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Deammonification for Cost-Effective
Sidestream Treatment
MWEA Process Seminar
November 8, 2017
Lucy Pugh, P.E., BCEE
Vice President
Wastewater Technical Practice Leader
Overview
1. What is deammonification? - the fundamentals
2. Why deammonification?
3. Sidestream deammonification
– DEMON suspended growth
– AnitaMox attached growth
– ANAMMOX granular sludge
4. Mainstream deammonification
Fundamentals of Deammonification
Fundamentals of Nitrification - Denitrification
Oxygen demand 4.57 g / g NH+4-N oxidized
Carbon demand 4.77 g COD / g NO-3-N reduced
1 mol Ammonia
(NH3/ NH4 +)
1 mol Nitrite(NO2
- )
1 mol Nitrate(NO3
- )
75% O2
100% Alkalinity
Autotrophic Nitrification
Aerobic Environment
1 mol Nitrite(NO2
- )
½ mol Nitrogen Gas
(N2 )
25% O2
40% Carbon
60% Carbon
Heterotrophic Denitrification
Anoxic Environment
Fundamentals of Nitritation - Denitritation
1 mol Ammonia
(NH3/ NH4 +)
1 mol Nitrate(NO3
- )
½ mol Nitrogen Gas
(N2 )
25% O2
40% Carbon
60% Carbon
1 mol Nitrite(NO2
- )
1 mol Nitrite(NO2
- )
• 25% reduction in oxygen
• 40 % reduction in carbon demand
• 40% reduction in biomass production
Oxygen demand 3.42 g / g NH+4-N oxidized
Carbon demand 2.86 g COD / g NO-3-N reduced
Autotrophic Nitritation
Aerobic Environment
75% O2
100% Alkalinity
Heterotrophic Denitrification
Anoxic Environment
Fundamentals of Deammonification
Oxygen demand 1.9 g / g NH+4-N oxidized
1 mol Ammonia
(NH3/ NH4 +)
1 mol Nitrate(NO3
- )
25% O2
40% Carbon
NH4+ + 1.32 NO2
- + 0.066 HCO3- + 0.13 H+
0.26 NO3- + 1.02N2 + 0.066 CH2O0.5N0.15 + 2.03 H2O
0.44 mol N2+ 0.11 NO3-
0.57 mol NO2-
Partial Nitritation
Aerobic Environment
ANAMMOX Deammonification
Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation Autotrophic
Nitrite Reduction
(New Planctomycete, Strous et. al. 1999)
• > 60% reduction in oxygen
• Eliminate demand for supplemental carbon
• 50% of the alkalinity demand
Partial Nitritation 40% O2
50% Alkalinity
Why Deammonification?
- A Strategy for Energy Neutrality
Overall Benefit of Deammonification Processes
– Eliminates need for carbon - available for energy recovery
– Significant reduction in energy demand possible
– Reduction in alkalinity demand
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1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Nitrification /
Denitrification
Nitritation /
Denitritation
Deammonification
(a.k.a. ANAMMOX)
kW
-hr /
kg
N r
em
ove
d
Typical Energy Demand Ranges
Activated-sludge
Aeration 55.6%
Pumping & Screening 7%
Aerated Grit Removal 1%
Primary Clarifiers 1%
Aeration48%
RAS Pumping 2%
Secondary Clarifiers 1%
Chemical Addition 2%
Filter Feed Pumping 4%
Filtration 2%
Gravity Thickening
0%
Dissolved
Air Flotation 7%
Gravity Belt
Thickener 1%
Anaerobic Digestion
9%
Belt Filter Press 1%
Centrifuge 8%
Chlorination 0%
UV Disinfection 4%
Lighting & Misc. 2%
400 MLD (105 mgd) Nitrifying Activated Sludge Facility
Distribution of Energy Usage for a
Typical BNR WWTP
The Road to Sustainable and Efficient
Nitrogen Management
1. A-Stage – maximize carbon capture
2. Biosolids – maximize energy recovery
3. B-Stage – minimize carbon and energy demand for nutrient management
1 3
3
2
Sidestream Deammonification Technologies
Centrate / Filtrate Characteristics
13
Screening Primary clarifier Biological treatmentSecondary
clarifier
River
Refuse
Sand,
grease
ThickenerDigester
Gas holder CHP
Dewatering
Sludge disposal /
beneficial reuse
SidestreamTreatment
• 1% plant influent flow
• Rich in nitrogen and phosphorus
• 15 to 25% plant influent TN load
• Ammonia: 500 to 3,000 mg-N/L
• Phosphorus: 200 to 800 mg-P/L
• Temperature: 30 to 38C
• Insufficient alkalinity for complete nitrification
• Insufficient carbon for denitrification
Reduce
Effluent TN by
≈ 20%
Challenges of Sidestream Deammonification
– Low growth rate • approximate 10 day doubling time at 30C
• <10 day has been reported (Park et. al - 5.3 - 8.9 days)
• SRT (>30 days)
– Sensitive to:• Nitrite
− Toxic- irreversible loss of activity based on concentration and exposure time
− NH4+ : NO2
- ratio 1 : 1.32
• DO - reversible inhibition
• Free ammonia (<10 -15 mg/l)
• Temperature >30C preferred
• pH (neutral range)
Sidestream Nitritation – NOB Repression
– Control
• Elevated NH3-N concentrations
• Elevated temperature (30-35 deg C)
• Low SRT (1-2 days)
• Low DO (~0.5 mg/L)
– NOB Repression Mechanisms
• Free NH3 –N inhibition of NOB > AOB
• Nitrous acid inhibition of NOB > AOB
• AOB max growth rate > NOB max growth rate at high temperatures
• AOB DO affinity > NOB DO affinity (perhaps only at high temperatures)
Deammonification Technologies
– DEMON® Suspended Growth SBR
• World Water Works
• 54 facilities in operation
• York River, VA; Alexandria, VA; Blue Plains, DC
– Cleargreen® Suspended Growth SBR
• Infilco Degremont
• 3 pilots / 3 plants in design
– TerraMox® Hybrid Suspended and Attached
• Clariant/SÜD Chemie - seepex
• 4 operational facilities (Germany)
– ANITA™Mox Attached Growth MBBR
• Veolia Water / Krüger
• 10 facilities in operation
• James River, VA; South Durham, NC
– ANAMMOX® Granular Sludge
• Paques (Ovivo markets technology in NA)
• 26 facilities in operation; many in design/construction
ANAMMOX® Granular Process
DEMON®, Cleargreen, Terra-N
ANITATM MOx MBBR
Deammonification Technologies
– DEMON® Suspended Growth SBR
• World Water Works
• 54 facilities in operation
• York River, VA; Alexandria, VA; Blue Plains, DC
– Cleargreen® Suspended Growth SBR
• Infilco Degremont
• 3 pilots / 3 plants in design
– TerraMox® Hybrid Suspended and Attached
• Clariant/SÜD Chemie - seepex
• 4 operational facilities (Germany)
– ANITA™Mox Attached Growth MBBR
• Veolia Water / Krüger
• 10 facilities in operation
• James River, VA; South Durham, NC
– ANAMMOX® Granular Sludge
• Paques (Ovivo markets technology in NA)
• 26 facilities in operation; many in design/construction
ANAMMOX® Granular Process
DEMON®, Cleargreen, Terra-N
ANITATM MOx MBBR
Each DEMON cycle involves 3 time-controlled phases:
1. Fill / React – cyclical aeration and mixing
2. Settling phase
3. Decant / Discharge phase
Demon® Operational Philosophy
Reaction Settling Decant
Each DEMON process cycle involves
3 time-controlled phases:
1. Reaction – cyclical aeration
and mixing
2. Settling
3. Decant / Discharge
Demon® Operational Philosophy
Overview of Several DEMON® Plants
Facility Load
(kg N / d)
Tank Vol. (m3) Design Loading Rate
(kg N / m3 / d)
Apeldoorn 1,900 2,900 0.66
Thun 400 600 0.67
Glarnerland 250 360 0.69
Strass 600 500 1.20
• Typical volumetric design criterion = 0.7 kg N / m3 / day
• Typical removal ~90% NH3-N and ~85% TN
• Effluent NO3-N ~10% of NH3-N removed; less if bCOD available
SRT Control – cyclone retains DEMON® granules and wastes NOBs
MLSS Overflow Underflow
Greatest Anammox activity
in the cyclone underflow
• Initially the startup period for DEMON was slow
• Strass started up over a 2 year period
• Startup of Glarnerland, Switzerland occurred within 50 days using
Strass seed and a cyclone
Robust System – reliable operations and faster startup
Strass Full Scale DEMON® – Energy Savings
– 84% TN Removal at design loading rate of 0.7 kg N / m3 / day
– 1.0 - 1.3 kW-hr / kg N removed
DeammonificationNitritation /
Denitritation
Co-D
igestion
2002
81%
2003
84%
2004
95%
2005
108%
2006
105%
2007
109%
2008
124%
%
Ne
t E
ne
rgy
Pro
ducer
DEMON® Sequencing Batch Reactor – Energy Demand
– Strass undertook many energy efficiency activities
– With the introduction of DEMON® it became a net energy producer
Ma
instr
eam
De
am
monific
atio
n
Future
175%?
Sidestream
Treatment
20,200
lbs /day
NH3-N
Mainstream
Treatment
105,000
lbs/day
TKN
Operational Cost Savings
• $8.5M / year (methanol, alkalinity,
sludge processing)
• 9 year payback
• Risk mitigation for effluent TN
Deammonification Technologies
– DEMON® Suspended Growth SBR
• World Water Works
• 54 facilities in operation
• York River, VA; Alexandria, VA; Blue Plains, DC
– Cleargreen® Suspended Growth SBR
• Infilco Degremont
• 3 pilots / 3 plants in design
– TerraMox® Hybrid Suspended and Attached
• Clariant/SÜD Chemie - seepex
• 4 operational facilities (Germany)
– ANITA™Mox Attached Growth MBBR
• Veolia Water / Krüger
• 10 facilities in operation
• James River, VA; South Durham, NC
– ANAMMOX® Granular Sludge
• Paques (Ovivo markets technology in NA)
• 26 facilities in operation; many in design/construction
ANAMMOX® Granular Process
DEMON®, Cleargreen, Terra-N
ANITATM MOx MBBR
ANITA™Mox – MBBR process
• Simultaneous aerobic and anaerobic conditions in
biofilm layers
− NH3-N, alkalinity and DO in the bulk liquid
− AOBs in the outer aerobic layer
− ANAMMOX in the inner anaerobic layer
MBBR
BiofilmMedia
Liquid
Nitritation
NH4+
NO2-AOB
Anammox
N2 O2
Aerobic
AnoxicSimultanous aerobic and anoxic layers in biofilm
ANITA™Mox – MBBR process
BiofilmMedia
Liquid
Nitritation
NH4+
NO2-AOB
Anammox
N2 O2
Aerobic
AnoxicSimultanous aerobic and anoxic layers in biofilm
• ANAMMOX organisms in biofilm are protected from high
concentrations in the bulk liquid
• Less vulnerable to inhibitory compounds
− DO: 2 mg/L vs. 0.2 mg/L suspended
− NO2-N: 50 mg/L vs. 5 mg/L suspended
K5800 m2/m3
BiofilmChip M1200 m2/m3
ANITA™Mox – Different Media
MBBR = Media + Screen +Aeration
Mitigate risk of losing Anammox biomass
ANITATM Mox MBBR Deammonification
• Soljunda WWTP, Malmo, Sweden
− Pilot “BioFarm”
− Tested carrier media, mixing, aeration
• Patented aeration control to prevent NO3-
N production <10% without supplemental
mixing
• Continuous aeration 0.6 – 1.6 mg/L DO
• Demonstrated energy demand of
1.45 – 1.75 kWh / kg
NH3-N removed (Christesson et al., 2011)
ANITATM Mox Performance – Soljunda BioFarm
– ~90% NH3-N removal; ~85% TN removal
– Patented DO control strategy reduces NO3 production
<11%
– 1.4 – 1.7 kWh/kgN-NH4 removed
– Removal rates of up to 1.2 kg TN / m3 / day
– Loading rates up to 1.4 kg N / m3 / day
(Christesson et al., 2011)
BiofilmChip™
Best Performer
James River TP – Newport News, VA
– Centrate characteristics
• Flow = 0.075 MGD
• NH3-N = 890 mg/L
• Temperature = 30 °C
– Retrofit of existing tank
– Seeded from Malmö BioFarm
– James River also has 16 MGD Hybas™
(IFAS) treatment
– Serves as BioFarm
James River TP – Newport News, VA
33
James River TP – Newport News, VA
Process startup period – 4 months to reach full NH4-N load
4 Month Start-up Phase
James River TP – Newport News, VA
30-day performance test – 90% NH3-N and 83% TN removal
83%
90%
ANITA™ Mox – Ease of Operation
– Simple, robust, reliable
– Preferred for conditions with high inert TSS
Process Attribute Promotes Ease of
Operation
Continuous flow √
304 SS air grids (reduced maintenance) √
No decanting √
No sludge wasting (MBBR) √
No SRT control √
No pre-settling √
No equipment to recycle Anammox (MBBR) √
Resistant to nitrite in influent √
U.S.-based process support and MBBR expertise √
LA County Sanitation District, CA – Pilot Stress Testing
Summary of robustness and perturbation testing
Test
No.Scenario
Perturbation
Period
Recovery
Time
1 Process power outage 24 hr < 8 hr
2 System underfeed 24 hr < 8 hr
3 System overfeed (2X) 24 hr 16 hr
4 Under aeration (No Air) 24 hr 32 hr
5 Over aeration (+23%) 24 hr < 8 hr
BiofilmMedia
Liquid
Nitritation
NH4+
NO2-AOB
Anammox
N2O2
Aerobic
AnoxicBiofilm
Media
Liquid
Nitritation
NH4+
NO2-AOB
Nitritation
NH4+
NO2-AOB
Anammox
N2
Anammox
N2O2O2
Aerobic
Anoxic
= 0.5-1.5
mg/L
MBBR
x AOB in biofilm = NO2- limitation
Updates on Ongoing Technology Development
IFAS 3X the loading rate of MBBR but requires a clarifier
BiofilmMedia
Liquid
Nitritation
NH4+
NO2-
AOB
Anammox
N2O2
AnoxicMedia
Liquid
Nitritation
NH4+
NO2-
AOB
Anammox
N2O2
Anoxic
< 0.5
mg/L
Flocs
(1-3 g/L)
AOB in flocs = less NO2- limitation
0
1
2
3
0 2 4 6 8
N-r
em
oval (g
N/m
2.d
)
N-NO2 (mg/L)
IFAS ANITA™Mox – Bench-scale
MBBR IFAS
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
N-r
em
oval (g
N/m
2.d
)N-NO2 (mg/L)
Higher N-removal rates with higher NO2 level
Higher NO2 level in IFAS
Deammonification Technologies
– DEMON® Suspended Growth SBR
• World Water Works
• 54 facilities in operation
• York River, VA; Alexandria, VA; Blue Plains, DC
– Cleargreen® Suspended Growth SBR
• Infilco Degremont
• 3 pilots / 3 plants in design
– TerraMox® Hybrid Suspended and Attached
• Clariant/SÜD Chemie - seepex
• 4 operational facilities (Germany)
– ANITA™Mox Attached Growth MBBR
• Veolia Water / Krüger
• 10 facilities in operation
• James River, VA; South Durham, NC
– ANAMMOX® Granular Sludge
• Paques (Ovivo markets technology in NA)
• 26 facilities in operation; many in design/construction
ANAMMOX® Granular Process
DEMON®, Cleargreen, Terra-N
ANITATM MOx MBBR
Principle One Step ANAMMOX®
NH4
+
NO2
-
NO3
-
N2
NH4
+
NH4
+
O2
Principle One Step ANAMMOX®
2 NH3
+ 1.7 O2 1.14 NO
2- + 0.86 NH
3 0.88 N
2+ 0.24 NO
3-
Benefits of AOB-ANAMMOX granules?
• Robust - less sensitive to NO2-N inhibition and scaling
• Compact reactors
• Responds well to peak flows and loads
• Better separation from influent TSS
• Rapid settling velocities 5 – 10 m/h
Single-Stage ANAMMOX® Process
• Second generation design: Single Stage
− Both nitritation and Anammox reactions
− Air lift design initially used for aeration
− Gas/liquid/solids separation modules
• Controlled by:
− Continuous aeration
− DO adjusted to control NOB growth
− NO2 -N
− Hydrodynamic conditions select for
granulated sludge; lighter flocculated solids
not retained
• Granular biomass beneficial
− Operate solids at 10 to 15 g/L
− Diffusion resistance reduces sensitivity to
inhibition e.g. NO2 > 30 mg/L
~1mm Dia. Granules
~1mm Dia. Granules
Upflow Granulation Process: ANAMMOX®
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
27-Mar 16-Apr 6-May 26-May 15-Jun
ammonia load (kg/m³.d)
ammonia removed (kg/m³.d)• Rendac Performance
‒ Biofuels Plant (The Netherlands)
‒ Design load: 5,700 kg-N/d
‒ Startup 1 month with seeding
• Removal rates 1.4 – 1.6 kg N/m3/d
‒ 85% TN removal
• ANAMMOX® systems in China
successfully treating loads up
to 11,000 kg-N/d at design
loading of 2 kg-N/m3/d
• Energy consumption reported
to be 1.0 to 1.5 kW-hr/kg-N-
removed
Comparative Summary of Deammonification Processes
Suspended
SBR
(DEMON®)
Attached
MBBR
(ANITATM Mox)
Granular
Single-Stage
(ANAMMOX®)
Volumetric
Loading Rateskg N
/m3/day0.7 – 1.2
0.7 – 1.2
IFAS > 3.2 ?1.4 – 2.0
Performance
TN Removal%
~90% NH3-N
~85% TN
~90% NH3-N
~85% TN
~90% NH3-N
~85% TN
Energy Demand kW hrs/
kg N
removed1.0 – 1.3 1.2 – 1.75 1.0 – 1.3
Startup 1-2 months with
cyclone &
30% seeding
~4 mo w/
10% seeding
1 mo
w/ seeding
Sensitivity /
Flexibility
pH & DO control
NO2 < 5 mg/l
Pre-settling
DO control
Tolerates elevated
DO & NO2 well
DO control
Tolerates
elevated NO2
• Pros: energy efficient; widely used; very small footprint
• Cons: operator attention, NO2-N tolerance
Sidestream Deammonification - Proven Technology
Second Generation(building on lessons learned
from first applications)
First Applications
First
Demonstration
Pilot
Final Generation
Mature Technology
ANAMMOX
DEMON
IFAS AnitaMox
MBBR
AnitaMox
Terra-NClear Green
Sidestream Treatment
70 operational facilities
Proven process, sustainable, small footprint, cost-effective
60% less oxygen
90% less carbon
50% less alkalinity
40% less biomass
“Future Ready for New Frontiers”
- Mainstream Deammonification
Strass WWTP, Austria-Cold Climate Full Scale Mainstream Deammonification Demonstration
– First cold climate demonstration
– A-B type plant
– Temperature 10-12°C range
– A-Stage - ½ day SRT high rate
activated sludge with 65% carbon
capture for energy recovery
– B-Stage - carousel type aeration
tank providing high DO transient
anoxia (DO 0-1.7 mg/L).
– Sidestream DEMON for AOB &
Anammox bio-augmentation
– Cyclones for mainstream Anammox
retention
0
5
10
15
20
25
1-Dec 11-Dec 21-Dec 31-Dec 10-Jan 20-Jan 30-Jan
2010/2011 NO3-N effluent 2010/2011 NO2-N effluent 2011/2012 NO3-N effluent 2011/2012 NO2-N effluent
nit
roge
n c
on
cent
rati
on
(mg
N/L
)
0
5
10
15
20
25
1-Dec 31-Dec 30-Jan 29-Feb 30-Mar 29-Apr 29-May
2010/2011 NO3-N effluent 2010/2011 NO2-N effluent 2011/2012 NO3-N effluent 2011/2012 NO2-N effluent
nit
rog
en
co
nce
ntr
ati
on
(m
g N
/L)
Conventional BNR
Effluent Nitrogen 2010
Mainstream Deammonification
Effluent Nitrogen 2011
Full Scale Cold Climate Success - Strass WWTP, Austria
Deammonification performance was better and more reliable than
the conventional BNR process resulting in less nitrogen to the river
Mainstream Granular Deammonification Performance at Dokhaven
WWTP, Rotterdam at Cold Temperatures
• At temperatures down to 12 C,
removal rates sustained at
80% to 100% of that expected
at 20C
• Need good DO control and
control of BOD and TSS from
the A-Stage
• High BOD and TSS
loading will
encourage growth of
NOB and other
microorganisms that
hamper selection of
AOB on the granule
surface
Key Findings of Mainstream Granular ANAMMOX
3-year Demonstration
– NOB activity was successfully suppressed and controlled.
– High removal rates were achieved with a low NOB activity.
– Long term process stability remains a challenge; fluctuations in influent BOD
are an important factor.
– Fluctuating BOD loads can be better handled in a plug flow reactor, instead of
the mixed tank reactor as used in the demonstration project.
– New full scale demonstration planned for China
Conclusions
• Sidestream deammonification is a proven, mature
technology.
• Mainstream deammonification strategy is promising.
• When upgrading your plant, consider incorporating
sidestream deammonification along with flexibility for
mainstream in the future.