

Saudi Arabia 0 0 6 16


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SOSO..,..,

WHAT ARE WE DOING ABOUT IT?WHAT ARE WE DOING ABOUT IT?

NUCLEAR LEGAL & REGULATORY STUDYNUCLEAR LEGAL & REGULATORY STUDY

8888


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CURRENTCURRENT NUCLEARNUCLEAR--RELATED REGULATORYRELATED REGULATORY STRUCTURESTRUCTURE

8989


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Source: Atomic Energy Licensing Board (AELB)

NUCLEAR POWER INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT PLAN (NPIDP),NUCLEAR POWER INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT PLAN (NPIDP),FEASIBILITY STUDY (FS), SITE EVALUATION (SE) & BID DOCUMENTSFEASIBILITY STUDY (FS), SITE EVALUATION (SE) & BID DOCUMENTS

(BD)(BD)

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NUCLEAR POWER INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT PLANNUCLEAR POWER INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT PLAN(NPIDP)(NPIDP)

9191


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ASSESSMENT OF SOURCES & METHODS OF PROJECT FINANCINGASSESSMENT OF SOURCES & METHODS OF PROJECT FINANCINGIN THE FEASIBILITY STUDYIN THE FEASIBILITY STUDY

9292


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93/105

NEPIO

(MNPC)

NEPIONEPIO

(MNPC)(MNPC)NPP Owner SPV

NPP Owner SPVNPP Owner SPV

CAPACITYCAPACITY--BUILDINGBUILDING & SUPPORT NETWORK& SUPPORT NETWORK

9494


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NPP Operator SPVNPP Operator SPVNPP Operator SPV

Malaysian IndustriesMalaysian Industries

Malaysian EducationalMalaysian Educational

& Training Institutions& Training Institutions

NationalNational

RegulatorsRegulators

(AELB, ST, DOSH,(AELB, ST, DOSH,

DOE, MHLG)DOE, MHLG)

TSOTSOss(NM & others)(NM & others)

( )( )( )

planning &planning &

implementationimplementationcoordinationcoordination

technicaltechnical

supportsupport

regulateregulate

NPP VendorNPP Vendor

TurnkeyTurnkey

ContractorContractor

supplysupply

Vendor CountryVendor Country

TSOTSO


RegulatorsRegulators


IndustriesIndustries

Vendor CountryVendor CountryEducationalEducational

&Training Institutions&Training Institutions

tech

nolo

gy

trans

fer

tech

nolo

gy

trans

fer

&t

ech

nic

al

assista

nce

&t

ech

nic

al

assista

nce


Nuclear UtilityNuclear Utility

SITE INVESTIGATION & SELECTION STAGESSITE INVESTIGATION & SELECTION STAGES


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Construction

Operation

Post

Closure

9595

ON HOLD PENDINGON HOLD PENDINGSTAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENTSTAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT

PRELIMINARYPRELIMINARY SITE SELECTIONSITE SELECTION

9696


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Digital Map OverlayDigital Map Overlaywithwith DifferentDifferentTypesTypes of Mapsof Mapsusing GISusing GIS SoftwareSoftwarewith Weighting Factorswith Weighting Factors

forfor aa Set of SiteSet of SiteAssessmentAssessmentParametersParameters

Source: Petersen et al, Tectonophysics 390 (2004)

sensit ive areas

roads

settlement areas

elevation / terrain

land use

NATIONAL REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS FORNATIONAL REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS FORSOCIAL, ENVIRONMENTAL & RADIOLOGICAL IMPACT ASSESSMENTSSOCIAL, ENVIRONMENTAL & RADIOLOGICAL IMPACT ASSESSMENTS

9797


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*Public engagement is an integral part of SIA & EIA preparation*Public engagement is an integral part of SIA & EIA preparation


98/105

SOCIAL ACCEPTABILITYSOCIAL ACCEPTABILITY ISSUESISSUESATAT NATIONALNATIONAL vs.vs. LOCAL LEVELSLOCAL LEVELS

STATE GOVERNMENTS

STATE GOVERNMENTSSTATE GOVERNMENTS

NATIONAL PUBLIC OPINION

NATIONAL PUBLIC OPINIONNATIONAL PUBLIC OPINION

9999


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civic society, mass media, noncivic society, mass media, non--governmental organisations (NGOgovernmental organisations (NGOs),s),religious, women & other civic organisations, teacher training creligious, women & other civic organisations, teacher training colleges,olleges,

university & school students, general public.university & school students, general public.

local Government, community leaders, village heads,local Government, community leaders, village heads,local associations, such as farmers & fishermen associations, slocal associations, such as farmers & fishermen associations, schools, etc.chools, etc.

GENERAL CIVIL SOCIETY & PUBLIC STAKEHOLDERSGENERAL CIVIL SOCIETY & PUBLIC STAKEHOLDERS

STATE & LOCAL STAKEHOLDERS AROUND NUCLEAR PLANT SITESSTATE & LOCAL STAKEHOLDERS AROUND NUCLEAR PLANT SITES

Why nuclear?Why nuclear?Why not solar?Why not solar?Is it safe?Is it safe?What about the waste?What about the waste?IsnIsn t it too expensive?t it too expensive?Where to get the fuel?Where to get the fuel?

Nuclear accidents?Nuclear accidents?Public radiation exposure?Public radiation exposure?Environmental impacts?Environmental impacts?Yes, but not in my backyard!Yes, but not in my backyard!

Why build in this district?Why build in this district?Is it safe for the people?Is it safe for the people?

Why build in th is State?Why build in th is State?WonWon t we lose the next election?t we lose the next election?Is it safe? What benefit to theIs it safe? What benefit to theState?State?

Why build here?Why build here?Is it safe for us?Is it safe for us?

Accident effect?Accident effect?

WonWon t our food, fish,t our food, fish,vegetable supplyvegetable supplybe contaminated?be contaminated?Our children?Our children?Our river, our beach?Our river, our beach?

STATE GOVERNMENTSSTATE GOVERNMENTSSTATE GOVERNMENTS

MUNICIPAL AUTHORITIESMUNICIPAL AUTHORITIESMUNICIPAL AUTHORITIES

NIMBY, BANANA!*NIMBY, BANANA!*

LOCAL POPULATIONLOCAL POPULATIONLOCAL POPULATION

*NIMBY*NIMBY = Not in My Backyard= Not in My Backyard*BANANA*BANANA = Build Absolutely Nothing Anywhere Near Anything= Build Absolutely Nothing Anywhere Near Anything

SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (SIA) PARAMETERSSOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (SIA) PARAMETERS

Demography Impacts

DemographyDemography ImpactsImpacts

Perception of Risk

Perception of RiskPerception of Risk

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Demography ImpactsDemographyDemography ImpactsImpacts

Community &Institution Structure

Impacts

Community &Community &Institution StructureInstitution Structure

ImpactsImpacts

Individual & FamilyImpacts

Individual & FamilyIndividual & FamilyImpactsImpacts

Confl icts between

Local Community& Foreign Workers

Conflicts betweenConfl icts between

Local CommunityLocal Community& Foreign Workers& Foreign Workers

Infrastructure

& Amenities

InfrastructureInfrastructure

& Amenities& Amenities

HealthHealthHealth

EmploymentEmploymentEmployment

Perception of Riskby the Community

Perception of RiskPerception of Riskbyby thethe CommunityCommunity

Crime & SafetyCrime & SafetyCrime & Safety

Housing& Accommodation

HousingHousing& Accommodation& Accommodation

Cultural & CommunityValues

CulturalCultural & Community& CommunityValuesValues

Physically ChallengedPerson & Minority

Group Needs

Physically ChallengedPhysically ChallengedPerson &Person & MinorityMinority

GroupGroup NeedsNeeds

Source: Federal Town & Country Planning Dept. (JPBD) Malaysia

COMPREHENSIVE COMMUNICATIONS PLAN & STRATEGIESCOMPREHENSIVE COMMUNICATIONS PLAN & STRATEGIESON NUCLEAR ENERGYON NUCLEAR ENERGY

New ComprehensiveNew Comprehensive Leads to intense public debate

101101


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Nuclear Law to beNuclear Law to betabled in Parliamenttabled in Parliament

In Situ DetailedIn Situ DetailedSite InvestigationsSite Investigations

& Evaluation& Evaluation

Completion ofCompletion ofFeasibility StudiesFeasibility Studies

Pending detailed site parameters

Pending prior approval of localauthorities & communities

Policy DecisionPolicy Decisionto proceed withto proceed withNuclear PowerNuclear PowerPlant ProjectPlant Project

Pending completion of Feasibil ity Studies& Approval of Site by Local Stakeholders

Needs national publ ic support

NEEDNEED

Public Opinion Research ResultsPublic Opinion Research Results

Social Media PlatformSocial Media Platformfor publ ic feedback on concernsfor publ ic feedback on concerns

Stakeholder MappingStakeholder Mapping

with Segmental Concernswith Segmental Concerns

Communications PlanCommunications Plan& Strategies to address& Strategies to address

public concernspublic concernsby stakeholder segmentby stakeholder segment

Pending new law & regulations to comply

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IN THE ENDIN THE END,,

WHERE DO WE GO FROM HEREWHERE DO WE GO FROM HERE??

103

IN THE END.


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103

WHERE DO WE GO FROM HERE?WHERE DO WE GO FROM HERE?

104104


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105105

Questions?


105/105

THANK YOUTHANK YOU

Jamal Khaer Ibrahim,Director, Nuclear Power Programme Development,

Malaysia Nuclear Power Corporation (MNPC),Prime Ministers Department,

A-1-01 & A-1-03, SME Technopreneur Centre 2, 2260 Jalan Usahawan 1,63000 Cyberjaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

Tel: ++60-(0)3-8319 4700Fax: ++60-(0)3-8319 4800

Email:[email protected]

developing of nuclear energy for power generation under malaysia's etp

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