derechos humanos e identidad de género

8/12/2019 Derechos Humanos e Identidad de Gnero

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Airidcgs cukjlgsihailthaja ai flirg

Tirhi ai pumnhdjdhglis ai v

ai Qgkjs CjkkjrmirfDgkhsjrhg ai Airidcgs Cukjlgs ain Dglsieg ai Iurgpj

Hl`grki tikthdg


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Airidcgs cukjlgs i hailthaja ai flirgHl`grki tikthdg ai Qgkjs Cjkkjrmirf, Dglsieg ai Iurgpj,

Dgkhsjrhg ai Airidcgs Cukjlgs

rjlsrispitg virsus trjls`gmhj il in kulag (v), sirhi ai pumnhdjdhglis, vgnukil :

www.trjlsri spidt-trjlspcgmhj.grf

Nj virshl grhfhljn il hlfns is in tixtg gdhjn.

Iahtjag pgr5 rjlsHltirZuiir i.P. (rHZ)

& rjlsfilair Iurgpi (FIY)

www.tfiu.grf

rjauddhl jn djstinnjlg5

rjlsrispitg virsus trjls`gmhj il in kulag (v)

Ahsig5 Firrht Nubjs Ngckjllwww.hkjfh-ljthgl.ai

Hkpriltj5 yirjnjrk FkmC

Dggrahljdhl5 Jrl Qgrmil Tjuir, Ar. Djrstil Mjnzir

@idcj ai pumnhdjdhl5 ilirg ai =?:?

Nj sirhi ai pumnhdjdhglis ai v si puiai jaquhrhr il5

rjlsHltirZuiir i.P.

Yrmjlstr. :6:m

A-:?80: Mirnl

][email protected].

trhqOtrjlshltirquiir.grf

w.trjlshltirquiir.grf

Hltrgauddhl

Il nj prhkirj adjaj ain luivg khnilhg, si puiai gmsirvjr ul djkmhg ai pjrjahfkj ilnj pirdipdhl ai njs pirsgljs trjls. In il`gqui cjstj jcgrj agkhljlti, nj pirspidthvjkahdg-pshdgnfhdj, aili j njs pirsgljs trjls dgkg aisvhjdhglis ai ul grail ai sixg/flirg mhljrhg dgldimhag dgkg ljturjn y, il dglsiduildhj, nis isthfkjthzj sgdhjnkilti.Istj pirspidthvj si vi aisjjaj j trjvs ai ulj luivj khrjaj qui diltrj su jtildhlil nj shtujdhl sgdhjn y nifjn ai njs pirsgljs trjls, djrjdtirhzjaj pgr vhgnjdhglis ai ngsairidcgs cukjlgs. In luivg il`gqui ilthilai j njs pirsgljs trjls dgkg khikmrgsai istj sgdhiaja dgl ngs khskgs airidcgs, il in dgltixtg ai ulj ulhvirsjnhaja ai ngs

airidcgs cukjlgs.In hl`grki tikthdg Airidcgs cukjlgs i hailthaja ai flirg ain Dgkhsjrhg aiAiridcgs Cukjlgs ain Dglsieg ai Iurgpj Qgkjs Cjkkjrmirf, duyj trjauddhl jndjstinnjlg si prisiltj jqu, dglsthtuyi gtrg phnjr hkpgrtjlti ai isti luivg il`gqui. Ilin hl`grki, in Dgkhsjrhg ai Airidcgs Cukjlgs aidnjrj qui nj pjtgngfhzjdhl ai njspirsgljs trjls puiai dglvirthrsi il ul gmstdung il in dukpnhkhiltg ai sus airidcgscukjlgs. In agdukiltg, qui si dinimr dgkg ul chtg il su prisiltjdhl il ulj Dgl`i-rildhj Hltirljdhgljn ai Airidcgs Cukjlgs il eunhg ai =??8 il Dgpilcjfui, dgldnuyidgl ul djtngfg ai := ridgkilajdhglis ahrhfhajs j ngs istjags khikmrgs ain Dglsiegai Iurgpj. Is aistjdjmni qui il nj khskj injmgrjdhl ain hl`grki tikthdg, si shfuh njridgkilajdhl L 3, nj hldnushl ai pirsgljs trjls y ai sus grfjlhzjdhglis il in aisj-rrgnng ai njs kiahajs pgnthdjs y eurahdjs qui nis dgldhirlil. Jltis ai nj riajddhl ainhl`grki tikthdg, Qgkjs Cjkkjrmirf hlvht j jdthvhstjs trjls iurgpi*s pjrj cjmnjrdgl inn*s sgmri nj shtujdhl ai njs pirsgljs trjls il Iurgpj.Nj `jntj ai istuahgs y ajtgs ai hlvisthfjdhl rinjdhgljags dgl nj shtujdhl ai airidcgscukjlgs ai pirsgljs trjls dglsthtuy, sifl Cjkkjrmirf, ul gmstdung il nj inj-mgrjdhl ain hl`grki tikthdg. Istg aimi iltilairsi il in dgltixtg ai nj cjstj jcgrjagkhljlti pirspidthvj kahdg-pshdgnfhdj sgmri njs pirsgljs trjls. _gr istj rjzl, njridgkilajdhl L := ain hl`grki tikthdg hldnuyi in aisjrrgnng ai prgyidtgs ai hlvis-

thfjdhl sgmri nj shtujdhl ai airidcgs cukjlgs ai njs pirsgljs trjls.In prgyidtg ai hlvisthfjdhl rjlsrispitg virsus trjls`gmhj il in kulag ai nj grfj-lhzjdhl trjls iurgpij rjlsfilair Iurgpi (FIY) dglsthtuyi ulg ai ngs prhkirgsprgyidtgs hltirljdhgljnis ai hlvisthfjdhl diltrjags ixdnushvjkilti il nj shtujdhl aiairidcgs cukjlgs ai njs pirsgljs trjls j isdjnj fngmjn. Dgkg iquhpg ai hlvisthfjdhlai isti prgyidtg, lgs jnifrjkgs ispidhjnkilti ai tilir nj gpgrtulhaja ai ikpizjr njsirhi ai pumnhdjdhglis ai isti prgyidtg dgl nj pumnhdjdhl ai nj trjauddhl jn djstinnjlg(vgn. :) y jn jnikl (vgn. =) ain hl`grki tikthdg Airidcgs cukjlgs i hailthaja aiflirg.

Djrstil Mjnzir, Jhkjr Tuiss, _jmng Pirfjrj _riz


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lahdi

H. HltrgauddhlHH. Nifhsnjdhl hltirljdhgljn sgmri airidcgs cukjlgsHHH. Duisthglis ispiddjs rinjthvjs j ngs airidcgs cukjlgs

HHH.:. Nj hailthaja ai flirg dgkg kgthvg ai ahsdrhkhljdhlil ngs istj ags khikmrgs ain Dglsieg ai Iurgpj

HHH.=. ]idglgdhkhiltg nifjn ain flirg inifhag HHH.=.:. Dglahdhglis pjrj in djkmhg ai sixg y lgkmri

HHH.=.=. Dglsiduildhjs pjrj nj `jkhnhj HHH.4. Jddisg j nj jtildhl sjlhtjrhj HHH.1. Jddisg jn kirdjag njmgrjn HHH.9. rjls`gmhj y vhgnildhj dgltrj njs pirsgljs trjls HHH.0. _irsgljs trjls riùfhjajs y khfrjltis

HP. Muiljs prdthdjsP. ]idgkilajdhglis j ngs istjags khikmrgs ain Dglsieg ai Iurgpj

Hl`grkis tikthdgs ain Dgkhsjrhg

In Dgkhsjrhg ai Airidcgs Cukjlgs ildjrfj y pumnhdj hl`grkis tikthdgs dgl in gmeith-vg ai dgltrhmuhr jn aimjti y j nj riixhl sgmri ul tikj jdtujn i hkpgrtjlti ai airidcgscukjlgs. Lg tgajs njs gphlhglis ai istgs hl`grkis ixpirtgs riiejl lidisjrhjkilti njpgshdhl ain Dgkhsjrhg. Ngs hl`grkis tikthdgs istl ahspglhmnis il nj pfhlj wim ainDgkhsjrhg5 www.dgkkhsshglir.dgi.hlt.

HltrgauddhlH.

Nj hailthaja ai flirg is ulg ai ngs jspidtgs ks ùlajkiltjnis ai nj vhaj. Cjmh-tujnkilti, si jshflj in sixg ai ulj pirsglj jn ljdir, dglvhrthlagsi j pjrthr ai istikgkiltg il ul cidcg sgdhjn y nifjn. Thl ikmjrfg, ul lkirg rinjthvjkilti piquigai hlahvhaugs thilil prgmnikjs dgl pirtilidir jn sixg rifhstrjag jn ljdir. Ng khskgpuiai gdurrhr dgl pirsgljs hltirsixujnis duygs duirpgs, y il gdjshglis su jljtgkjfilhtjn, hldgrpgrjl jkmgs g dhirtgs jspidtgs tjltg ai nj shgngfj kjsdunhlj dgkg ì-kilhlj. _jrj gtrjs pirsgljs, ngs prgmnikjs surfil pgrqui su jutgpirdipdhl hlljtj lgist il dgl`grkhaja dgl in sixg qui si nis jshfl jn ljdir. J istjs pirsgljs si nis cjdi

riìrildhj dgkg pirsgljs trjlsflirg g trjlsixujnis. In prisilti hl`grki si riirij isti frupg ai pirsgljs.

Aurjlti kudcg thikpg, si cj hflgrjag y aisduhajag nj shtujdhl ai airidcgs cukjlgsai njs pirsgljs trjls, julqui ngs prgmnikjs qui j`rgltjl sgl frjvis y j kiluag ispi-ddgs pjrj isti frupg il dgldritg. Njs pirsgljs trjls ixpirhkiltjl ul jntg frjag aiahsdrhkhljdhl, hltgnirjldhj y vhgnildhj ahridtj. Ti vhgnjl sus airidcgs cukjlgs mshdgs,hldnuyilag in airidcg j nj vhaj, in airidcg j nj hltifrhaja `shdj y in airidcg j nj sjnua.

Julqui in lkirg ai pirsgljs trjls is piquig, aimi sijnjrsi qui nj dgkulhaja trjlsis kuy ahvirsj. Hldnuyi j pirsgljs trjlsixujnis pri-gpirjajs y pgst-gpirjajs, pirg tjk-mhl j pirsgljs qui inhfil lg rijnhzjr, g qui lg thilil jddisg j njs gpirjdhglis. _uiaisir qui si hailthquil dgkg pirsgljs trjls ai kueir-j-cgkmri (KjC) g ai cgkmri-j-kueir (CjK), g puiai sir qui lg cjyjl rijnhzjag hltirvildhglis quhrrfhdjs g tirjphjcgrkgljn. Nj dgkulhaja tjkmhl hldnuyi j drgss-arissir, trjvisths y j gtrjs pirsgljs quilg ildjejl il njs istridcjs djtifgrjs ai cgkmri g kueir. Kudcgs kjrdgs nifjnispjridil riìrhrsi ixdnushvjkilti j njs pirsgljs trjlsixujnis, aiejlag ùirj ulj pjrtiaidhshvj ai nj dgkulhaja.

_jrj iltilair in dgldiptg ai hailthaja ai flirg, is hkpgrtjlti ahsthlfuhr iltri njlgdhl ai sixg y flirg. Khiltrjs sixg si riiri, il prhkir nufjr, j njs ahìrildhjsmhgnfhdjs iltri kueiris y cgkmris, flirg tjkmhl hldnuyi in jspidtg sgdhjn ai njahìrildhj iltri ngs flirgs il jahdhl jn inikiltg mhgnfhdg.

Nj lgdhl ai hailthaja ai flirg g`ridi nj gpgrtulhaja ai iltilair qui in sixgjshfljag jn ljdir puiai lg dgldgrajr dgl nj hailthaja ai flirg hlljtj qui n*s lh*saisjrrgnnjl dujlag dridil. Cjdi riìrildhj j nj ixpirhildhj ai flirg hltirlj i hlahvh-aujn ai djaj pirsglj, silthaj j ul lhvin prgùlag, qui puiai g lg dgrrispglairsi dglin sixg jshfljag jn ljdir, i hldnuyi in silthag pirsgljn ain duirpg y ai gtrjs ixprishglisai flirg dgkg nj `grkj ai visthr, in cjmnj y ngs fistgs. :Nj kjygrj ai njs pirsgljs ai-lhajs nifjnkilti dgkg cgkmri g kueir tilarl ulj hailthaja ai flirg kjsdunhlj gìkilhlj jdgrai. Thl ikmjrfg, njs pirsgljs trjls lg aisjrrgnnjl istj hailthaja ai fli-


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rg dgrrispglahilti y puiail aisijr djkmhjr su istjtus nifjn, sgdhjn y `shdg g pjrtis ainkhskg- pjrj qui dglduirai dgl su hailthaja ai flirg. Kgahdjdhglis ai nj jpjrhildhjg ùldhl dgrpgrjn kiahjlti nj visthkiltj, kiahajs kahdjs, quhrrfhdjs g ai gtrjs `gr-kjs, suinil `grkjr pjrti ai nj ixpirhildhj pirsgljn ain flirg ai njs pirsgljs trjls.

jltg nj lgdhl ai flirg dgkg njs `grkjs ai ixprishl ai flirg usjajs il nj vhaj dg-thahjlj sgl inikiltgs hkpgrtjltis pjrj iltilair ngs prgmnikjs ai airidcgs cukjlgs jngs qui si il`riltjl njs pirsgljs trjls. Jnfulgs kjrdgs nifjnis ai ngs istjags khikmrgsain Dglsieg ai Iurgpj djtifgrhzjl, aisj`grtuljajkilti, nj hailthaja ai flirg mjegin trkhlg ai grhiltjdhl sixujn, ng qui lg is ixjdtg yj qui nj hailthaja ai flirg

y nj grhiltjdhl sixujn sgl ags dgldiptgs ahìriltis. Nj grhiltjdhl sixujn aimirj siriltilahaj dgkg nj djpjdhaja ai djaj pirsglj pjrj ulj jtrjddhl ikgdhgljn, jìdthvj ysixujn cjdhj, y pjrj njs rinjdhglis lthkjs y sixujnis dgl hlahvhaugs ai ahìrilti g hfujnflirg, g ai ks ai ul flirg (citirgsixujnhaja, cgkgsixujnhaja y mhsixujnhaja).=

Jahdhgljnkilti, kudcjs dnjshdjdhglis kahdjs hltirljdhgljnis y ljdhgljnis hkpglil jnjs pirsgljs trjls in ahjflsthdg ai trjstgrlg kiltjn. jn ahjflsthdg puiai dglvirthrsiil ul gmstdung pjrj in ahs`ruti pnilg ai ngs airidcgs cukjlgs ai njs pirsgljs trjls,ispidhjnkilti dujlag si jpnhdj pjrj ristrhlfhr su djpjdhaja nifjn g nj iniddhl ai ultrjtjkhiltg kahdg.

In aisj`g ai prgtifir ngs airidcgs cukjlgs ai djaj pirsglj rishai il jpnhdjr ul il`g-qui ai airidcgs cukjlgs dglshstilti y il lg ixdnuhr j lhlfl frupg ai pirsgljs. Isivhailti qui kudcjs pirsgljs trjls lg ahs`rutjl ai sus airidcgs ùlajkiltjnis, tjltgj lhvin ai fjrjltjs nifjnis dgkg il nj vhaj dgthahjlj. _gr isg, ixhsti nj lidishaja aiixjkhljr su shtujdhl ks ai dirdj. Isti hl`grki tikthdg pritilai dglthlujr in aimjtiil njs duisthglis ai ngs airidcgs cukjlgs trjls y ahùlahr ks jkpnhjkilti in dglg-dhkhiltg sgmri ngs prgmnikjs qui ilduiltrjl njs pirsgljs trjls. 4In agdukiltg ismgzjin kjrdg ai airidcgs cukjlgs hltirljdhgljnis qui aimirj jpnhdjrsi pjrj prgtifir ngsairidcgs ai njs pirsgljs trjls. Il nj siddhl shfuhilti, si aisdrhmil njs prigdupjdhglis

dnjvis ai airidcgs cukjlgs rinjdhgljajs dgl njs pirsgljs trjls, hldnuyilag nj ahsdrhkh-ljdhl, hltgnirjldhj y vhgnildhj ixpirhkiltjaj pgr inn*s. In hl`grki ljnhzj dgl ieik-pngs ai muiljs prdthdjs y dgl ulj nhstj ai ridgkilajdhglis j ngs istjags khikmrgs ainDglsieg ai Iurgpj.

Nj `jntj ai ajtgs, ai hlvisthfjdhl y ai hl`grkis sgmri in tikj cj dglsthtuhag ul gms-tdung il nj injmgrjdhl ai isti agdukiltg. Nj nhkhtjaj hl`grkjdhl jddishmni suiniriìrhrsi j pjsis qui sgl istjags khikmrgs ai nj Ylhl Iurgpij. Nj `jntj ai ajtgs aigtrgs pjsis kuistrj nj lidishaja ai ks hlvisthfjdhl y dgniddhl ai hl`grkjdhl. _gristj rjzl, nj Gdhlj ain Dgkhsjrhg ai Airidcgs Cukjlgs cj njlzjag ulj hlvisthfj-dhl dgkpjrjthvj sgmri nj shtujdhl rispidtg j nj cgkg`gmhj, trjls`gmhj y ahsdrhkhljdhlmjsjajs il grhiltjdhl sixujn g hailthaja ai flirg il tgags ngs istjags khikmrgs ainDglsieg ai Iurgpj, hldnuyilag j jquinngs pjsis qui lg sgl khikmrgs ai nj Ylhl Iu-

rgpij. Thl ikmjrfg, nj hlvisthfjdhl jdtujnkilti jddishmni yj hlahdj ulj shtujdhl frjviy ixhfi qui si tgkil kiahajs urfiltis pjrj rispglair j ngs prgmnikjs hailthdjags.


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Nifhsnjdhl hltirljdhgljn sgmri airidcgs cukjlgsHH.

Il prhldhphg, njs cirrjkhiltjs hltirljdhgljnis ai airidcgs cukjlgs prgtifil j tgag inkulag shl ahsdrhkhljdhl. Julqui lh nj hailthaja ai flirg, lh nj grhiltjdhl sixujnsuinil kildhgljrsi ixpndhtjkilti dgkg rjzglis ai ahsdrhkhljdhl il ngs trjtjags hl-tirljdhgljnis, istgs trjtjags sgl jpnhdjmnis j tgajs njs pirsgljs frjdhjs j nj jkpnhtuaai njs dnusunjs dgltrj nj ahsdrhkhljdhl. Il djsg ain _jdtg ai Airidcgs Idglkhdgs,Tgdhjnis y Dunturjnis ai Ljdhglis Ylhajs, istg cj shag ridhiltikilti dglrkjag pgrin Dgkht ai Airidcgs Idglkhdgs, Tgdhjnis y Dunturjnis ai Ljdhglis Ylhajs, quiaidnjr qui si ridglgdi nj hailthaja ai flirg ailtrg ai njs rjzglis prgchmhajs ai

ahsdrhkhljdhl, pgr ieikpng, jquinnjs pirsgljs qui sgl trjlsflirg, trjlsixujnis g hl-tirsixujnis j`rgltjl j kiluag frjvis vhgnjdhglis ai ngs airidcgs cukjlgs, dgkg injdgsg il nj isduinj g il in nufjr ai trjmjeg. 1Nj Dgrti Iurgpij ai Airidcgs Cukjlgs(IDtC]) cj jpnhdjag in Dglvilhg Iurgpig ai Airidcgs Cukjlgs il siltildhjs shflh-djthvjs qui cjl ahdtjkhljag qui ngs istjags aimil prgpgrdhgljr j njs pirsgljs trjls njpgshmhnhaja ai jddiair j dhrufjs dgkpnitjs ai rijshfljdhl ai flirg, y qui ngs shstikjsai sifurgs aimil dumrhr istjs dhrufjs dgkg trjtjkhiltgs kahdjkilti lidisjrhgs.9NjDgrti tjkmhl cj ahdtjkhljag qui ngs istjags aimil ridglgdir in djkmhg ai sixg il ngsagdukiltgs ai hailthaja.0

Gtrgs hlstrukiltgs, dgkg njs Ahridthvjs ai nj YI qui hkpnikiltjl in prhldhphg aihfujnaja ai trjtg iltri cgkmris y kueiris il in jddisg y sukhlhstrg ai mhilis y sirvhdhgs ,thilil nhstjs dirrjajs ai rjzglis ai ahsdrhkhljdhl y lg hldnuyil ai kjlirj ispiddj njhailthaja ai flirg.6Lg gmstjlti, in rhmuljn ai Eusthdhj ai njs Dgkulhajais Iurgpijs(EDI), il in djsg _. v. T. jla Dgrlwjnn Dgulty Dguldhn,qui cj supuistg ul pultg aihlixhl il nj kjtirhj, ahdtjkhl ispiddjkilti qui5 nj ahsdrhkhljdhl prgvilhilti() ai nj rijshfljdhl ai flirg ai njs pirsgljs si dglshairj ahsdrhkhljdhl pgr rjzlai sixg. Ahdcg ahdtjkil cj shag dglrkjag y jkpnhjag il pgstirhgris siltildhjs ainEDI.3

Njs pjnjmrjs tixtujnis ai nj siltildhj ain EDI kuistrjl, shl ikmjrfg, qui nj ahsdrh-khljdhl pgr rjzl ai sixg ist ristrhlfhaj j pirsgljs trjls qui pritilail, istl ilprgdisg g si cjl sgkithag j ulj dhrufj ai rijshfljdhl ai flirg, duyg djkmhg aisixg aimirj sir nifjnkilti ridglgdhag pgr ngs istjags dgkg risuntjag ai njs risgnu-dhglis ai nj Dgrti Iurgpij ai Airidcgs Cukjlgs. 8Nj ahsdrhkhljdhl pgr rjzl aisixg lg dumri j jquinnjs pirsgljs trjls qui lg si gpirjl. Isti nthkg frupg puiai lgsgkitirsi j dhrufjs ai rijshfljdhl ai flirg pgr su prgphj iniddhl, pgr kgthvgs aisjnua, g pgrqui si nis cjyj lifjag in jddisg j dujnquhir trjtjkhiltg, ng dujn is dgklil kudcgs pjsis khikmrgs ain Dglsieg ai Iurgpj.:?

Yl hl`grki ridhilti ai nj Jfildhj Iurgpij pjrj ngs Airidcgs @ulajkiltjnis (@]J)aidnjrj il isti silthag5 lg cjy kgthvg pjrj lg ixtilair nj prgtiddhl dgltrj nj ahsdrh-

khljdhl ks jnn ai istjs pirsgljs, pjrj dumrhr drgss arissirs, y trjvisths, pirsgljsqui vhvil pirkjliltikilti il in flirg gpuistg jn ai su dirthdjag ai ljdhkhiltgshl lhlfulj hltirvildhl kahdj y j tgajs jquinnjs pirsgljs qui shkpnikilti quhirilprisiltjr su flirg ai kjlirj ahsthltj.::_jrj supirjr istj nhkhtjdhl ai nj dgmir turj aitgajs njs pirsgljs trjls, ixhsti ulj gpgrtulhaja ai hldnuhr ixpndhtjkilti nj hailthajaai flirg dgkg ulj rjzl ai ahsdrhkhljdhl il njs prxhkjs Ahridthvjs ai nj YI jtrjvs ai nj rivhshl ai njs Ahridthvjs ai Flirg ai nj Ylhl Iurgpij il =?:?.:=

In ridglgdhkhiltg ai nj hailthaja ai flirg dgkg ulj ai njs rjzglis ai ahsdrhkhljdhlulhvirsjnkilti prgtifhajs, tjkmhl cj shag ixprisjag pgr in Jntg Dgkhshgljag pjrj

ngs Airidcgs Cukjlgs ai njs Ljdhglis Ylhajs5 Lh nj ixhstildhj ai niyis ljdhgljnis, lhnj privjnildhj ai nj dgstukmri puiail eusthdjr il lhlfl djsg in jmusg, ngs jtjquis, njtgrturj i hldnusg ngs jsishljtgs ai ngs qui pirsgljs fjys, nismhjljs, mhsixujnis y trjls sglgmeitg aimhag j quhlis sgl g dkg si pirdhmi qui sgl. Aimhag jn isthfkj jsgdhjag jnjs duisthglis rinjdhgljajs dgl nj grhiltjdhl sixujn i hailthaja ai flirg, nj vhgnildhjdgltrj njs pirsgljs NFM j kiluag lg si ailuldhj, quiajlag hlagdukiltjaj y -ljnkilti shl djsthfg. ]jrjs vidis prgvgdj aimjti pmnhdg g isdlajng. Isti virfglzgsgshnildhg is in ridcjzg ljn ain prhldhphg ùlajkiltjn ai ulhvirsjnhaja ai ngs airidcgscukjlgs.:4

Ngs prgdiahkhiltgs ispidhjnis y rfjlgs ai trjtjags ai njs Ljdhglis Ylhajs tjkmhlcjl jpnhdjag isti il`gqui j su trjmjeg. In ]injtgr Ispidhjn ai njs Ljdhglis Ylhajs aiieidudhglis ixtrjeuahdhjnis, sukjrhjs g jrmhtrjrhjs cj puistg ai rinhivi vjrhgs djsgs aijsishljtgs ai pirsgljs trjls, y in ]injtgr Ispidhjn sgmri tgrturj cj agdukiltjag jmusgsfrjvis dgltrj pirsgljs trjls il ngs hl`grkis ai ahìriltis pjsis. In Dgkht ai njs Lj-dhglis Ylhajs dgltrj nj grturj cj il`gdjag ispiddjkilti il in tikj ai ngs jmusgsdgltrj jdthvhstjs trjls. Jaiks, in Jntg Dgkhshgljag ai Ljdhglis Ylhajs pjrj ]iù-fhjags cj sijnjag ngs prgmnikjs qui njs pirsgljs trjls ilduiltrjl pjrj sgnhdhtjr jshngpgnthdg, g pjrj sir ridglgdhajs dgkg riùfhjajs, pgr ieikpng il njs gdjshglis il qui njs

jutgrhajais sgnhdhtjl j ul hlahvhaug trjls qui kuistri sus agdukiltgs ai hailthaja, ysu jpjrhildhj `shdj lg si dgrrispglai dgl in sixg hlahdjag il ngs agdukiltgs.:1

Nj Jsjkmnij _jrnjkiltjrhj ain Dglsieg ai Iurgpj rijnhz ulj ]idgkilajdhl rinjthvjj nj Dglahdhl ai ngs rjlsixujnis (]idgkkilajthgl gl tci Dglahthgl g` rjlssixujns)il :838:9. Il istgs kgkiltgs, il in Dgkht ai nj Jsjkmnij _jrnjkiltjrhj ain Dglsiegai Iurgpj sgmri Jsultgs Nifjnis y Airidcgs Cukjlgs, si ist pripjrjlag ul hl`grkiqui dumri, iltri gtrjs dgsjs, nj ahsdrhkhljdhl pgr rjzl ai hailthaja ai flirg. Ilvjrhjs rispuistjs j prifultjs ai khikmrgs ai nj Jsjkmnij _jrnjkiltjrhj, in Dgkht aiKhlhstrgs ain Dglsieg ai Iurgpj cj ridgrajag in prhldhphg ai hfujnaja il in ahs`rutiai ngs airidcgs cukjlgs, hlaipilahiltikilti ai rjzglis dgkg nj hailthaja ai flirg.Ks jl, in = ai eunhg ai =??3, in Dglsieg ai Khlhstrgs aidhah hldrikiltjr njs jddhglispjrj dgkmjthr nj ahsdrhkhljdhl pgr rjzl ai grhiltjdhl sixujn g hailthaja ai flirg.


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Dgkg risuntjag, si cj istjmnidhag ul Frupg Ixpirtg Hltirfumirljkiltjn, duyj khshldglshsti il pripjrjr ulj ]idgkilajdhl pjrj ngs 16 istjags khikmrgs ain Dglsiegai Iurgpj. In _jrnjkiltg Iurgpig pumnhd ulj ]isgnudhl sgmri nj Ahsdrhkhljdhlj rjlsixujnis (]isgnuthgl gl ahsdrhkhljthgl jfjhlst trjlssixujns)il :838:0. Nj ]isgnu-dhl nnjkj j ngs istjags ai nj YI j tgkjr kiahajs pjrj nj prgtiddhl ai njs pirsgljstrjlsixujnis y j jprgmjr ulj nifhsnjdhl pjrj hr jl ks niegs. Il =??0 y =??6, il risg-nudhglis ai djrdtir ks filirjn, in _jrnjkiltg Iurgpig tjkmhl cj pristjag jtildhlj nj shtujdhl ai njs pirsgljs trjls.:6

Il ul is`uirzg hltirljdhgljn j frjl isdjnj pjrj prgkgdhgljr ulgs istlajris hltirlj-

dhgljnis rispidtg j grhiltjdhl sixujn i hailthaja ai flirg, ul frupg ai ahsthlfuha*sixpirt*s il nifhsnjdhl hltirljdhgljn ai airidcgs cukjlgs, pumnhd il =??6 Ngs _rhldh-phgs ai Xgfyjbjrtj sgmri nj Jpnhdjdhl ain Airidcg Hltirljdhgljn Cukjlhtjrhg il ]injdhldgl nj Grhiltjdhl Tixujn y nj Hailthaja ai Flirg. Julqui lg si cjl jagptjag gdhjn-kilti dgkg ul istlajr hltirljdhgljn, tjltg ngs duirpgs ai nj GLY, dgkg vjrhjs dgr-tis ljdhgljnis y kudcgs fgmhirlgs yj dhtjl istgs prhldhphgs y ngs cjl dglvirthag il uljfuj pjrj ailhr sus pgnthdjs il nj kjtirhj. In Dgkhshjrhg ai Airidcgs Cukjlgs jmgfjpgr ngs _rhldhphgs ai Xgfyjbjrtj, dglshairlagngs dgkg ulj hkpgrtjlti cirrjkhiltjpjrj hailthdjr nj gmnhfjdhl ai ngs istjags ai rispitjr, prgtifir y dukpnhr ngs airidcgscukjlgs ai tgajs njs pirsgljs, sij dujn sij su hailthaja ai flirg.

Ai pjrthdunjr rinivjldhj is in tirdir _rhldhphg ai Xgfyjbjrtj5 gag sir cukjlg thiliairidcg, il tgajs pjrtis, jn ridglgdhkhiltg ai su pirsgljnhaja eurahdj. Njs pirsgljsil tgaj su ahvirshaja ai grhiltjdhglis sixujnis g hailthajais ai flirg ahs`rutjrl aidjpjdhaja eurahdj il tgags ngs jspidtgs ai nj vhaj. Nj grhiltjdhl sixujn g hailthajaai flirg qui djaj pirsglj ailj pjrj s, is isildhjn pjrj su pirsgljnhaja y dglsthtuyiulg ai ngs jspidtgs `ulajkiltjnis ai su jutgaitirkhljdhl, su ahflhaja y su nhmirtja.Lhlfulj pirsglj sir gmnhfjaj j sgkitirsi j prgdiahkhiltgs kahdgs, hldnuyilag njdhrufj ai rijshfljdhl ai sixg, nj istirhnhzjdhl g nj tirjphj cgrkgljn, dgkg riquhshtg

pjrj in ridglgdhkhiltg nifjn ai su hailthaja ai flirg. Lhlfulj dglahdhl, dgkg inkjtrhkglhg g nj kjtirlhaja g pjtirlhaja, pgar sir hlvgdjaj dgkg tjn dgl in l aihkpiahr in ridglgdhkhiltg nifjn ai nj hailthaja ai flirg ai ulj pirsglj. Lhlfuljpirsglj sir sgkithaj j prishglis pjrj gduntjr, suprhkhr g lifjr su grhiltjdhl sixujn ghailthaja ai flirg.:3

Duisthglis ispiddjs rinjthvjs j ngs airidcgs cukjlgsHHH.

Nj hailthaja ai flirg dgkg kgthvg ai ahsdrhkhljdhl il ngs istjags khik-:.:.mrgs ain Dglsieg ai Iurgpj

Il nj frjl kjygrj ai ngs istjags khikmrgs ain Dglsieg ai Iurgpj, nj ahsdrhkhljdhlmjsjaj il nj hailthaja ai flirg lg thili ul kjrdg nifjn qui nj dumrj ispiddjkilti.:8Nj Jfildhj ai ngs Airidcgs @ulajkiltjnis ai nj Ylhl Iurgpj (@]J) hl`grkj qui :4Istjags Khikmrgs ai nj YI trjtjl nj ahsdrhkhljdhl pgr kgthvg ai hailthaja ai flirgdgkg ulj grkj ai ahsdrhkhljdhl pgr rjzl ai sixg, = istjags khikmrgs nj dglshairjl

hljprgphjajkilti dgkg ahsdrhkhljdhl pgr grhiltjdhl sixujn, y il :: istjags khik-mrgs lg si trjtj lh dgkg ahsdrhkhljdhl pgr rjzl ai sixg, lh dgkg ahsdrhkhljdhlpgr grhiltjdhl sixujn.=?Istg prgaudi lg sng ulj shtujdhl ai hldirthaukmri nifjnil ng dgldirlhilti j njs kiahajs ispiddjs ai prgtiddhl jlthahsdrhkhljdhl pjrj njspirsgljs trjls, shlg tjkmhl il ul lhvin kudcg ks mjeg ai prgtiddhl. Istj hl`gr-kjdhl tgajvj lg si cj hlvisthfjag shstikthdjkilti il ngs gtrgs =? pjsis khikmrgsain Dglsieg ai Iurgpj, julqui puiai jsukhrsi, il mjsi j ngs hl`grkis ridhmhags pgr inDgkhsjrhg, qui nj hailthaja ai flirg lg si cj ailhag ispiddjkilti dgkg kgthvgai ahsdrhkhljdhl il lhlfulg ai isgs pjsis.

Nj jusildhj ai ul ridglgdhkhiltg ixpndhtg ai nj hailthaja ai flirg il nj nifhsnjdhljlthahsdrhkhljdhl tjkmhl thili hkpjdtg il su hldnushl il in trjmjeg ai ngs duirpgsai hfujnaja y il njs istrudturjs ljdhgljnis ai airidcgs cukjlgs. Kuy pgdgs duirpgs aihfujnaja y istrudturjs ljdhgljnis ai airidcgs cukjlgs hldnuyil rijnkilti nj ahsdrhkh-ljdhl mjsjaj il nj hailthaja sixujn il sus kjlajtgs g tjrijs. Jaiks, j kiluag istjsgrfjlhzjdhglis djridil ain dglgdhkhiltg y njs dgkpitildhjs lidisjrhjs pjrj jtilair njahsdrhkhljdhl pgr hailthaja ai flirg, y pgr dglshfuhilti riquhiril `grkjdhl jltisai ikmjrdjrsi il isti trjmjeg.

4.=. ]idglgdhkhiltg nifjn ain flirg inifhagIn jrtdung 3 ain Dglvilhg Iurgpig aidnjrj qui tgaj pirsglj thili airidcg jn rispitgai su vhaj prhvjaj y `jkhnhjr, ai su agkhdhnhg y ai su dgrrispglaildhj. Nj Dgrti Iurg-pij ai Airidcgs Cukjlgs cj ahdtjkhljag qui nj lifjdhl ai ul istjag j djkmhjr njpjrthaj ai ljdhkhiltg ai ulj pirsglj pjrj qui il innj dglsti in sixg inifhag, dglsthtuyiulj vhgnjdhl ain jrtdung 3 ain Dglvilhg.=:Ai isti kgag si riquhiri qui ngs istjagskhikmrgs ridglgzdjl nifjnkilti in djkmhg ai flirg ai njs pirsgljs trjlsixujnis.

Ylj djrjdtirsthdj dgkl j nj kjygrj ai trkhtis pjrj in ridglgdhkhiltg ain flirg,dujlag ngs cjy, is nj dgkmhljdhl ai pisjags riquirhkhiltgs nifjnis y kahdgs, duygsnkhtis j kiluag lg istl dnjrgs. Djrjdtirsthdjs tphdjs ai istgs trkhtis sgl ngs njrfgsprgdisgs ai tist pshdgnfhdgs, pshquhtrhdgs y `shdgs. Jnfulgs, dgkg in ixjkil ai ngs


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filhtjnis pgr pjrti ai pshquhjtrjs, kuistrjl ulj `jntj ai rispitg cjdhj nj hltifrhaja `sh-dj ai nj pirsglj. Dgl `riduildhj, njs pirsgljs trjls aidhail lg hlhdhjr lhlfl trkhtigdhjn aimhag j ngs prgdisgs kahdgs ahsdrhkhljtgrhgs y jn trjtjkhiltg hljprgphjag, gaimhag jn cidcg ai qui tjl sng cjy ulj `grkj ai trjtjkhiltg ahspglhmni. Il dglsi-duildhj, j istjs pirsgljs si nis lhifj in ridglgdhkhiltg nifjn ai su flirg y lgkmri ini-fhag, g jquinngs trjtjkhiltgs ai rijshfljdhl ai flirg qui dumrjl sus prgphgs aisigsy lidishajais sjlhtjrhjs pirsgljnis. J pisjr ai nj jkpnhj eurhspruaildhj siltjaj pgr njDgrti Iurgpij ai Airidcgs Cukjlgs j `jvgr ain ridglgdhkhiltg, dglsifuhr in ridglg-dhkhiltg nifjn tgajvj is ul ritg pjrj kudcjs pirsgljs trjls il ngs pjsis khikmrgs ainDglsieg ai Iurgpj.

4.=.:. Dglahdhglis pjrj in djkmhg ai sixg y lgkmri

Jddiair j ngs trkhtis pjrj djkmhjr in prgphg sixg y lgkmri il ngs agdukiltgs ai hail-thaja is vhtjn pjrj qui ulj pirsglj trjls puiaj vhvhr il dgldgrajldhj dgl su hailthajaai flirg inifhaj. Ai cidcg, nj pgshmhnhaja ai vhvhr il in flirg inifhag y sir ridglgdhagnifjnkilti dgkg tjn ist pridglahdhgljaj pgr ngs agdukiltgs ai hailthaja qui si usjlil in aj j aj, pgr ieikpng jn prisiltjr ulj tjreitj sjlhtjrhj, in djrlit ai dglaudhr g uldirthdjag ai istuahgs jn sgnhdhtjr ul puistg ai trjmjeg. Ngs trkhtis pjrj in ridglgdh-khiltg ain djkmhg ai sixg y lgkmri, j kiluag njrfgs y murgdrjthzjags, thilil dgkgdglsiduildhj nj hkpgshmhnhaja ai vhjejr dgl agdukiltgs vnhags, hldnusg pjrj vhshtjr jpjrhiltis rishailtis il ul pjs vidhlg aurjlti ul l ai sikjlj. _uiai hldnusg nnivjrj ristrhlfhr nj pjrthdhpjdhl il nj iaudjdhl g in ikpnig, il dujnquhir nufjr aglai sijlidisjrhj nj pjrthaj ai ljdhkhiltg, g aglai in sixg si hlahqui il njs tjreitjs ljdhgljnisai hailthaja. _jrj njs pirsgljs trjls shl agdukiltjdhl dgrridtj, isg puiai supglirulj ahduntja ai cidcg pjrj nj pjrthdhpjdhl shflhdjthvj il in kirdjag njmgrjn, dglau-dhilag jn aisikpnig.

Ixhsti ulj lidishaja ai ahsthlfuhr iltri ngs prgdiahkhiltgs pjrj in djkmhg ain lgkmri

y jquinngs gtrgs pjrj in djkmhg ai sixg. Lg gmstjlti, dgl `riduildhj jkmgs prgdisgs ri-quhiril il prhkir nufjr qui in duirpg kahdg dglshairi qui ngs hlahvhaugs hltirisjagssgl inifhmnis pjrj in prgdiahkhiltg.

Aimi il`jthzjrsi qui njs dglahdhglis ai inifhmhnhaja pjrj in djkmhg ai sixg il ngs ag-dukiltgs vjrjl jkpnhjkilti j ng njrfg ai Iurgpj. Ti puiail ahsthlfuhr jprgxhkjaj-kilti tris djtifgrjs ai pjsis. Il nj prhkirj djtifgrj lg si cj rijnhzjag lhlfl thpgai ahspgshdhl pjrj in ridglgdhkhiltg nifjn. Dgkg si cj sijnjag jltirhgrkilti, istjis ulj dnjrj mridcj il nj eurhspruaildhj istjmnidhaj pgr nj Dgrti Iurgpij ai AiridcgsCukjlgs.==Il ul sifulag y ks piquig frupg ai pjsis, lg cjy riquirhkhiltgsai sgkitirsi j trjtjkhiltgs cgrkgljnis g j dhrufjs ai lhlfl thpg pjrj gmtilir inridglgdhkhiltg gdhjn ain flirg priìrhag. Is pgshmni qui si ridglgzdj in flirg nifjnjpgrtjlag pruimjs ai nj ahs`grhj ai flirg=4jlti nj jutgrhaja dgkpitilti, dgkg sgl n*s

ixpirt*s ain Khlhstirhg ai Tjnua (Culfrj), in Iquhpg ai ]ijshfljdhl ai Flirg (ilin ]ihlg Ylhag) g ul* kahd* g pshdngf* dnlhd*. Il nj tirdirj djtifgrj ai pjsis, quihldnuyi j nj kjygr pjrti ai ngs istjags khikmrgs ain Dglsieg ai Iurgpj, in hlahvhaugaimi aikgstrjr5

qui cj sifuhag ul prgdisg ai rijshfljdhl ai flirg kahdjkilti supirvhsj-:.ag j kiluag ristrhlfhag j dhirtgs kahd*s g hlsthtudhglis istjtjnis.

qui cj pjsjag j sir hrrivirshmnikilti hl`rthn pgr kiahgs quhrrfhdgs (istirh-=.nhzjdhl), y/g

qui si cj sgkithag j gtrgs prgdiahkhiltgs kahdgs, dgkg in trjtjkhiltg cgr-4.kgljn.=1

Istgs riquhshtgs vjl dnjrjkilti il dgltrj ain rispitg ai nj hltifrhaja `shdj ai nj pir-sglj. Ixhfhr nj istirhnhzjdhl u gtrjs dhrufjs dgkg prirriquhshtg pjrj ahs`rutjr ain ridg-lgdhkhiltg nifjn ain sixg priìrhag hflgrj in cidcg ai qui, khiltrjs qui njs pirsgljstrjls dgl `riduildhj aisijl sikiejltis gpirjdhglis, isti lg is shikpri in djsg. Ksjl, nj dhrufj ai istj dnjsi lg shikpri is kahdjkilti pgshmni, ist ahspglhmni, g sipuiai dgstijr shl nj ljldhjdhl ai ul sifurg kahdg. In trjtjkhiltg puiai lg istjril dgldgrajldhj dgl ngs aisigs y lidishajais ai n*s pjdhiltis, lh istjr prisdrhtg pgr suispidhjnhstj kahd*. In ridglgdhkhiltg nifjn ai nj hailthaja ai flirg pirsgljnkiltiinifhaj tgajvj risuntj hkpgshmni shl istgs trjtjkhiltgs, pglhilag j njs pirsgljs trjlsil ul nhkmg jpjriltikilti shl sjnhaj. Is jntjkilti prigdupjlti qui njs pirsgljs trjlspjridil sir in lhdg frupg il Iurgpj sueitg j ulj istirhnhzjdhl nifjnkilti prisdrhtj,hkpuistj pgr in istjag.

Is lidisjrhg cjdir lgtjr qui kudcjs pirsgljs trjls, y prgmjmnikilti nj kjygrj ai njspirsgljs trjlsixujnis iltri innjs, inhfil sgkitirsi j istgs trjtjkhiltgs, j kiluag hldnu-

yilag nj inhkhljdhl ai ngs rfjlgs riprgaudthvgs. Dgl riduildhj, isti frupg dglshairjin trjtjkhiltg dgkg ulj lidishaja mshdj. Lg gmstjlti, in trjtjkhiltg kahdg shikpriaimi sir jakhlhstrjag il dgldgrajldhj dgl ngs hltirisis ain hlahvhaug, y jeustjag j suslidishajais ispiddjs y j su shtujdhl. Is aisprgpgrdhgljag qui in istjag prisdrhmjul trjtjkhiltg ai isthng tjnnj lhdj. Jqu in hltirs ai ngs airidcgs cukjlgs mshdgsis vir sh istj ixtilsj y ilgrki hltirìrildhj ai ngs istjags il njs vhajs prhvjajs ai ngshlahvhaugs puiai sir eusthdjaj, y sh si riquhiri nj istirhnhzjdhl u gtrjs hltirvildhglispjrj dnjshdjr j jnfuhil dgkg pirtilidhilti j ul sixg u gtrg.

Ags hkpgrtjltis siltildhjs ahdtjajs pgr dgrtis ljdhgljnis jpgyjl istj vhshl. In =6ai ìmrirg ai =??8, in rhmuljn Tuprikg Jakhlhstrjthvg ai Justrhj ahdtjkhl qui njdhrufj gmnhfjtgrhj lg irj ul prirriquhshtg pjrj in djkmhg ai flirg (y lgkmri). =9Yljkueir trjls, qui si cjmj sgkithag j tgags ngs djkmhgs ixdiptg j nj dhrufj filhtjn y qui


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vhvj dgkg kueir il tgajs sus rinjdhglis sgdhjnis, puag istjmnidir jlti nj dgrti qui sushtujdhl njmgrjn pjrthdunjr lg irj prgphdhj pjrj nj mjej pgr ilìrkiaja ai vjrhgs kisisai aurjdhl qui lidisjrhjkilti dglnnivj istj gpirjdhl, y qui tjkpgdg pgaj aisduhajrnj shtujdhl ljldhirj ai su `jkhnhj. Istg dglaueg j nj dgrti j sijnjr qui in nifhsnjagraimj jmgnhr in riquirhkhiltg grhfhljn, puistg qui nj dgrti lg pgaj istjmnidir lhlfuljlidishaja ai isti riquirhkhiltg ispiddg il ng riìrilti j njs kueiris trjlsixujnis. Il

Jnikjlhj, in rhmuljn @iairjn Dglsthtudhgljn cj hlahdjag il ulj siltildhj qui il inkmhtg ixpirtg, nj hltirvildhl quhrrfhdj dgkg pridglahdhl pjrj in djkmhg ai sixgsi dglshairj djaj viz ks dgkg prgmnikthdj g lg aiìlahmni. =0

Jqu nj dnjvi i s qui lg ixhsti ulj lidishaja hlcirilti pjrj hkpglir ul euifg ai ki-ahajs quhrrfhdjs ispiddjs pjrj nj dnjshdjdhl ai ul hlahvhaug dgkg inifhmni pjrjdjkmhjr ai sixg. Yl rjzgljkhiltg shkhnjr sumyjdi mjeg njNiy ai Hailthaja ai Flirgispjgnj y nj mrhtlhdj Filair ]idgflhthgl Jdt.=6Jkmjs niyis cjl ridglgdhag qui njprgtiddhl ain kjnistjr jsukhag pgr nj kjygrj dgl nj prgdrijdhl ai njs pirsgljs trjls

qui, j djusj ain trjtjkhiltg cgrkgljn y ai ngs aisigs ai nj kjygrj ai ngs hltirisjags,is ixtrikjajkilti rjrj lg eusthdj qui in istjag aisduhai su gmnhfjdhl ai sjnvjfujr-ajr nj hltifrhaja `shdj ai tgags ngs hlahvhaugs. Ngs istjags qui hkpglil prgdiahkhil-tgs `shdjkilti hlvjshvgs j njs pirsgljs trjls khljl ai kjlirj iìdthvj su airidcg jùlajr ulj `jkhnhj.

]ispidtg j njs dglahdhglis ai inifhmhnhaja pjrj in djkmhg ai lgkmri, cjy ul pjtrlshkhnjr rispidtg j jnfulgs ai ngs prgdiahkhiltgs pjrj in djkmhg ai flirg aisdrhtgjltirhgrkilti. In prgdisg puiai sir `dhn g riquirhr njrfgs y/g dgstgsgs trkhtis i hltir-vildhglis kahdjs, g puiai sir ailifjag pgr dgkpnitg. Il jnfulgs pjsis, ngs lgkmrislhdjkilti puiail djkmhjrsi dgl ul tisthkglhg kahdg ai qui cj tilhag nufjr nj(dgkpnitj) rijshfljdhl ai flirg, hldnuhajs dhrufjs filhtjnis qui lg sgl jddishmnis gaisijajs pgr vjrhjs rjzglis ahìriltis. Il gtrgs pjsis, tjn pruimj lg is lidisjrhj, pirgil su nufjr, g jahdhgljnkilti, cjdi jntj ul ahjflsthdg ai ahs`grhj ai flirg y ags jgs

ai trjtjkhiltg cgrkgljn pjrj tilir airidcg jn djkmhg ai lgkmri. Dgkg dglsiduildhj,njs pirsgljs trjls quiajl iìdthvjkilti hkpiahajs pjrj pjrthdhpjr ai grkj shflhdjthvjy dgkpnitj il nj sgdhiaja, il nj iaudjdhl y il in ikpnig, aurjlti ul njrfg pirhgagai sus vhajs, puistg qui aimil ildjrjr dglthlugs prgmnikjs rispidtg j nj eusthdjdhlai quhilis sgl. Nj Gdhlj ain Dgkhsjrhg cj ridhmhag lukirgsgs hl`grkis hlahvhaujnisai pirsgljs trjls qui, dgkg risuntjag ai ulj djrildhj ai agdukiltgs jaidujags, ai-luldhjl ulj ahsdrhkhljdhl y ixdnushl ai ixtilshl prigdupjlti. jkmhl is drudhjnsijnjr qui, hldnusg dujlag ulj pirsglj cj gmtilhag in ridglgdhkhiltg nifjn ai suluivg flirg, tjn viz jl aimj ildjrjr prgmnikjs prdthdgs il kjrdgs hlsthtudhgljnistjnis dgkg cgsphtjnis, dgkhsjrjs ai pgnhdj g prhshglis.

4.=.=. Dglsiduildhjs pjrj nj `jkhnhj

Il jnfulgs pjsis ixhsti nj gmnhfjdhl nifjn ai qui ulj pirsglj trjls qui ist nifjnkiltidjsjaj dgl ulj pjriej ai ahìrilti sixg si ahvgrdhi jltis ai qui su luivg flirg puiajsir ridglgdhag. Istg is ispidhjnkilti prgmnikthdg il istjags qui lg ridglgdil in kj-trhkglhg iltri pirsgljs ain khskg sixg, aglai in djkmhg ai flirg tilarj, ai cidcg,dgkg iìdtg ul kjtrhkglhg cgkgsixujn. _uistg qui in kjtrhkglhg cgkgsixujn tjlsng is pgshmni il dhldg istjags khikmrgs ain Dglsieg ai Iurgpj=3, njs pirsgljs trjlsdjsjajs si vil `grzjajs jn ahvgrdhg privhjkilti j qui su luivg flirg sij ridglgdhaggdhjnkilti. Il ul frjl lkirg ai djsgs, in ahvgrdhg `grzjag vj il dgltrj ain aisig

ixpndhtg ain kjtrhkglhg, qui quhiri pirkjlidir nifjnkilti ridglgdhag dgkg ulhaja`jkhnhjr, ispidhjnkilti sh thilil che*s j su djrfg.

Ai cidcg, in ahvgrdhg `grzjag puiai tilir ul hkpjdtg lifjthvg sgmri n*s che*s ain kj-trhkglhg. Il kudcgs pjsis ngs pjaris qui cjl rijnhzjag in djkmhg ai sixg pirairlngs airidcgs ai dustgahj ai sus che*s. Il gtrgs istjags, ixhsti ulj nifhsnjdhl jkmhfuj yah`dhnkilti si pristj lhlfulj jtildhl jn kjygr mhil ai n*s che*s.=8Istg puiai dglnnivjrfrjlais jpurgs, dgkg il in djsg il qui jkmgs ispgsgs aisijmjl pirkjlidir djsjags aikgag qui in dlyufi kjsdunhlg lg trjlsixujn lg pirahisi nj dustgahj ai su che* y puahi-si dglthlujr ridhmhilag pristjdhglis istjtjnis, jaiks ai kjltilir su trjmjeg j thikpgpjrdhjn, pjrj jyuajr j su dlyufi ahsdjpjdhtjag, y jcgrj trjlsixujn, il in duhajag ain/ai nj che* dgkl.4?

In rhmuljn Tuprikg Dglsthtudhgljn justrjdg cj dgldiahag j ulj kueir trjlsixujnin airidcg j djkmhjr jn sixg ìkilhlg y pirkjlidir djsjaj dgl su ispgsj. In trhmuljnahdtjkhl qui djkmhjr in jshiltg ain sixg il nj pjrthaj ai ljdhkhiltg lg puiai virsiahduntjag pgr in kjtrhkglhg. In rhmuljn Dglsthtudhgljn jnikl cj `jnnjag ai kjli-rj shkhnjr, gmnhfjlag nifjnkilti jn Fgmhirlg Jnikl j djkmhjr nj niy jltis ain ljn aijfgstg ai =??8.4:Jkmgs ahdtkilis nnjkjl jn istjag j jdiptjr qui prgtifir j tgags ngs

hlahvhaugs shl ixdipdhl ain ahvgrdhg `grzjag pgr in istjag aimi sir dglshairjag dgkgai kjygr hkpgrtjldhj qui ngs isdjsgs ieikpngs il ngs qui istg dglnnivj kjtrhkglhgscgkgsixujnis. Cjy qui ajr nj mhilvilhaj j isti il`gqui puistg qui ljnhzj in ahvgrdhg`grzjag pjrj njs pjriejs djsjajs il njs qui ul* ai n*s dlyufis is trjls.

Jddisg j nj jtildhl sjlhtjrhj:.4.

In airidcg jn ahs`ruti ain ks jntg lhvin pgshmni ai sjnua `shdj y kiltjn ist fjrjlthzjagpgr vjrhgs trjtjags, hldnuhag in _jdtg Hltirljdhgljn ai Airidcgs Idglkhdgs, Tgdhjnisy Dunturjnis y nj Djrtj Tgdhjn Iurgpij. Thl ikmjrfg, njs pirsgljs trjls su`ril kudcgsprgmnikjs pjrj jndjlzjr isti istlajr. In rjlsfilair IurgTtuayjrrge ulj jnjrkjlti


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nuz sgmri njs ixpirhildhjs ai njs pirsgljs trjls il rinjdhl j nj aishfujnaja y nj ahsdrhkh-ljdhl il in jddisg j nj jtildhl sjlhtjrhj il Iurgpj.4=

In prhkir jspidtg il nj ahsdushl sgmri nj jtildhl sjlhtjrhj pjrj njs pirsgljs trjlsis nj ixhstildhj ai dnjshdjdhglis kahdjs hltirljdhgljnis y ljdhgljnis qui ailil njtrjlsixujnhaja dgkg ul trjstgrlg kiltjn. Jdtujnkilti, ixhstil ags shstikjs hltirlj-dhgljnis istjmnidhags ai dnjshdjdhl ai ilìrkiajais kiltjnis5 in Kjlujn Ahjflsthdgy Istjasthdg ai ngs rjstgrlgs Kiltjnis (ATK) qui hldnuyi in trkhlg trjstgrlg aihailthaja flirg dgkg ul trjstgrlg ai nj sjnua kiltjn y ng usj pjrj aisdrhmhr j pir-sgljs qui ixpirhkiltjl ulj ahs`grhj ai flirg shflhdjlti, pgr ieikpng, aisdgltiltg

dgl in sixg mhgnfhdg ai ljdhkhiltg.44

Il sifulag nufjr, nj Dnjshdjdhl IstjasthdjHltirljdhgljn ai Ilìrkiajais y gtrgs _rgmnikjs ai Tjnua (DHI) ai nj GKT, ilukirjnj trjlsixujnhaja dgkg ul trjstgrlg kiltjn y ain dgkpgrtjkhiltg. 41Is hkpgrtjltiil`jthzjr qui, pgr dglshfuhilti, njs pirsgljs trjls sgl ithquitjajs dgkg pjdhiltis aiulj ilìrkiaja kiltjn. Ajag qui ngs shstikjs ATK y DHI j kiluag si riiejl il njsdnjshdjdhglis kahdjs ljdhgljnis ixhstiltis il in kmhtg iurgpig, si suinil jpnhdjr pjrjahjflgsthdjr j njs pirsgljs trjls il ngs istjags khikmrgs ain Dglsieg ai Iurgpj.

Istjs dnjshdjdhglis sgl, j djkmhg, prgmnikthdjs y djaj viz ks duisthgljajs pgr ngsjdtgris ai nj sgdhiaja dhvhn49y pgr n*s prgìshgljnis sjlhtjrh*s.40jnis dnjshdjdhglis pui-ail dglvirthrsi il ul gmstdung pjrj in ahs`ruti pnilg ai ngs airidcgs cukjlgs pgrpjrti ai njs pirsgljs trjls, ispidhjnkilti dujlag si jpnhdjl dgkg ulj `grkj ai ris-trhlfhr nj djpjdhaja nifjn g ai iniddhl ain trjtjkhiltg kahdg. Cjy qui dglstjtjr, shlikmjrfg, qui istj duisthl is ulj nlij ai ahvhsgrhj shflhdjlti il in hltirhgr ain prgphgkgvhkhiltg trjls. Kudcjs pirsgljs trjls si shiltil jkiljzjajs pgr ul pgshmni djkmhgil ngs shstikjs ai dnjshdjdhl, puistg qui tikil qui istg puiaj tilir dgkg risuntjagpgstirhgris ristrhddhglis il in jddisg j nj jtildhl sjlhtjrhj trjls. Dglshairjl qui, puis-tg qui ngs shstikjs ai sjnua riquhiril ul ahjflsthdg pjrj eusthdjr in trjtjkhiltgkahdg g pshdgnfhdg, is isildhjn ahspglir ai ul ahjflsthdg pjrj jsifurjrsi in jddisg j

nj jtildhl. Gtr*s, shl ikmjrfg, jrfukiltjl qui sir ahjflgsthdja*s dgkg pjdhiltis aiul trjstgrlg kiltjn isthfkjthzj j ngs hlahvhaugs il nj sgdhiaja y ngs dglvhirti il gmeitgspjrj nj kiahdhlj, ks qui il sueitgs dgl rispglsjmhnhaja pjrj ixprisjr sus prgphjs lidi-shajais sjlhtjrhjs. Aimil ixpngrjrsi dnjshdjdhglis jntirljthvjs il istridcj dgnjmgrjdhldgl njs pirsgljs trjls y sus grfjlhzjdhglis.46Aisai ulj pirspidthvj ai airidcgs cukj-lgs y ai nj sjnua, lg is lidisjrhg qui si rijnhdi lhlfl ahjflsthdg ai trjstgrlg kiltjnpjrj ajr jddisg jn trjtjkhiltg ai ulj dglahdhl qui lidishtj jtildhl kahdj.

In sifulag jspidtg il nj ahsdushl sgmri nj jtildhl sjlhtjrhj is in jddisg j njs tirjphjsai rijshfljdhl ai flirg, qui cjmhtujnkilti sng istl ahspglhmnis ulj viz qui njpirsglj cj dukpnhag ngs :3 jgs ai iaja. Thl ikmjrfg, il jnfulgs pjsis, dgkg ilngs _jsis Mjegs, n*s jagnisdiltis trjls puiail dgkilzjr ul trjtjkhiltg pjrj aitilir njpumirtja y ridhmhr jsisgrjkhiltg pshdgnfhdg, ai kjlirj qui puiajl tgkjr aidhshglis

hl`grkjajs rispidtg j su uturj hailthaja ai flirg. Aispus, j n j iaja ai :3 jgs, pui-ail prgdiair dgl ngs trjtjkhiltgs ai rijshfljdhl ai flirg, sh jl ng aisijl. ]idhil-tikilti, jnfulgs gtrgs pjsis, dgkg pgr ieikpng Mnfhdj y Jnikjlhj, cjl ikpizjag jprgpgrdhgljr ul trjtjkhiltg shkhnjr pjrj evilis kilgris ai :3 jgs.

Nj Dgrti Iurgpij ai Airidcgs Cukjlgs cj is tjmnidhag dgkg ulj tjrij pgshthvj qui ngsistjags prgpgrdhglil nj pgshmhnhaja ai sgkitirsi j dhrufjs pjrj ulj dgkpnitj rijshf-ljdhl ai flirg. Aipilahilag ai ngs aisigs y lidishajais hlahvhaujnis ai nj pirsgljtrjls, stj cj ai tilir, ai isti kgag, jddisg jn trjtjkhiltg cgrkgljn, j nj dhrufj airijshfljdhl ai flirg u gtrjs hltirvildhglis kahdjs, tjnis dgkg nj aiphnjdhl ailh-

thvj g in iltriljkhiltg ai nj vgz. Is hkpgrtjlti ridglgdir qui pjrj kudcjs pirsgljsisti trjtjkhiltg is ulj lidishaja kahdj pjrj cjdir pgshmni qui su vhaj tilfj silthag.In trjtjkhiltg aimi jajptjrsi j njs lidishajais hlahvhaujnis pjrj tilir xhtg.

Nj eurhspruaildhj ai nj Dgrti Iurgpij ai Airidcgs Cukjlgs ixhfi dnjrjkilti j ngsistjags lg sng prgpgrdhgljr nj pgshmhnhaja ai sgkitirsi j nj dhrufj pjrj ulj dgkpnitjrijshfljdhl ai flirg, shlg tjkmhl qui ngs pnjlis ai sifurgs dumrjl ngs trjtjkhiltgs

kahdjkilti lidisjrhgs il filirjn, iltri ngs qui nj dhrufj ai rijshfljdhl ai flirg`grkj pjrti.43_irsgljs trjls ai vjrhgs pjsis, iltri inngs Nhtujlhj y Mnfhdj, si cjl ri-khthag dgl xhtg j ngs ahdtkilis ai nj Dgrti pjrj ixtilair nj dgmirturj ai sus sifurgskahdgs. Isti istlajr aimirj hkpnikiltjrsi il tgags ngs istjags khikmrgs ain Dgl-sieg ai Iurgpj. Lg gmstjlti, njs hlspiddhglis rijnhzjajs pgr in rjlsfilair IurgTtuayilrinjdhl dgl njs ixpirhildhjs ai njs pirsgljs trjls il ng qui si riiri j jtildhl sjlhtjrhjaisdumrh qui ngs istjags ridcjzjl ljldhjr ngs trjtjkhiltgs cgrkgljnis ain 3?% y njdhrufj ain djkmhg ai sixg ain 30% ai njs pirsgljs trjls il nj YI, Dgkg dglsiduil-dhj, jnriaiagr ain 9?% ai njs pirsgljs trjls qui si sgkitil j dhrufj pjrj djkmhjr susixg ai ljdhkhiltg, pjfjl pgr duiltj prgphj in tgtjn ai ngs prgdiahkhiltgs. Cjy ulj`jntj ai hl`grkjdhl rispidtg j nj shtujdhl il ngs pjsis ain Dglsieg ai Iurgpj qui lgpirtilidil j nj Ylhl Iurgpij. Thl ikmjrfg, pjridi qui nj kjygrj lg prgpgrdhglj

trjtjkhiltgs ai rijshfljdhl ai flirg ljldhjags dgl `glags pmnhdgs, g ngs g`ridilsng pjrdhjnkilti. Istg vj dnjrjkilti il dgltrj ai ngs istlajris istjmnidhags pgr njDgrti Iurgpij ai Airidcgs Cukjlgs.

Njs ixpirhildhjs ai njs pirsgljs trjls dgl ngs shstikjs sjlhtjrhgs sgl `riduiltikiltilifjthvgs, dgl ul*s prgìshgljnis sjlhtjrh*s aishl`grkja*s, pjrdhjnis, y il gdjshglis pj-tiltikilti frgsir*s dgl sus pjdhiltis, pgr ieikpng ahrhfhlagsi j inn*s il in flirg lginifhag.48In istuahg jltirhgrkilti dhtjag aisdumrh qui sng ul 4?% ai njs aikjlajs,jn musdjr jyuaj g ul vgnjlti pjrj jddiair j ngs prgdisgs ai rijshfljdhl ai flirg, ix-pirhkiltjrgl ng qui nj ilduistj ailh dgkg in klhkg lhvin jdiptjmni ai jshstildhj

prgìshgljnis dgl aisig ai jyuajr, pirg djrilti ai hl`grkjdhl rispidtg j nj jtildhl


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sjlhtjrhj trjls. Yl tirdhg hl`grk qui si nis lif in trjtjkhiltg pgrqui ul* prgìshgljnkahd* lg jprgm su rijshfljdhl ai flirg.1?

Jnfulgs pjsis sng pirkhtil qui ulj dnlhdj prgpgrdhgli trjtjkhiltg il tgag in istjag,ahduntjlag il gdjshglis njs luivjs hlvisthfjdhglis, y, pgtildhjnkilti, nj djnhaja ai njjtildhl. In airidcg j jddiair j trjtjkhiltgs ai rijshfljdhl ai flirg aimirj hldnuhrulj iniddhl rjzgljmni ai diltrgs ai trjtjkhiltg ahspglhmnis y ngs fjstgs ain trjtjkhil-tg aimirjl riikmgnsjrsi ai jduirag dgl njs niyis ljdhgljnis ai jtildhl sjlhtjrhj. Njdjnhaja ai ngs trjtjkhiltgs rinjdhgljags dgl ng trjls j kiluag lh shquhirj si jdirdj jn

ahs`ruti ain ks jntg lhvin pgshmni ai sjnua `shdj y kiltjn, tilhilag, j vidis, dgkg

dglsiduildhj ul ajg dgrpgrjn ai pgr vhaj. Ti gmnhfj j kudcjs pirsgljs trjls qui gp-tjl pgr nj dhrufj ai rijshfljdhl ai flirg j hr jn ixtrjleirg, il`riltlagsi j frjlaisahduntjais il in riikmgnsg ai ngs fjstgs. Il filirjn, nj shtujdhl drij aishfujnajais ilin jddisg j nj jtildhl sjlhtjrhj ailtrg ai ul pjs y iltri ngs pjsis.

Jaiks, jddiair j nj dhrufj ai rijshfljdhl ai flirg is jl ks dgkpn hdjag g dgl-ahdhgljag pgr ngs nnjkjags prgtgdgngs y dglahdhglis qui dglshairjl nj hl`jldhj, njgrhiltjdhl sixujn, g in fustg il nj rgpj, y qui sgl jntjkilti duisthgljmnis. Cjy rinjtgsai pirsgljs trjls qui cjl tilhag qui sgkitirsi j ixkilis ai filhtjnis rijnhzjags pgrpshquhjtrjs, cjl tilhag qui dgltjr ulj virshl ai nj chstgrhj ai su hl`jldhj qui is njlhdj jdiptjmni2 il gdjshglis sus rihvhlahdjdhglis tjl sng si cjl dglshairjag filuhljssh cjl rijnhzjag jn kilgs ul hltiltg ai suhdhahg. Gtrjs pirsgljs trjls si vil gmnhfjajsj istirigthpjrsi cjstj in ixtrikg ai su flirg inifhag pjrj ildjejr il ngs drhtirhgs aiinifhmhnhaja, nnifjlag jn rhadung il su aj j aj. Ngs ieikpngs sgl aikjshjag lukirgsgspjrj ilukirjrngs, pirg is sifurg pnjltijr qui nj kjygrj ai ngs tist y prgdisgs rijnhzjagsil kudcgs pjsis cjmhtujnkilti hldnuhrl jspidtgs qui puiail sir dglshairjags, dgkgklhkg, hldgkprilshmnis.

Yl tirdir jspidtg dgldhirli jn jddisg filirjn j nj jtildhl sjlhtjrhj lg rinjdhgljaj dgl

ng trjls. Nj Jfildhj ai ngs Airidcgs @ulajkiltjnis ai nj Ylhl Iurgpij (@]J) hl`gr-kj qui ulj dujrtj pjrti ai n*s pjrthdhpjltis il in rjlsfilair IurgTtuayhl`grkjrglai ul trjtjkhiltg cgsthn pgr pjrti ai n*s prgìshgljnis sjlhtjrh*s aimhag j qui irjl trjls.Ylj quhltj pjrti hl`grk qui sir ulj pirsglj trjls jìdtjmj j nj `grkj il qui jddi-ajl j nj jtildhl sjlhtjrhj. Dgkg dglsiduildhj, kudcjs pirsgljs trjls hlahdjl ivhtjrnjs vhshtjs kahdjs tgag ng pgshmni pgr tikgr j ul dgkpgrtjkhiltg hljprgphjag. 1:Inhl`grki ai nj @]J tjkmhl rikhti jn istuahg Ilfilairia _iljnthisqui ildgltr qui in=8% ai n*s pjrthdhpjltis siltj qui sir trjls jìdtjmj ai kjlirj javirsj j nj `grkj ilqui irjl trjtja*s pgr n*s prgìshgljnis ai nj sjnua.1=

Ngs risuntjags ai ngs prgmnikjs qui njs pirsgljs trjls si ilduiltrjl il in jddisg j suairidcg j nj sjnua si riiejl il njs istjasthdjs sjlhtjrhjs. Pjrhjs hlvisthfjdhglis dhtjajsil in istuahg ai nj @]J kuistrjl qui iltri ulj tirdirj y ulj dujrtj pjrti ai njs pirsg-

ljs trjls iltrivhstjajs cjmjl hltiltjag suhdhajrsi. Il ulj hlvisthfjdhl rijnhzjaj ilHrnjlaj in =0% ai njs pirsgljs trjls cjmjl hltiltjag suhdhajrsi jn kilgs ulj viz14y njkhtja ai njs pirsgljs trjls pjrthdhpjltis il ul istuahg j frjl isdjnj sgmri nj shtujdhlsjlhtjrhj ai njs pirsgljs NFM il Tuidhj cjmjl dglshairjag quhtjrsi nj vhaj il jnflkgkiltg u gtrg ai sus ixhstildhj in =:% cj hltiltjag cjdirng ai viraja. 11

4.1. Jddisg jn kirdjag njmgrjn

In airidcg jn trjmjeg `grkj pjrti ai nj Djrtj Tgdhjn Iurgpij, i hldnuyi in airidcg j nj si-furhaja i chfhili il in trjmjeg. Njs pirsgljs trjls si il`riltjl j lukirgsgs prgmnikjs

il in jddisg y kjltilhkhiltg ai isti airidcg.

In ikpnig, y ng qui idglkhdjkilti dglnnivj, is drudhjn pjrj in jddisg j nj jtildhlsjlhtjrhj ai njs pirsgljs trjls. ilir ul trjmjeg hkpnhdj, il kudcgs istjags khikmrgsain Dglsieg ai Iurgpj, tilir ul sifurg kahdg qui aimirj `jdhnhtjr in riikmgnsg aings fjstgs rinjdhgljags dgl nj jtildhl sjlhtjrhj trjls. Thl ikmjrfg, puistg qui ngstrjtjkhiltgs cgrkgljnis g nj dhrufj pjrj njs pirsgljs trjls lg shikpri si dumril pgrngs shstikjs ai sifurgs kahdgs, ngs hlfrisgs prgdiailtis ain ikpnig j vidis sgl il njprdthdj in lhdg kiahg ai njs pirsgljs trjls pjrj pjfjr su jtildhl sjlhtjrhj ispiddj.

In aisikpnig is ulj frjl prigdupjdhl pjrj njs pirsgljs trjls. In istuahg Ilfilairia_iljnthiskuistrj qui sng in 4:% ai n*s pjrthdhpjltis thilil ul ikpnig j thikpg dgk-pnitg. Nj prgpgrdhl ixjdtj pjrj njs kueiris trjls is ain 1?% y pjrj ngs cgkmris trjlsain 40%, khiltrjs qui iltri nj pgmnjdhl lg trjls istjs prgpgrdhglis sgl ain 96% pjrjnjs kueiris y ain 6=% pjrj ngs cgkmris. Ylj hlvisthfjdhl ispjgnj sgmri in aisikpnigiltri njs pirsgljs trjls kgstr qui in 91% ai n*s pjrthdhpjltis istjmjl aisikpnija*s. 19

Jnfuljs pirsgljs trjls shl ikpnig, ispidhjnkilti njs kueiris trjls, sgl hldjpjdis aiildgltrjr trjmjeg, y lg vil gtrj gpdhl qui nj ai trjmjejr il nj hlaustrhj ain sixg.

Dujlag istl ikpnijajs, kudcjs pirsgljs trjls si il`riltjl j prgmnikjs dgl in puistgai trjmjeg, pjrthdunjrkilti in jdgsg dglthlug ai n*s dgkpjir*s ain trjmjeg, g nj li-fjdhl ain usg ain jsig priìrhag. Jnfuljs pirsgljs sgl ikpuejajs j nj ahkhshl trjssir ixpuistjs j prishl, murnjs i hlsuntgs. Ngs prgnglfjags riquirhkhiltgs nifjnis, quiriquhiril ulj frjl hlvirshl ai thikpg pjrj su ridglgdhkhiltg nifjn gmnhfjl j njs pir-sgljs trjls j nnivjr ulj agmni vhaj g j hl`grkjr j su ikpnijagr* y dgkpjir*s rispidtgj su hltildhl ai djkmhjr ai flirg jltis ai ng dglvilhilti. Cjy kudcgs prgmnikjsprdthdgs qui thilil ul hkpjdtg il nj pgshmhnhaja ai dglthlujr trjmjejlag. _gr ieikpng,ul dgltrjtg ai trjmjeg puiai ispidhdjr vjrl, khiltrjs qui ngs riquirhkhiltgs nifj-nis pjrj in jddisg j nj dhrufj ai rijshfljdhl ai flirg ispidhdjl qui ulj kueir trjlssi prisilti dgl jtuilag ìkilhlg il in trjmjeg. Istg shflhdj qui nj pirsglj hltirisjaj


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lg puiai aidhahr pgr sh khskj dujlag euzfj jprgphjag hl`grkjr j sus dgkpjir*s aitrjmjeg y ikpnijagr*s rispidtg j su hailthaja ai flirg.

J kiluag, njs pirsgljs trjls pgst-gp sgl trjtjajs ai kjlirj jddhailtjn sifl su jl-thfug flirg j djusj ai sus lkirgs ai njs tjreitjs ai nj sifurhaja sgdhjn, g pgr irrg-ris dgkithags il ngs aipjrtjkiltgs ai ridursgs cukjlgs. Cjy kuy pgdgs ridursgsahspglhmnis sh ngs iìdtgs ai istj rivinjdhl jddhailtjn sgl lifjthvgs y in jdgsg il innufjr ai trjmjeg si vuinvi hlsgpgrtjmni. Nj Gdhlj ain Dgkhsjrhg cj ridhmhag hl`grkishlahvhaujnis ai ulj dglshstilti y aifrjajlti ahsdrhkhljdhl il in nufjr ai trjmjeg, quidnjrjkilti vj dgltrj in airidcg j nj sjnua i chfhili il in trjmjeg y nj lg ahsdrhkhljdhl

il in puistg ai trjmjeg.

Nj hlvisthfjdhl is tgajvj kuy nhkhtjaj, pirg njs istjasthdjs ahspglhmnis kuistrjl uljsgkmrj shtujdhl. In istuahg Ilfilairia _iljnthisaisdumrh qui in =4% ai n*s pjrthdh-pjltis shlth nj lidishaja ai djkmhjr ai ikpnig j djusj ai nj ahsdrhkhljdhl ixpirhkil-tjaj dgl kgthvg ai su hailthaja ai flirg. Tng jnriaiagr ain 4?% ùirgl trjtja*s dglahflhaja pgr n*s dgkpjir*s ai trjmjeg2 in :?% ixpirhkilt jmusg virmjn y ul 0% ùijsjntjag shdjkilti. In dujriltj y ags pgr dhiltg ai n*s pjrthdhpjltis qui lg v hvil il surgn ai flirg inifhag lg ng cjdjl pgrqui tikjl pirair su ikpnig.10Tifl ul istuahgisdgds, in 46% ai n*s pjrthdhpjltis istjmj dgmrjlag pristjdhglis pgr aisikpnig. 16Yljhlvisthfjdhl ai @hlnjlahj13kgstrjmj risuntjags shkhnjris. In sitiltj y shiti pgr dhiltgai n*s ikpnija*s trjls lg cjmj cjmnjag j sus ikpnijagr*s sgmri su hailthaja ai flirg,y jnriaiagr ain 9?% ai n*s pjrthdhpjltis ildgltrjmj qui istg hmj j sir istrisjlti.

Il dglsiduildhj, nj lidishaja ai ulj nifhsnjdhl ljdhgljn jlthahsdrhkhljdhl il tgagsngs istjags khikmrgs ain Dglsieg ai Iurgpj, qui hldnuyj nj hailthaja ai flirg dgkgkgthvg ai ahsdrhkhljdhl il in kirdjag njmgrjn, is ivhailti. Is pjrthdunjrkilti hkpgr-tjlti qui ngs djkmhgs il njs niyis jlthahsdrhkhljdhl vilfjl jdgkpjjags ai djkpjjsai dgldhildhjdhl pjrj ikpnija*s y ikpnijagr*s ai kjlirj qui si dgkprilaj in tjkj-

g y nj sirhiaja ain prgmnikj. Aimirj javirthrsi kiegr j n*s ikpnijagr*s ai dun is njshtujdhl ai njs pirsgljs trjls pjrj fjrjlthzjr ul jkmhilti njmgrjn sifurg pjrj tga*s._jrj sumsjljr jnfuljs ai njs lgrkjs njmgrjnis ixhstiltis, dgkg ngs dahfgs ai visthkiltjg in usg ai ngs jsigs, pgarjl sir lidisjrhjs kiahajs ispidhjnis trjlshtgrhjs. Gtrg jspid-tg hkpgrtjlti is qui njs hlsthtudhglis iaudjthvjs aimirjl tilir in aimir ai djkmhjrritrgjdthvjkilti in lgkmri y sixg ai njs pirsgljs trjls il ngs dirthdjags jdjakhdgs.Istg jsifurjrj qui njs pirsgljs trjls puahisil dglthlujr milidhlagsi ai sus djpj-dhtjdhglis vgdjdhgljnis y jdjakhdjs, y nis pirkhthrj gptjr j ikpnigs jprgphjags j su`grkjdhl prgìshgljn il nufjr ai lfhr qui luldj cjl tilhag lhlfulj `grkjdhl.

Yl nthkg prgmnikj rinjdhgljag dgl in ikpnig is nj aishfujnaja il nj ridipdhl aipilshglis. Il jnfulgs pjsis, nj iaja il nj qui si djusj airidcg jn dgmrg ai ulj pilshlpgr eumhnjdhl is ai 09 jgs pjrj ngs cgkmris y ai 0? pjrj njs kueiris. Njs kueiris trjls

jl lg ridglgdhajs nifjnkilti y qui cjl dukpnhag ngs 0? jgs pgarj sir ridcjzjajspjrj in dgmrg ai pilshglis qui lgrkjnkilti ridhmhrjl sh ùisil kueiris ai ljdhkhiltg.Hldnusg, kudcjs kueiris trjls kjygris aisdumril qui aimil jmjlagljr sus ikpnigspjrj privilhr qui su hailthaja si rivini aimhag j qui lg thilil airidcg j ulj pilshl.Nuifg, hldnusg aispus ain ridglgdhkhiltg nifjn, j istjs kueiris si nis lhifjl njs pil-shglis ritrgjdthvjs dgrrispglahiltis jn pirhgag il qui tuvhirgl qui aipilair ai susprgphgs hlfrisgs y jcgrrgs. J pisjr ai ngs dgltulailtis jrfukiltgs nifjnis, cjstj inkgkiltg si nis cjl ailifjag airidcgs ai pilshglis qui gtrjs kueiris ain pjs (kueirisai ljdhkhiltg) ahs`rutjl shl duisthgljkhiltg, j pisjr ai ngs a hdtkilis ain rhmuljn ai

Eusthdhj ai nj Ylhl Iurgpij j istgs iìdtgs.18Il gtrgs pjsis, il ngs qui ulj pjriej aimi

ahvgrdhjrsi pgrqui js si riquhiri j nj pjriej trjls pjrj ridhmhr ngs trjtjkhiltgs ai rij-shfljdhl ai flirg, g pjrj ahs`rutjr in ridglgdhkhiltg nifjn, si hkphai j n*s dlyufissupirvhvhiltis ai njs pirsgljs trjls ridhmhr nj pilshl ai vhuaiaja. Ylj kueir qui cjshag jkj ai djsj aurjlti tgaj su vhaj pgarj virsi shl jddisg j nj pilshl ai su dlyufipgrqui cj tilhag qui ahvgrdhjrsi, il dgltrj ai su aisig ixpndhtg, pjrj pgshmhnhtjr indjkmhg ai flirg ai su dlyufi.

4.9. rjls`gmhj y vhgnildhj dgltrj njs pirsgljs trjls

Ngs Jrtdungs = y 9 ain IDC] (Dglvilhg Iurgpig ai Airidcgs Cukjlgs) fjrjlthzjl inairidcg j nj vhaj y nj sifurhaja pjrj tga*s. J pisjr ai i nng, kudcjs pirsgljs trjls thililkhiag y si il`riltjl j nj vhgnildhj il in trjlsdursg ai sus vhajs. Istj vhgnildhj vj aisainj cgsthnhaja, in jdgsg, in jmusg virmjn, nj vhgnildhj `shdj y njs jfrishglis sixujnis cjstjngs drkilis ai gahg qui si dglvhirtil il jsishljtgs.Nj trjls`gmhj iltilahaj dgkg inkhiag hrrjdhgljn y/g nj cgsthnhaja cjdhj njs pirsgljs qui sgl trjls g qui trjlsfriail njslgrkjs trjahdhgljnis ain flirg ai dujnquhir gtrg kgag puiai dglshairjrsi dgkg uljai njs prhldhpjnis djusjs ai nj vhgnildhj y nj hltgnirjldhj j nj qui si il`riltjl kudcjspirsgljs trjls. Cjy quhil pjridi tilir prgmnikjs dgl nj kirj ixhstildhj ai siris cu-kjlgs duyj ixprishl ixtirhgr ai su hailthaja ai flirg hltirlj lg is nj khskj qui su

flirg aitirkhljag il in ljdhkhiltg. Njs jfrishglis dgltrj pirsgljs trjls lg puiail,shl ikmjrfg, ixdusjrsi il qui sgl risuntjag ai nj hflgrjldhj y nj `jntj ai iaudjdhl.

In istuahg Ilfilairia _iljnthis ildgltr qui in 6=% ai n*s pjrthdhpjltis ixpirhkiltjnfulj `grkj ai jdgsg il pmnhdg. In dujriltj y sihs pgr dhiltg aidnjr qui cjmjlixpirhkiltjag jdgsg il su vidhlajrhg, y in =:% aidnjr qui ivhtjmjl sjnhr j nj djnni. Inrjlsfilair IurgTtuayaisdumrh qui in 68% ai n*s pjrthdhpjltis cjmjl ixpirhkiltjagjmusg virmjn, jkiljzjs, y jmusg `shdg g sixujn il pmnhdg.

Il nj isduinj y il in jkmhilti jkhnhjr, n*s lh*s y evilis jauntgs trjls si il`riltjl dgl`riduildhj j ul iltgrlg hlsifurg, dgl jdgsg isdgnjr i hldnusg ixpunshl ai nj `jkhnhj. Indujriltj y ulg pgr dhiltg ai n*s jagnisdiltis ai kueir j cgkmri y in :0% ai n*s jag-nisdiltis ai cgkmri j kueir cjl ixpirhkiltjag sirhgs hlsuntgs pgr pjrti ai sus `jkhnhjs,


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cjstj in pultg ai qui in =?% ai njs pirsgljs ai kueir j cgkmri cjl shag aisciriajajsy aisjrrjhfjajs pgr dgkpnitg ai sus `jkhnhjs.9?Dujlag njs pirsgljs lgtjl j ulj iajatikprjlj qui si hailthdjl kiegr dgl in flirg gpuistg y ixprisjl in aisig ai sir uljlhj g ul lhg, ilduiltrjl kuy pgdj grhiltjdhl jprgphjaj, y cjy kuy pgdjs riaisai jpgyg ahspglhmnis pjrj ist*s evilis trjls y sus pjaris. N*s lh*s y evilis trjls,pgr dglshfuhilti, si il`riltjl j prgmnikjs il nj msquiaj ai hl`grkjdhl, jpgyg gtrjtjkhiltg. Ng kiegr pjrj ngs hltirisis ai n*s lh*s is ridhmhr istj hl`grkjdhl y jpgyg,puistg qui in shnildhg y in hflgrjr su prgmnikj tjl sng nis nnivj j nj ixdnushl, jn gahgcjdhj sh khsk*s, jn jdgsg, jn `rjdjsg isdgnjr, y j njs tjsjs ixdipdhgljnkilti jntjs ai suhdh-ahg qui si ajl iltri ngs evilis trjls. Hlvisthfjdhglis rjldisjs kuistrjl qui in 41% ai

ngs evilis trjls hltiltjrgl suhdhajrsi jltis ai tilir jddisg j hl`grkjdhl y trjtjkhiltg.Mjeg nj nifhsnjdhl hltirljdhgljn ai airidcgs cukjlgs, n*s lh*s trjls thilil in airidcgj jddiair j ulj hl`grkjdhl jaidujaj, jpgyg, y j nj prgtiddhl lidisjrhj. Istg si dglr-k pgr in Dgkht ai ngs Airidcgs ain Lhg, qui ridgkila j ngs istjags prgpgrdhgljr

hl`grkjdhl jaidujaj y jpgyg j () njs pirsgljs trjlsixujnis evilis ().9:

Ngs cgkmris y kueiris trjls thilil ul jntg rhisfg ai dglvirthrsi il vdthkjs ai drki-lis ai gahg g ai hldhailtis kgthvjags pgr in gahg.9=Yl hl`grki gdhjn ai nj GTDIaidnjrj qui5 Ngs drkilis i hldhailtis ai gahg cgkg`mhdg j kiluag kuistrjl uljntg frjag ai druinaja y mrutjnhaja. @riduiltikilti dglshstil il frjvis pjnhzjs, tgrturj,kuthnjdhl, djstrjdhl, i hldnusg jfrishl sixujn. Cjy kudcjs prgmjmhnhajais ai quitirkhlil il kuirtis. Njs pirsgljs trjls pjridil sir hldnusg ks vunlirjmnis ailtrg aiistj djtifgrj.94J pisjr ai istgs risuntjags, il nj nifhsnjdhl ai nj kjygrj ai istjagsngs khikmrgs ain Dglsieg ai Iurgpj lg si ridglgdi ixpndhtjkilti nj hailthaja aiflirg dgkg ulj pgshmni kgthvjdhl ahsdrhkhljtgrhj pjrj ngs drkilis ai gahg. Yljai njs kuy pgdjs ixdipdhglis is nj ridhiltikilti jagptjaj niy isdgdisj sgmri drkilisai gahg, qui kildhglj ixpndhtjkilti ngs drkilis ai gahg trjls`mhdgs. jkpgdg istdnjrg sh ngs istjags, dgkg jntirljthvj, hldnuyil hailthaja ai flirg il njs djtifgrjsai flirg g sixg il sus nifhsnjdhglis sgmri drkilis ai gahg.

Dgkg dglsiduildhj, nj trjls`gmhj lg suini dglshairjrsi dgkg jfrjvjlti il ngs drkilisai gahg dgkithags dgltrj njs pirsgljs trjls, tjn y dgkg si kuistrj il njs siltildhjs pjrjngs jutgris ai jsishljtgs kgthvjags pgr in gahg, pgr ieikpng il _grtufjn y urquj.91Il dglsiduildhj, tjl sng si puiai dgldnuhr qui il nj kjygrj ai ngs pjsis njs pirsgljstrjls istl iìdthvjkilti ixdnuhajs ai nj prgtiddhl nifjn ispiddj, j pisjr ai su jntgrhisfg ai dglvirthrsi il vdthkjs ai drkilis ai gahg. Nj GTDI cj cidcg chldjph ilisti jspidtg5 Kiahjlti nj dglailj ixpndhtj ai ngs kgthvgs ahsdrhkhljtgrhgs, ilvjl jn*s jfrisgr*s in kilsjei ai qui ulj sgdhiaja eustj y cukjlj lg tgnirjr sikiejlti dgk-pgrtjkhiltg. Kiahjlti in ridglgdhkhiltg ain ajg cidcg j njs vdthkjs, cjdil nnifjr jnjs vdthkjs hlahvhaujnis y j sus dgkulhajais nj dgkprilshl ai qui in shstikj euahdhjnpiljn shrvi pjrj prgtifirnis.99

Ks jl, kudcgs istjags lg jrdchvjl u gmsirvjl ngs drkilis ai gahgs g ngs hldhailtiskgthvjags pgr in gahg ai djrdtir trjls`mhdg. Lgrkjnkilti nj pgnhdj lg rifhstrjlistgs drkilis. Istg tjkmhl si vhg il in hl`grki ai nj GTDI, qui gmsirv qui ngshldhailtis kgthvjags pgr in gahg trjls`mhdg si ilduiltrjl iltri ngs kilgs rifhstrjagsy agdukiltjags. Ylj ai njs pgdjs ixdipdhglis nj dglsthtuyi in ]ihlg Ylhag, qui thiliulj pgnthdj ai agdukiltjdhl ain lkirg ai drkilis ai gahg dgkithags dgltrj pir-sgljs trjls. In Drhki _rgsiduthgl Tirvhdiai Hlfnjtirrj y Fjnis cj aisjrrgnnjag nj pgnthdjy prdthdj ai jsifurjrsi ai qui tgags ngs drkilis trjls`mhdgs sijl hlvisthfjags90y ilHrnjlaj ain Lgrti si rifhstrjl ngs drkilis ai gahg trjls`mhdgs dgkg pjrti ai njs istj-asthdjs jlujnis ai drkilis.96

Il nj prdthdj, j njs pirsgljs trjls nis nnifj kuy pgdj prgtiddhl pgr pjrti ai n*s jfiltisai nj niy il djsg ai ul drhkil g hldhailti ai gahg trjls`mhdg. Il kudcgs djsgs, njspirsgljs trjls qui jduail j nj jutgrhaja dgkpitilti pjrj piahr prgtiddhl sgl rhahdunh-zjajs, jdgsjajs, g shkpnikilti hflgrjajs, j pisjr ai nj gmnhfjdhl pgshthvj ai ngs istjagsrkjltis ain Dglvilhg Iurgpig ai ngs Airidcgs Cukjlgs ai hlvisthfjr isgs drkilisy nnivjr j n*s jutgr*s jlti nj eusthdhj.

4.0. _irsgljs trjls riùfhjajs y khfrjltis

JDLY] cj dglrkjag qui njs pithdhglis ai jshng rinjthvjs j nj hailthaja ai flirgpuiail sir ridglgdhajs mjeg nj Dglvildhl sgmri in Istjtutg ai ngs ]iùfhjags ai njsLjdhglis Ylhajs jprgmjaj il :89:, dujlag si dukpnil ngs drhtirhgs il nj ailhdhlai riùfhja*s.93Tifl nj Dglvildhl, j njs pirsgljs trjls si nis dglshairj khikmrgs aiul aitirkhljag frupg sgdhjn. Thl ikmjrfg, il nj kjygrj ai ngs istjags khikmrgsain Dglsieg ai Iurgpj lg si aili j njs pirsgljs trjls ixpndhtjkilti dgkg ul frupgsgdhjn ahsthlthvg, khiltrjs qui il gtrgs pjsis, dgkg @rjldhj y Justrhj, s qui ng cjlcidcg. Il Tuidhj, si dglshairj nifjnkilti qui njs pirsgljs trjls istl dumhirtjs pgrdjtifgrj flirg. Tirj ul frjl pjsg jainjlti sh ngs istjags khikmrgs dhtjsil ixpndh-

tjkilti nj hailthaja ai flirg dgkg ul pgshmni kgthvg ai pirsidudhl qui riquhiriai prgtiddhl hltirljdhgljn. jkmhl puiai jrfukiltjrsi qui ngs jdtgs ispiddgs aipirsidudhl ai flirg, in trkhlg uthnhzjag il nj Ahridthvj sgmri ]iquhshtgs ai Jshng ainj YI, puiai iltilairsi dgkg qui hldnuyi njs frjvis vhgnjdhglis ai ngs airidcgs cukj-lgs y gtrjs dnjsis ai ajgs sivirgs ixpirhkiltjajs pgr njs pirsgljs trjls.

Cjy ulj lidishaja ai hlstruddhglis prdthdjs rispidtg j dkg si prgdisjl njs pithdhglisai jshng ai pirsgljs qui sgl pirsifuhajs j djusj ai su hailthaja ai flirg. Ahdcjshlstruddhglis aimirjl prgpgrdhgljr ulj grhiltjdhl j njs jutgrhajais dgkpitiltis aijshng rispidtg j dkg rijnhzjr ulj iltrivhstj ai ulj grkj silshmni j ng trjls. jkmhl


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is lidisjrhj ulj grhiltjdhl shkhnjr pjrj njs shtujdhglis il qui ulj pirsglj trjls nnifjdgl ul agdukiltg ai hailthaja qui lg hlahdj su flirg inifhag.

Njs pirsgljs trjls qui cjl sgnhdhtjag jshng j vidis si il`riltjl j prgmnikjs il ngs dil-trgs ai aitildhl y ridipdhl dgl gtr*s dgkpjir*s il musdj ai jshng (dgl `riduildhjai su prgphg pjs ai grhfil) y cjy ul frjvi rhisfg ai ulj ritrjukjthzjdhl ai n*s sgnh-dhtjltis ai jshng trjls.98J vidis lg si jnmirfj j njs pirsgljs trjls il ngs jngejkhiltgsai cgkmris/kueiris il ngs qui aisijrjl istjr, dglaudhlagnis j shtujdhglis pgtildhjn-kilti pinhfrgsjs, hldnuhag ul inivjag rhisfg ai vhgnildhj sixujn, jdgsg y gtrgs kjngstrjtgs. Is lidisjrhg drijr ul jkmhilti il istgs diltrgs pjrj ivhtjr in jdgsg j njs pirsgljs

trjls. Gtrg prgmnikj is nj `jntj ai jddisg j nj jtildhl sjlhtjrhj, ng qui puiai dglaudhrj ulj hltirrupdhl ain trjtjkhiltg cgrkgljn dglthlujag qui jnfuljs pirsgljs trjlslidishtjl.0?

Jaiks ain jshng, nj khfrjdhl y ngs vhjeis dglsthtuyil gtrgs prgmnikjs pjrj njs pirsgljstrjls. Ngs prgmnikjs j qui si il`riltjl pjrj gmtilir agdukiltgs ai hailthaja luivgsdgl in lgkmri jprgphjag y in djkmhg ai sixg puiail ahsujahr j njs pirsgljs trjls aivhjejr j ul pjs vidhlg, hldnusg pjrj ulj shkpni vhshtj `jkhnhjr ai l ai sikjlj. Ixhstiul khiag j ngs jmusgs pgr pjrti ai ngs fujrahjs ai dgltrgn ai jaujljs dujlag su jspidtg`shdg lg si dgrrispglai dgl in lgkmri y sixg hlahdjags il sus agdukiltgs ai hailth-aja. Nj nhmirtja ai kgvhkhiltg puiai, ai isti kgag, sir frjvikilti ahduntjaj.

Ngs prgmnikjs tjkmhl puiail surfhr il in dgltixtg ai nj riulhdjdhl jkhnhjr. In pjsai grhfil il gdjshglis `uirzj j njs pirsgljs trjls j ahvgrdhjrsi trjs nj rijshfljdhl aiflirg, ng qui puiai dglvirthrsi il ul gmstdung pjrj nj riulhdjdhl `jkhnhjr y pjrj njpgshmhnhaja ai sifuhr vhvhilag dgl in/nj jlthfu* dlyufi il gtrg pjs. Istg vj tjkmhlil aitrhkiltg ai n*s lh*s qui istl il in cgfjr. @hljnkilti, in ridglgdhkhiltg aindjkmhg ai flirg lg thili pgr qu sir jdiptjag il in pjs jn qui nj pirsglj khfrj.

Muiljs prdthdjsHP.

Nj shtujdhl ai airidcgs cukjlgs ai njs pirsgljs trjls il Iurgpj lg is pgshthvj. Thlikmjrfg, jnfulgs prgmnikjs si cjl ridglgdhag y njs muiljs prdthdjs istl jukil-tjlag. Il in djkpg nifjn, cikgs vhstg ridhiltikilti j jnfuljs dgrtis dglsthtudhgljnisridglgdir qui njs niyis ljdhgljnis vhgnjl ngs airidcgs cukjlgs ai njs pirsgljs trjls. Ilin ]ihlg Ylhag, nj Filair ]idgflhthgl Mhnnpuiai, il frjl pjrti, y j ixdipdhl ain riqui-rhkhiltg ai ahvgrdhg, dglshairjrsi dgkg ul ieikpng ai muilj prdthdj. Ti pripjr dglnj pjrthdhpjdhl ai pirsgljs trjls y dglaueg j ul `grkjtg vhjmni, ivhtjlag vhgnjdhglisdgkg nj istirhnhzjdhl `grzjaj, njs dglahdhglis ai trjtjkhiltg kahdg, g ngs trkhtis

ixjfirjags.

Il in kmhtg ain ikpnig, jnfulgs shlahdjtgs cjl aisjrrgnnjag fujs pjrj ikpnijagr*ssgmri nj prgtiddhl ai njs pirsgljs trjls il in trjmjeg, dgkg nj cgnjlaisj JMPJBJMGy in shlahdjtg mrhtlhdg YLHTGL. Il nj dhuaja htjnhjlj ai grhlg, si cj istjmnidhag ulprgfrjkj pjrj rihltifrjr j njs pirsgljs trjls il sus puistgs trjs su dhrufj ai rijshflj-dhl ai flirg.0:Dglstj ai ulj hlvisthfjdhl ispiddj ai njs lidishajais y djpjdhajaisai nj pirsglj trjls y aj gpdhglis ai ikpnigs tikpgrjnis il vjrhjs dgkpjjs, hldnuyil-ag nj pgshmhnhaja ai ul ikpnig pirkjlilti pgstirhgr.

Ylgs pgdgs pjsis cjl aisjrrgnnjag diltrgs kahdgs ai jntj djnhaja qui prgpgrdhgljltrjtjkhiltg ai jpgyg shl ridurrhr j prgdisgs ai ixdishvj ivjnujdhl pshquhtrhdj y ajlagdgmirturj ain sifurg ai sjnua qui hldnuyi tgajs njs `grkjs ahspglhmnis ai dhrufj airijshfljdhl y trjtjkhiltg cgrkgljn.

Il in ]ihlg Ylhag, Jnikjlhj y ngs _jsis Mjegs ixhstil frupgs ai jpgyg pjrj lh*s, jag-nisdiltis y ngs pjaris qui thilil prifultjs rispidtg j nj hailthaja ai flirg. Tu trjmjegis drudhjn. Thl ikmjrfg, ngs sirvhdhgs ahspglhmnis lg sgl sudhiltis, y nj ljldhjdhlpmnhdj pjrj jquinngs qui ixhstil is isdjsj, nj kjygrj ai inngs istl mjeg dglstjlti

jkiljzj ai dnjusurj.

Yljs pgdjs isduinjs y ulhvirshajais j ng njrfg ai Iurgpj cjl ridglgdhag n j lidishaja aitrjtjr in frjl lkirg ai ieikpngs ai jdgsg isdgnjr y ixdnushl ixpirhkiltjags pgr n*sevilis trjls. _gr ieikpng, in Fgvirlkilt Aipjrtkilt gr Dchnaril, Tdcggns jla @jkhnhisain ]ihlg Ylhag ist trjmjejlag dgl ngs frupgs ai jpgyg trjls ks hkpgrtjltis ainpjs pjrj drijr ulj fuj pjrj njs isduinjs sgmri jdgsg trjls`mhdg. Ks jl, in Diltri

`gr Ixdinnildi hl Nijairschpcj trjmjejag dgl ul frupg ai airidcgs trjls pjrj pumnhdjrul dursg ai istuahg pirsgljn sgmri jsultgs trjls pjrj pirsgljn ai ahriddhl y ahridtgr*sai `jduntjais y ai gtrjs hlsthtudhglis iaudjthvjs ai frjag jntg.0=Il ng qui jtji j ngsttungs ulhvirshtjrhgs y agdukiltgs dgl in luivg lgkmri y sixg ai ulj pirsglj trjls,nj Ylhvirshaja ai grhlg ixphai djrlits ulhvirshtjrhgs dgl in lgkmri inifhag jltis ai


14/30

=0 =6

qui si cjyj prgaudhag in djkmhg ai lgkmri nifjn pjrj jdhnhtjr njs dgsjs j n*s i stuahjltistrjls.

Il =??3 y =??8, si cjl hlhdhjag prgyidtgs ai hlvisthfjdhl sgmri ngs airidcgs cukjlgsai njs pirsgljs trjls j lhvin iurgpig. Jnfulgs istjags khikmrgs ain Dglsieg ai Iurgpjcjl hlhdhjag hlvisthfjdhglis j lhvin ljdhgljn sgmri nj shtujdhl ai njs pirsgljs trjls. NjDgkhshl Iurgpij pnjlij pumnhdjr il =??8 ul hl`grki sgmri ahsdrhkhljdhl trjls il njnifhsnjdhl ai nj DI, duyg mgrrjagr ist shilag riajdtjag pgr nj ria ai ixpirt*s nifjnisil nj nudcj dgltrj nj ahsdrhkhljdhl ai nj Ylhl Iurgpij. X si aisij qui in jg =?:?dglauzdj j uljs ridgkilajdhglis snhajs ain Dgkht ai Khlhstrgs ain Dglsieg ai Iu-

rgpj qui aimirjl hldnuhr, pgr prhkirj viz, tikthdjs ai airidcgs cukjlgs rinjdhgljajsispiddjkilti dgl nj hailthaja ai flirg.

Ng qui si lidishtj pjrthdunjrkilti jcgrj is nj prgkgdhl ai ul il`gqui ai airidcgscukjlgs j ngs ritgs qui il`riltjl njs pirsgljs trjls. _jrj dgnjmgrjr dgl istg, is lidisj-rhj nj rijnhzjdhl ai djkpjjs iaudjthvjs qui prgkgdhglil in rispitg y iltilahkhiltgkutugs. In adht ai hl`grkjdhl sgmri ngs prgmnikjs ispiddgs ai njs pirsgljs trjlsy in jdgsg y nj rhahdunhzjdhl qui sgpgrtjl aimil sir trjtjags. Nj Gdhlj ain Dgkhsjrhgcj njlzjag ul istuahg dgkpjrjthvg sgmri nj shtujdhl ai njs pirsgljs NFM il ngs is-tjags khikmrgs ain Dglsieg ai Iurgpj, y nj ahsdrhkhljdhl pgr rjzl ai hailthaja aiflirg tilar ul rgn prgkhlilti il istj hlvisthfjdhl. Ngs risuntjags si ispirjl pjrjgtgg ai =?:?.

Is hkpgrtjlti qui nj ahsdrhkhljdhl pgr rjzl ai hailthaja ai flirg sij trjtjaj pgrnjs istrudturjs ljdhgljnis ai airidcgs cukjlgs y ngs duirpgs ai hfujnaja. Yl muilieikpng ai istg is in hl`grki ai =??0 ai Liw Uijnjla Cukjl ]hfcts Dgkkhsshgl sgmriahsdrhkhljdhl ixpirhkiltjaj pgr njs pirsgljs trjls.04Jshkhskg, il =??3 in MinfhjlHlsthtuti gr Iqujnhty mitwiil Vgkil jla Kil njlz ul istuahg sgmri nj shtujdhl ai njspirsgljs trjls il Mnfhdj. Ngs risuntjags si ispirjl pjrj =??8.

In sgstl j njs grfjlhzjdhglis sgdhjnis qui prgkgdhgljl ngs airidcgs cukjlgs ai njspirsgljs trjls j lhvin iurgpig is drudhjn pjrj su djpjdhaja ai drijr jdthvhajais ai pri-shl y jpgyg. Ai kgkiltg sng ul pujag ai fgmhirlgs, dgkg ngs _jsis Mjegs, Lg-ruifj y Isdgdhj, cjl prgpgrdhgljag ljldhjdhl j GLFs trjls. Ngs jyultjkhiltgs aiPhilj y Mirnl ljldhjrgl njs ags prhkirjs dhtjs ain Iurgpijl rjlsfilair Dguldhnil=??9 y =??3, in dujn is, jdtujnkilti, in lhdg `grg ispiddg pjrj pirsgljs trjls j lhviniurgpig.

@hljnkilti, tjkmhl si lidishtjl ahsdushglis pjrj ilnjzjr ngs airidcgs cukjlgs ai njspirsgljs trjls dgl gtrgs aimjtis y tikjs5 vhgnildhj dgltrj nj kueir, vhgnildhj agksthdj,ahsdrhkhljdhl knthpni, airidcgs idglkhdgs, dunturjnis y sgdhjnis. Yl muil ieikpngai istg is in mrhtlhdg _umnhd Tidtgr Filair Iqujnhty Auty, qui ixhfi j tgajs njs jutgrhaj-

ais pmnhdjs ain ]ihlg Ylhag qui inhkhlil nj ahsdrhkhljdhl hnifjn y in jdgsg pgr rjzlai sixg y qui prgkgdhglil nj hfujnaja ai gpgrtulhajais iltri kueiris y cgkmris

hldnuyilag j ngs trjlsixujnis ai jkmgs flirgs.01


15/30

=3 =8

]idgkilajdhglis pjrj ngs istjags khikmrgs ain Dglsieg ai IurgpjP.

Ngs istjags khikmrgs ain Dglsieg ai Iurgpj aimirjl5

Hkpnjltjr istlajris hltirljdhgljnis ai airidcgs cukjlgs shl ahsdrhkhljdhl:.y prgchmhr ixpndhtjkilti nj ahsdrhkhljdhl pgr rjzl ai hailthaja ai flirgil nj nifhsnjdhl ljdhgljn jlth-ahsdrhkhljdhl. Ngs _rhldhphgs ai Xgfyjbjrtjsgmri nj Jpnhdjdhl ain Airidcg Hltirljdhgljn Cukjlhtjrhg il ]injdhl dglnj Grhiltjdhl Tixujn y nj Hailthaja ai Flirg aimirjl sir usjags dgkg fujpjrj nj hkpnjltjdhl ljdhgljn il isti djkpg2

_rgkunfjr nifhsnjdhglis sgmri drkilis ai gahg qui prgpgrdhglil ulj prgtid-=.dhl ispiddj j njs pirsgljs trjls dgltrj drkilis i hldhailtis trjls`mhdgs2

Aisjrrgnnjr prgdiahkhiltgs idjdis y trjlspjriltis pjrj djkmhjr in lgkmri y4.in sixg ai ulj pirsglj trjls il ngs dirthdjags ai ljdhkhiltg, agdukiltgs aihailthaja, pjsjpgrtis, ttungs jdjakhdgs y gtrgs agdukiltgs shkhnjris2

Jmgnhr nj istirhnhzjdhl y gtrgs trjtjkhiltgs kahdgs gmnhfjtgrhgs dgkg ul ri-1.quhshtg nifjn lidisjrhg pjrj ridglgdir nj hailthaja ai flirg ai nj pirsglj ilnjs niyis qui rifunjl in prgdisg ai djkmhg ai lgkmri y sixg2

Cjdir ngs prgdiahkhiltgs ai rijshfljdhl ai flirg, dgkg ngs trjtjkhiltgs9.cgrkgljnis, nj dhrufj y in jpgyg pshdgnfhdg, jddishmnis pjrj njs pirsgljs trjls,y jsifurjr qui sijl riikmgnsjags pgr ngs shstikjs ai sifurgs ai nj sjlhajapmnhdj2

Inhkhljr dujnquhir ristrhddhl jn airidcg ai njs pirsgljs trjls j kjltilir ul0.kjtrhkglhg priixhstilti dgl pgstirhgrhaja jn ridglgdhkhiltg ain djkmhg ai

flirg2

_ripjrjr i hkpnjltjr pgnthdjs pjrj dgkmjthr nj ahsdrhkhljdhl y ixdnushl qui6.j`rgltjl njs pirsgljs trjls il in kirdjag njmgrjn, il nj iaudjdhl y il nj jshs-tildhj sjlhtjrhj2

Hlvgnudrjr y dglsuntjr j njs pirsgljs trjls y sus grfjlhzjdhglis il in aisjrrgnng3.y nj hkpnjltjdhl ai kiahajs pgnthdjs y nifjnis qui nis dgldhirljl2

Jmgrajr ngs airidcgs cukjlgs ai njs pirsgljs trjls y nj ahsdrhkhljdhl mjsjaj8.il nj hailthaja ai flirg kiahjlti nj iaudjdhl y ngs prgfrjkjs ai grkjdhlil airidcgs cukjlgs, js dgkg j trjvs ai djkpjjs ai dgldhildhjdhl2

_rgpgrdhgljr `grkjdhl j n*s prg`ishgljnis sjlhtjrh*s, hldnuyilag j pshdngf*s,:?.pshquhjtrjs y kahd*s ai jkhnhj, tilhilag il duiltj njs lidishajais y airidcgsai njs pirsgljs trjls y nj lidishaja ai rispitjr su ahflhaja2

Hldnuhr nj tikthdj ai airidcgs cukjlgs ai njs pirsgljs trjls il in kmhtg ai::.jdthvhajais ai ngs duirpgs ai hfujnaja y ai istrudturjs ljdhgljnis ai airidcgscukjlgs2

Aisjrrgnnjr prgyidtgs ai hlvisthfjdhl pjrj ridgfir y jljnhzjr ajtgs sgmri nj:=.shtujdhl ai airidcgs cukjlgs ai njs pirsgljs trjls, hldnuyilag nj ahsdrhkh-

ljdhl i hltgnirjldhj qui ilduiltrjl, dgl nj aimhaj dglshairjdhl jn airidcgj nj prhvjdhaja ai njs pirsgljs hkpnhdjajs.


16/30

4? 4:

: Ailhdhl tgkjaj ai ngs _rhldhphgs ai Xgfyjbjrtj sgmri nj Jpnhdjdhl ain Airidcg Hltirljdhg-ljn Cukjlhtjrhg il ]injdhl dgl nj Grhiltjdhl Tixujn y nj Hailthaja ai Flirg, ahspglhmni il5www.ygfyjbjrtjprhldhpnis.grf.

= Hmha.

4 Pjsi tjkmhl in _ultg ai Phstj ain Dgkhsjrhg Ahsdrhkhljthgl jfjhlst trjlsfilair pirsgls kust lgtnglfir mi tgnirjtia, pumnhdjag in 9 ai ilirg ai =??8.

1 Dgkhshl ai njs Ljdhglis Ylhajs sgmri Airidcgs Idglkhdgs, Tgdhjnis y Dunturjnis. GmsirvjdhlFilirjn L =? sgmri Lg Ahsdrhkhljdhl.

9 IDtC], vjl Bdb v. Firkjly, siltildhj ai := ai eulhg ai =??4.

0 IDtC], M. v. @rjldi, siltildhj ai =9 ai kjrzg ai :88= y Dcrhsthlj Fggawhl v. Y.B., siltildhj

ai :: ai Eunhg ai =??=.6 Nj ahsdrhkhljdhl pgr rjzl ai sixg si cj hldnuhag aurjlti kudcg thikpg il nj nifhsnjdhl rinivjltiai nj Dgkulhaja Iurgpij. Aisai :896, in rjtjag ai nj DII cj dgltilhag ulj privhshl prgchmhilagin pjfg aishfujn ai sjnjrhgs j kueiris y cgkmris, qui ui rivhsjaj il in rjtjag ai Jkstirajk. Aisai:869, nj YI cj ikhthag vjrhjs ahridthvjs rispidtg j nj ahsdrhkhljdhl pgr rjzl ai sixg.

3 EDI, Djsg D-:4/81, _ v. T. jla Dgrlwjnn Dhty Dguldhn, siltildhj ai 4? ai jmrhn ai :880, ID]R:880[ H=:14, EDI, Djsg ::6/?:, B.M. v. Ljthgljn Cijntc Tirvhdi _ilshgls Jfildy, Tidritjry g`Ttjti `gr Cijntc, siltildhj ai 6 ai ilirg ai =??1, EDI, Djsg D-1=4/?1, Tjrjc Kjrfjrit ]hdcjrasv. Tidritjry g` Ttjti gr Vgrb jla _ilshgls, siltildhj ain =6-?1-=??0. Pjsi pjrj ulj ixpnhdjdhl aindjrdtir prgfrishvg ai njs siltildhjs5 Jfildhj Iurgpij ai ngs Airidcgs @ulajkiltjnis, Cgkgpcgmhjjla Ahsdrhkhljthgl gl tci frgulas g` sixujn grhiltjthgl hl tci IY Kikmir Ttjtis, _jrt H Nifjn

Jljnyshs, p. :=1.

8 IDtC], M. v. @rjldi, siltildhj ai =9 ai kjrzg ai :88= (Tirhi J l =4=-D) (ahìrildhjlag njssiltildhjs ai ]iis y Dgssiy)2 Tcifflin jla Cgrscjk v. tci Ylhtia Bhlfagk, siltildhj ai 4? ai eunhg ai:8832 Dcrhsthli Fggawhl v. tci Ylhtia Bhlfagk, jdusjdhl l 4=96?/?4, siltildhj ai =4 ai kjygai =??0.

:? Ti djndunj qui il rijnhaja tjl sng in :?% ai tgajs njs pirsgljs trjls inhfil, g thilil jddisg g pgsh-mhnhaja ai sgkitirsi j ulj dhrufj ai rijshfljdhl ai flirg.

:: Jfildhj Iurgpij ai Airidcgs @ulajkiltjnis, Cgkgpcgmhj jla Ahsdrhkhljthgl gl tci frgulas g`

sixujn grhiltjthgl hl tci IY Kikmir Ttjtis, _jrt H Nifjn Jljnyshs, p. :=0.:= Pjsi Ahridthvj ain Dglsieg ai Iurgpj =??1/::4/ID ai :4 ai ahdhikmri ai =??1 qui hkpnikiltjin prhldhphg ai hfujnaja ai trjtg pjrj kueiris y cgkmris il in jddisg j y sukhlhstrg ai mhilis y sirvh-dhgs, GE N 464, =:-:=-=??1, p. 462 y Ahridthvj =??0/91/ID ain _jrnjkiltg Iurgpig y ain Dglsiegai Iurgpj ai 9 ai eunhg ai =??0 pjrj nj hkpnjltjdhl ain prhldhphg ai hfujnaja ai gpgrtulhajais ihfujnaja ai trjtg ai cgkmris y kueiris il kjtirhj ai ikpnig y prgìshl (virshl jdtujnhzjaj), GE N

=?1 ai =0-6-=??0, p. =4 (virshl jdtujnhzjaj ai nj Ahridthvj ai Flirg).

:4 Aidnjrjdhl ai nj Gdhlj ain Jntg Dgkhshgljag ai Airidcgs Cukjlgs ai njs Ljdhglis Ylhajs pjrjnj Dglìrildhj Hltirljdhgljn ai Airidcgs Cukjlgs NFM, Kgltrijn, =0 ai eunhg ai =??0, ahspglhmniil www.ulcdcr.dc/curhdjli/curhdjli.ls`/?/M8:JI9=09:A44@?AD:=96:MI??=@:6=D

:1 Jntg Dgkhshgljag ai njs Ljdhglis Ylhajs pjrj ngs ]iùfhjags, YLCD] Fuhajldi Lgti gl ]iùfiiDnjhks ]injthlf tg Tixujn Grhiltjthgl jla Filair Hailthty, ai =: ai lgvhikmri =??3, ahspglhmni il5www.ulcdr.grf/ri`wgrna/agdha/13jma900?.ctkn.

:9 ]idgkkilajthgl :::6 /:838 gl dglahthgl g` trjlssixujns, ahspglhmni il5cttp5//jssikmny.dgi.hlt/kjhl.jsp7Nhlb;/agdukilts/jagptiatixt/tj38/irid:::6.ctk.

:0 ]isgnuthgl gl ahsdrhkhljthgl jfjhlst trjlssixujns, Gffldhjn Egurljn g` tci Iurgpijl Dgkkulhthis,D =90, ?8/:?6/:?38, p. ??44.

:6 ]isgnudhl ain _jrnjkiltg Iurgpig sgmri nj cgkg`gmhj il Iurgpj (=??0), ahspglhmni il5www.iurgpjrn.iurgpj.iu/shais/fitAgd.ag7typi;J&njlfujfi;IL&riìrildi;_0-J-=??0-??:32]isgnudhl ain _jrnjkiltg Iurgpig sgmri nj cgkg`gmhj il Iurgpj (=??6), ahspglhmni il5www.iurgpjrn.iurgpj.iu/shais/fitAgd.ag7pum]i`;-//I_//IS+J+_0-J-=??6-?:06+?+AGD+

SKN+P?//IL.:3 _rhldhphgs ai Xgfyjbjrtj sgmri nj Jpnhdjdhl ain Airidcg Hltirljdhgljn Cukjlhtjrhg il ]injdhldgl nj Grhiltjdhl Tixujn y nj Hailthaja ai Flirg, p. ::-:=.

:8 Tuidhj prgcmi nj ahsdrhkhljdhl pgr rjzl ai nj hailthaja g ixprishl ai flirg trjls ai nj pir-sglj il in Ahsdrhkhljthgl Jdt qui cj iltrjag il vhfgr in : ai ilirg ai =??8.

=? Jfildhj ai Airidcgs @ulajkiltjnis ai nj Ylhl Iurgpj (@]J), Cgkgpcgmhj jla Ahsdrhkhljthglgl tci frgulas g` sixujn grhiltjthgl hl tci IY Kikmir Ttjtis, _jrt H Nifjn Jljnyshs, p. =?.

=: Pjsi Iur. Dt. C], M v. @rjldi, siltildhj ai =9 ai kjrzg ai :88= (Tirhis J L =4=-D) (ahsthl-fuhilag njs siltildhjs ai ]iis y Dgssiy), Iur. Dt. C], Tcifflina jla Cgrscjk v. tci Ylhtia Bhlfagk,siltildhj ai 4? ai eunhg ai :883, Iur. Dt. C], Dcrhsthli Fggawhl v. tci Ylhtia Bhlfagk, jdusjdhl

=3896/89, siltildhj ai :: ai Eunhg ai =??=. Iur. Dt C] (1 siddhl), Frjlt v. tci Ylhtia Bhlfagk,jdusjdhl L 4=96?/?4, siltildhj ai =4 ai kjyg ai =??0.

== Pjsi Jfildhj ai Airidcgs @ulajkiltjnis ai nj Ylhl Iurgpj (@]J), Cgkgpcgmhj jla Ahs-drhkhljthgl gl tci frgulas g` sixujn grhiltjthgl hl tci IY Kikmir Ttjtis, _jrt H Nifjn Jljnyshs, p.:4:-:44.

=4 Istg is in ìlkilg qui hlahdj in kjnistjr qui njs pirsgljs shiltil dgl in sixg mhgnfhdg dgl in quiljdhirgl. Pjsi prrj`g 4.4. pjrj ulj ixpnhdjdhl ks aitjnnjaj.

=1 Jahdhgljnkilti, njs pirsgljs tjkmhl thilil qui aikgstrjr qui cjl vhvhag il su luivg flirg au-

rjlti ul njrfg pirhgag nj js nnjkjaj ixpirhildhj ai nj vhaj rijn. Nj ixpirhildhj ai nj vhaj rijn,eultg dgl in trjtjkhiltg cgrkgljn y njs dhrufjs ai rijshfljdhl sixujn j njs qui pridiai, `grkjl ngstris inikiltgs ai nj tirjphj trhpjrthtj qui il ngs istjags khikmrgs j kiluag dglsthtuyi ul riquhshtgpjrj in ridglgdhkhiltg ain flirg luivg.

=9 Aispus ai qui in rhmuljn Dglsthtudhgljn ahdtjkhljrj il dgltrj ai isti djsg (P`FC =8/?8/=??3,M 1::/?3, M 1:=/?3), in rhmuljn Tuprikg Jakhlhstrjthvg pgshmhnht in djkmhg nifjn il =??8 (PwFC

=6/?=/=??8).

=0 MPir F, : MvN 4/?4 (0 ai ahdhikmri ai =??9).

=6 _jrj ks hl`grkjdhl sgmri nj Niy ispjgnj, vjsi ]jquin _njtirg, Gpil @gruk glTpjhl5 Gutstjlahlf dcjnnilfis hl j pgst-iqujnhty irj5 Qi sjki-six kjrrhjfi jla fil-air hailthty njws hl Tpjhl, Ylhvirshaja ai Kjarha (=??3)2 sgmri nj Niy mrhtlhdj, vjsi


17/30

4= 44

www.gpsh.fgv.ub/jdts/jdts=??1/ubpfjW=??1???6WilW:.

=3 Mnfhdj, _jsis Mjegs, Ispjj, Lgruifj, Tuidhj.

=8 _rg` Ttipcil Vchttni GMI, Ar Niwhs urlir, ]yjl Dgkms, Ttipcilli ]cgais rjlsfilair IurgT-tuay5 Nifjn Turviy jla @gdus gl tci rjlsfilair Ixpirhildi g` Cijntc Djri =??3 rjlsfilairIurgpi i HNFJ-Iurgpj, p. ==-=4.

4? Il in pjs il duisthl, nj dustgahj cjmhtujnkilti is dgldiahaj j nj kjari, y nj Niy ai rjlsixuj-nhaja ispidhdj qui nj rinjdhl dgl lh*s ljdha*s privhjkilti pirkjlidi vhldunjaj jn sixg jltirhgr-kilti rifhstrjag.

4: rhmuljn Dglsthtudhgljn Tuprikg ai Justrhj, Mvir`F, : MvN :/?1 (:3 ai eunhg ai =??0)2 rhmuljnDglsthtudhgljn @iairjn ai Jnikjlhj, MPir`F, : MvN :?/?9 (=6 ai kjyg ai =??3).

4= _rg` Ttipcil Vchttni GMI, Ar Niwhs urlir, ]yjl Dgkms, Ttipcilli ]cg-ais rjlsfilair IurgTtuay5 Nifjn Turviy jla @gdus gl tci rjlsfilair Ixpi-rhildi g` Cijntc Djri =??3 rjlsfilair Iurgpi i HNFJ-Iurgpj.

44 In Kjlujn Ahjflsthdg y Istjasthdg ai ngs rjstgrlgs Kiltjnis, 1 Iahdhl (ATK-HP-]) iluki-rj rjstgrlg ai nj hailthaja ai flirg il jagnisdiltis g jauntgs (djtifgrj 4?=.39) y rjstgrlg ainj hailthaja ai flirg il lhgs (djtifgrj 4?=.0) il in d jptung rjstgrlgs sixujnis y ai nj hailthajaai flirg. Pjsi www.hda8ajtj.dgk/=??8/Pgnuki:/=8?-4:8/4??-4:0/4?=/4?=.39.ctk.

41 Ti puiai dglsuntjr nj Dnjshdjdhl Istjasthdj Hltirljdhgljn ai Ilìrkiajais y gtrgs _rgmnikjs aiTjnua (DHI) il www.wcg.hlt/dnjsshdjthgls/hda/il/. Nj rjlsixujnhaja is lgkmrjaj il in djptung 9(rjstgrlgs kiltjnis y ai dgkpgrtjkhiltg), djtifgrj @01.

49 Aidnjrjdhl sgmri nj ]i`grkj ain ATK, rjlsfilair Iurgpi (FIY), = ai lgvhikmri ai =??3.FIY is nj ria iurgpij ai frupgs i hlahvhaugs trjls.

40 Kudc*s prgìshgljnis sjlhtjrh*s ispidhjnhzja*s sijnjl qui in trjtjkhiltg dglshsti ùlajkiltjnkil-ti il kgahdjdhglis shdjs pjrj ngfrjr ulj jrkglj iltri in duirpg y nj jutgpirdipdhl ai nj hailthajaai flirg kiltjn (pshdgnfhdj, ikgdhgljn), ks qui jn rivs. Istj nlij is kjltilhaj pgr V_JC,Vgrna _rgìsshgljn Jssgdhjtgl `gr rjlsfilair Cijntc (Jsgdhjdhl _rgìshgljn Kulahjn pjrj nj Tjnuarjlsflirj). Thl ikmjrfg, V_JC jl lg cj jdtujnhzjag sus Lgrkjs ai Duhajag aisai =??:, yshfui hldnuyilag in trjlsixujnhskg dgkg trjstgrlg kiltjn, julqui jdtujnkilti si istl ahsduthilagdjkmhgs.

46 Jcgrj ixhsti ulj gpgrtulhaja pjrj djkmhjr istj pgshdhl, yj qui in djtngfg ain ATK si ist rivh-sjlag il istgs kgkiltgs. Yl frupg ai trjmjeg rivhsjr in ATK, y in risuntjag ai istj rivhshl si ixpri-sjr il in ATK-P, duyj pumnhdjdhl ist privhstj il in =?:=. Pjsi tjkmhl nj aidnjrjdhl dgleultj ai

=3 ai kjyg ai =??3 ikhthaj pgr njs grfjlhzjdhglis lgrtijkirhdjljs Ljthgljn Diltir gr rjlsfilairIqujnhty (LDI), rjlsfilair Njw jla _gnhdi Hlsthtui (N_H), rjlsfilair Njw Diltir (ND) yrjlsfilair Xgutc @jkhny Jnnhis (X@J).

43 vjl Bdb v. Firkjly (jdusjdhl L 49803/86) prrj`g 16, 64 y 3=, y N . v. Nhtcujlhj (jdusj-dhl L =69=6/?4) prrj`g 98 y 61.

48 Dgkg gtrg ieikpng si pgarj lgkmrjr dujlag ul cgkmri trjlsixujn iltrj il ul cgsphtjn pjrj quini ixtrjhfjl sus rfjlgs ikilhlgs hltirlgs, pirg is hlfrisjag il ulj ulhaja ai kueiris.

1? rjlsfilair IurgTtuay, gp. dht., p. 99 y 93. Pjsi tjkmhl in hl`grki ai Mildi Tgnykr (=??9),Qi Thtujthgl g` rjlsfilair _igpni hl tci Culfjrhjl Tgdhjn jla Cijntc Djri Tystik, il5 jbds E.(ia.)5 J nib kttih (Turfiry g` tci Tgun), Muajpist5 e Kjlatuk Bhja.

1: Jfildhj ai Airidcgs @ulajkiltjnis ai nj Ylhl Iurgpj (@]J), Cgkgpcgmhj jla Ahsdrhkhljthglgl tci frgulas g` sixujn grhiltjthgl hl tci IY Kikmir Ttjtis, _jrt HH Qi Tgdhjn Thtujthgl, p. :==.

1= Ttipcil Vchttni, Niwhs urlir, Kjryjk Jn-Jnjkh, Ilfilairia _iljnthis5 rjlsfil-

air jla rjlssixujn _igpnis Ixpirhildis g` Hliqujnhty jla Ahsdrhkhljthgl, ahspglhmniwww.p`d.grf.ub/nis/Ilfilairia_iljnthis.pa`, y dgkg dhtjag il5 Jfildhj ai Airidcgs @ulajkiltjnisai nj Ylhl Iurgpj (@]J), Cgkgpcgmhj jla Ahsdrhkhljthgl gl tci frgulas g` sixujn grhiltjthgl hltci IY Kikmir Ttjtis, _jrt HH Qi Tgdhjn Thtujthgl.

14 Nj hlvisthfjdhl il @rjldhj ùi rijnhzjaj pgr CIT y niKJF-Xgulf NFM Kvt, vjsiwww.kjf-pjrhs.`r. Nj hlvisthfjdhl hrnjlaisj, Tuppgrthlf NFM Nhvis5 J Ttuay g` tci Kiltjn Cijntcg` Nismhjl, Fjy, Mhsixujn jla rjlsfilair _igpni, si pumnhd il =??8. Hl`grkjdhl sgmri suhdhahgsiltri pirsgljs trjls si puiai ildgltrjr il nj pfhlj 89.

11 Ttjtils @gnbscnsghlsthtut (=??9) Cgkgsixuinnjs, mhsixuinnjs gdc trjlspirsglirs cnsgshtujthgl, ti-rrjppgrtirhlf jv rifirhlfsupparjf jtt ulairsbj gdc jljnysirj cnsgshtujthglil mnjla cmt-pirsglir,stirsula5 @CH, p. =:.

19 Ajtgs dgkg dhtjags il Jfildhj ai Airidcgs @ulajkiltjnis ai nj Ylhl Iurgpj (@]J), Cgkgpcg-mhj jla Ahsdrhkhljthgl gl tci frgulas g` sixujn grhiltjthgl hl tci IY Kikmir Ttjtis, _jrt HH QiTgdhjn Thtujthgl y il Istivj, H it jn. (=??:) Tgdhjn Hliqujnhthis5 Aikgfrjpchd Dcjrjdtirhsthds g` _j-thilts rijtia jt tci @hrst Filair Hailthty Ahsgrair Ylht hl Tpjhl, dgkulhdjdhl prisiltjaj il in SPHHCjrry Milejkhl Hltirljthgljn Filair Ayspcgrhj Jssgdhjthgl Tykpgshuk, Fjnvistgl, ixjs.

10 Vchttni, T, urlir, N, Jn-Jnjkh K (=??6) Ilfilairia _iljnthis5 rjlsfilair jla rjls-sixujn _igpnis Ixpirhildis g` Hliqujnhty jla Ahsdrhkhljthgl, Vitcirmy5 Qi Iqujnhthis ]i-vhiw.

16 Tdgtthsc rjlsfilair Jnnhjldi (=??3) rjlsfilair Ixpirhildis hl Tdgtnjla - ]isijrdcTukkjry, Iahlmurfg5 Iqujnhty Litwgrb, p. :1.

13 Nictglil, E, Kustgnj, B (=??1) Ttrjhfct _igpni aglt tinn, ag tciy...7 Lifgthjthlf tcimgulajrhis g` sixujnhty jla filair jt wgrb, Cinshlbh5 Khlhstry g` Njmgur.

18 Djsg D-1=4/?1, Tjrjc Kjrfjrit ]hdcjras v. Tidritjry g` Ttjti `gr Vgrb jla _ilshgls,siltildhj ai =6 ai Jmrhn ai =??6.

9? Vchttni, T , urlir, N, Jn-Jnjkh K (=??6) Ilfilairia _iljnthis5 rjlsfilair jla rjls-sixujn _igpnis Ixpirhildis g` Hliqujnhty jla Ahsdrhkhljthgl, Vitcirmy5 Qi Iqujnhthis ]i-vhiw.

9: Gmsirvjdhglis dgldnuyiltis rinjthvjs jn ]ihlg Ylhag ai Frjl Mritjj i Hrnjlaj ain Lgrti,D]D/D/:9/Jaa.:33, 8 ai gdtumri ai =??=.


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41 49

9= Pjsi, i.e., Mjsjrjl, X, Jymjsth, H jla Djbkjb, T (=??8) _rgmniks g` rjlsfilair Vg-kil5 J Turviy Dglaudtia hl Hstjlmun (il prilsj) y Iurgpijl Dgkkhsshgls urbiy =??3_rgfriss ]ipgrt, p. =4.

94 GTDI/GAHC] (=??6) Cjti Drhkis hl tci GTDI ]ifhgl5 Hldhailts jla ]ispglsis2Jllujn ripgrt `gr =??02 Pjrsgvhj5 GTDI/GAHC], p. 94`.

91 Cukjl ]hfcts Vjtdc, Vi liia j njw `gr nhmirjthgl Filair, sixujnhty, jla cukjlrhfcts hl j dcjlfhlf urbiy. GTDI/GAHC] (=??6) Cjti Drhkis hl tci GTDI ]ifhgl5Hldhailts jla ]ispglsis2 Jllujn ripgrt `gr =??02 Pjrsgvhj5 GTDI/GAHC], p. 91.

99 Cjti Drhki Njws5 J _rjdthdjn Fuhai, p.6, ahspglhmni il5www.gsdi.grf/pumnhdjthgls/gahcr/=??8/?4/4006:W:=04Wil.pa`.

90 www.dps.fgv.ub/_umnhdjthgls/prgsiduthgl/cgkgpcgmhj.ctkn (=0/:?/?3).

96 _TLH Ttjthsthds (=??3) Jllujn Ttjthsthdjn ]ipgrt, Ttjthsthdjn ]ipgrt Lg. 42 Cjti Hldhailts& Drhkis2 :st Jprhn =??6 4:st Kjrdc =??32 Min`jst5 _TLH2 =??3.

93 Jntg Dgkhshgljag ai njs Ljdhglis Ylhajs pjrj ngs ]iùfhjags, YLCD] Fuhajldi Lgtigl ]iùfii Dnjhks ]injthlf tg Tixujn Grhiltjthgl jla Filair Hailthty, =: ai Lgvikmirai =??3. Istj Lgtj Grhiltjthvj dgkpnitj nj jltirhgr Fuj sgmri _rgtiddhl HltirljdhgljnL :5 YLCD] Fuhainhlis gl Hltirljthgljn _rgtidthgl Lg. :5 Filair-]injtia _irsiduthgl,ailtrg ain dgltixtg ain jrtdung : (=) ai nj Dglvildhl ai :89: y/g ai su _rgtgdgng rinjthvgjn Istjtus ai ]iùfhjag ai kjyg ai =??=. Jkmjs fujs sgl rinivjltis pjrj nj ivjnujdhl ainjs aikjlajs ai jshng rijnhzjajs pgr pirsgljs trjls.

98 Pjsi pgr ieikpng nj hlvisthfjdhl rijnhzjaj pgr nj Cinshlbh Dhthzils Jssikmny y nj Grfj-lhsjthgl `gr ]iùfii, Jsynuk & Khfrjthgl (G]JK)5 Ylsjì cjvil tci sidurhty dcjnnilfis`jdhlf nismhjl, fjy, mhsixujn jla trjlsfilair jsynuk siibirs jla riùfiis hl urbiy (=??8).

0? _rgmnikjs shkhnjris j`rgltjl njs pirsgljs trjls il prhshl, qui puiail tilir qui ildjrjrpirhgags ai thikpg shl tirjphj cgrkgljn. Istg puiai trjaudhrsi il ul pirhgag prgnglfjag aihltirrupdhl ai trjtjkhiltg y puiai djusjr prgmnikjs ai sjnua sirhgs, dgkg in aisjrrgnng aigstigpgrgshs il cgkmris trjlsixujnis, js dgkg nj jpjrhdhl ai djkmhgs shgnfhdgs hrrivirsh-

mnis dgkg in aisjrrgnng ai djnvhdhi il kueiris trjlsixujnis. Njs pirsgljs trjlsixujnis ildgl-trjrl `riduiltikilti ahduntjais il in jddisg j jsisgrjkhiltg, tirjphj cgrkgljn g dhrufj,

yj qui kudcjs prhshglis g shstikjs pilhtildhjrhgs driil lg tilir njs hlstjnjdhglis pjrj nnivjrj n*s pris*s trjlsixujnis. Il jnfulgs djsgs si nis pirdhmi dgkg sh hltiltjsil usjr in trjtjkhiltgpjrj `jnsijr nj dglailj.

0: Istj is ulj hlhdhjthvj il nj qui dgnjmgrjl GLFs, jfildhjs ai trjmjeg y in Dglsieg Ku-lhdhpjn.

0= Vchttni, T2 urlir, N (=??6) Nijahlf rjls Iqujnhty5 J ggnbht `gr Dg-nnifis, Njldjstir5 Qi Diltri `gr Ixdinnildi hl Nijairschp, ahspglhmni il5cttp5//sirvhdis.p`d.grf.ub/nis/DINWtggnbht.pa`.

04 g mi wcg H jk. ]ipgrt g` tci Hlquhry hltg Ahsdrhkhljthgl `jdia my trjlsfilair pigpni,

ahspglhmni il5 www.crd.dg.lz/crdWliw/crd/dks/nis/agdukilts/=:-Ejl-=??3W:8-?4-:=WrjlsfilairW@hljnW=.pa`.

01 Iqujnhty jla Cukjl ]hfcts Dgkkhsshgl (=??3) Gvirvhiw g` tci filair iqujnhty auty,Fuhajldi `gr pumnhd mgahis wgrbhlf hl Ilfnjla, Vjnis jla Tdgtnjla, ahspglhmni il5 www.iqujnhtycukjlrhfcts.dgk.


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40 46

Ttrjsmgurf, =8 Euny =??8 DgkkAC/Hssui_jpir(=??8)= Grhfhljn virshgl

Cukjl ]hfcts jla Filair HailthtyHssui _jpir my Qgkjs Cjkkjrmirf, Dguldhn g` Iurgpi Dgkkhsshglir `gr Cukjl ]hfcts

Qjmni g` Dgltilts

H. HltrgaudthglHH. Hltirljthgljn Cukjl ]hfcts NjwHHH. Tpidhd cukjl rhfcts hssuis

4.: Filair hailthty js j ahsdrhkhljthgl frgula hl Dguldhn g` Iurgpi kikmir stjtis

4.= Nifjn ridgflhthgl g` tci priìrria filair4.=.: Dglahthgls `gr tci dcjlfi g` six jla ljki4.=.= Dglsiquildis `gr `jkhny4.4 Jddiss tg cijntc djri4.1 Jddiss tg tci njmgur kjrbit4.9 rjlspcgmhj jla vhgnildi jfjhlst trjlsfilair pirsgls4.0 rjlsfilair riùfiis jla khfrjlts

HP. Fgga prjdthdisP. ]idgkkilajthgls tg Dguldhn g` Iurgpi kikmir stjtis

Dgkkhsshglirs Hssui _jpirsHssui _jpirs jri dgkkhsshglia jla pumnhscia my tci Dgkkhsshglir `gr Cukjl ]hfcts `grtci purpgsi g` dgltrhmuthlf tg aimjti gr ùrtcir riidthgl gl j durrilt jla hkpgrtjlt cu-kjl rhfcts kjttir. Jnn gphlhgls hl tcisi ixpirt pjpirs ag lgt lidissjrhny riidt tci pgsh-thgl g` tci Dgkkhsshglir. Qi Hssui _jpirs jri jvjhnjmni gl tci Dgkkhsshglirs wim-shti5

www.dgkkhsshglir.dgi.hlt.

H. Hltrgaudthgl

Filair hailthty hs gli g` tci kgst ùlajkiltjn jspidts g` nhì. Qi six g` j pirsgl hs usujnny

jsshflia jt mhrtc jla midgkis j sgdhjn jla nifjn `jdt `rgk tciri gl. Cgwivir, j rinjthviny skjnnlukmir g` pigpni ixpirhildi prgmniks whtc mihlf j kikmir g` tci six ridgraia jt mhrtc. Qhsdjl jnsg mi sg `gr hltirsix pirsgls wcgsi mgahis hldgrpgrjti mgtc gr dirtjhl jspidts g` mgtckjni jla ìkjni pcyshgngfy, jla jt thkis tcihr filhtjn jljtgky. @gr gtcirs, prgmniks jrhsi mi-djusi tcihr hlljti pirdipthgl g` tciksinvis hs lgt hl dgl`grkhty whtc tci six jsshflia tg tcikjt mhrtc. Qisi pirsgls jri riìrria tg js trjlsfilair gr trjlssixujn pirsgls, jla tci durriltpjpir rinjtis tg tchs frgup g` pigpni.

Qi cukjl rhfcts shtujthgl g` trjlsfilair pirsgls cjs nglf miil hflgria jla lifnidtia, jn-tcgufc tci prgmniks tciy `jdi jri sirhgus jla g`til spidhd tg tchs frgup jngli. rjlsfilairpigpni ixpirhildi j chfc aifrii g` ahsdrhkhljthgl, hltgnirjldi jla gutrhfct vhgnildi. Qihrmjshd cukjl rhfcts jri vhgnjtia, hldnuahlf tci rhfct tg nhì, tci rhfct tg pcyshdjn hltifrhty jlatci rhfct tg cijntc.

Jntcgufc tci lukmir g` trjlsfilair pirsgls hs skj nn, ht scguna mi pghltia gut tcjt tci trjls-filair dgkkulhty hs viry ahvirsi. Ht hldnuais pri-gpirjthvi jla pgst-gpirjthvi trjlssixujnpirsgls, mut jnsg pirsgls wcg ag lgt dcggsi tg ulairfg gr ag lgt cjvi jddiss tg gpirjthgls.Qiy kjy hailth`y js ìkjni-tg-kjni (@K) gr kjni-tg-ìkjni (K@) trjlsfilair pirsgls,jla kjy gr kjy lgt cjvi ulairfgli surfiry gr cgrkgljn tcirjpy. Qi dgkkulhty jnsg hl-dnuais drgss-arissirs, trjlsvisthtis jla gtcir pigpni wcg ag lgt t tci ljrrgw djtifgrhis g`kjni gr ìkjni. Kjly nifjn `rjkiwgrbs glny siik tg riìr tg trjlssixujn pirsgls, nijvhlfgut j aidhshvi pjrt g` tci dgkkulhty.

Hl grair tg ulairstjla tci dgldipt g` filair hailthty, ht hs hkpgrtjlt tg ahsthlfuhsc mitwiiltci lgthgls g` six jla f

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