design principles and applications

Engineering Department

Construction & Build Environment

Design Principles & Applications

(Design & Planning Phases in

Construction Process)

19. Oct. 2016

By: ENG. Loai Nadi

The Engineering Department / CBE Level 5

By: ENG. Loai Nadi page 2

Table of Contents: Table of Contents: .................................................................................................................................. 2

Table of Figures: .................................................................................................................................... 4

Table of Tables:...................................................................................................................................... 4

Design Principles and Application: - ........................................................................................................ 5

1-Introduction: - ..................................................................................................................................... 7

1.1-Prepare Site and Pour Foundation: ................................................................................................ 7

1.2- Complete Rough Framing: ............................................................................................................ 8

1.3- Complete Rough Plumbing, Electrical And HVAC: .......................................................................... 8

1.4- Install Insulation: ......................................................................................................................... 9

1.5- Complete Drywall and Interior Textures; Start Exterior Finishes: ................................................. 10

1.6- Finish Interior Trim; Install Exterior Driveways and Walkways: ................................................... 10

1.7- Install Hard-Surface Flooring and Countertops; Complete Exterior Grading: ................................ 11

1.8- Finish Mechanical Trims; Install Bathroom Fixtures: .................................................................... 11

1.9- Install Mirrors, Shower Doors and Finish Flooring; Finish Exterior Landscaping: ........................... 12

1.10- Final Walkthrough: .................................................................................................................. 12

1.11- A Few Words about Inspections: ............................................................................................... 13

1.12- Learn about the six key steps to your new home: ...................................................................... 13

2- Task 1 P1.1: ...................................................................................................................................... 14

2.1-Planning constraint: ................................................................................................................... 14

2.2-Building Regulations: .................................................................................................................. 15

2.3- Penalties and Problems: ............................................................................................................. 15

2.4-Building Regulations 2010 that Applied in Jordan: ....................................................................... 15

3- Task 1 P1.2: - .................................................................................................................................... 16

3.1-Client Brief: ................................................................................................................................ 16

3.2-Site Conditions: .......................................................................................................................... 16

3.3- Project Aesthetic:....................................................................................................................... 17

3.4- Source of Funding: ..................................................................................................................... 18

4- Task 2 P2.1: - .................................................................................................................................... 18

4.1- Client Requirements:.................................................................................................................. 18

4.2-Technical Constraints: ................................................................................................................. 19

4.3- Performance in Use: .................................................................................................................. 19

5- Task 2 P2.2: - .................................................................................................................................... 20

5.1- Requirements for Temporary and Permanent Service Installations: ............................................. 20

5.2- Disposal of Waste Materials during the Life of the Building: ....................................................... 21

5.3-Energy Efficiency: ....................................................................................................................... 21

6- Task 2 P2.3: - .................................................................................................................................... 21

6.1- Incorrect Planning: .................................................................................................................... 21

6.2-Material Selection: ..................................................................................................................... 21

6.3- Poor Financial Control on Site: ................................................................................................... 22

7- Task 3 P3.1: - .................................................................................................................................... 22

8- Task 3 P3.2: - .................................................................................................................................... 22

8.1- Each Element Has Embodied Energy Which Includes: .................................................................. 22



8.2-The waste produced: .................................................................................................................. 23

8.3- Operational energy: ................................................................................................................... 23

9- Task 3 P3.3: - .................................................................................................................................... 23

9.1- Know the waste's type: .............................................................................................................. 23

9.2- Eliminate waste be before it starts: ............................................................................................ 23

9.3- Reuse: ....................................................................................................................................... 23

9.4- Recycle: ..................................................................................................................................... 24

10- Task4 P4.1: - ................................................................................................................................... 24

10.1- Design Team: ........................................................................................................................... 24

10.2- Build Team: ............................................................................................................................. 26

11- Task 4 P4.2: .................................................................................................................................... 27

11-1- Off Site Persons: ...................................................................................................................... 27

11.2- On Site Persons: ....................................................................................................................... 27

12- Task 4 P4.3: - .................................................................................................................................. 27

12.1- Architect/Client: ...................................................................................................................... 27

12.2- Contractor/Sub-Contractor: ..................................................................................................... 28

12.3- Contractor/Supplier: ................................................................................................................ 28

13- Task 5 P5.1: - .................................................................................................................................. 28

13.1- Prokon:.................................................................................................................................... 28

13.2- Staad.Pro: ............................................................................................................................... 28

13.3- 3D Max: .................................................................................................................................. 29

13.4- Primavera: ............................................................................................................................... 29

13.5- ACAD: ...................................................................................................................................... 29

13.6- Microsoft Excel: ....................................................................................................................... 29

14- Task 5 P5.2: - .................................................................................................................................. 29



Table of Figures: Figure 1 Prepare Site and Pour Foundation ....................................................................................................... 7

Figure 2 Complete Rough Framing .................................................................................................................... 8

Figure 3 Complete Rough Plumbing, Electrical And HVAC ................................................................................ 9

Figure 4 Install Insulation ................................................................................................................................... 9

Figure 5 Complete Drywall and Interior Textures; Start Exterior Finishes ...................................................... 10

Figure 6 Finish Interior Trim; Install Exterior Driveways and Walkways.......................................................... 10

Figure 7 Install Hard-Surface Flooring and Countertops; Complete Exterior Grading .................................... 11

Figure 8Finish Mechanical Trims; Install Bathroom Fixtures ........................................................................... 11

Figure 9 Install Mirrors, Shower Doors and Finish Flooring; Finish Exterior Landscaping ............................... 12

Figure 10 Final Walkthrough ............................................................................................................................ 12

Figure 11 Permitted Developing ...................................................................................................................... 14

Figure 12 Contaminated Land .......................................................................................................................... 14

Figure 13 Green Belt ........................................................................................................................................ 15

Figure 14 Client Brief ........................................................................................................................................ 16

Figure 15 Site Conditions ................................................................................................................................. 17

Figure 16 Source of Funding ............................................................................................................................ 18

Figure 17 Client Requirements ........................................................................................................................ 18

Figure 18 Service Installations ......................................................................................................................... 20

Figure 19 Client ................................................................................................................................................ 24

Figure 20 Architect\ Designer .......................................................................................................................... 24

Figure 21 Quantity Surveyor Main Roles ......................................................................................................... 25

Figure 22 Civil Engineer .................................................................................................................................... 25

Figure 23 Project Manager............................................................................................................................... 25

Figure 24 Consultants ...................................................................................................................................... 26

Figure 25 Sub-Contractor ................................................................................................................................. 26

Figure 26 Contractor/Sub-Contractor .............................................................................................................. 28

Figure 27 Contractor/Supplier ......................................................................................................................... 28

Table of Tables:

Table 1 Phases Comparison ............................................................................................................................. 22

Table 2 Off Site Persons ................................................................................................................................... 27

Table 3 On Site Persons ................................................................................................................................... 27



Design Principles and Application: - Unit aim:

This unit provides learners with the opportunity to develop an understanding of the design process

and how the planning and design phases are coordinated and managed.

Unit abstract: This unit enables learners to demonstrate an understanding of design considerations and the design

process. Learners will develop their ability to evaluate the planning and design phases and consider the

environmental impact of construction projects. Learners will explore the roles and legal responsibilities of

all parties involved in construction projects. Learners will also gain an understanding of how emerging

technologies affect the design and production phases of construction projects.

Learning outcomes: Understand the planning and design phases of the construction process.

Understand the factors that affect the specification of materials and building services.

Understand how environmental factors affect the planning and design phases of the construction

process.

Understand the roles and responsibilities of all parties involved in construction projects.

Understand how technology affects the design and production phases of construction projects.

Unit content: LO1:

Planning phase: legal restraints; planning constraints; building regulations; building control; disabled

access; current legislation e.g. Disability Discrimination Act 2005.

Design phase: client brief; intended use; change of use; versatility; disabled access; relevant

legislation; project aesthetics; influence of shape, size and proportion; position; location; structural

considerations of building e.g. engineering project or plant installation; effects of green, brown and

reclaimed land on planning and design; financial implications of design; sources of funding; lifecycle cost

planning (costs of commissioning, costs in use, lifecycle costing, cost modelling, facilities management).

LO2: Factors: client requirements; constraints (technical, legal, environmental); financial implications

(sourcing, funding, planning, maintenance).

Specification of materials: aesthetics; performance in use; energy efficiencies e.g. production and

processing of materials; environmental impact.

Specification of building services: requirements for temporary and permanent service installations;

disposal of waste materials during construction process; disposal of waste materials during life of the

building; impact of legislation on design of service installations; sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS);

renewable energy sources; integration of services into overall design.



LO3: Environmental factors: specification of sustainable materials; different forms of construction; new

and renewable resources; use of recycled materials; safe and efficient disposal of waste materials; impact

of construction process on environment.

LO4: Roles and responsibilities: of each party to the project; current legislation applicable to each stage of

a project (planning, development, design, production); responsibilities (corporate, personal) under current

legislation; different responsibilities of design, planning and production teams.

LO5: Technology: use of computer systems in the design process; modern methods of construction; effect

of design on construction methods; development of new materials; use of construction plant.

Scenario: You are a new engineer assistant at The Towers Construction Company. Your boss asked you to

conduct a study to find the factors that influence the design process and how the planning and design

phases are coordinated and managed. You might need to meet the design team and /or the build team to

collect the needed data. Your study should be presented in a word document printed report, containing

the needed evidence. You will be using the tasks below to help you to finish the study.

This research has been prepared Based on the materials in the Quds College and

Pearson qualifications, for studying reasons. it's not recommended to go back to it

in case of any work issues.

Eng. Loai Nadi

Construction and Built Environment

Luminous Education

Please keep the copyright © ENG. Loai Nadi



Figure 1 Prepare Site and Pour Foundation

1-Introduction: - Here's what to expect during the major phases of construction.

Building your new home is exciting, especially when you understand how the process works. The

following overview outlines the typical steps your builder will take in the construction of a home and will

help keep you abreast of what happens at key stages.

Keep in mind that the homebuilding process may vary from region to region and builder to builder,

especially if you’re building an elaborate custom home. Be sure to ask your builder about his or her specific

policies and procedures.

1.1-Prepare Site and Pour Foundation: Often, site preparation and foundation work are performed by the same crew, but this may not be

the case with a wooded lot. Using a backhoe and a bulldozer, the crew clears the site of rocks, debris and

trees for the house and, if applicable, the septic system. The crew levels the site, puts up wooden forms to

serve as a template for the foundation, and digs the holes and trenches. Footings (structures where the

house interfaces with the earth that supports it) are installed. If your home is going to have a well, it will be

dug at this point.

If the home has a full basement, the hole is dug, the footings are formed and poured, and the

foundation walls are formed and poured. If it’s slab-on-grade, the footings are dug, formed and poured;

the area between them is leveled and fitted with utility runs (e.g. plumbing drains and electrical chases);

and the slab is poured.

Once concrete is poured into the holes and trenches, it will need time to cure. During this period,

there will be no activity on the construction site.

After the concrete is cured, the crew applies a waterproofing membrane to the foundation walls;

installs drains, sewer and water taps and any plumbing that needs to go into the first-floor slab or

basement floor; and backfills excavated dirt into the hole around the foundation wall.

INSPECTION #1: When the curing process is complete, a city inspector visits the site to make sure

foundation components are up to code and installed properly. This inspection may be repeated depending

on the type of foundation (slab, crawl space or basement). Your builder will then remove the forms and

begin coordinating step 2, the framing phase.



Figure 2 Complete Rough Framing

1.2- Complete Rough Framing: The floor systems, walls and roof systems are completed (collectively known as the shell or skeleton

of the house). Plywood or oriented strand board (OSB) sheathing is applied to the exterior walls and roof,

and windows and exterior doors are installed. The sheathing is then covered with a protective barrier

known as a house wrap; it prevents liquid water from infiltrating the structure, while allowing water vapor

to escape. This reduces the likelihood of mold and wood rot.

1.3- Complete Rough Plumbing, Electrical And HVAC: Once the shell is finished, siding and roofing can be installed. At the same time, the electrical and

plumbing contractors start running pipes and wires through the interior walls, ceilings and floors. Sewer

lines and vents, as well as water supply lines for each fixture, are installed. Bathtubs and one-piece

shower/tub units are put in place at this point because there’s more room to maneuver large, heavy

objects.

Ductwork is installed for the heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) system, and possibly

the furnace. HVAC vent pipes are installed through the roof, and insulation is installed in the floors, walls

and ceilings.

After the roofing goes on, the house is considered “dried in.” The electrician then installs receptacles

for outlets, lights and switches and runs wires from the breaker panel to each receptacle. Wiring for

telephones, cable TV and music systems is included in this work.

Note that HVAC ducts and plumbing are usually installed before wiring, because it’s easier to run

wires around pipes and ducts than vice versa.

INSPECTIONS 2, 3 and 4: Rough framing, plumbing and electrical and mechanical systems are

inspected for compliance with building codes. Most likely these will be three different inspections. At the

very least, the framing inspection will be conducted separately from the electrical/mechanical inspections.

At this stage, drywall (also known as plasterboard, wallboard or gypsum board) is delivered to the

building site. Sheetrock®, a registered trademark of USG Corporation, is sometimes used as a generic term

for drywall.



Figure 3 Complete Rough Plumbing, Electrical And HVAC

Figure 4 Install Insulation

1.4- Install Insulation: Insulation plays a key role in creating a more comfortable, consistent indoor climate while

significantly improving a home’s energy efficiency. One of the most important qualities of insulation is its

thermal performance or R-value, which indicates how well the material resists heat transfer. Most homes

are insulated in all exterior walls, as well as the attic and any floors that are located above unfinished

basements or crawl spaces.

The most common types of insulation used in new homes are fiberglass, cellulose and foam.

Depending on the region and climate, your builder may also use mineral wool (otherwise known as rock

wool or slag wool); concrete blocks; foam board or rigid foam; insulating concrete forms (ICFs); sprayed

foam; and structural insulated panels (SIPs).

Blanket insulation, which comes in batts or rolls, is typical in new-home construction. So is loose-fill

and blown-in insulation, which is made of fiberglass, cellulose or mineral-wool particles. Another insulation

option, liquid foam, can be sprayed, foamed-in-place, injected or poured. While it costs more than

traditional batt insulation, liquid foam has twice the R-value per inch and can fill the smallest cavities,

creating an effective air barrier.

Fiberglass and mineral-wool batts and rolls are usually installed in side walls, attics, floors, crawl

spaces, cathedral ceilings and basements. Manufacturers often attach a facing such as Kraft paper or foil-

Kraft paper to act as a vapor barrier and/or air barrier. In areas where the insulation will be left exposed,

such as basement walls, the batts sometimes have a special flame-resistant facing.



Figure 5 Complete Drywall and Interior Textures; Start Exterior Finishes

Figure 6 Finish Interior Trim; Install Exterior Driveways and Walkways

1.5- Complete Drywall and Interior Textures; Start

Exterior Finishes: Drywall is hung and taped so the seams between the boards aren’t visible, and drywall texturing (if

applicable) is completed. The primer coat of paint is also applied after taping is complete. Contractors

begin installing exterior finishes such as brick, stucco, stone and siding.

1.6- Finish Interior Trim; Install Exterior Driveways and

Walkways: Interior doors, baseboards, door casings, window sills, moldings, stair balusters and other decorative

trim are installed, along with cabinets, vanities and fireplace mantels and surrounds. Walls get a finish coat

of paint and are wallpapered where applicable.

Generally, exterior driveways, walkways and patios are formed at this stage. Many builders prefer to

wait until the end of the project before pouring the driveway because heavy equipment (such as a drywall

delivery truck) can damage concrete. But some builders pour the driveway as soon as the foundation is

completed so that when homeowners visit the construction site, they won’t get their shoes muddy.



Figure 7 Install Hard-Surface Flooring and Countertops; Complete Exterior Grading

Figure 8Finish Mechanical Trims; Install Bathroom Fixtures

1.7- Install Hard-Surface Flooring and Countertops;

Complete Exterior Grading: Ceramic tile, vinyl and wood flooring are installed as well as countertops. Exterior finish grading is

completed to ensure proper drainage away from the home and prepare the yard for landscaping.

1.8- Finish Mechanical Trims; Install Bathroom Fixtures: Light fixtures, outlets and switches are installed and the electrical panel is completed. HVAC

equipment is installed and registered completed. Sinks, toilets and faucets are put in place.



Figure 9 Install Mirrors, Shower Doors and Finish Flooring; Finish Exterior Landscaping

Figure 10 Final Walkthrough

1.9- Install Mirrors, Shower Doors and Finish Flooring;

Finish Exterior Landscaping: Mirrors, shower doors and carpeting are installed, and final cleanup takes place. Trees, shrubs and

grass are planted and other exterior landscaping completed.

INSPECTION #5: A building-code official completes a final inspection and issues a certificate of

occupancy (C.O.). If any defects are found during this inspection, a follow-up inspection may be scheduled

to ensure that they’ve been corrected.

1.10- Final Walkthrough: Your builder will walk you through your new home to acquaint you with its features and the

operation of various systems and components, and explain your responsibilities for maintenance and

upkeep as well as warranty coverage and procedures. This is often referred to as a pre-settlement

walkthrough. It’s also an opportunity to spot items that need to be corrected or adjusted, so be attentive

and observant. Examine the surfaces of countertops, fixtures, floors and walls for possible damage.

Sometimes disputes arise because the homeowner discovers a gouge in a countertop after move-in, and

there’s is no way to prove whether it was caused by the builder’s crew or the homeowner’s movers.



1.11- A Few Words about Inspections: Your new home will be inspected periodically during the course of construction. In addition to

mandated inspections for code compliance, your builder may conduct quality checks at critical points in the

process. (In the story above, we point out when these inspections typically take place.) The idea is to catch

as many potential problems as possible before construction is finished, though some issues may not

surface until you’ve lived in the home for a period of time.

Talk to your builder early on about attending inspections, with or without your real-estate agent.

Even if your presence is not required, it’s an opportunity to learn more about what’s behind the walls of

your new home and how everything works. If you’re planning to hire your own inspector to do an

additional review of the home, notify your builder prior to the start of construction.

For safety as well as logistical reasons, builders discourage customers from dropping in unannounced

at the construction site. If you’d like to pay a visit, be sure to arrange it in advance. Chances are your

builder will conduct regular walkthroughs to bring you up to speed on the progress of the work.

Working with the builder who'll construct your new home is the fifth of six steps to your new home.

Here in our New Home Guide, you'll find helpful and inspiring articles, slideshows and videos that will make

your new home journey easier and more rewarding.

1.12- Learn about the six key steps to your new home: Get expert advice from leading real estate writers, builders and recent new homebuyers in our New

Home Guide.

We've made it easy to follow six simple steps to your new home that include: new home 101;

shopping online and in model homes; buying, financing and insuring your home; working with a builder to

design and construct your home; and settling in to enjoy it.

Simply click on any of the six steps to your new home in the welcome graphic on the main page of

our New Home Guide to learn about that step in your new home journey.

But what we have to do before that, there are many steps before these ten steps we have to take

into account.



Figure 11 Permitted Developing

Figure 12 Contaminated Land

2- Task 1 P1.1: In this part of the first task I going to list the planning constraints and the building regulations during

the planning phase of any construction project.

2.1-Planning constraint: For a good planning, there are many things that must be taken into account.

2.1.1-Permitted Developing: We don't need planning permission, but we must check the latest position before construction.

2.1.2-Conservation Areas: Special appearance character.

Approval is required for:

1. Most demolition.

2. Some modifications.

2.1.3-Contaminated Land: Land used to get rid of:

1. Previous industrial uses.

2. Wastes.

Reports must be submitted to support the planning applications.



Figure 13 Green Belt

2.1.4-Green Belt: Presidion isn't allowed.

Except of exceptional circumstances.

2.1.5-Planning Policies: Basics to make decisions on planning applications.

2.2-Building Regulations: Construction isn't always allowed, sometimes we need to get approvals.

We must check if we need to be approved before construction.

Building regulations are different from planning approval.

We may need both.

We may need it if we planning to:

1. Replacing the valves.

2. Installing a bathroom.

3. Change electricity nearby bath or shower.

4. Change doors and windows.

We don't need advanced approval to emergency changes.

But we must follow the roles.

2.3- Penalties and Problems: Doing a build activity without follow the building regulation leads to fine, and sometimes to

prosecute and jail. Also, the local authority must make this person pay for faulty work to be fixed.

Without approval, you won't have the certificates of compliance.

You may need approval when you want to sell your home.

2.4-Building Regulations 2010 that Applied in Jordan: The meaning of building work.

The meaning of materials change of use.

Materials and workmanship.

Complication certificates.

Right to copy documents.

The fire safety information.

Limitation on requirements.

Requirements relating to building work.

Requirements relating to material change of use.

Exempt buildings and work.



Figure 14 Client Brief

Supervision of building work otherwise than by local authorities.

Water efficiency of new dwellings.

Full plans.

Giving of a building notice or deposit of plans.

Commissioning.

Information about use of fuel and power.

Sampling of material.

3- Task 1 P1.2: - In this part I going to discuss the following considerations during the design phase on the

construction projects:

Client brief.

Influence of shape, size and proportion, position and location.

Project aesthetics.

Sources of funding.

3.1-Client Brief: The client has to give a brief summary about the project.

The brief has to describe: -

A. Need\ Opportunity that has triggered the project. B. Whether the project is listed on capital plan or faculty plan. C. Proposed location. D. Space\ Facility to be delivered. E. Time sale. F. Expected final project cost. There are two types of procurement that the client organization can undertake: -

A. The Advisory procurement.

B. The Practical procurement.

3.2-Site Conditions: It's impossible to find two projects that are same in

everything, every project will create his case.

Each client has to describe everything in his brief.

He has to mentions where\ how he wants the: -

A. Water body.

B. Block unwanted winds (Green Line).

C. Sun path.

D. The building location.

E. The good view.

It's not enough to the designer to imagine the building like in (Figure 11 Permitted Developing). It

must be like in (Figure 15 Site Conditions).



Figure 15 Site Conditions

Also, we have to make sure that the designer knows the following about the site: -

3.2.1- Sub-Surface Features: There are many subsurface features like: -

The Geological feature: -

We have to know everything about the area that we going to build, like the ground rocks Type. That

will help us to know what the needed depth that the excavations must be is.

The Hydrological feature: -

We have to know the groundwater's location, because the groundwater is one of the most important

things that may cause a lot of problems in the project future.

3.2.2- Natural Surface Features: There are many natural surface features such as: -

Vegetative cover feature: -

We have to make sure that we have a green area in the building plan; to help nature to recover from

the pollution.

Climate feature: -

We have to know about the climate, because it will affect negatively on the Concrete, which will lead

the project to fail if not now. It will in the future.

3.3- Project Aesthetic: The Project Aesthetic factors are: -

3.3.1-Perceptual: 1. From an auto.

2. By pedestrian.

3.3.2-Spatial pattern: 1. The views from the site.

2. Spaces existing.

3. Potential for new areas.

3.3.3-Natural factures: 1. Water elements.

2. Rock formations.

3. Plant materials.



Figure 16 Source of Funding

Figure 17 Client Requirements

3.4- Source of Funding: There are many of sources to funding like: -

Privet capital.

Equity.

Corporate.

Shears.

Loans. 1. Bank.

2. Persian funds.

3. Venture capitalist.

4. Investors.

Taxes (government capital).

Local authority founding.

Grants.

4- Task 2 P2.1: - In the 1st part of the 2nd task I going to Examine the following factor and how they affect the

specification of building materials.

Client Requirements.

Technical Constraints.

Performance in Use.

Specifications of Building materials: -

4.1- Client Requirements: The Client's functional requirements Includes the fowling: -



4.1.1-Durability of the Projects: The durability Plan Outline is to support the design, sitting out approach to the construction teams to

understanding of the key exposures, client requirements, so that in assessing the tenders the client can

that the Contractors price include prevents that will give the structure the durability the client desires.

4.1.2-Structure of the Building: The client chooses the material of the structure; ether to reinforced concrete or steel. Also he has to

mentions the Room's locations.

4.1.3-Watersion Exclusion: If the client wants to have a water structure, he has to mention where he wants it and how.

4.1.4-Heating: The client has to mention the way that he wants the heating.

4.1.5-Lighting: The client has to mention the type of Lighting, and how he wants it.

4.1.6-Privacy: The client has to mention the privacy bases that he wants in his building.

The client requirements are taking place in the first stages of the project, but clients constantly

change the requirements. Changing the client requirements is one of the main reasons that lead to delays,

increasing the construction projects budget, climes, disputes and client dissatisfaction.

4.2-Technical Constraints: Architect must find an appropriate method to make sure the design's idea understood by the client if

the client does not belong to the construction's world. Like 3D models, virtual reality (VR) tools or sketches,

and that because the client usually can't understand the transforming from 2D to 3D.

Charts or network diagrams in order to visualize project program and cash flow, also PowerPoint

presentations, videos or projections are useful, but Sketches usually are cheapest and fastest method.

4.3- Performance in Use: When we talk about performance in use we talk about: -

4.3.1- Health and Safety During the project Life: We face problems with some materials that are harmful to the building, so we have to make sure

that that materials will not lead to losses.

4.3.2- Durability: We have to make sure that the materials are at the same quality that the client asked.

4.3.3- Moisture Resistance: There are some materials that we use to make sure that the humidity of the atmosphere will not

affect the building.

4.3.4- Thermal Performance: It's important point especially in a country like Jordan, where we make sure that the materials will

not be affected by the high temperature.



Figure 18 Service Installations

4.3.5- Maintenance: There must be maintenance for at least one year after handing the project.

4.3.6- Fire Performance: The materials used in the construction must be protected against fire. Materials used in buildings,

such as coverings for walls, ceilings and floors; must subject to Directive.

5- Task 2 P2.2: - Specifications of building services.

5.1- Requirements for Temporary and Permanent

Service Installations: The subcontractor must use the electrical safety

code, after reviewing and testing the wires, there must

be a separated report for each wiring system and the

wiring work, and that going throw two steps.

5.1.1-Stage (1): Temporary Supply

connections: 5.1.1.1- Electrical Contractor:

Shall install meter box and panel.

Install sealable main switch.

Install socket outlet.

Submit the (CES) to the planning and land authority.

5.1.1.2- Planning and Land Authority Inspector:

Checks temporary supply is compliance.

If temporary supply is compliant, attaches a yellow authorization sticker.

Seals temporary supply main switch using the planning and land authority seal.

Install and connect service fuses and metering equipment.

Energizes service cable and checks polarity.

Seals service fuses and metering equipment.

5.1.2-Stage (2): Connection of Residence Permanent Installation: 5.1.2.1- Electrical Contractor:

Completes primases installation.

Submits the 2nd (CES).

5.1.2.2- Planning and Land Authority Inspector:

De-energizes installation.

Checks installation for compliance.

If compliant, removes the (Temporary Supply Installation Sticker).

Removes tails from sealable main switch and connect into the consumers switch board.

Energizes installation.



Attaches authorization sticker "Authorization for Approval of Permanent Electrical Installation.

De-energizes installation.

Completes wiring for additional metering and associated equipment.

Energizes installation.

Seals meters' service fuses etc.

5.2- Disposal of Waste Materials during the Life of the

Building: The project manager has to make sure that the materials are used in the best way, and there will not

be losses in it. There are two ways to do it: -

5.2.1-Reuse: There are many materials that we can re -use them like (The Wooden Framework) which save

money, but we have to make sour that the material that we want to re -use it in a good condition.

5.2.2-Recycling: Re -cycling is one of the best ways to re -use the materials, because of that; recycling Process is

produce (Energy), (New Materials with a New Qualities), and that will help us to finish the project with

fewer losses in the materials.

Re -using and re -cycling the materials are very important skills for every project, but re -using a

material that is already did that will cost us injuries which led to losing time and delay.

5.3-Energy Efficiency: Energy efficiency is a goal to reduce the energy required to provide services Like, using solar energy

for heating the water.

When we replace a window in the house with energy -efficient, the new window prevents heat from

escaping in the winter, so we save energy by using our furnace electric heater less while still staying

comfortable. In the summer, efficient windows keep the heat out, so the air conditioner does not run as

often and we save electricity.

6- Task 2 P2.3: - The Specifications Influence the overall cost of the project.

We Have many factors that affect'' the total cost of the project like: -

6.1- Incorrect Planning:

This is one of the most important bad things effect on the project, where the project will fall or will

be delay in handing the project.

6.2-Material Selection: The project manager has to make sour that the materials are following the quality that the client

asked, or there will be fined that the contractor has to pay for fooling the contract.



6.3- Poor Financial Control on Site: The project manager and the contractor have to make sour that the project will not curse over the

budget and this is the most important thing that effect on the project.

7- Task 3 P3.1: - Table 1 Phases Comparison

Phases Advantages Disadvantages

Pla

nn

ing

Ph

ase

Planning

Facilitates

Management by

Objectives

Starts by determine the

objectives. Highlights the

various activities that must be

undertaken.

Has tendency to make administration

inflexible. Implies prior determination of

policies, procedures and programmers and

a strict adherence to them in all

circumstances. There is no scope for

individual freedom.

Planning

Encourages

Innovations

Managers have the

opportunities of suggesting

ways and means of improving

performance. Basically a

decision making function which

involves creative thinking and

imagination that ultimately

leads to innovation of methods

and operations for growth and

prosperity of the enterprise.

May be used to serve individual interests

rather than the interest of the enterprise.

Attempts can be made to influence setting

of objectives, formulation of plans and

programmers to suit one's own

requirement rather than that of whole

organization.

De

sign

Ph

ase

Open Channels

for Effective

Cross

Require members from all

departments and domains

within an organization to act as

stakeholders. Share insights and

ideas.

Applicant one time in the testing stage.

Very difficult to go back and change

something that was not well-documented.

Ensure Better

Definition of

Requirements

Engagement with users from

initial concept. Misinterpreting

critical requirements.

8- Task 3 P3.2: - The impact of construction process on the environment.

Enhancing the identification of the major environmental impacts of construction processes will help

to improve the effectiveness of environmental management systems. Furthermore, production of the

correlated environmental impacts of construction before the construction stage, will lead to improvements

in the environmental performance of construction projects and sites.

8.1- Each Element Has Embodied Energy Which Includes: Energy used to transport products into construction site.

Energy used to handle and install the element in the building.



Energy used to transport natural resources to processing plants.

Energy used to process materials into products.

Energy needed to extract the materials from natural resource.

8.2-The waste produced: Emission from internal combustion engines.

Emission from power stations.

Waste from the processing of natural products.

Waste resulting from transportation and handling.

8.3- Operational energy: The energy required to run ventilation system.

The energy required to run air conditioning.

The energy required for lifts and escalators.

The energy needed to provide lighting within a building.

The energy required for running heating system.

9- Task 3 P3.3: - The environmentally responsible methods ensure safety and efficiency in disposing

waste materials. For safety and efficiency in the disposal of waste we have to do the following:

9.1- Know the waste's type: To reduce waste, you must know what your waste and well inspected because it is possible to find

materials not used to this idea and give all the efficiency of workers and sub-contractors.

9.2- Eliminate waste be before it starts: Sub-contractors are in charge of material processing and transfer of waste according to the contract

because sometimes written contract that the contractor sub needed him clean up the site some of you

have done, if the sub-contractor with the staff responsible for the supply of materials and set up the whole

building with the staff responsible for the supply of materials and set up the whole building with cleaning

the site will function efficiently because interest be less than the proportion of waste disposal and thus

reduces the cost ratio and profit increases, when writing the contract that the contractor is responsible for

the sub-waste disposal will generate an incentive to him that every article uses the site without the survival

of waste.

9.3- Reuse: There are some materials that can be used such as glass fiber and materials insulating rigid material

that can be placed in the attic space, a little door damaged and windows, and a large piece of carpet

cleaner and vinyl flooring and concrete materials, which can be donated some products damaged end of

the non-profit, and take it can be stored tax-free, and other elements of owner of the house.



Individual.

Groups.

Developer\ Builder.

Corporate.

Public.

Social.

Figure 19 Client

Figure 20 Architect\ Designer

9.4- Recycle: Most of the construction materials recyclable "such as; wood, drywall, corrugated cardboard, metal and

some plastic materials" is consistent project manager with the hauler can be agreed with factories recycle

materials and therefore will convey the waste material from the project in exchange for this to get rid thus

will reduce the cost of the transfer waste, the best way to discover existing or to develop new recover

opportunities in your area is to bring this group.

10- Task4 P4.1: - 10.1- Design Team: 10.1.1- Client:

The person or group who are the only beneficiaries of the project after finish it.

We can fine the client in two types.

10.1.2- Architect\ Designer: The person who responsible to understand the client requirements, and design the solution that

meets the client's needs.



Figure 21 Quantity Surveyor Main Roles

Figure 22 Civil Engineer

Figure 23 Project Manager

10.1.3- Quantity Surveyor: The person who responsible to figure out what the project is going to cost, and making sure that the

production manages as it must be.

10.1.4- Civil Engineer: The person who responsible to build roads and bridges, and makes sure that

the building stands up.

10.1.5- Structural Engineer: He is a key person in the construction process. Can be extremely influential in

analyses and design and in supporting sit management.

10.1.6- Project Manager: The person who responsible to make sure that the project has the successful

planning and design.



Figure 24 Consultants

Helping

Project Manager.

Contractor.

Inspectors.

Work With

Designers.

Planners.

Engineers.

Figure 25 Sub-Contractor

10.2- Build Team: 10.2.1- Consultants:

The person who responsible to:

His Roles: - Maintain the green zone.

Helping with changes in the field.

10.2.2- Clerk of Works: The person who is a manager on a construction site, and responsible to check if the work carried out

as required.

10.2.3- Sub-Contractor: The contractor needs sub-contractors for various components of the work, but he may don't need

them in the small projects; where he can work everything alone.

10.2.4- Supplier: The person who responsible to make sure that all the needed materials will be in the project site on

time, at the pre-agreed quality, and within the budget.



11- Task 4 P4.2: 11-1- Off Site Persons:

Table 2 Off Site Persons

The Person Description

Head Office Personnel Organize the administer all the companies

that work on the country.

Managing Director The person who responsible to overall

planning, and he usually the owner of the

company.

Buyer The person who responsible to make sure

that all the materials will be in the site on time.

Estimator Undertake to provide tenders, operations of

the company, which is the process through which

company gets the work. He is responsible to work

on the tender construction costs.

Health and Safety Officer Responsible for providing occupational

health and safety tools also is responsible for the

training of workers for health and safety.

11.2- On Site Persons: Table 3 On Site Persons

The Person Description

Site Manager Responsible to make the best use of

resources which involves production.

Foreperson Responsible to make reports to the project's

owner, and monitor the project from the

beginning to the end.

Craft Operatives They are responsible to product the work in

the required quality.

Visitors Many people visiting the site during the

project build life, like the client and the architect.

BCO Person with authority to control the build

work that meets the building regulations.

12- Task 4 P4.3: - The roles and responsibilities of parties involved in construction projects

12.1- Architect/Client: Client may request a 3D models so the architect in the must to do what he want. Amount of money

in the event of any change in the design. Architect must take the client approval before doing any changes

in the design.



Figure 26 Contractor/Sub-Contractor

Figure 27 Contractor/Supplier

12.2- Contractor/Sub-Contractor: Sub-Contractor must complete all the agreements that have been agreed. The contractor is

responsible front the sub-contractor.

12.3- Contractor/Supplier: Supplier must deliver the materials in good condition. The contractor must provide the payments to

the supplier on the agreed time.

13- Task 5 P5.1: - The modern technology available to each party in the design and planning teams

There are many software programs used in the construction project like:

13.1- Prokon: This program is usually used by the civil engineer. Prokon structural analysis and design is a suite of

over forty structural analysis, design and detailing programs. The first Prokon programs were developed in

1989, and today Prokon is used worldwide in over eighty countries. The suite is modular in nature, but its

true power lies in the tight integration between analysis, design and detailing programs.

13.2- Staad.Pro: This program is usually used by the structural engineer. Staad.Pro is a structural analysis design

program software, it includes a state of the art user interface, visualization tools and international design



codes. Staad.pro used for 3D model generation, analysis and multi-material design, the commercial version

of Staad.Pro supports several steel, concrete and timber design codes. So staad.pro is one of the software

applications created to help structural engineers to automate their tasks and to remove the tedious and

long procedures of the manual methods.

13.3- 3D Max: 3DMax is a program that usually used by the architecture. Autodesk 3ds Max (formerly 3D Studio

Max) is a program for creating 3D graphics and animation developed porAutodesk, namely Autodesk Media

& Entertainment (formerly Discreet) division. Initially created by the Yost Group for Autodesk, went on sale

for the first time in 1990 to DOS.?3ds Max, with its architecture based on plugins, it is one of the 3D

animation programs most used, especially for the creation of video games, TV commercials, in architecture

or in movies.

13.4- Primavera: This program usually used by the project manager. Primavera is an enterprise project portfolio

management software. It includes project management, product management, collaboration and control

capabilities and integrates with other enterprise software such as Oracle and SAP’s ERP systems. Primavera

was launched in 1983 by Primavera Systems Inc.

13.5- ACAD: Auto CAD is usually used by the architect and structural engineer. as a commercial software

application for 2D and 3D computer-aided design (CAD) and drafting — available since 1982 as a desktop

application and since 2010 as a mobile, web- and cloud-based app marketed as AutoCAD 360.

13.6- Microsoft Excel: this program is usually used by the quantity and cost surveyors. Microsoft Excel is

a spreadsheet developed by Microsoft It features calculation, graphing tools, pivot tables, and

a macro programming language called Visual Basic for Applications. It has been a very widely applied

spreadsheet for these platforms, especially since version 5 in 1993.

Many programs have been created to help the construction parries to carry out the project in the

best shape, in the required quality, within the budget, and with less wastes. I have mentioned 6 of them,

and there is a new product every day. Personally, I think this programs are helping us the engineers that

working in the construction field in many ways, but the most important way is to help us to carry out the

required product on as less as possible time.

14- Task 5 P5.2: - The effect of advance in the modern technology on design of any construction

project After rapid progress in civil engineering technology it has become easier the work of geometric

designs through computer technology quickly and greater than conventional processes tired accurately,

and the effects of this development:

In the old system there is a great dependence on the papers, files, and this is too expensive for

companies and construction will take a lot of time to printed in addition to the great difficulties when trying

to change something on the chart, so it facilitated to technology many in their work where the first printing



where you will not have printed because a lot of times can store files on a slide and print any part of the

project at any time you want, and these programs, for example; AutoCAD.

In modern technology engineer does not need to store files and drawings in private stores, but all

engineer files will be on your computer and can display any file at any time.

In the modern system where the original version in more than one place can be on the computer

storage device and is therefore protects against the risk of losing any (Design, Graphics), in contrast to old

system of inventories original version of which constitute a danger for them.

N the modern system engineer and one can only work over design in record time, opposite the old

system was meeting the entire team for the work of a single design and a long period.