Group 1

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Group 1

Origin of the name Israel: Jewish people (Trace origins from Abraham) Abraham, Isaac, Jacob (Patriarch of the

Israelites) The name Israel derives from the name given

to Jacob (“Triumphant with God”) Yehudah = Jew

People of Israel

Descendants of Abraham crystallized into a nation at about 1300 BCE after their Exodus from Egypt

After Exodus, Moses conveyed to the people the Torah and The 10 Commandments

After 40 years in Sinai Desert, Moses led the people into Israel (Promised Land)

People of the modern-day Israel share a lot of similarities with their descendants

Rule of Israelites Started with the Conquest of Joshua (ca. 1250

BCE) “Period of Kings” (1000 – 587 BCE)

Saul

David

Solomon

Empires that Ruled Jerusalem Babylonian Nebuchadnezzar's army captured

Jerusalem, destroyed the Temple, and exiled the Jews to Babylon (modern day Iraq) (587 BCE)

Persian (538 – 333 BCE) Hellenistic (333 – 63 BCE) Roman (63 BCE – 313 CE) Islamic (313 - 1099) Christian (1099 - 1291) Mamluk (1291 - 1516) Ottoman (1516 - 1918) British (1917 - 1948)

Anti-Semitism Antisemitism (also spelled anti-semitism or anti-

Semitism) is prejudice, hatred of, or discrimination against Jews for reasons connected to their Jewish heritage.

A person who holds such positions is called an "antisemite".

It is considered by most scientists to be a form of racism.

The primary cause causes were class interests and class contradictions. Lenin: “The landowners and capitalists tried to divert the

hatred of the workers and peasants who were tortured by want against the Jews.”

Zionism The national movement for the return of the Jewish

people to their homeland and the resumption of Jewish sovereignty in the Land of Israel.

Zionism plays a considerable role in the ideological struggle between capitalism and socialism, a struggle which does not know any compromises or neutrality and which is more and more often turned into psychological warfare by the representatives of the capitalist world.

Social Zionism Socialist Zionism (or Labor Zionism) strove to

achieve Jewish national and social redemption by fusing Zionism with Socialism.

Dov Ber Borochov, a prominent advocate of Socialist Zionism, argued that the development of capitalism would inevitably prompt Jews to immigrate to Palestine, and that only there could the economic structure of the Jewish people be reconstituted as a base for the class struggle of the Jewish proletariat.

Holocaust The Holocaust (also known as the

Catastrophe, the Sho’ah, the Hurban) was the mass murder or genocide of approximately six million Jews during World War II, a programme of systematic state-sponsored murder by Nazi Germany, led by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party, throughout German-occupied territory.

January 30, 1933 – May 8, 1945.

David Ben-Gurion was born in Plonsk, Poland in 1886 and educated in a Hebrew school established by his father, an ardent Zionist.

By his mid-teens, Ben-Gurion led a Zionist youth group, "Ezra," whose members spoke only Hebrew among themselves.

At the age of 18 he became a teacher in a Warsaw Jewish school and joined the Socialist-Zionist group "Poalei Zion" (Workers of Zion).

Arriving in the Land of Israel in 1906, he became involved in the creation of the first agricultural workers' commune (which evolved into the Kvutzah and finally the Kibbutz), and helped establish the Jewish self-defense group, “Hashomer” (The Watchman).

Kibbutz It is a unique rural community; a society

dedicated to mutual aid and social justice; a socioeconomic system based on the principle of joint ownership of property, equality and cooperation of production, consumption and education; the fulfillment of the idea “from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs”; a home for those who have chosen it.

Following the outbreak of World War I he was deported by the Ottoman authorities withYitzhak Ben Zvi . Ben-Gurion travelled on behalf of the Socialist-Zionist cause to New York, where he met and married Paula Monbesz, a fellow Poalei Zion activist. He returned to Israel in the uniform of the Jewish Legion, created as a unit in the British Army by Zionist leader Vladimir Jabotinsky.

Ben-Gurion was a founder of the trade unions, and, in particular, the national federation, the Histadrut, which he dominated from the early 1920's.

Histadrut It is a trade union which would organize the

economic activities of Jewish workers.

The Histadrut rapidly became a central force in social, economic, and even security affairs, attaining the position of a “state within a state.” Ten years later, in 1930, a number of labour factions united and founded Mapai, the Israeli Workers Party, with Ben-Gurion at its head. In 1935 he was elected chairman of the Zionist Executive.

As the Jewish settlement strengthened and deepened its roots in Palestine, anxiety mounted among the Palestinian Arabs, resulting in violent clashes between the two communities. In 1939 Britain changed its Middle East policy.

Ben-Gurion reacted by calling upon the Jewish community to rise against England, thus heralding the decade of “fighting Zionism.”

He assembled an emergency conference of American Zionists in New York City; the convention decided upon the establishment of a Jewish commonwealth in Palestine after the war.

In May 1948, in accordance with a decision of the United Nations General Assembly, with the support of the United States and the Soviet Union, the State of Israel was established. David Ben-Gurion became the Prime Minister.

He presided over various national projects aimed at the rapid development of the country and its population: “Operation Magic Carpet” the airlift of Jews from

Arab countries,

the construction of the national water carrier, rural development projects and the establishment of new towns and cities.

In particular, he called for pioneering settlement in outlying areas, especially in the Negev.

Trial of Eichmann A German Nazi who was captured in

Argentina on May 11, 1960 Ben-Gurion: “[The trial] should be done only

by an Israeli court and in a sovereign Jewish State.”

He was found guilty and executed by hanging in 1962.

In late 1953, Ben-Gurion left the government and retired to Kibbutz Sde Boker in the Negev. He returned to political life, after the Knesset elections in 1955, assuming the post of Defense Minister and later the premiership.

He also led the country during the 1956 Sinai campaign, in which Israeli forces temporarily secured the Sinai peninsula.

In June 1963 Ben-Gurion resigned as Prime Minister, citing “personal reasons.”

But Ben-Gurion remained active politically, with a rivalry developing between him and Eshkol.

In June 1970, Ben-Gurion retired from political life and returned to Sde Boker where he passed away in 1973.

Zweig, Ronald W. David Ben-Gurion: Politics and Leadership in Israel. London: Frank Cass and Company Limited . 1991

Ben-Gurion, David. Israel: Years of Challenge. USA: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 1968 (third printing)

Crossman, Richard. A Nation Reborn: A Personal Report on the Roles Played by Weizmann, Bevin and Ben-Gurion in the story of Israel. New York: Atheneum Publishers. 1960

Schindler, Colin. A History of Modern Israel. USA: Cambridge University Press. 2008

Zimanas, Genrikas. Illusions and Reality: The Ideology and Practice of Zionism. Vilnius: Mintis Publishers. 1983

Holocaust. Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House. 1974 Edelman, Maurice. David: The Story of Ben Gurion. New York: G.P.

Putnam's Sons. 1964

http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org Timeline history of the region of Palestine

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_history_of_the_region_of_Palestine

Timeline history of Israeli historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Israeli_history

http://www.science.co.il/israel-history.php