culture and ethnicity ismaila

8/3/2019 Culture and Ethnicity Ismaila

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CULTURE AND ETHNICITY

ISMAILA SANYANGRN, BSC, MBA

3RD FEBRUARY, 2012

AIUWA


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OUTLINE The concept of culture

Culture and nursing

Ethnicity

Transcultural nursing

Major concepts (leninger,1991)

Applications to nursing

Health practices in different cultures


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Having knowledge of a culture before trying to help a

client and family is analogous to a nurse or a

physician having basic knowledge of anatomy andphysiology before doing physical assessment or

attempting to meet a patients

physical needs. Madeleine Leininger


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THE CONCEPTOF CULTURE Set of values, beliefs and traditions, that are held by a specific

group of people and handed down from generation to generation.

Culture is also beliefs, habits, likes, dislikes, customs and ritualslearn from ones family.

Culture is the learned, shared and transmitted values, beliefs,norms and life way practices of a particular group that guidethinking, decisions, and actions in patterned ways.

Culture is learned by each generation through both formal andinformal life experiences.


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THE CONCEPTOF CULTURE

(CTD)Language is primary through means of

transmitting culture.

The practices of particular culture often arisebecause of the group's social and physical

environment.

Culture practice and beliefs are adapted over

time but they mainly remain constant as long as

they satisfy needs.


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(CTD)Cultural Identify the sense of being part of an ethnic group

or culture

Culture-universals commonalities of values, norms ofbehavior, and life patterns that are similar among differentcultures.

Culture-specifies values, beliefs, and patterns of behaviorthat tend to be unique to a designate culture.

Material culture refers to objects (dress, art, religiousarti1acts)


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(CTD)Non-material culture refers to beliefs customs,

languages, social institutions.

Subculture composed of people who have a distinctidentity but are related to a larger cultural group.

Bicultural a person who crosses two cultures,

lifestyles, and sets of values.

Diversityrefers to the fact or state of being different.Diversity can occur between cultures and within acultural group.


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(CTD)Acculturation People of a minority group tend to

assume the attitudes, values, beliefs, findpractices of the dominant society resulting in a

blended cultural pattern.

Cultural shock the state of being disoriented orunable to respond to a different cultural

environment because of its sudden strangeness,unfamiliarity, and incompatibility to the stranger'sperceptions and expectations at is differentiatedfrom others by symbolic markers (cultures,biology, territory, religion).


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(CTD)Cultural awareness It is an in-depth self-examination of one's own background, recognizing

biases and prejudices and assumptions about other

peopleCultural Imposition the belief that everyone

should conform to the majority belief system.

Cultural conflict when one ridicules others beliefs

and traditions in an effort to make his or her ownvalues more secure

Ethnocentrism the belief that ones own ideas,

beliefs and practices are the best and superior


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CULTURE AND NURSINGCulturally congruent care care that fits the

people's valued life patterns and set of meanings -

which is generated from the people themselves,rather than based on predetermined criteria.

Culturally competent care is the ability of the

practitioner to bridge cultural gaps in caring, work

with cultural differences and enable clients andfamilies to achieve meaningful and supportive

caring.


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ETHNICITYEthnicity the sense of identification that a cultural

group collectively has, largely based on the groups

common heritage.Ethnic groups share a common social and cultural

heritage that is passed on to successive generations.,

Ethnic identity refers to a subjective perspective of

the person's heritage and to a sense of belonging to a

group that is distinguishable from other groups.

Race the classification of people according to shared

biologic characteristics, genetic markers, or features.


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TRANSCULTURAL NURSINGMadeleine Leininger is considered as the founder of the

theory of transcultural nursing.

Her theory has now developed as a discipline in nursing.

Evolution of her theory can be understood from herbooks: Culture Care Diversity and Universality(1991)

Transcultural Nursing(1995)

Transcultural Nursing(2002)

Transcultural nursing theory is also known as CultureCare theory.

Theoretical framework is depicted in her model called theSunrise Model (1997).


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TRANSCULTURAL NURSING

(CTD)y Transcultural nursing is a comparative study of

cultures to understand similarities (culture

universal) and difference (culture-specific) acrosshuman groups (Leininger, 1991

y Despite being technically competent, a nurse can beincompetent, formulating unworkable interventions because of

an unwillingness or inability to understand the culturallydifferent patient. (West, 1994, .232)


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MAJOR CONCEPTS LEININGER

(1991) Illness and wellness are shaped by a various factors

including perception and coping skills, as well as thesocial level of the patient.

Cultural competence is an important component ofnursing.

Culture influences all spheres of human life. It defineshealth, illness, and the search for relief from disease ordistress.

Religious and Cultural knowledge is an importantingredient in health care.

The health concepts held by many cultural groups mayresult in people choosing not to seek modern medicaltreatment procedures.


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(1991) (CTD)Health care provider need to be flexible in the design of

programs, policies, and services to meet the needs andconcerns of the culturally diverse population, groups that

are likely to be encountered.

Most cases of lay illness have multiple causalities andmay require several different approaches to diagnosis,treatment, and cure including folk and Western medicalinterventions..

The use of traditional or alternate models of health caredelivery is widely varied and may come into conflict withWestern models of health care practice


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(1991) (CTD)Culture guides behavior into acceptable ways for

the people in a specific group as such culture

originates and develops within the socialstructure through inter personal interactions.

For a nurse to successfully provide care for a

client of a different cultural or ethnic to

background, effective intercultural

communication must take place.


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APPLICATION TO NURSINGTo develop understanding, respect and

appreciation for the individuality and diversity of

patients beliefs, values, spirituality and cultureregarding illness, its meaning, cause, treatment,

and outcome.

To encourage in developing and maintaining aprogram of physical, emotional and spiritual self-

care.


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HEALTH PRACTICES IN

DIFFERENT CULTURESUse of Protective Objects. Protective objects can

be worn or carried or hung in the home- charmsworn on a string or chain around the neck, wrist, or

waist to protect the wearer from the evil eye or evilspirits.

Use of Substances It is believed that certian foodsubstances can be ingested to prevent illness.

E.g. eating raw garlic or onion to prevent illness orwear them on the body or hang them in the home.

Religious Practices Burning of candles, rituals ofredemption etc..


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HEALTH PRACTICES IN

DIFFERENT CULTURESTraditional RemediesThe use of folk or traditional

medicine is seen among people from all walks of life

and cultural ethnic back ground.HealersWithin a given community, specific people

are known to have the power to heal.

Immigration Immigrant groups have their own

cultural attitudes ranging beliefs and practicesregarding these areas.


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ROLEOF NURSEDetermine the client's cultural heritage and

language skills.

Determine if any of his health beliefs relate to thecause of the illness or to the problem.

Collect information that any home remedies the

person is taking to treat the symptoms.

Nurses should evaluate their attitudes toward

ethnic nursing care.

Self-evaluation helps the nurse to become more

comfortable when providing care to clients from


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ROLE OF NURSEy Understand the influence of culture, race &ethnicity

on the development of social emotional relationship,

child rearing practices & attitude toward health.y Collect informationabout the socioeconomic status of

the family and its influence on their health promotionand wellness

y

Identifiy the religious practices of the family and theirinfluence on health promotion belief in families.

y Understanding of the general characteristics of themajor ethnic groups, but always individualize care


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ROLEOF NURSEThe nursing diagnosis for clients should include potential

problems in their interaction with the health care system

and problems involving the effects of culture.

The planning and implementation of nursing interventions

should be adapted as much as possible to the client's

cultural background.

Evaluation should include the nurse's self-evaluation of

attitudes and emotions toward providing nursing care toclients from diverse sociocultural backgrounds.

Self-evaluation by the nurse is crucial as he or she

increases skills for interaction. .


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CULTURAL AND ETHNIC

INFLUENCES ON HEALTHCAREGender Roles It is important to know who is the

dominant figure in a family

Language and Communication Some clients maynot be able to speak the English Language

Food and Nutrition

Socioeconomic


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CULTURAL AND ETHNIC

INFLUENCES ON HEALTHCARETay Sacks Disease a gene for a hereditary

disorder have very short life span EasternEuropean, Jewish descent.

G6PD deficiency enzyme deficiency. Redblood cells have no cell membrane they areeasily destroyed , which leads to anemia andincreased billirubin levels. - 10% of African

American population

Thalassemia genetic disorder effecting the Hgbin RBC function. Mediterranean, Asian, and

African origin.


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INFLUENCES ON HEALTHCARE

(CTD)

Sarcoidosis formation of multiple tubercles or

nodules on various parts of the body - AfricanAmerican population.

Gout An increase of uric acid in the blood -males especially from Puerto Rican or Filipino

descentAnemia in pregnancy


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STANDARDSA task force of the Expert Panel forGlobal Nursing

and Health of the American Academy of Nursing,along with members of the Transcultural Nursing

Society, developed a set of standards for culturalcompetence in nursing practice. The aim of thisproject was to define standards that can beuniversally applied by nurses around the world in the

areas of clinical practice, research, education, andadministration, especially by nurses involved indirect patientcare.


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STANDARDS (CTD)Standard 1. Social Justice

Standard 2. Critical Reflection

Standard 3. Knowledge of CulturesStandard 4. Culturally Competent Practice

Standard 5. Cultural Competence in

HealthCare Systems and Organizations

Standard 6. Patient Advocacy and Empowerment


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STANDARDS (CTD)Standard 7. MulticulturalWorkforce

Standard 8. Education and Training in

Culturally Competent CareStandard 9. Cross Cultural Communication

Standard 10. Cross Cultural Leadership

Standard 11. Policy Development

Standard 12. Evidence-Based Practice and Research


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yTHANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

culture and ethnicity ismaila

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