ddss2010 fullpaper ilhamdaniah&bayu 29april 2010

8/6/2019 DDSS2010 Fullpaper Ilhamdaniah&Bayu 29april 2010

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Development of GIS Spatial Database as DecisionSupport Tool in Spatial Planning

A Case Study in Majalengka Regency, Indonesia

Ilhamdaniah1and Bayu Erfianto2

1 Department of Architecture, Universitas Komputer Indonesia (UNIKOM), West Java, Indonesia2 Faculty of Informatics,TELKOM Institute of Technology (IT TELKOM), West Java, Indonesia

Key words: GIS,Spatial Database, DecissionSupport Tool,Spatial Planning

Abstract: Thispaper focus on the development of GIS spatial database as a tool for

decision support in spatialplanning in Majalengka Regency, West Java,Indonesia. The spatialplanning and decision support tool in thispaper is

limited to the development of spatial database that enhance the use and

applicationofgeo-informationinplanninganddecisionsupport. WebGISused

furtheras tool for disseminating the spatial database to stakeholders outside

thegovernmentagency.

1. INTRODUCTION1.1 Background

Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Daerah (BAPPEDA) Majalengkaor

Agency for Regional Development, is government planning agencyresponsible for spatial planning in Majalengka Regency, West Java

Province,Indonesia.In recentpractise, BAPPEDA dependsonpaper-based

map to do spatialplanning. Difficulties occur while theplan involves the

integration of environmental, societal, and economical aspects into the

spatialplanningprocess. Notallpaper-mapandsupportingattributedata is

available and easy to access. GIS had notbeen used and introduced in

BAPPEDA Majalengka. There is a need fora decisionaid to make use of

development in various related fields and provide facility to support

planninganddecision-makingprocesses.


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Figure 1. Locationof Majalengka RegencyinIndonesia

Ontheotherhand, GIStechnologyhasbeenusedbyplannerstoprepare

plansandto research,develop,implementandmonitortheprogressoftheir

plans. Once thespatialdatabase is ready, GIS toolsenabledesignand map

spatialplans on local, county, regional and even on state level. Through

GIS,projectplanners havepossibility to search, interconnect, inspect and

analyzedata forexpertstudies. GIScanbeused forenvironmentalanalysis,

social analysis and economical analysis, as long as the data is spatial. In

terms of spatialplanning, GIS canbe used in land-use analysis, location

analysis,andinfrastructureanalysis. Thereareadvantagesof GISinspatial

planning, among those are less time consuming in analytical step; enable

faster and easier decision making; easier control overproject; easier data

addition, data updating, data management; easier comparison with other

spatialplans; faster data exchange with otherplanningagencies, etc. Once

thespatialdatabase isdeveloped, theplanningagencycanuse itas toolof

spatialplanning.

Therefore, GIS is introduced in Majalengkaasa tool forgovernment to

assist spatialplanning. GIS is introduced gradually. The development of

spatialdatabase using GIS in Majalengka Regency isa multi yearproject.The initialstage is developing thesimple spatial database in the first year,

converting thepapermapandstatisticaldataand incorporate them into the

database. This task is tidious, laborintensive. Thenextstep is tosharethe

spatial database among the department in Majalengka district, so that the

data can be used with the same data format. The information can

interchangeable among theplanning agencies in Majalengka. Furthermore

thedatacanbeusedintheanalyticalstepofspatialplanningin Majalengka,

such as land-use analysis, suitability location analysis, and infrastructure

analysis,etc.


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Development of GIS Spatial Database as Decision Support Tool in

Spatial Planning

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1.2 ObjectivesThe spatial database development in BAPPEDA Majalengka Regency

aimsatdevelopingandapplying innovativesystemsallowing forenhanced


spatialplanningprocessusing GISastoolofanalysis.Theoverallgoalisto

support informed decision-making in the context of spatialplanning and

spatialdevelopmentingovernmentplanningagencyof Majalengka.

2. REVIEW ON GIS DATABASE DEVELOPMENTAND DISSEMINATION

2.1 GIS Utilization in Urban PlanningSpatialplanningcanbeimplementedindifferentdomainssuchasurban

and regional development, water resource management, natural resource

management. It depends on data availability. Application of urban/rural

spatialplanning using GIS are as follows: demand andsupplyprojection,suitability assessment, allocation and evaluation, generic techniques to

develop customized design of site location, location allocation, land use

selection and land use allocation. Typical GIS applications in the urban

planning andmanagementaredivided into threebusinesses: inquiry on the

contentofurbanplandecision, registermanagement,andplanning. Themost

successful GISapplication in the localgovernment isan inquirysystem on

the content of urban plan decision (Hiroyuki, 2004). This kind GIS

applicationalso canbe incorporated in GIS Majalengka Regencyonce it is

established.

2.2 Development of GIS Spatial DatabaseA complete database schema will contain much more information than

merelyadatadictionaryandtable/relationshipsdiagrams.Theelementssuch

asqueries, reportsand forms,optionalmetadata,andsoon,areallpartofa

schema. A well-designeddatabasecansupportavery wide rangeof reports,

input forms, queries, and workflows. It is the design of the tables and the

relationshipsbetweenthemthatisatthecoreoftheschema.


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2.3 Disseminating the Spatial InformationToshare the database and disseminate thespatial information topublic,

thespatialdatabasecanbesharedthrough web. Thisneedsthedevelopment

of webGIS-basedsystem,integrating GISand web,byutilizingthe webGIS

opensource software. The development of a Web-based system by

integrating GISand Relational DataBase ManagementSystem wouldserve

twopurposes. Firstly it wouldallow theuser tooperate thesystem without

having to grapple with the underlying intricacies of GIS and RDBMS

technology.Secondly, it wouldallow sharing ofinformationand technical

expertiseamonga wide rangeofusers (Raghavan,2001).

3. METHODOLOGY3.1 Framework

To develop Spatial Database Infrastructure for Decission and Planning

purpose,inthispaper, wedevelopa frameworkasaguidelineofsteps. The

frameworkisdepictedinthe following figure.

Preparation

Reviewing

Policy and

Existing

Paper-

based Map

Literature

Review

Numeric

data

Data

conversion

Field Survey/

Ground check

Creating

GIS spatial map

GIS Data

dissemination

trough webGIS

Decission & Planning

based on GIS

Non spatial/

Attribute data

GIS spatial database

GIS spatial analysis

1

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Figure 2. Projects Framework


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In general, the steps canbe clustered into threegroupsofaction. First,

developing spatial database; secondly, utilization of spatial database to

perform spatial analysis and supporting decision making; and thirdly,

disseminationofspatialdataandinformation resulted fromtheanalysisand

planningprocesstopublic.

3.2 Preparation and Data Gathering3.2.1 Preparation

Inthepreparationprocess, weidentifytheproblemsandthe requirement

to develop GIS spatial database infrastructure as the initialpoint. The

following stepsare literature review, reviewing existingsystem, numerical

datagathering,andspatialdatagathering. Thedata retrievedusually in the

paper-based format,orinother formatnotcompatible with GISdata format.

Therefore,dataconversionmustbecarriedout.

3.2.2 Data SourcesThe source of data is obtained from the Majalengka municipal office andfrom some government agencies. Mostly the data are still inpaper-basedformat, not digitallyprocessed. Some data have digital copy,but withdifferent level of accuracy. Some data canbe converted to .shp files,however still need further editing, georeferencing, etc. It is important toidentifyproblems,especiallyatthesourcedatalevel,sinceitisusuallytheeasiestandcheapesttocorrecterrorspriortodataconversion. Problems withdigitaldataaccuracy resulting fromsourcedata flaws,areboundtoarise.

Table 1. DataSource

DataSource Data Details Data Usagein Database

BAPPEDA(Majalengka

Development Agency)

Statisticsof Majalengka2005

Statisticsof Majalengka2007

Asattributedatatobeintregatedintospatial database

Administrative Map Landuse Map Digitized Map Poverty Data2008

Tocreate GIS Tematicmap

Badan PusatStatistik

(NationalStatistic

Demographic Data 2006(23Subdistricts)

Asattributedatatobe

intregatedintospatialdatabase


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DataSource Data Details Data Usagein Database

Bureau) Demographic Data 2008(26Subdictricts)

Subdistricts Poverty Data Dinas Kependudukan

(Majalengka

Demographic Agency)

Demographic Data 2006(23Subdistricts)

Asattributedatatobe

intregatedintospatialdatabase

Dinas Permukimandan Prasarana

Wilayah (Regional

Residentialand

Infrastructure Agency)

Landuse Map Mapof NetworkRoad Tocreate Landuse Mapin GISTo create map of Road

Networkin GIS

Dinas Pendidikan

(Agencyof

Education)

Statistics of Education 2008/2009

SchoolsinsubdistrictsAs attribute to be intregated

intospatialdatabase

Dinas Kesehatan

(Majalengka Health

Office)

Health Facility Location of Health

Facility

To create spatial location of

Health Facilityin GIS Map

Dinas Pertanian dan

Perikanan

(Majalengka

AgricultureandFishery Office)

Tematics map ofAgriculture commodity,

Husbandryand Fishery

Statictics of Agriculturecommodity2004-2008

To create spatial map of

agriculture commodity

distribution

Attributes of agriculture

commodityin GIS Map

Dinas Kehutanan dan

Perkebunan

(Majalengka Foresrty

and Plantation Office)

Statistics of Foresty andPlantation

To create spatial location and

attributes of Forestry and

Plantation commodity in GIS

Map

Dinas Pariwisata

(Majalengka Tourism

Ofiice)

Tourism DevelopmentPlan2008

Cultural Tourism Map Mapof Tourism

Attraction

To create spatial location of

tourist attractionin GIS Map

Usually,thesourcedataused foraprojectarenotintheproper format

required forthebestpossibledata result. Problemsarise whenthesource

data foracertaindatalayerconsistsofmaps whichareatvariousscales.

Thesevariousscaledifferencescancreateerror whenthesedigitizedlayers

arejoinedintoasinglelayer. Otherproblemsarise whentherearenot

adequatecontrolpoints founduponmapsheetsinordertoaccurately register

coverages whiletheyarebeingdigitized. Procedures fordealing withall

knownsourcedataproblemsneedtobespecifiedpriortothestartofdata

conversion.


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3.3 Database Development ProcessA databaseconstructionprocessisdividedintotwomajoractivities, whicharecreationofdigital files frommaps,airphotos,satteliteimagery,tables

andothersourcedocuments;andorganizationofthedigital filesintoa GIS

database.

3.3.1 Initial Database DevelopmentThe criticalpart ofan initialdatabase development isbuildingdatabase

schema. Databaseschema is adiagram thatshows the relationshipsamong

the various tables in the database. Relationships have aproperty calledcardinalitythatdescribesthetypeof relationship, whichare:onetoone,one

tomany,andmanytomany.

3.3.2 Data ConversionTheprocessofdataconvertionincorporatetheprocessofmanual

digitizing,scanning, rastertovectorconversion,andoverlayingvectorformatdata withageo-referencedbackdropimage (hybridsolution). Here

arethedescriptionoftheprocess.

Manual digitizinginvolvestheuseofadigitizingtabletandcursortool.

The workistime-consumingandlaborintensive. Traditionaldataconversion

effortsarebasedonproducingavectordata filecompiledbymanually

digitizingpapermaps. Vectordataprovidesahighdegreeof GIS

functionalitybyassociatingattributes withmap features,allowinggraphic

selections,spatialqueriesandotheranalyticalusesofthedata.Scanning

convertslinesandtextonpapermapsintoaseriesofpictureelementsor

pixels. Thehigherthe resolutionofthescannedimage (moredotsper

square-inch),thesmootherandmoreaccuratelydefinedthedata willappear.

Oneofthemainadvantagestoscanningisthattheuserseesadigitalimage

thatlooksidenticaltotheirpapermaps,complete withnotes,symbology,textstyleandcoffeestains,etc (Hodgkinson,2001).

Overlayingvector formatdata withageo-referencedbackdropimageis

alsodonetoproducethemap. Thecombineddisplaysolutioncouldshow the

vectormap featuresandtheirattributesandanexact replicaofthescanned

sourcematerial. Entiremapscanbevectorized fromthegeo-referenced

scannedimages. Thisprocessiscalledincremental conversion.Itallows

thecountytoconvertscanned rasterdatatovector formatteddataonanas-

neededbasis (Hodgkinson,2001).


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3.3.3 Attri te Data E tryAdditi l ttri

t data an

added t t

edatabaseby j ininga table

w

i

ntains t

enew attributes t anexisting tablealready in t

e G

T

j in t

ese tables t get

era n field ust be resent Most G

software

an t

enuse t

e resulting table todisplay t

enew attributes linked

to t

eentities. T

ereare arioussour es forbuildinganattributedatabase

fora G

.

4. SPAT AL DATABASE DE EL PME T4.1 GISMaps and Spatial Database

T

emati maps are t

e isuali ation of t

e spatial data and attribute

data w

i

adbeendeveloped in t

e initial stage. T

e t

emati map is

producedbyadding layersofobject intoamap.T

ematicmapsserve t

ree

primarypurposes. Firstt

eyprovidespecific informationabout particular

locations.econd, t

eyprovidegeneral informationabout spatial patterns.

T

ird, t

ey canbe used to comparepatterns on two ormoremaps. T

et

ematicmapsofMajalengka include t

emapof road infrastructure,map

of population distribution, map of landcover, map of landuse, map of

precipitation,etc,accrossall regionofMajalengkaRegency.

Fi ! " # 3. Left:Road infrastructure.Right:populationdistribution


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Figure 4. Left: Landusemap. Right:precipitationaccross Majalengka

4.2 Spatial Analysis in GISPerformingsimpleanalyticalprocess fromvariouslayerscanbedonein

GIS environment. As an example,by overlaying thebuilt-up area map on

topof forestry/plantationareacangiveinformation regardingtothevillages

whichdependuponthe forestproductionastheirsourceofincome.

Figure 5. Left: Map resulted fromoverlayinglayerofbuilt-upareaontopplantationarea.

Right:Critical forestareain Majalengka.


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Byoverlayingplantationareaontopofsoiltypemap,precipitationmap,

altitude map, can give information regarding to the suitability of certain

plantationcommoditytobeplantedincertainarea.

Figure 6. Left: Overlay MapofSoil Typeand Forest & Plantation Area. Right: Overlay Map

ofSoil Typeand Altitude

The distribution of education facilities and health care facilities in

Majalengkaareoneofthethematicmap resulted. Theyaredepictedin figure

below. These facilities were mapped ward-wise and analysed in GIS

environment in order to ascertain thepopulation and utilization ofvarious

resources. Thebuffer analysis canbe done to calculate accessibility ofpeopletotheeducationorhealthcare facility.

Figure 7. Distributionofeducation facilitiesandhealthcare facilities


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5. OUTPUTThe outputofthisspatialdatabase developmentare thematic mapsand

spatialdatabase whichcontaintheattributedatadescribingtheentityinthe

map. Thelayersin GISspatialdatabase furthermorecanbeusedtoperform

analyticalprocesstosupportplanningprocessanddecisionmakingprocess.

5.1 GIS Spatial Database as Tool for Forestry Analysisand Decision Support

Spatial database and maps resulted from thisprocess canbe used for

analysis, and furthermore the result of analysis can lead to help decision

making. In this case, the department which already utilize the spatial

databaseand GIS map inplanning is Department of Forestry. They utilize

the data from Majalengka spatial database to decide theproperplantation

comoditytoplantineachdistrictin Majalengka.

Table 2.Suitabilityanalysis in forestryplanning

Subdistrict Soil Type Altitude

(M dpl)

Lereng Precipit

ation

Recommended

Plants

Argapura Andosol 600-

3000

0-15,

15-40,

>40

3000-

4500

y Bambooy Clovey Coffeey Gnetumy Patchouliy Murbeiy Coconuty Sugar Palm

Banjaran Andosol &

Latosol

600-

1800

0-15,

15-40,

>40

2500 -

3500

y Murbeiy Clovey Candlenuty Teay Tobaccoy Coffeey Sugar Palmy Patchouli

Bantarujeg Latosol &

Brownforest

100-

1200

0-15

15-40

>40%

3000 -

3500

y Patchouliy Bambooy Teay Tobaccoy Sugar Palmy Coffe


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Besidestheplantation,thedatacanbeutilized for forestryplanning. From

the analysis, the forestry planning agency can propose for available

developmentproject for forest resourcessustainableutilization forthe forest

farm. Thisalsoprovides theplan forprotectionand managementof forest

resourcesandthestrategyofsustainable forestrydevelopment withscientific

foundation fromspatialdataanalysis.

5.2 Dissemination of Spatial Database through Web(WebGIS)

Spatial plans designed in GIS and spatial database developed,

furthermorearepublished through GIS Webservices. The web-based GIS

providesauser-friendlytool forlocaldecisionmakers, regionalplannersand

otherstakeholders inunderstandingandvisualizing the various dimensions

tobeconsideredinspatialplanninganddevelopment. The webGISislinked

in the website of BAPPEDA Majalengka, in the following address:

http://bappeda.majalengkakab.go.id. The webGIS application is called

Infrastruktur Data Spasial Daerah (IDSD) Majalengka. The furtherproject

is to link the GIS database of Majalengka with the national spatial data

infrastructure or Jaringan Data Spasial Nasional(JDSN), so that the datacan be shared and used to broader stakeholders, for spatial planning

purposes.

Figure 8. Visualizationof webGISpageof Majalengka Regency


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6. CONCLUSIONThe spatial database development in BAPPEDA Majalengka Regency

aimsatdevelopingandapplying innovativesystemsallowing forenhanced


spatialplanningprocessusing GISastoolofanalysis.Intheinitialstage,the

spatial database development is apriority. In the next stage, the spatial

databasecanbeusedinvariousspatialanalysisusing GIS,andcanbeused

inassistingdecision-makingprocess. Theplanninginformation furthermore

published through webGIS of Majalengka Regency, and the data are

interchangeabletovariousplanningagenciesandpublic.Theoverallgoalis

tosupport informeddecision-making in thecontext ofspatialplanningand

spatialdevelopmentingovernmentplanningagencyof Majalengka.

7. REFERENCESAnthony Gar-On Yeh,2008,GISas PlanningSupportSystem forthe Planningof Harmonious

City,UN HABITAT Lecture AwardSeries, United Nations HumanS ettlements

Programme, Nairobi.

Fazal,Shahab,2008,GISBasics, New AgeInternational (P) Limited, New Delhi.

Hodgkinson, Eva,2001, Developing a GIS Database in MsAccess and ArView 3.2 for

Hazard Vulnerability Assessment, USAID.

Hiroyuki, Kohsaka,2000, Applicationsof GIStourbanplanningandmanagement: Problems

facing Japaneselocalgovernments, GeoJournal, Volume52 (3),Springer Netherlands

Publisher,p.271-280,http://www.springerlink.com/content/h518pp7nu8766567/ retrieved

April27th2010.

Raghavan V.,Santitamont P.,etal,2000, Implementing Web GIS Applicationsusing Open

SourceSoftware,http://www.gisdevelopment.net/technology/gis/techgi0062.htm

retrieved April26th2010.

Agency for Regional Development of Majalengka,2009, Laporan Akhir Penyusunan

Infrastruktur Data Spasial Daerah Kabupaten Majalengka, Majalengka.Majalengka Forestry Agency,2009, Laporan Akhir Pemetaan Potensidan Arahan Penataan

Kawasan Kehutanandan Perkebunan Kabupaten Majalengka, Majalengka.

Biro PusatStatistikMajalengka,2005, Statisticsof Majalengka2005.



Agency for Regional Developmentof West Java,2009, Rencana Tata Ruangdan Wilayah

Jawa Barat2010-2015.

Agency for Regional Development of Majalengka,2009, Rencana Tata Ruangdan Wilayah

Kabupaten Majalengka2010-2015.

ddss2010 fullpaper ilhamdaniah&bayu 29april 2010

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