damage to the highway system pisco, peru earthquake august 15, 2007 m8.0 jerome s. o’connor, p.e....

Damage to the Highway System

Pisco, Peru EarthquakeAugust 15, 2007

M8.0

Jerome S. O’Connor, P.E.Senior Program Officer, Transportation Research

MCEER, University at Buffalo

Incan Engineering - Machu Picchu

Peru population = 28 millionLand Area = 75% that of Alaska

MCEER Reconnaissance Report

LIMA

CHINCHA

PISCO

ICA

CAÑETE

25 miles off shore

Ica population = 700,000

August 15, 2007 Earthquake• M 8.0 (moment magnitude)• Modified Mercalli Intensity as high as VIII• PGA of 0.49g• Duration > 170 seconds• Two distinct phases of strong ground motion• Small tsunami wave

Aceleración vertical (g)

-0.04

-0.02

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

Tiempo (s)

ac max: 4.0527e -02 g

August 15, 2007 Earthquake

Consequences

• >519 deaths & 1874 serious injuries

• 54,926 buildings destroyed & 20958 seriously damaged

CATEDRAL SAN CLEMENTE, PISCO PUEBLOCATEDRAL SAN CLEMENTE, PISCO PUEBLO

Liquefactionincrease in pore pressure in sandy soils resulting in particle separation and quicksand like condition

X-section of sand boil in trench wall

Liquefaction

• Ground settlement

• Lateral spreading

• Embankment failure

• Landslides

• Reduced vertical & horizontal capacity for structure foundations, resulting in settlement, tilting, shear failure, collapse

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Observed Highway Damage

• Serious pavement damage

• Embankment failure

• Rockfalls

• Culvert failure

• Retaining wall failures

Pan American Highway

CARRETERA PANAMERICANA SUR- ZONA SAN CLEMENTECARRETERA PANAMERICANA SUR- ZONA SAN CLEMENTE

Rockfall

Retaining Wall Damage

Puente Huamani

Built 1950H15 design load36 Ton weight limit

Puente Huamani(Vista en Elevación)

Longitud Total : 136 m

5 Tramos : 23m + 30m + 30m + 30m + 23m

Longitud de Tramos Suspendidos = 16m

Image courtesy of Jack López Ingenieros

Puente Huamani

Severe cracking of Pier 2 (from South end) necessitates extensive repair but the horizontal shear blocks managed to retrain lateral movement of the superstructure.

Photo #CIP45 by Dr. Alva, National University

Puente Huamani

Huamani Damage

• Severe cracking of one pier stem• Severe cracking of transverse concrete diaphragms• Cracking and spalling of horizontal shear blocks, pier

caps, and diaphrams • Tipping of the south abutment toward the stream bed

(4” at top)• Lateral displacement of the superstructure

(approximately 100 mm or 4”)• Damage to approach pavement•

Huamani Success

• No fatalities or injuries

• No dropped spans

• Successful use of horizontal shear blocks to restrain bridge superstructure laterally

• Piers endured liquefaction without damage

• Lifeline structure taken out of service but detour was available and repairs were manageable

Timber Bridges

Puente Huachinga

Built 1966

Puente Huachinga

Puente Los Molinos

Built 1932

Puente Los Molinos

Puente los Molinos

Puente Los Molinos

Combination of Hazard Effects• Shaking• Liquefaction• Rockfall and landslides• El Nino flooding• Huayco• Debris impacts• Overloads

Newer Construction

Other Structure Types

Conclusions• U.S. can learn from South America’s experiences

– History of large earthquakes– Fairly good performance of bridges

• Liquefaction can cause severe damage to roadways and bridges

• Older bridges are vulnerable– Less stringent original design– Deteriorated condition– Accumulated damage from previous extreme events

• Damage to buildings illustrates importance of building codes & construction quality

• Value of a Bridge Management System & Inspection Program

Spanish Technical Terms

APPENDIX C: English-Spanish TranslationVocabulary is provided to facilitate use of this document and facilitate communication with professional counterparts in Spanish speaking countries. It includes technical terms that are pertinent to transportation engineering, bridge inspection, geotechnical engineering.

English Spanishabutment estribo, contrafuerte

aftershock réplica

aggregate / crushed stone for concrete grava

angular rock Grava, roca con ángulos

asphalt asfalto

be careful tenga cuidado

boundary límite

Acknowledgments

• Phil Yen, FHWA COTR and George Lee, Project Director

• In Peru: Jack Lopez Jara, Jack Lopez Acuña, Jorge E. Alva Hurtado, Julio Kuroiwa, & others

• ASCE Team Leader Alex Tang & Bridge Team Members Lucero Mesa, SCDOT and Monique Nykamp, Shannon & Wilson Inc.

damage to the highway system pisco, peru earthquake august 15, 2007 m8.0 jerome s. o’connor, p.e....

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