WHAT IS YOUR IDENTITY?What are three reasons you define yourself the way you do?

PROSHANSKY, H., FABIAN, A. & KAMINOFF, R. (1983). PLACE-IDENTITY: PHYSICAL WORLD SOCIALIZATION OF THE SELF. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY, 3, 57-83.

•Limitations of previous models like the self-esteem model was given.

DEFINING PLACE IDENTITY

•The authors posit that we form our identities by the associations we make with our environment and the experiences we have there(Proshansky, Fabian & Kaminoff, 1983, p.62).

PLACE IDENTITY

•People are not usually aware of how their identity is intertwined with their environment (Proshansky, Fabian & Kaminoff, 1983, p.64).

PLACE IDENTITY

•Places change and do not stay the same (Proshansky, Fabian & Kaminoff, 1983, p.65).

PLACE IDENTITY

•Everything that we believe and do depends on our location (Proshansky, Fabian & Kaminoff, 1983, p.66).

HOW DOES THIS AFFECT PEOPLE?

•Children of migrant workers found that lack of a constant environment cause severe problems in their lives (Proshansky, Fabian & Kaminoff,1983, p. 67).

HOW DOES THIS AFFECT PEOPLE?

•Bad environments cause people to react strongly to the environment (Proshansky, Fabian & Kaminoff, 1983, p. 68). •The authors give the example of incarceration

HOW DOES THIS AFFECT PEOPLE?

•Our taste and preferences are molded in the environment in which we live. However, we will always be different as individuals (Proshansky, Fabian & Kaminoff, 1983, p.69).

AUTHORS VIEWS OF AREAS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH

•1) Deeper knowledge about place identity•2) Look at varied urban environments•3) Need for place identities for specific areas

CRITIQUE•1) The authors mention that a negative environment can have positive results. •2) The author talks about urban environments but not specify where. •3) Migrant workers are mentioned, but other marginalized groups are not.•4) The article was published in England but the authors are associated with an American University.

ARTICLE 2

•Phinney, J. (1990). Ethnic identity in adolescents and adults: Review of research. Psychological Bulletin 108 (3), 499-514.

AREAS OF FOCUS

•United States and Western Europe – Mainly U.K.

PHINNEY (1990)

•Ethnic identity formation is a complex process that varies according to the cultural environment and the socioeconomic statuses in play (pp.500-502)

PHINNEY (1990, P.502)Indentification with majority group

Strong ethnicity Weak ethnicity

Strong AcculturatedIntegratedBicultural

Assimilated

Weak Ethnically ident.SeparatedDissociated

Marginal

MARCIA’S EGO IDENTITY (AS CITED IN PHINNEY, 1990, P.503)

• Identity diffusion – Far from identity• Identity foreclosure – With white culture• Identity crisis - Awakening•Moratorium – Resistance of other culture• Internalization – Pride in ones culture

PHINNEY (1990, P.504)

•Do you feel comfortable using one label for yourself?

ONE PROBLEM (PHINNEY, 1990, P.507)

•The group people identify with and their actions that connect with their ethnicity. •Two examples: •1) East Indians in U.K.•2) Irish in U.K. •A) Lower class•B) Middle class

HOW DOES ONE’S GENERATION AND GENDER AFFECT ETHNICITY

(PHINNEY, 1990, P.509) •1st and 2nd generation immigrants versus 3rd and 4 generation immigrants•Men versus women•A) Irish girls in U.K. •B) Jewish boys in Canada

AREAS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH

•Need for new ways to measure ethnicity

CRITIQUE

•Proposes the use of the development model which does not have enough research to support it•Phinney (1990) examined populations in English speaking countries and did not venture into non-English speaking countries

ARTICLE 3

•Hall, S. (1990). Cultural identity and diaspora. In Rutherford, J. (Ed.), Identity, Community, Cultural Difference (pp.222-237). London, UK: Lawrence & Wishart.

TRADITIONAL THEORY

•Culture is a shared upon belief system.

HALL’S (1990) CULTURE THEORY (PP. 223-226)

• Identity is not a straight line. It is more like a spiral• Identity is a spectrum as opposed to two points on a line•Culture occurs in the vacuum of colonization

HALL (1990) EXAMINED TWO PLACES (PP.226-228)

• Jamaica •Martinique

MAIN POINTS (HALL,1990, PP.226-229)

•Lack of African assertion in identity•Culture created in a vacuum of oppression•Absence of native cultures•Presence of cultural mixing•Problem of deciding how much European and African influences are present

CRITIQUE

•Africa was mentioned, but it was not given much detail•Non-Caribbean areas were not looked at.

CONCLUSIONS• Identity is based off our environment, our ethnicity, and our culture•Each of these constructs occurs at many levels •We are aware and unaware of them• Identity can be manipulated – People’s environment and comfort can be controlled by others • It is important to be active in one’s own culture

REFERENCES

• Hall, S. (1990). Cultural identity and diaspora. In Rutherford, J. (Ed.), Identity, Community, Cultural Difference (pp.222-237). London,

UK: Lawrence & Wishart.

Phinney, J. (1990). Ethnic identity in adolescents and adults: Review of research. Psychological Bulletin 108 (3), 499-514.

Proshansky, H., Fabian, A. & Kaminoff, R. (1983). Place-Identity: Physical world socialization of the self. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 3, 57-83.