design history & lineage i

Design - History & Lineage I

Design

History & Lineage I

Jayne Hall - October

2009


What is Design?

Comes from the italian word

„disegno‟

Means - the drafting or drawing of a work


What is Design? Dictionary Definition - Verb

de·sign v

1. to work out or create the form or structure of

2. something

2. to plan and make something in a skillful or artistic way

3. to intend something for a particular purpose

4. to contrive, devise, or plan something

Encarta® World English Dictionary © 1999 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Developed for Microsoft by Bloomsbury Publishing Plc.


Dictionary Definition - Noun n

1. the way in which something is planned and made

2. a drawing or other graphical representation of something that shows how it is to be made

3. a pattern or shape, sometimes repeated, used for decoration

4. the process and techniques of designing things

5. a plan or scheme for something

6. something that is planned or intended

Encarta® World English Dictionary © 1999 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Developed for Microsoft by Bloomsbury Publishing Plc.


Snakeshead is a

Victorian pattern

created in 1876 by

William Morris for home

furnishing. It was

manufactured by

Thomas Wardle, Leek,

in block-printed cotton.


„Study for a Flying

Machine‟

Leonardo Da Vinci, c.

1487

Metalpoint, pen and ink

on paper, 235 x 176 mm

Institut de France, Paris


What is Design?

Notions of design/designer have changed

and continue to change.

It is widely held that design begins with

industrialisation - due to the increased

division of labour during the course of

production


Early Design - History

Mid 15th century -Johannes Gutenberg (c1400-1468), German printer and pioneer in the use of movable type invented the printing press



1666 - Great Fire of London. Robert Hooke is Surveyor and Architect of the City of London

1752 - Benjamin Franklin Discovers Electricity

Benjamin

Franklin, and son

Kite Experiment,

1752



1765 - James Watt develops the steam engine

James Watt,

1784. Side view

of Albion Mill

Steam Engine.


Early Design - The Steam

AgeCoal Mining

Iron & Steel

Machine Production

Industrial Mass Production

Modern Transportation System

Explosive Growth of Cities



1769 - Josiah Wedgewod establishes the

„first factory‟. It is intended to produce

pottery


Old photograph of Wedgewood's Etruria factory, Stoke-

on-Trent

In 1769 - 70 Josiah Wedgewood built the original

Wedgewood village to house the factory workers, with

space and appropriate accommodation for all.


Urban village:

Cadbury's model

community, built

1895


1853 - Sir Titus Salt built Salts Woollen Mill in Bradford.

He then built a village with housing, a church and a

school. He named it Saltaire.


Converted to an art gallery and shops in the 1980s by the

late Jonathan Silver, Salt's Mill in Saltaire houses a collection

of works by the world renowned Bradford-born artist, David

Hockney.


Early Design - Social Enterprise

Gone Rural

Women workers in Swaziland


Gone Rural - Designers

We hold an annual product design intern

programme where we select young

international designers who are placed with us

for 12 months. We select designers based on

their portfolios and their commitment to ethical

design. The challenge for our designers is to

create innovative and beautiful collections

whilst respecting Swazi cultural heritage,

tradition and the environment.



Thomas Sheraton (1751 - 1806)

Thomas Chippendale (1718 - 1779)


Design for a library table by

Thomas Sheraton, engraving

from his book, The Cabinet-

Maker, Upholsterer and General

Artist’s Encyclopaedia (1805)


Early Design - Philosophy

The Age of Enlightenment

A conflict between

long held traditional religion

and

the inquiring mind that wanted to know

and understand through reason based

on evidence and proof


Early Design - Philosophy

The Age of Enlightenment

The most fundamental concepts of the

Enlightenment were

faith in nature

belief in human progress


Early Design - Politics

1776 - The American Revolution

“All men are created equal”

1789 - The french revolution follows the

Enlightenment

1814 - Congress of Vienna - strengthens trade

even further



1792 - Mary Wollstonecraft writes „A

Vindication of the Rights of Woman‟ A

classical feminist text


Charles Babbage (1791-

1871)

1822 -

Charles

Babbage,

originates the

idea of a

programmabl

e computer


The first complete Babbage Engine was completed in

London in 2002, 153 years after it was designed.


Jack Dorsey has developed a little hardware add-on

that can turn an iPhone into a credit card reader.



1824 - Ludwig van Beethoven completes

his symphony no. 9


Early Design - Ethics &

AestheticsShakers

Religion based aesthetic

Simplicity of Design

Pre-cursor of “Form follows Function”

Ethos still influences design now

Shaker furniture is available to buy now under licence by German Habit and Italian de Padova


Early Design - Ethics &

Aesthetics

Guiding Principles of the Shakers

Regularity is beautiful

The Highest Beauty Lies in Harmony

Beauty arises from practicality

Order is the origin of beauty

That which is most practical is also most

beautiful


Measures 3.125-inches in height, 8-inches in width and

5.75-inches in depth.



1830 - The first railway is built between

Liverpool and Manchester

1844 - Samuel Morse sends the first telegram

1847 - Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels write „The

Communist Manifesto‟

1848 - California Gold Rush

1851 - The Great Exhibition is held in London


The Great Exhibition,

London 1851 held in Hyde Park in London

conceived by Queen Victoria‟s husband Albert

invitations were extended to almost all of the colonized world

intended to symbolize the industrial, military and economic superiority of Great Britain

held in the specially constructed Crystal Palace


The Crystal Palace


The Crystal Palace

designed by Sir Joseph Paxton in

only 10 days

It was cheap, simple to erect and

remove and could be ready quickly

revolutionary modular, prefabricated

design using glass and iron


When the exhibition

finished, the Crystal

Palace was re-erected

in Sydenham in south

London, where it

remained popular until

it burned down in 1936


Crystal Palace Park

The London Borough of Bromley, who

own the park today, together with the

Crystal Palace Foundation, have

recently submitted an outline proposal

the National Heritage Lottery Fund to

restore much of the park to its former

glory


The Great Exhibition

massive steam hammers and locomotives

exquisite artistry of the handicraft trades

ingenious gadgets

ornaments and domestic clutter


Great Exhibition Products

Alfred Charles Hobbs (1812 - 1891) American

locksmith.

Frederick Bakewell demonstrated a precursor

to today's fax machine.

Mathew Brady was awarded a medal for his

daguerreotypes.

George Jennings designed the first public

conveniences in the Retiring Rooms of the

Crystal Palace, for which he charged one penny.


Karl Marx saw the exhibition

as

“an emblem of the

capitalist fetishism of

commodities”


The Great Exhibition made a

surplus of £186,000 which was

used to found the Victoria &

Albert Museum

Victoria & Albert Museum


Platform shoes, Vivienne Westwood, autumn 1993-4.

Museum no. T.225:1,2-199

Device for Rotating

the Fashion

Machine, Ruben

Toldeo, 2003



Early Design - The Steam

AgeCoal Mining

Iron & Steel

Machine Production

Industrial Mass Production

Modern Transportation System

Explosive Growth of Cities


The Industrial Revolution

Transport Cities

Ships

Railway lines

Railway Stations

Hotels

Factories

Commercial Buildings

Housing

Water and Sewage Systems


Early Photography

Louis Daguerre

WH Fox Talbot

Sir John Frederick William Herschel


Daguerrotype, c 1839 - 1850


Henry Fox Talbot: „Lattice Window‟, 1835


Photography

Photography develops

1861: Scottish physicist James Clerk-

Maxwell demonstrates a color

photography system.


James Clerk Maxwell, Tartan Ribbon, 1861


Photography

1888 - The name "Kodak" was born and the KODAK camera was placed on the market, with the slogan,

"You press the button - we do the rest."

This was the birth of snapshot photography, as millions of amateur picture-takers know it today.


The first Kodak handheld camera sold for $25,

equivalent to $500 in modern currency.


Steven Meisel, 2005. Killer Vogue. Fashion Editorial

for Vogue Italy, shot in 2005 inspired by Sin City


Thomas Edison's first

lightbulb which was used

in a demonstration at

Menlo Park, in 1879



1861 - 1865 American Civil War

1867 - Alfred Noble invents dynamite

- Karl Marx writes „Das Kapital‟ (Capital:

A Critique of Political Economy) (1867)

"The battle of competition is fought by the

cheapening of commodities."･Volume II, Chapter 10


1863 - The

Metropolitan Line

opened for

business on

January 10th


1862, the Times described it as

“an insult to common sense”


Fig. 1 Excerpt from the standard

London Underground map

Fig. 2 Excerpt of the same

region in a geographically

accurate map.

„Schematic‟ Tube Map


Edward Johnston designed the font which is

still in use today


P22 type foundry

London

Underground set



1869 - The Suez canal opens

1876 - Philadelphia World Fair

- Alexander

Graham Bell

invents the

telephone

Giorgio Armani - Samsung

Smartphone



1870 - 1885 - sees a second wave of industrialisation

Fast growing cities demanded mass production of goods

New factories and enterprises founded

New methods of production developed

New commodities

New equipment with new functions


Claude Monet, 1873 Impression: soleil levant,

(Impression: The Sunrise)


1886 - The Statue

of Liberty is

erected in New

York Harbour.


1889 - The Eiffel

Tower is

completed for the

Paris Exposition


From Workshop to Factory

Division of Labour

Mass inexpensive Production

Broader Social Class of Customer

International Market


Progress is not without problems

Deplorable working conditions

Environmental pollution

Cramped living quarters in urban areas

Lack of Sanitation/disease

Ugly mixtures of styles

Poor quality mass wares


Reform Movements

Housing reform

Child Labour

Education

Health

Trade unions

Arts and Crafts

Commercial design


To be continued………….


Questions……………?

design history & lineage i

Documents

ethical design

microsoft corporation

factory workers

thomas chippendale

thomas wardle

complete babbage engine

bloomsbury publishing

steam enginejames watt