c.p.sathyaraj - dt.4.4.14keralamediaacademy.org/.../02/c.p.sathyaraj-dt.4.4.14.pdfthe work is to be...

kmaq-lnI \thm-°m-\hpwam[y-a-§fpw

kn.]n. kXy-cmPv

tIc-f-¯nse `qX-Ime kmaq-lnI

apt¶-ä-§sfbpw Ahsb IogvtaÂ

adn-¡p¶ hÀ¯-am\

bmYmÀYy-§sfbpw am[y-a-§Ä

ssIImcyw sNbvX hn[w

hnaÀi-\m-ß-Iambn ]cn-tim-[n-¡p¶

]T-\w. \thm-°m\ tIc-f-¯nsâ

]n³\-S-¯-¯n\v am[y-a-§Ä

IpS-]n-Sn-¨-sX-§-s\-sb¶v

hni-Z-am-¡p¶ bpàn-`-{Z-

\nco-£-W-§Ä. `àn-hy-h-km-b-¯nse

em`-hnlnXw ]-äm\pÅ

am[y-a-§fpsS hgn-hn« k©m-cw

hyà-am-¡p¶ {KÙw.

Kerala Press AcademyKakkanad, Cochin


1ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-a-ßfpws

kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw

am[y-a-ßfpw

kn.]n. kXy-cmPv

tIcf {]kv A°mZan

2014

2 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-a-ßfpws


kn.]n. kXy-cmPv

am[ya {]h¿Ø-I≥. IÆq¿ Pn√-bnse Nmh-t»-cn-bn¬ P\\w. A—≥: sI hn

cmP-tKm-]m-e≥. AΩ: kn ]n ]fln-\n. h¿Ø-am-\w, \yq GPv, am[yaw XpS-ßnb

]{X-ß-fn¬ {]h¿Øn®p. Ct∏mƒ C¥ym-hn-j-\n¬ No v k_v FUn-‰¿. `mcy:

hn\oX, aI≥:tNX≥ Fkv. cmPv. C sabn¬: [email protected]

Malayalam Title :

Sammohika Navodhanavum Madhyamangalum

By C.P. Sathyaraj

© Kerala Press Academy. Some rights reserved.

The e-book edition of this work is licensed by Kerala Press Academy underCC BY 4.0. The work is to be attributed to C.P. Sathyaraj

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, on paper orany non-electronic form, without the prior written permission of thecopyright-owner.

C.P. Sathyaraj asserts the moral right to be identified as the author of thiswork.

Published byKerala Press AcademyKakkanadu, Kochi-30

Cover Design : Saji Clarion

Published in May 2014

E-book edition not for sale.

D≈-S°w

BapJw

1. tIcfw: Ccpfpw shfn-®hpw 11- - -30

kwL-Ime tIc-fw- -B-cym-[n-\n-th-ihpw h¿Wm-{i-a-[¿a-ß-fpw˛amdp∂ ioe-ßƒ˛

\msº-Sp-°p∂ \thm-∞m\w˛]-cn-jvI¿Øm°fpw {]ÿm-\-ßfpw

2. \thm-∞m\ apt∂-‰hpw BZy-Ime ]{X-ßfpw 31- -˛-63

BZy-Ime am[y-a-ßfpw aX-t_m-[-\-hpw˛aX-t_m-[-\-Øn¬\n∂v kmaq-lnI hna¿i-

\-Øn-te°v BZy-Ime {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßfpw ap≥\n-c-°m-cpw˛hgn-\-S-∏v, t£{X-{]-

th-i\ ka-c-ßƒ- -k-a-Z¿in˛[¿Ω-k-a-cw- -ae-bm-fn,- ka-Z¿in t]mcv tIk-cn- -k-

tlm-Z-c≥- -Xfn-t£-{X-]-cn-k-csØ hgn-\-S-∏v tIcf Iuap-Zn˛ssh°w kXym-{K-lw-

-k-©m-c-kzm-X-{¥yØn-s\-Xnsc Cug-hs‚ thm v amXr- q-an-bpsS XpS-°w- -t£-{X-

{]-th-i-\-Øn-\p≈ CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ˛sI.-]n. tIih tat\ms‚ Ad-Ãv- -k-h¿W-Pm-

Y˛Kpcp-hm-bq¿ kXym-{K-lw˛kmaq-Xn-cn°pw sNIn-S-Ø-Sn® kh¿W-\p-sa-Xn-sc˛ae-

bm-f-a-t\m-c-a-bpsS kq£va-Np-h-Sp-Iƒ˛{]Pm-k- -bnse ama≥ am∏n-f˛tIcf tkh-

I-s\-Xnsc k¿°m¿

3. kap-Zmb ]cn-jvI-c-W-ßƒs°m∏w 64 -˛- 91

kap-Zm-b-]-cn-jvI-cW {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ˛DÆn\-ºq-X-cn˛A¥¿P-\-Øn-s‚bpw t\Xymc-

Ω-bp-sSbpw t]mcv anX-hm-ZnbpsS Zμz-\n-e-]mSv \h-i-‡n- -hn-Zym-hn-t\m-Zn-\n˛ktlm-

Z-c≥˛an{i-t`m-P-\w, an{i-hn-hm-lw, hn[-hm-hn-hmlw˛aXw-am-‰-ßƒ˛ apkveow kap-

Zm-b-Ønse am‰-ßƒ- -A-‘-hn-izm-k-ßƒ°pw A\m-Nm-c-ßƒ°p-sa-Xn-sc˛apd-P-]-

Øn-s\-Xn-sc˛arK-_en \n¿Øm≥˛]{X-am-cW \nb-a-ßƒ

4. kzmX-{¥ym-\-¥c ]n≥\-SØw 92- -˛-136

kzmX-{¥ym-\-¥c cmjv{So-b-am-‰w- -]-{X-ß-fpsS {] -j-W¬ coXn˛PmXo-b-X-bpsS

]p\xkrjvSnbpw PmXn-cm-jv{So-bhpw˛am[y-a-ß-fnse PmXo-b-X˛h¿Kob tNcp-h-

Iƒ˛aqe-[-\hpw kmaq-lnI ImgvN-∏m-Spw˛`‡nbpw ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-hpw˛Kpcp-hm-

bq-cnse tNmdq¨ hnhm-Zw˛]Sn-°p-]p-d-Øm-Ip∂ Cug-h-∏q-Pm-cn-am¿˛i_-cn-ebpw

kz¿W-{]-iv\-Ønse au\-hpw˛aIc tPymXn-bpsS D≈-d-I-fn-te°v IS-°m-sX- -]fl-

\m-`-t£{X \n-e-hd Xpd-°mØ cl-ky-ßƒ˛s]m¶m-e-b-£-c-ß-fnse

`‡n˛BtLm-j-am-Ip∂ _en-X¿∏-Ww˛BƒssZ-h-ßƒ°p-]n-∂m-se˛Aar-Xm-\-μ-

a-bn°p ap∂n¬ Xe-Ip-\n-®v- -k-t¥mjv am[-h-\n¬ kS-Ip-S-™v ap…ow \thm-∞m-

\hpw BNm-c-ß-fpw˛Xncp-tIiw sXmSmØ \njv]-£-X˛an{i-hn-hm-l-Øn¬\n∂v

eu Pnlm-Zn-te-°v

5. hnizmk-ß-fpsS hn]Wn 137- -˛-148

hn]-Wnbpw P\m- n-em-j-hpw˛Cw•ojv am[y-a-ß-fpsS hgn-tb˛Dev]∂ k¶ev]w

]{X-ß-fn-epw- B`n-Nm-c-{In-b-I-fpsS ]c-ky-hn-]-Wn˛am{¥n-I-G-e- p-I-sf∂ [\m-

K-a-\-am¿§w- -]-tc-Xm-flm-°ƒ°pw CSw˛]-{X-ßƒ°v Hcp D]-Im-c-kva-cW

6. Ad-®p-\n¬°p∂ Zriy-am-[y-a-ßƒ 149- -˛-152

Zriy-am-[y-a-ß-fpsS XpS-°hpw hm¿Øm Nm\-ep-I-fpsS Bhn¿`m-h-hpw- -s]m-en-a-

tb-Ip∂ Zriy-hn-cp-∂p-Iƒ- -B-tLm-j-am-Ip∂ aI-c-tPym-Xnbpw s]m¶m-e-bpw- -Zriym-

t\z-jW km-[y-X-Ifnte°v IS-°msX

klm-bI {KŸ-ßƒ

BapJw

cmPy-Øn\v amXr-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p tIc-f-Ønse kmaq-lnI \thm-

∞m\ apt∂-‰-ßƒ. kmaq-lnI D®-\o-NXzw AXns‚ F√m cu{Z-

X-tbm-sSbpw Ac-tß-dnb Hcp `qX-Im-e-Øn¬\n∂v Iogm-f-P-\-hn-

`m-K-ßƒ°v Xe-bp-b¿Øn \S-°m-\p≈ kml-Ncyw Hcp-ßn-bXv

Zo¿L-Imew kaq-l-Øns‚ k¿h-X-e-ß-fnepw \S∂ ]cn-jvI-cW

{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. kmaq-lnI apt∂-‰-Ønse Cu ae-bm-

f-s∏-cp-a-bn¬ Du‰w-sIm-≈p-tºmgpw \thm-∞m-\-ap-t∂-‰-ßsf

Iogvta¬ adn-°p∂ kw`-h-ß-ƒ h¿Ø-am-\-Ime kaq-l-Ønepw

Ac-tß-dn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂p F∂Xv Hcp bmYm¿Yy-am-Wv. hyXykvX

Ime-L- -Ønse kmaq-lnI kml-N-cy-ßsf am[y-a-ßƒ Fßs\

kao-]n-®p-sh∂XmWv Cu ]T-\-Ønse D≈-S-°w.

sFIy-tI-cf ]nd-hn°v apºp≈ tIc-f-Øns‚ kmaq-lnI kml-

N-cy-ßƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS- am{Xta B[p-\nI ImesØ

khn-ti-j-X-bn-te°v Fßs\ FØn-t®¿∂p F∂ hni-I-e-\w

km[yamIq. H∂mw A[ym-b-Øn¬ CXn-\p≈ {ia-amWv \S-Øp-

∂-Xv. kwL-Ime kmaqly kml-N-cy-ß-fpw AXns‚ XpS¿®-bmbn

h¿Wm-{ia[¿aw tIc-f-Øns‚ kmaqly a\- ns\ Iog-S-°n-b-sX-

ß-s\-sb∂pw Cu A[ym-b-Øn¬ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂p.

kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m\ {]ÿm-\-ß-fpsS DZ-bhpw AXns‚

{]h¿Ø\ coXn-bpw BZy-Ime ae-bmf ]{X-ßƒ AXn-s\ Fß-

s\-bmWv ho£n-®-sX-∂p-amWv c≠mw A[ym-b-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-

Øn-bn- p-≈-Xv. kzmX{¥y e_v[n-°p-tijw tIc-f-Ønse s]mXp-

km-aq-lnI t_m[-Øn¬h∂ am‰-ß-sfbpw AXn-t\m-Sp≈ am[y-a-

k-ao-]-\-ß-fp-amWv aq∂pw \mepw A[ym-b-Øn-ep-≈-Xv. am[y-a-cw-

KØv aqe-[\ Xmev]cy-ßƒ DS-se-Sp-°p-Ibpw AXv \thm-∞m-\-

aq-ey-ßƒ ]n¥p-S-cp-∂-Xn¬ F¥v kao-]-\-amWv kzoI-cn-®-sX∂pw

\memw A[ymbw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂p. Zriy-am-[y-a-ßƒ tIcf-Øn¬

kPo-h-amb tijap≠mb kml-N-cy-ßsf A®-Sn-am-[y-a-ßfpw Zriy-

am-[y-a-ßfpw Fßs\ ssIImcyw sNbvXp-sh∂XmWv A©mw

A[ym-bw.

tIc-f-Øns‚ kmaq-lnI Ncn-{XsØbpw hnIm-k-sØbpw Ipdn-

®p≈ {KŸ-ßfpw ae-bmf ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\N-cn{Xw kw_-‘n®

cN-\-Ifpw ]gb ]{X-ß-fp-sSbpw \ne-hn-ep≈ ]{X-ß-fp-sSbpw

]Xn-∏p-Ifpw ]cn-tim-[n-®mbncp∂p ]T\w. ]g-b-Ime ]{X-ß-fp-

sSbpw B\p-Im-en-I-ß-fp-sSbpw ]Xn-∏p-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂-Xn\v

Xriq¿ kmln-Xy-A-°m-Zan sse{_-dn-bn¬\n∂v e`n® kl-I-cWw

hne-s∏- -Xm-bn-cp-∂p. CtXm-sSm∏w hnhn[ am[y-a-ÿm-]-\-ß-fn¬

{]h¿Øn-°p∂ am[y-a-{]-h¿Ø-I-cpsS kl-I-c-Whpw ]T\w

]q¿Øn-bm-°p-∂-Xn\v klm-b-I-c-am-bn. Ah-tcm-sS-√m-ap≈ IrX-

⁄X tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

tIc-f-Øns‚ kmaq-ln-I-\-thm-∞m-\-sØbpw am[y-a-ß-fpsS

]¶n-s\bpw Ipdn-®p≈ ]T-\-Øn\v A\p-a-Xnbpw km[y-Xbpw Hcp-

°n-Ø∂ tIcf {]kv A°m-Z-an-tbm-Sp≈ IrX-⁄-Xbpw {]tXyIw

tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. kmaq-lnI am‰sØ Ipdn-®p≈ XpS¿ am[ya

]T-\-ßƒ°v sNdnb ASn-Ø-d-bm-Im≥ Cu ]T\w klm-b-I-amIpw

F∂mWv {]Xo-£.

kn.]n. kXy-cmPv

{]km-[-I-¡p-dn- v

tI-c-f {]-kv A-°mZ-an kwÿm-\ k¿-°m-dn-s‚ k-lm-b-tØm-sS

]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I¿-°p-th-≠n G-s‰-Sp-Ø am-[y-a-K-th-j-W ]-≤-Xn-

bp-sS -e-am-Wv, ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-\mb {io. kn.]n.k-Xy-cm-Pns‚

km-aq-ly-\-thm-∞m-\hpw am-[y-a-ßfpw F∂ Cu {K-Ÿw.

tIcfØnse ]{X{]h¿Ø\Øns‚ XpS°w, bYm¿∞Øn¬

tIcfØnse \thm∞m\Øns‚ XpS°w Xs∂bmWv- F∂v-

Nn¥I\pw Ncn{XhymJymXmhpw IqSnbmb C.Fw.Fkv -

\ºqXncn∏mSv- ]d™psh®n´p≠v-. \q-‰-dp]Xv h¿-j-tØmfw \o≠

a-ebmf ]{X{]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ Ncn{X-sØ km-aq-ly-am‰Øns‚

Ncn{XØn¬ \n∂v- th¿Xncn®v- tcJs∏SpØp-I {]-bmkam-Wv.-

kmaqlyam‰ßsf ]{X{]h¿-Ø\hpw ]{X{]h¿-Ø\sØ

kmaqly-am‰hpw kzm[o\n®pt]m∂p

Xo¿-®-bm-bpw K-l-\am-b Cu hn-j-b-am-Wv {io k-Xy-cm-Pv ]T-\-

Øn\v G-s‰-Sp-Ø-Xv. F-∂m¬ ]T-\w A-Xn-sem-Xp-ßn-\n¬-°p-∂n√.

A-‘-hn-izm-k-ßƒ°pw A-\m-Nm-c-ßƒ-°pw F-Xn-sc ]-S s]m-cpXn-

b A-tX ]-{X-ßƒ X-s∂ kzm-X-{¥ym-\¥-cw s{]m- -j-\¬ ]-{X-

{]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-s‚ ap-Jw-aq-Sn-bn- v A-‘ hn-izm-k-ßƒ°pw A-\m-

Nm-c-ßƒ-°p-t]mepw t{]m-’ml-\w \¬-Ip-∂, \-thm-∞m-\-Øn¬

\n-∂p-≈ Xn-cn-™p-\-S-Ø-sØ-Ip-dn®pw {io k-Xy-cm-Pv hn-e-tbdn-b

\o-co-£-W-ßƒ \-S-Øp-∂p-≠v. hn-]-Wn- F√m aq-ey-ß-ƒ°pw hn-e-

bn-Sp-∂- Im-ew F-∂ Zp-c-¥-Øn-te-°m-Wv K-th-j-I≥ hn-c¬-Nq-≠p-

∂-Xv.

h¿-j-ßƒ ]n-∂n- mepw hm-bn-°-s∏-tS-≠ Cu Ir-Xn h-cpw -X-e-ap-d-

Iƒ-°pw F-fp-∏w e`y-am-Ip-∂ C˛_p-°v B-bn {]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-

Xn¬ k-t¥m-jhpw A`n-am-\-hp-ap-≠v. C-\n-bp-ta-sd N¿-®-Iƒ°pw

kw-hm-Z-Øn\pw C-Xv ]m-{X-amIpw F-∂v B-in-°p∂p.

sIm-®n

15 G-{]n¬ 2014F³.]n.cm-tP-{μ³

sN-b¿-am≥, tI-c-f {]-kv A-°mZan

A[ymbw H∂v

tIcfw: Ccpfpw shfn-®hpw

P¿a≥ ss{IkvXh anj-W-dn-bmb tUm. sl¿a≥ Kp≠¿ v 1847

PqWn¬ Xe-t»-cn-bn¬\n∂v ae-bm-f-Ønse BZysØ {]Xn-amk

]{Xn-I-bmb "cmPy-k-am-Nmcw' {]ko-≤o-I-cn-®v GXm≠v Ac-\q-‰m≠v

Ign-™t∏m-gm-bn-cp∂p kzman hnth-Im-\-μs‚ tIcf kμ¿iw.

"CsXmcp {`m¥-me-b-amWv' F∂ kzman hnth-Im-\-μs‚ ]cn-lmkw

A∂sØ tIc-f-Ønse kmaq-lym-¥-co-£-Øns‚ ]cn-Xm-]-I-c-amb

ÿnXnbpsS hym]vXn hy‡-am-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. C¥y-bnse

CXctZi-ß-sf-t∏mse aX-hnizmk tI{μo-Ir-Xambn-cp∂p A∂v

tIc-f-Ønsebpw s]mXp-k-aq-lw. F∂m¬, AXn-ep-]-cn-bmbn as‰-

ßp-an-√mØ hn[w PmXn- -D-]-PmXn _‘-ßfpw th¿Xn-cn-hp-Ifpw

tIc-f-Øns‚ kmaq-ly-ÿnXn AXy-[nIw k¶o¿W-am-°nbncp-∂p.

hnizm-k-ßƒ°pw BNm-c-ßƒ°psam∏w A‘-hn-izm-khpw A\m-

Nm-chpw kaq-l-Øn¬ apJy-ÿm\w t\Sn. Hc¿∞-Øn¬ A‘-hn-

izm-k-ßƒ°pw A\m-Nm-c-ßƒ°p-am-bn-cp∂p ta¬ss° F∂p ]d-

bmw.

\mSp-hm-gnØ`q{]- p-Xz-Øn-\m-bn-cp∂p A[n-Im-cw. Ch¿s°m∏w

PmXn-ta¬t°m-bvabpw kaq-l-Øns‚ Ne-\-ßsf \nb-{¥n-®p. \mSp-

h-mgn-bn-emtWm, P∑n-bn-em-tWm, Db¿∂ PmXn-bn-emtWm A[n-

Imcw tI{μo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-sX∂v th¿Xn-cn-®-dn-bm-\m-hm-Øhcm-bn-

cp∂p Iogmf P\hn- m-Kw. {_m“-Wcpw £{Xn-bcpw Ah-cpsS Imcy-

ÿ-h¿Khpw Xm¥m-ß-fpsS CjvS-Øn-\\p-k-cn®v \nb-a-ßfpw hyh-

ÿ-Ifpw \n¿an-°p-Ibpw hymJym-\n-°p-Ibpw \S-∏m-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXp. Xpey-\o-Xn-b-√, hnth-N-\-am-bn-cp∂p \nb-a-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS

ASn-ÿm\w Xs∂. \mSp-hm-gn-I-fnepw PmXn- ta¬t°mbva ÿm\-

Øp--≈-h-cnepw `qan-bp-sSbpw kº-Øn-s‚bpw A[n-Imcw ]q¿W-

ambpw \n£n-]vX-am-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Iogm-f-hn`mKw Zcn-{Z-cm-bn-cp-∂p;

F√m A¿∞Ønepw. kº-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ am{X-a-√, hnZym-

`ym-k-Øns‚ Imcy-Ønepw Cu Zmcn{Zyw Ahsc ]nSn-Iq-Sn. hnZym-

`ymkw kh¿W-cn¬ am{Xw tI{μo-I-cn-°-s∏- p. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂

kaq-l-Øn¬ hn\o-X-hn-t[-b-cm-hm≥ am{Xta Ah¿Æ¿°v km[n-


°p-am-bn-cp-∂p-≈q. AXm-bn-cp∂p A∂sØ \m´p-\-S-∏v. A\p-k-cn-

°pI F∂-Xn¬ Ah¿Ws‚ F√m Ah-Im-i-ßfpw HXp-ßn.

A‘-hn-izm-khpw A\m-Nm-chpw Ah¿W-\n¬ am{X-am-bn-cp-∂n-

√. aqV-hn-izm-k-ß-fpsS ta¬ AS-bn-cn-°p-∂Xn¬ kh¿Wcmbn-

cp∂p ap∂n¬. A[n-Im-cn-I-fn¬\n∂pw ta¬Pm-Xn-°m-cn¬\n-∂pap≈

]oU-\-Øns‚ òXn \nanØw A‘-hn-izm-khpw A\m-Nm-c-hpw A-

\p-jvTn-°m≥ Ah¿W¿ \n¿_-‘n-X-cm-b-t∏mƒ, kh¿W¿ kzbw

krjvSn-s®-SpØ òXn-bpsS temI-Øm-bn-cp∂p Ign-™-Xv. BNm-c-

\n-tj-[w hgn Xßƒ ]X-\-Øn-te°v \bn-°s∏Sp-sa∂v Ah¿

`b-∂p. A‘-hn-izmkw ImgvN-a-d-®p. AXn-\-∏p-dsØ ImgvN-Im-Wm-

≥ kh¿W¿°v km[n®n√. Cu òXn-bn¬\n-∂p≈ tamN-\-am-bn-

cp∂p Iogm-f-\p-ta-ep≈ A[n-Im-c-{]-tbm-K-Øn-eqsSbpw BNm-c-\n-

jvI¿j-bn-eq-sSbpw kh¿W¿ km-[y-am-°n-bn-cp∂Xv.

ASnak{º-Zm-bw, Abn-Øw, sXm´p-Iq-Sm-bva, Xo≠n-°q-Sm-bva,

PmXn-{`-„v, ]pe-t∏-Sn, aÆm-t∏-Sn, ]d-t∏-Sn, apd-P-]w, Zmb-{I-aw,

ssiih hnhm-lw, _lp-`m-cym-Xzw, _lp-`¿Xr-Xzw, Xmen-sI´v

Ieym-Ww, Xnc-≠p-I-eym-Ww, kv{XoI-fpsS amdp-a-d-bv°m-Xn-cn-°¬,

k©mc kzmX{¥y \ntj-[w, t£{X-{]-th--\-an-√mbva, hnZym- ymk

\ntj[w, acp-a-°-Ømbw, P∑nØw F∂n-ßs\ \m\m-hn-[m-Nm-c-

ßfpw \nb-a-hy-h-ÿIfp-am-bn-cp∂p A°m-eØv \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂-

Xv. Cu \nb-a-ßfpw BNm-c-ßfpw ]men-°p∂-Xn¬ kq£vaX

]pe¿tØ≠ _m[y-Xbpw Ah¿W\pw IogvPm-Xn-°m¿°p-am-bn-cp-

∂p. AXm-b-Xv, kh¿Ws‚ ]cn-ip≤n \jvS-am-Im-Xn-cn-°m-\p≈

{i≤ Iogm-f¿ ]pe¿Ø-W-am-bn-cp∂p. AXn\mbn kh¿WcpsS

I¨sh-´Øv bmZr-—n -I-ambnt]mepw h∂p-s]-Sm-Xn -cn -°m≥

Ah¿W≥ {i≤n-°-Ww. {_m“-W¿, £{Xn-b¿, \mb¿ XpS-ßn

kh¿W hn`m-K-Øn-ep-≈-h¿ ]pd-Øp-t]m-Ip-tºmƒ {]tXyI

i_vZw ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ah¿W≥ Xo≠m-∏m-S-Iew

kq£n-°p∂-Xn-\m-Wn-Xv. ANm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-ß-fn¬ hcp-Øp∂ hogvN-

bpsS in£bpw ISp-Ø-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. in£ - -b∂v ISp-InS sX‰msX

Ah ]men-°p-∂-Xn¬ Hcp -]-cn-[n-hsc F√m-hcpw \njvI¿j

]men®p.


tIc-f-Ønse kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m\ apt∂-‰-ßƒ sshtZ-in-

Im-[n-]-Xy-w DS-se-Sp°p-∂-Xn\pw Ht∂m ct≠m \q‰m≠paptº

tIcfw CØcsamcp kmaq-lnI N -°q-Sn-em-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Ncn-{X-

Im-c-∑m¿ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. F∂m¬, AXn\papºp≈ Ime-L- -

Øn¬ CØ-c-samcp th¿Xn-cnhv tIc-f-Øn¬ ImWm≥ km[n-°p-

am-bn-cp-∂n-√. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ tIc-f-Øns‚ kmaq-lnI Ncn-{X-

hn-Im-ksØ {]mY-an-I-ambn aq∂v L -ß-fmbn Xncn-°m≥ km[n-

°pw. H∂v, tIcfØns‚ Ncn{Xw cq]s∏- p XpS-ßnb kwL-Im-e-

L-´w. c≠v, Bcy-h-XvI-c-Whpw AXn\v tij-hpw. aq∂v, \thm-

∞m\ Ime-L´w.

{InkvXp-h¿j-Øn‚ BZysØ A©v -\q-‰m-≠p-Iƒ hcp∂ kwL-

Im-esØ tIc-f-Øns‚ kmaq-lyLS\ ]nevIm-esØ At]-£n®v

XnI®pw hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v s{]m^. Cfw-Ipfw ]nFw

Ip™≥]n-≈-sbbpw F {io[-c-ta-t\ms\bpw t]mep≈ Ncn-{X-

Im-c-∑m¿ tcJ-s∏-SpØnbn- p-≠v. tIcf Ncn{Xw cq]-s∏- p-Xp-S-ßp-

∂XvXs∂ Xan-gvkm-ln-Xy-Ønse kp{]-kn-≤-amb kwL-Im-e-L-

-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p. A∂v Xan-g-I-Øns‚ `mK-am-bn-cp∂p tIc-f-hpw.

thWm-Sv, Ip´-\m-Sv, IpS-\m-Sv, ]qgn-\m-Sv, I¿°m-\mSv F∂n-ßs\

A©p-\m-Sp-IfpsS ka-\z-b-am-bn-cp∂p tIc-fw. A°m-esØ kmaq-

lnI Pohn-XsØ "tIcf Ncn-{X-Øn¬' F {io[-c-ta-t\m≥ hnh-cn-

°p-∂Xv Cß-s\-bmWv:

"Hcp kw{K-YnXkwkvIm-c-Øns‚ hnI-k-\-Øn\v Bh-iy-

amb ASn-ÿm\ LS-I-ß-sf√mw kwL-Im-eØv D≠m-bn-

cp-∂p. A∂v kaqlw kap-Zm-b-ß-fmbpw PmXn-I-fmbpw

Jfin-X-ambn hn -Pn-°-s∏- n-cp-∂n-√. cq£-amb PmXn-hy-

Xym-k-tam, kmaq-ln-I-amb th¿Xn-cn-°tem A⁄m-X-am-

bn-cp-∂p. P\-ßƒ kmaq-ln-I-amb kzmX-{¥y-Ønepw ka-

Xz-Ønepw Ign-™p-Iq-Sn. A≤zm-\-Øns‚ A¥ v Fhn-

sSbpw AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏- n-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ sXmgn-ens‚ \ne-

hm-c-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v P\-ßsf kmaq-ly-ambn XmW-h-

sct∂m Db¿∂-h-sct∂m Xcw-Xn-cn-®n-cp-∂n-√. ]mW¿,

Ipd-h¿, ]d-b¿, thS¿ XpS-ßnb kap-Zm-b-ßsf cmPm-°-

∑mcpw {]`p-°-∑mcpw _lp-am-\-]q¿Δ-amWv ]cn-K-Wn-®n-cp-


∂-Xv. ]cn-]q¿W-amb hnZym- ym-k-Øn\v Ah¿°v Ah-Im-

i-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]mW¿ _p≤n-]-chpw kwkvIm-cn-I-hp-

amb kn≤n-I-fm¬ {_m“-W-scbpw AXn-i-bn-∏n-®p.'

˛tIcf Ncn-{Xw, ]pdw 90

kwL-Im-esØ P\-ßfn¬ `qcn-]-£-Øn\pw FUn 500 hsc

{]tXy-I a-X-sam-∂pw- D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-s√∂pw {io[-c-ta-t\m≥ ]d-bp-

∂p. AXn\v tij-ap≈ aq∂p-\q-‰m-≠p-I-fnse tIcf Ncn-{XsØ

Ipdn®v aXn-bmb tcJ-I-sfm∂pw Is≠-Sp-°m≥ Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿°v

km[n-®n-´n-√. Nmeq-Iy¿, ]√-h¿, ]mfiy¿, cmjv{S-Iq-S¿ F∂o

hwi-ßƒ tIc-fsØ B{I-an®v B[n-]-Xy-ap-d-∏n-s®-∂mWv hniz-

kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Ch-cpsS B[n-]Xyw apX¬ km-aq-lnILS-\-bn¬

ImXemb am‰Øn\v tIcfw km£n-bm-bn. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂

HºXmw \q‰m-≠n\v tijw tIc-f-Øn-ep-≠m-bXv Xo¿Øpw s]mfn-

s®-gp-Xnb Hcp kmaq-ly-L-S-\-bm-bn-cp∂p F∂p ]d-bmw. tIcf

Ncn-{Xw kw_-‘n® Cu Ccp-fm≠Ime-L- -Øn-emWv Bcy-h-XvI-

cWw Z£n-tW-¥y-bnse {ZmhnU kwkvIm-c-Øn\v ta¬ B[n-

]Xyw ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xv. Cu Bcy-h-XvI-cWw tIc-f-Ønse h¿W-

hy-h-ÿ-bnepw kmaq-ly-L-S-\-bnepw henb ]cn-h¿Ø\w Xs∂

hcp-Øn. AXm-Is´ A©mw \q‰m-≠p-hsc \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ Hcp

LS-\-bpsS t\¿ hn]-co-X-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-hscbn√m-Xn-cp∂ PmXn-

hy-h-ÿ-bn-te°v tIcfw hgn-am-dn \S-∂Xv Cu Bcy-h-XvI-c-W-

Øn\v tij-am-Wv.

"tIc-f-Ønse Bcy--h-XvI-cWw aμ-sa-¶nepw A\p-kyq-X-amb Hcp

{]{In-b-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Bbp-[-ß-fpsS i‡n-sIm-≠-√, kam-[m-\-

Øns‚ \tbm-]m-b-ßƒsIm-≠m-bn-cp∂p Iuie-Øn¬ AXp

km[n-®-Xv. hS-°p-\n-∂p -h∂ {_m“-W-cpsS ap¥nb _p≤n-i-‡n-

bp-sSbpw `c-W-ssh-Z-Kv[y-Øn-s‚bpw apºn¬ Chn-SsØ {ZmhnU

h¿K-°m¿ \nt»jw Iog-S-ßp-∂-Xp-hsc AXp \o≠p-\n-∂p' (tI-

cf Ncn-{Xw, ]pdw 102) F∂mWv F {io[-c-ta-t\m≥ Cu ]cn-

h¿Ø-\sØ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xv.

Cu B-cy-h-XvI-c-W-Øns‚ ASn-Ø-dbn-emWv ]nevIme

tIcfØns‚ kmaq-ly-L-S\ sI´n-s∏m-°n-b-Xv. Nmeq-Iy¿°pw ]√-

h¿°pw tIc-f-Øn-ep-≠mb ta[m-hnXzw Bcy-h-XvI-c-W-Øn\v thKw


Iq´m≥ henb kml-N-cy-sam-cp-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. CtXmsS ]pXnb

kmap-lnI _‘-ßƒ DS-se-Sp-Øp. h¿W-th¿Xn-cn-hp-Iƒ°v

]pXnb am\-Z-fi-ß-fm-bn. AXn\v apºv kaq-l-Øn¬ Db¿∂

ÿm\-Øp-≠m-bn-cp∂ hn`m-K-ßƒ {ItaW IogvPm-Xn-°m-cmbn ]cn-

W-an-®p. A[n-Im-chpw kºØpw Bcy-∑m-cn¬ tI{μo-I-cn-°pI IqSn

sNbvX-tXmsS CXn\v B°w IqSn. kwL-Im-e-Øns‚ Ah-km-\-

L´w hsc kaql-Øn¬ D∂X ÿm\-Øp-≠m-bn-cp∂ thS¿,

]mW¿, Ipd-h¿ XpS-ßnb A≤zm-\-h¿K-ßƒ aq∂mw-X-c-°m-cmbn

XmW PmXn-I-sf∂ A[n-t£-]-Øn\v CS-bmbn.

FUn F´mw \q‰m≠v tIc-f-Øn¬ {_m“-Wm-[n-]-Xyw i‡n-

bm¿Pn® Ime-L- -am-bn-cp-∂p. Bcy-h-XvIcW Ime-L- -Øn¬ tIc-

f-Øn\v ]pd-Øp-\n∂v {_m“-W-cpsS hen-sbmcp kwLw Xs∂

ChnsS FØn-t®-cp-I-bp-≠m-bn. tIc-f-Ønse {_m“-W¿s°m∏w

]pd-Øp-\n-s∂-Ønb {_m“-W¿IqSn tN¿∂-tXmsS kaq-l-Øns‚

ta¬ kºq¿Wm-[n-]Xyw Dd-∏n-°m-hp∂ hn[-Ønep≈ Hcp i‡n-

bmbn Bcy-aXw amdp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. {_m“-W¿°p-≠mb Cu

{]mapJyw s]mXp-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ F√m taJ-e-bnepw henb ]cn-

h¿Ø\w Xs∂ krjvSn-®p. kwL-Im-esØ {ZmhnUtKm{Xw IqSp-

X¬ Zp¿_-e-am-hp-Ibpw apJy-[m-c-bn¬\n∂v {ItaW Dƒh-en-bs∏-

Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. "NmXp¿h¿Wy-Øns‚ A\n-tj-[y-X-bn¬ A[n-

jvTn-X-amb Bcy-{]-am-W-ßƒ {]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬ Akm-[m-cW

aXXo{h-X-tbmsS {]h¿Øn®n-cp∂ Cu {_m“-W¿ tIc-f-Ønse

PmXn-c-ln-X-amb kaq-l-Øn¬ PmXn-k-{º-Zmbw X{¥-]q¿Δw Xncp-

In-°-b-‰p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p' (tIcf Ncn{Xw, ]pdw 105) F∂v F {io[-

c-ta-t\m≥ Nq≠n-°m- p∂p.

Xangv kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ `mK-am-bn-cp∂ tIc-f-Øn¬ Bcy-kw-

kvIm-c-Øns‚ mK-amb h¿W-hn- -P\w \S-∂Xv kmaq-ln-Im-[n-Imcw

ÿm]n-s®-Sp-°p-∂-Xns‚ `mK-am-bn-cp-∂p. cmPm-°-∑m-cnepw \mSp-

hm-gn-Ifnepw q{]- p-°-∑m-cnepw kzm[o\w t\Sp-Ibpw {ItaW Ah-

cpsS ta¬ kºq¿Wm-[n-]Xyw ssIh-cn-°p-I-bp-am-bn-cp∂p Bcy-

∑m¿. A∂sØ A[n-Im-c-Øns‚bpw kº-Øns‚bpw tI{μ-ß-

fm-bn-cp∂ tImhn-e-I-ßfpw t£{X-ßfpw ]cn-]q¿W-ambpw Bcy-

{_m“-W-cp-sSbpw £{Xn-b-cp-sSbpw \nb-{¥-W-Øn-te°v {ItaW

h∂p-tN¿∂p. F∂m¬ DØ-tc-¥y≥ kmaq-ln-I-L-S-\sb AtX-


]Sn ]dn-®p-\-Sm≥ Bcy-∑m¿°v Ign-™n-cp-∂n-√. ImcWw, kwL-

Im-esØ {ZmhnU kwkvImcw ChnsS A°m-eØv A{X-ta¬ thcq-

∂n-°-gn-™n-cp-∂p. AXns‚ ^e-ambn h¿W-hn-`-P\Øn\pw

{]tXyI kz`mhw ssIh-∂p. tIc-f-Ønse Bcym-[n-\n-thi Ime-

L- -Øn¬Xs∂ I®-h-Sm-h-iy-Øn-\mbn FØnb blq-ZcpsSbpw

{InkvXym-\n-I-fp-sSbpw Ad-_n-I-fptSbpw km∂n[yw Chn-sS-bp-≠m-

bn-cp-∂p. Xan-g-I kwkvIm-c-Øn-s\m∏w Cu hntZ-iob I®-h-Skaq-

lhpw Cg-tN¿∂p \n∂-Xn-\m¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ {]tXyI kmaq-ly-

L-S-\-bmWv cq]-s∏- -Xv.

Bcym-h¿ØØn-se∂-t]mse hy‡-amb NmXp¿h¿Wy-Øn-

eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-bn-´√ ChnsS PmXn hyhÿ hf¿∂p-h-∂Xv

F∂mWv C Fw Fkv Cu Ncn-{X-hn-Im-ksØ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xv.

"F¶nepw Bcym-h¿X-Øn-se-∂-t]mse Chn-sSbpw PmXn-

k-{º-Zmbw hf¿∂p-h-cm≥ hf-°q-dp≈ aÆp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

NmXp¿h¿Wyw hnI-kn-®p-sIm-≠-√m-sXbmsW-¶n-epw, PmXn-

Ifpw D]-Pm-Xn-Ifpw Chn-sSbpw hf¿∂p-h-∂p. h¿K-hn- -P-\-

Øns‚ Chn-SsØ cq]w NmXp¿h¿Wy-Øn-eq-sS-b-√msX

hf¿∂p-h∂ PmXn hyXym-k-Øn-s‚-cq-]-Øn-em-sW-∂¿∞w.

AXv hf¿∂p-h-∂-sX-ß-s\-bm-W-∂-Xn\v hnizm-ky-amb sXfn-

hp-I-fn-√.''

˛C Fw Fkv \ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSv, tIcfNcn{Xw am¿IvknÃv

ho£-W-Øn¬, ]pdw 32

kwL-Ime km-aq-ln-I-L-S-\-bpsS ssiYn-ey-Øn\v tijw

Bcym-[n-]Xyw IpSp-X¬ i‡n-s∏- p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. HºXmw \q‰m-

≠p-ap-X¬ 19˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ {]mcw- -w hsc Cu Bcym-[n-]Xyw

henb Ae- n-√msX \ne-\n-∂p. h¿W-hn- -P-\hpw A\m-Nm-c-ßfpw

A‘-hn-izm-k-ßfpw D®-ÿm-bn-bn-embn. \mSp-hm-gn-Ifpw `p{]-`p-

°-∑m-cp-sa√mw Cu h¿W-ta-[m-hn-I-fpsS CS-bn¬ \n-∂m-b-Xn-\m¬

{_m“-W¿, £{Xn-b¿, \mb-∑m¿ F∂o kh¿W-hn-`m-KØnse

F√m-h¿°pw {]tXy-Im-[n-Im-c-ß-fmWv kaq-l-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-

Xv. PmXn hnth-N\ambn-cp∂p kmaq-lnI _‘-ß-fpsSbpw kmº-

ØnI LS-\-bpsSbpw am\-Z-fiw. AXv Gdn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂-X-√msX

am‰-Øns‚ Imlfw Fhn-sSbpw Db¿∂n-cp-∂n-√. IogvPm-Xn-°m-cpsS


ta¬ ssIh-cn® B[n-]Xyw Bkz-Zn®, Ae-k-Po-hnXw \bn®

kh¿W-hn- m-K-am-bn-cp∂p A°m-eØv tIc-f-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv.

IogvPm-Xn-°m-c\v kzmX{¥y \ntj[w am{X-am-bn-cp∂p Fhn-sS-bpw.

PmXn-Iƒ D]-Pm-Xn-I-fmbn ]ncn-bp-Ibpw Cu Hmtcm hn`m-K-Øn\pw

Ah-c-h-cp-tS-Xmb BNm-c-\njvT-Iƒ DS-se-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. \mSp-

hm-gn-Iƒ°v ]uc-∑m-cpsS CS-bn¬ kºq¿Wm-[n-Im-c-am-bn-cp-∂p.

Cu A[n-Imcw Bhiywt]msebpw Xm¥-ß-fpsS CjvS-Øn-\p-k-

cn®pw h\n-tbm-Kn-°m-\p≈ Ah-Imiw Imcy-ÿ-h¿K-Øn\v \evIp-

Ibpw sNbvXp. AXn-\m¬ \mSp-hm-gn-Iƒ A-dn-bmsX Xs∂ XmW-

Pm-Xn-°m-cpsS ta¬ CjvSm-\p-k-cWw F¥-[n-Im-chpw {]tbm-Kn-

°m≥ kh¿W¿°v km[n-®n-cp-∂p. CXv tNmZyw sNøm≥]m-Sn-s√∂v

am{X-a-√, tNmZyw sNøp-∂Xv Xs∂ in£bv°v Imc-W-am-bn.

bqtdm-]y-∑m¿ tIc-f-Øn¬ Imse-Sp-Øp-h-®-ti-jhpw CXn¬

henb am‰-ap-≠m-bn-s√∂v am{X-a√ ]pXnb cq]-Øn¬ i‡n-{]m-

]n-°m\pw XpS-ßn. A[n-Im-c-ÿm-\-Øp≈ \m´p-cm-Pm-°-∑m¿°p

]-Icw kh¿W- hn- m-K-ßƒ bqtdm-]y≥ i-‡n-Isf {]Xn-jvTn-®p.

A[n-Im-c-tØmSv H´n -\nevIp-I- F-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p kh¿W-cpsS coXn.

Htc-k-abw bqtdm-]y≥ i-‡n-I-fp-sSbpw \mSp-hm-gn-I-fp-sSbpw CjvS-

tXm-g-∑m-cmbn kh¿W¿°v XpS-cm≥ Ign-™-t∏mƒ XmW-Pm-Xn-

°m-cpsS Ah-ÿ-bn¬ am‰-sam∂pw kw -hn-®n-√. Ah-cpsS ÿnXn

IqSp-X¬ Zb-\o-b-am-bn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂p. kaq-l-Øn¬ tNmZyw sNø-

s∏-SmØ A[n-Im-cm-h-Im-ißƒ \ne-\n¿Øm≥ kh¿W-ta-[m-hn-

Iƒ°m-bn. \mSp-hmgnItfmSpw ]nevIm-eØv bqtdm-]y∑mcmb `c-

Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-tfmSpw am{Xta Cu kh¿W-hn-`mKw GsX-¶nepw

hn[-Øn-ep≈ hnt[-bXzw ImWn-t°-≠n-h-∂n- p-≈q. Ah-tcmSv F{X-

am{Xw hnt[-b-cm-hm≥ km[n-®pthm A{X-ta¬ Iogm-f-hn- m-K-Øn\v

ta¬ k¿hm-[n-Imcw ÿm]n-°m≥ kh¿W¿°v km[n-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXp.

16, 17 \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ kmaq-ln-I ÿnXn-bpsS

Nn{Xw F {io[-c-ta-t\m≥ hnh-cn-°p-∂Xv Cß-s\-bmWv:

"{_m“-W¿, £{Xn-b¿, \mb-∑m¿ XpS-ßnb kh¿W lnμp-

°ƒ°v hnti-jm-[n-Im-c-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb ]Z-hn-bm-Wp-≠m-bn-

cp-∂-Xv. PmXn-]-c-amb BNm-c-ßƒ hn´p-ho-gvN-bn-√msX ]men-


°m≥ IS-s∏- -h-cm-bn-cp∂p Ah¿. Cu BNm-c-ßƒ ewLn-

°p-∂-hsc \mSp-hm-gn-bpsS B⁄-{]-Imcw PmXn-{`jvSv

Iev]n®v apkveow-Iƒt°m {InkvXym-\n-Iƒt°m hnevIp-I-

bm-bncp∂p ]Xn-hv. Aß-s\-bp-≈-h-cpsS _‘p-°ƒ Nne-

t∏mƒ \mSp-hm-gn-bpsS A{]o-Xnbn¬\n∂v c£-s∏-Sm≥

Ahsc cl-ky-ambn sIm√m-dp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. .....-{_m-“-W-cp-

ambn ASp-Øn-S-s]- n-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v \mb-∑m¿°p kap-Zm-b-

Øn¬ Db¿∂ ÿm\-amWv D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Ah¿ PmXn-]-c-

amb BNm-c-ßƒ I¿i-\ambn ]men-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p.

sXm´p-Iq-Sm-bva F∂ A‘m-Nmcw I¿i-\-ambn ]pe¿Øp-

∂-h-cm-bn-cp∂p \ºq-Xn-cn-am¿, £{Xn-b-∑m¿, \mb-∑m¿ XpS-

ßn-b-h¿..........sXmSo¬ IqSmsX Xo≠epw I≠p-Iq-Sm-bvabpw

_o -’-cq-]-Øn¬ A∂p \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. \mbm-Sntbm ]pe-

bt\m \ºq-Xn-cnsb ImWm-\n-S-bm-bm¬ \ºq-Xn-cn°v Abn-

Ø-am-bn. ]pe-b≥ \mb-cn¬\n∂v Adp-]-XSn AIse \n¬°-

W-sa-∂m-bn-cp∂p N´w. \mb¿ {]-am-Wn-am¿ s]mXp-\n-c-Øn-

eqsS k©-cn-°p-tºmƒ, Hcp XmW-Pm-Xn-°m-c≥ bmZr-—n-I-

am-sb-¶nepw Xo≠m-∏m-Sn-\-∏pdw h∂v Aip-≤-am-°p-∂Xv XS-

bm≥th≠n Ah-cpsS hmey-°m¿ "t]m, t]m' F∂v B´n-

s°m≠p aptº \S-°pw. \mb-∑m¿°pw a‰pb¿∂ PmXn-

°m¿°pw hgn-am-dn-s°m-Sp-°mØ XmW-Pm-Xn-°m-c≥ \nb-a-

k-am-[m-\-]m-e-I-cpsS au\-k-Ω-X-tØmsS h[n-°-s∏-Spw.'

tIcf Ncn-{Xw, ]pdw 265

tIc-f-Ønse A°m-esØ PmXn-L-S-\sb tUm. Fw Fkv

\mb¿ hnh-cn-°p-∂Xv Cß-s\-bmWv:

"kh¿W¿, Ah¿W¿ F∂n-ßs\ {][m-\-ambpw c≠p-X-c-Øn¬

kaqlw hn -Pn-°-s∏- p. {_m“-W¿, £{Xn-b≥, sshiy¿, iq{Z¿

F∂n-h¿ kh¿W-hn- m-K-Ønepw Cug-h≥, Ac-b≥, ]pe-b≥, ]d-

b≥, D≈-S≥, \mbmSn XpS-ßn-b-h¿ Ah¿W hn`m-K-Ønepw

Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. tIc-f-Øn¬ £{Xn-b≥, sshiy¿, iq{Z≥ F∂n-ß-

s\-bp≈ IrXy-amb Xcw-Xn-cnhv Akm-[y-am-sW-¶nepw \mb-∑m¿

iq{Z-cmbn IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. Cu iq{Z-cn¬\n-∂mWv cmPm-°-

∑msc Db¿Øn-s°m-≠p-h-∂-Xv. PmXn-t{i-Wn-bn¬ G‰hpw {]m_-

eyhpw {]map-Jyhpw {_m“-W¿°m-bn-cp-∂p. Ah¿°p-]n-∂mse


{]apJ ]Zhn A\p-`-hn®Xv \mb-∑m-cm-bn-cp-∂p. bmZ-h≥, Cug-

h≥(-Xo-ø≥), ap°p-h≥, Bim-cn, sIm√≥ XpS-ßn-b-h¿ \mb--

∑m¿°p-Xm-sg-bm-Wv. hÆm≥, ]mW¿, ae-b≥, ]d-b≥ XpS-ßn-b-

h¿ A[x-Ir-X-cmbn IW-°m-°-s∏-´p.

Htcm PmXn-°m-c\pw Ahs‚ ta¬Pm-Xn-°m-c-\n¬\n∂v \n¿Zn-jvS-

Zqcw amdn -\n¬°m≥ Abn-Øm-N-c-W-Øn¬ hyh-ÿ-bp-≠v.

kh¿W-cn¬Xs∂ {_m“-W\pw \mbcpw XΩn¬ Abn-Ø-ap-≠v.

\mb¿, {_m“-W-\n¬\n∂v ]Xn-\m-dSn Zqsc \nevI-Ww. Cug-h≥

ap∏-Ø-c-≠-Snbpw ]pe-b¿ Adp-]-Øn-\m-e-Snbp amdn-\n-evI-Ww.

CtX-t]mse Cug-h¿ \mb-cn¬\n∂v ]Xn-\m-dSn Zqsc \nevI-Ww.

]pe-b≥ ap∏-Øn-c-≠Sn Zqsc \nevI-Ww. Hmtcm {]tZ-i-Øn-\-\p-

k-cn®v CØcw AI-e-Øn¬ hyXnbm-\-ap-≠v. Cßs\ ASp-°m≥

]mSn-√mØ PmXn-Iƒ ASp-°p-∂-Xns\ Xo≠m-SpI F∂m-Wp-]-d-

bp-∂-Xv. sXmSm≥ ]mSn-√m-Ø-h¿ sXm´m¬ AXnse ta¬Pm-Xn-

°m-c≥ Aip-≤-am-Ipw. CØcw Aip-≤sØ sXmSo¬ F∂p-]-d-

bp-∂p. F{X-Zq-c-Øm-bmepw ZrjvSn-bn¬t]mepw s]Sm≥]m-Sn-√mØ

PmXn-°m-cp-≠v. Aßs\ ZrjvSn-bn¬s]-´m-epw Aip-≤-ap-≠m-Ip-

∂p. D≈m-S\pw {_m“-W\pw XΩn¬ ImW-cp-sX-∂mWp hyh-

ÿ. CØ-c-Øn¬ Aip-≤-ap-≠m-bm¬ Ipfn®p ip≤-am-Ipw. Aip-

≤-amb Hcmƒ kzPm-Xn-°-mcs\ sXm´m¬ Ah\pw Aip-≤-am-Ipw.

CXns\ "Iqń-sXm-So¬' F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. Xo≠-s∏- -bmƒ Ipfn®p-

ip-≤-amImsX hoń¬h-∂m¬ hoSpw Aip-≤-am-Ipw.'

(hm-Kv -Sm-\-μ\pw kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw, ]pdw 3)

Cu ÿnXn-bn¬ henbam‰-sam∂pw s]mSp-∂s\ D≠m-bn-√.

^yqU-en-k-Øns‚ ASn-Ø-d-bn¬ ÿm]n-°-s∏´ {_nójv B[n-

]Xyw kmaqly-km-l-N-cy-Øn¬ Hcp-am-‰-Øn\pw ap≥ssI FSp-Øn-

cp-∂n-s√-∂-XmWv bmYm¿Yyw. A°m-esØ PmXn-ssh-Pm-Xy-ßƒ

\ne-\n¿Øp-∂Xv {_nó-jv, \mSp-hmgn `c-W-ßƒ°v Bh-iy-hp-am-

bn-cp-∂p. ]Xn-s\´mw \q‰m-≠nepw ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy-

]-Ip-Xn-bnepw qX-Im-e-km-l-N-cy-ß-fn¬\n∂p≈ henb am‰-Øn\v

tIcfw km£n-bm-bn-√. kmaq-lnI kzmX{¥yw ASn-bm-f-hn-`m-K-

Øn\v A\y-am-bn-cp-∂p. \oXn kh¿W-\nepw `q{]-`p-°-∑mcnepw

am{X-am-bn. \oXn-\n-tj-[-Øns‚ Cc-I-fmbn Ah¿W≥ Ign-™p-

t]m-tc-≠n-h-∂p. CXn\v cq£-X-tb-dp-I-am-{Xta sNbvXp-≈q.


A°m-eØv ae-_m-dns‚ `cWw GXm≠v ]q¿W-ambpw {_oó-

jp-Im-cpsS \nb-{¥-W-Øn-em-bn-°-gn-™n-cp-∂p. sIm®n-bnepw Xncp-

hn-Xmw-Iq-dnepw cmP-`-cWw \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂Xn-\m¬ kh¿W-cpsS

B[n-]-Xy-Øn\v H´pw Ipd-hp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. {_oójv CuÃn-¥ym-

I-º-\n-bp-sS Iogn-emb ae-_m-dnepw ÿnXn H´pw n∂-am-bn-cp-∂n√.

{_nó-jp-Im¿ Ah-cpsS Bh-iy-Øn\v DXIpw hn[w Cw•ojv hnZym-

`ymkw {]N-cn-∏n-°m≥ XpS-ßn-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw AsXmcp kmaq-ln-

I-hn-π-h-Øn\v DX-Ip-∂-co-Xn-bn-te°v hf¿∂n-cp-∂n-√. ImcWw, BZy-

Im-e-L- -ß-fn¬ Cw•ojv hnZym- ymkw t\Sp-∂-hcpsS at\m- mhw

]q¿W-ambpw {_oójv A[o-i-XzsØ AwKo-I-cn-°pI F∂-Xm-bn-

cp-∂p.

]Xn-s\´mw \q‰m-≠nepw ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy-]-Ip-

Xn-bnepw tIc-f-Øn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ kmaq-lym-h-ÿsb {io[-c-

tat\m≥ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂Xv Cß-s\-bmWv:

"kmaq-ln-I-amb kzmX-{¥y-Øn-s‚tbm ka-Xz-Øn-s‚tbm

XXz-Øn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-am-bn-cp-∂n√ A∂sØ tIc-fob kap-

Zm-bw. AXn-cq-£-amb PmXn-hy-Xym-k-am-bn-cp∂p kap-Zm-b-

L-S-\-bpsS apJy-k-hn-ti-j-X. Db¿∂ PmXn-°m¿°pw XmW

PmXn-°m¿°p-an-Sbv°v Bg-ta-dnb Hcp InSßv Ahsc

th¿Xncn-°m-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-sebpw sIm®n-

bn-sebpw cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS ssII-fn¬ A[n-Imcw tI{μo-I-

cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw Cw•ojv CuÃn¥ym Iº\n ae-_m-dn¬

`cWw t\cn-t´-s‰-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-s∂-¶nepw {_m“-

W¿, £{Xn-b¿, \mb-∑m¿ XpS-ßnb Db¿∂ PmXn-°m-cpsS

hnti-jm-h-Im-i-ßƒ°pw B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ°pw Ipd-thXpw

kw -hn-®n-cp-∂n-√. Ah-cm-bn-cp∂p `qhp-S-a-Iƒ. {][m-\-ambpw

am∏n-f-am¿, Cug-h¿ XpS-ßnb kap-Zm-b-°m-cpƒs∏´ IpSn-

bm≥ h¿KsØ Ah¿ CjvSw t]mse a¿±n-®p-t]m-∂p.

bYm¿∞-Øn¬ {_nójv `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS Iogn¬ {]`p-

°-∑mcpw P∑n-amcpw ]q¿Δm-[nIw i‡n-{]m-]n-°p-I-bm-Wp-

≠m-b-Xv. {_nó-jp-Im¿°v kz¥w A[n-Imcw \ne-\n¿Øm≥

Ah-cpsS kPo-h-amb ]n¥p-Wbpw kl-I-c-Whpw Bh-iy-

am-bn-cp-∂p.


A∂sØ \nbaw ka-hym-]-I-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. Db¿∂ PmXn-

°m¿ `q\n-Ip-Xn-bn¬\n∂v Hgn-hm-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂p. h[-in£

{_m“-W¿°p _m[-Ita Bbn-cp-∂n-√. Kuc-hm-l-amb hyh-

lm-c-ß-fn¬ hn[n Iev]n-°pI sshZn-I-∑m-cpsS hnti-jm-[n-

Im-c-am-bn-cp-∂p. XmW-Pm-Xn-°msc kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw

Atß-b‰w ITn-\-am-bn-cp∂p in£m-\n-b-aw. tamj-Ww,

tKmh[w XpS-ßnb km[m-cW Ip‰-ßƒ°p-t]mepw h[-in-

£-bm-bn-cp∂p hn[n-®n-cp-∂-Xv. B\-sb-s°m≠p sIm√n-°p-

I-, ]oc¶n hmbn¬sI´n \nd-sbm-gn-°p-I, aq∂p Znhkw

sIm≠p acn-°-Ø°-hn[w Nn{X-h[w sNøp-I apX-em-bh

in£-bpsS km[m-cW cq]-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. cmP-Io-tbm-tZym-

K-ÿ-∑m¿ G‰hpw a\p-jyXz lo\-hpw \oN-hp-am-bn-´mWv

]nt∂m° kap-Zm-b-°m-tcmSv s]cp-am-dn-b-Xv.'

˛tIcf Ncn{Xw, ]pdw 370- 371

amdp∂ ioe-ßƒ

F∂m¬, 19˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ c≠mw]Ip-Xn-bnepw 20˛mw \q‰m-

≠ns‚ BZy-]-Ip-Xn-bnepw tIc-f-Øn¬ ]pXn-sbmcp kmaq-ly-{Iaw

DS-se-Sp-Øp. CXn-\p≈ Imc-W-ßƒ \nc-h-[n-bm-Wv. kmº-Øn-Im[n-

Im-c-ßƒ ]pXnb Xe-ß-fn-te°v tI{μo-I-cn-°-s∏- p. kmwkvIm-cn-

I-L-S-\-bn¬ am‰w h∂p. kmaq-ly-k-Ω¿Z-ßƒ Gdn-Øp-S-ßn. 19˛mw

\q‰m-≠ns‚ XpS-°-Øn¬Xs∂ ]gb k{ºZm-b-ß-fpsS inYn-eo-

I-cWw sNdnb tXmXn¬ Bcw-`n-®n-cp-∂p. F∂m¬, AXn\v

th≠{X i‡n-kw-`-cn-°m≥ km[n-®n-cp-∂n-√. GsXm-cp-km-aq-ly-

hyh-ÿ-bv°pw kw`-hn-°m-hp∂ Imem-\p-kr-X-amb am‰-sa-∂-Xn-

ep-]-cn-bmbn kwL-Sn-Xhpw Bkq-{Xn-X-hp-amb Hcp _mly-k-Ω¿Zw

Cu ]cn-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v ]n∂n-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-s√-∂mWv hy‡-am-

Ip-∂-Xv. F¶nepw hcm-\n-cn-°p∂ Hcp henb am‰-Øn\v CS-sbm-cp-

°p∂ Ne\--ßƒ A°m-eØv H‰-s∏´ \ne-bn-se-¶nepap≠m-bn-

cp∂p. \mSp-hmgn q{]- p-Xz-Øn\pw kh¿W-ta-[m-hn-Xz-Øn\pw CSnhv

X´p-∂-XmWv ]n∂oSv tIcfw I≠-Xv. \mSp-hm-gnØ BNm-c-k-{º-

Zm-b-ß-fn¬ s]mfn-s®-gp-Øn\p≈ {]mY-anI \S-]-Sn-Iƒ Nne-Sn-b-

ß-fn-se-¶nepw XpS-ßn-bn-cp-∂p.


ssakq-cns‚ B{I-aWw ae-_m-dnse kmaq-ly-{I-asØ

XI¿Øpsh∂v thWw ]d-bm≥. sIm®n-bnepw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnepw

am¿Øm--fi-h¿a-bp-sSbpw i‡≥X-ºp-cm-s‚bpw `c-W-]-cn-jvIm-c-

ßfpw tI{μo-IrX \bßfpw sX°≥tI-c-f-Ønepw Ne-\-ßƒ

krjvSn-®p. ]e -B-Nm-c-{I-a-ßfpw \nt»jw C√m-Xm-bn. \mSp-hm-gn-

Ø-Xn\pw `q{]-`p-Xz-Øn\pw kh¿W-hn-`m-K-Øn\pw kaq-l-Øn¬

apºp-≠mb kzm[o\w \ne-\n¿Øn-s°m-≠p-t]m-hpI ISpØ sh√p-

hn-fn-bm-bn-Øo¿∂p. hnZy-`ymkw htc-Wy-h¿K-Øn¬am{Xw HXp-

ßn-\n∂ ]gb Ah-ÿ-bn¬ am‰w h∂p-Xp-S-ßn. hnZym-k-º-∂-

cmb ]pXnb Xe-apd am‰-Øn\v th≠n {]b-Xv\n-®p. temI-

Øns‚bpw C¥y-bpsS CX-c- m-K-ß-fn-epw \S-°p∂ am‰-ßfpw kw -

h- hn-Im-k-ßfpw tIc-f-Ønepw Aev]m-e-ambn tI´p-Xp-S-ßn.

AXns‚ A\p-c-W-\-ßƒ kmaq-ly-afi-e-Ønepw {]Xn-^-en-®p.

\ho-\-tI-c-f-Øns‚ krjvSn°v {Z-amb ASn-Ø-d-sbm-cp-°p-∂-Xmbn

Cu BZy-Ime apt∂-‰-ßƒ. Aßs\ \thm-∞m\ apt∂-‰-Øn-

te°pw AXp-hgn ]pXn-sbmcp kmaq-ly-{I-a-Øn-te°pw tIcfw

\S-∂-Sp-Øp.

v\thm-∞m\w \msº-Sp-°p∂p

kmaq-ln-Im-‘X hI-™p-am-‰m-\p≈ auen-I-amb CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ

19, 20 \q‰m-≠p-I-fnse tIc-fØn¬ krjvSn-®Xv henb {]I-º\w

Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. c≠v coXn-bn-em-bn-cp∂p CSs]-S-ep-Iƒ. H∂v,

hym]-I-amb t_m[-h-XvI-c-Ww. c≠v, i‡-amb {]t£m- w. temI-

Øns‚bpw C¥y-bp-sSbpw hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬ \S∂ \-thm-∞m\

apt∂‰Øn¬ Bth-iw- Dƒs°m-≈m≥ A∂v tIc-f-Øntebpw

t\Xm-°ƒ°v km[n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. Ah-cpsS FÆw hfsc Npcp-

°-ta-bp-≠m-bp-≈q-sh-¶nepw kaq-l-Øn¬ ImX-emb am‰-ßƒ°v

Xncn-sIm-fp-Øm≥ km[n-®-Xm-bn-cp∂p CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ. {_n´ojv hnZym-

`ym-k-Øns‚ kzm[o-\w, {InkvXy≥ an-j-\-dn-am-cpsS {]h¿Ø-\w,

XmW-Pm-Xn-°m¿ kwL-Sn-X-ambn {InkvXp-a-X-Øn-te°v \S-Ønb

]c-nh¿Ø-\-ßƒ F∂n-h-sb√mw kmaq-ln-I-am-‰-Øns‚ BZy-[m-

c-I-fn¬ \n¿Wm-bI ÿm\w hln-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. {_o´ojv `cWw

Gsd-°psd C¥y-sbm- p-°p-am-b-t∏mƒ \S-∏m-°nb `c-W-]-cn-jvIm-

c-ßfpw Hc-f-thmfw am‰-Øns‚ ASn-Ø-d-bn-Sp-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.


F∂m¬, A[n-Imcw \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-amb coXn-bn¬am{Xw

kmaq-ln-I-L-S\ am‰p∂Xn-em-bn-cp∂p {_nójv A[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS

Xmev]-cyw. CsXm-cp-Xcw kzm¿Y-Xm-ev]cyw Xs∂-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p.

F¶nepw {_nó-jp-Im-cs‚ kzm¿Y ho£-W-Øn-\-∏p-d-tØ°v Imcy-

ßƒ ImWm≥ C¥y-bnsebpw tIc-f-Øn-sebpw kmaq-lnI ]cn-

jvI¿Øm-°ƒ°v Ign-™p.

CXc \m´p-cm-Py-ßƒ am‰-Øns‚ hgn-bneqsS k©-cn-°p-tºmƒ

Zo¿L-Imew ]nt∂m- p-\-S-°m≥ Ign-bn-s√∂v Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-sebpw

sIm®n-bn-sebpw cmP- -c-W-Iq-S-ßƒ°pw t_m[y-s∏- Xv A°m-e-

Øm-bn-cp-∂p. ae_m-dnepw sIm®n-bnepw Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnepw ASn-

aØ k{º-Zmbw \ntcm-[n-®p-sIm-≠p≈ Iev]-\-I-fm-bn-cp∂p Cu

]cn-h¿Ø-\-ßfpsS {]Xy-£-Øn-ep≈ XpS-°w. ]pXn-sbmcp kmaq-

ly-{Iaw Db¿∂p-h-cp-∂-Xns‚ ASn-Ø-dbpw CXp-X-s∂-bm-sW∂v

]d-bmw. aX-]-cn-h¿Ø\w \S-Øn-°p-∂-Xn¬ {InkvXy≥ anj-\-dn-

am-cpsS ]¶v Cu L -Øn¬ {it≤-b-amb H∂m-Wv. lnμp-a-X-Øn¬

A¥¿eo-\-am-bn-cp∂ A\m-Nm-c-ß-sfbpw tZmj-ß-sfbpw Db¿Øn-

°m- p-Ibpw kmaq-lnI ]cn-jvIm-c-ßƒ°v kml-N-cy-sam-cp-°p∂

{]Nm-cWw \S-Øp-I-bp-am-bn-cp∂p anj-W-dn-am¿. lnμp- a-X-hn-izm-

kn-I-fmbn XpS-cp-∂n-S-tØmfw kmaq-ln-Im-h-i-X-Iƒ hn´p-am-dn-s√∂v

a\- n-em-°nb XmW-Pm-Xn-°m¿, ]pXnb tamN-\-km-[y-X-Iƒ tXSn

{InkvXp-a-XØn-te°v ]cn-h¿Ø\w \S-Øp∂ ÿnXn-bp-≠m-bXv

Cu kml-N-cy-Øn-em-Wv.

\oXn-\ymb kwhn-[m-\-ß-ƒ ]m›m-Xy-am-Xr-I-bn-te°v amdp-Ibpw

\oXn-bpsS B\q-Iqeyw IogvPm-Xn-°m¿°pIqSn e`n-°p-Ibpw

sNøp∂ kml-Ncyw {ItaW cq]-s∏- p. Iogm-fs‚ ta¬ ASn-t®-

ev]n-®n-cp∂ ]e \nIp-Xn-Ifpw ]n≥h-en-°m≥ A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ Xøm-

dm-bn. P∑n-Ip-Sn-bm≥ _‘-ß-fn¬ h∂ t\cnb am‰-ßƒ kmº-

Øn-Im-k-¥p-en-Xm-h-ÿ-bn¬ am‰w hcp-∂-Xns‚ kqN-I-ß-fm-bn.

B -c-W-ßfpw hkv{X-ßfpw [cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Ah-Imiwt]mepw

\ntj-[n-°-s∏-ń-cp∂ P\-hn-`m-K-Øn¬ \nb-a-hy-h-ÿ-bnse am‰-

ß-fn-eqsS Nne t\cnb Ah-Im-i-ßƒ ssIh-∂pXp-S-ßn. hkv{Xw

[cn-°m-\p≈ kzmX{¥yw IogvPm-Xn-°m¿°p-IqSn A\p-h-Zn-®p-In-

ńbXv CØ-c-Øn¬ henb Ne\w krjvSn® kw -h-ß-fn-sem-∂m-

bn-cp-∂p. i‡-amb {]t£m- -ß-fm-bn-cp∂p CXn-te-s°√mw \bn-


®-Xv. AtX-k-abw Cu {]t£m- -ßƒ hen-b-tXm-Xn-ep≈ kwL¿j-

ß-ƒ°pw CS-\-evIn. kh¿W¿ A[n-Im-c]-Zhn D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn

IogvPm-Xn-°m¿°p-t\sc hym]-I-amb a¿-±\-ap-d-Iƒ kzoI-cn®p.

CØcw {]t£m- -ß-fn¬ {][m\s∏´Xpw BZyK-W-Øn¬h-cp-

∂Xpw 19˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ a[y-Øn¬ sX°≥ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse

Nm∂m¿ kap-Zm-bw \S-Ønb "ta¬ap≠v ka-cw' B-bn-cp-∂p.

kh¿W-ln-μp-°sft∏mse ta¬ap≠v [cn-°m-\p≈ Ah-Imiw

A∂v a‰v PmXn-I-fnse kv{XoIƒ°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. apń\v Xmsg

ap≠p-Sp-Ømepw ta¬ap-≠p-[-cn-®mepw IogvPm-Xn-°m-cmb kv{XoIƒ

t\cn-tS-≠n-h∂ A[n-t£]w hep-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.

"ap≠pw dhp-°bpw tXm¿Øpw Hcp-Im-eØv Cug-Øn-Iƒ°p

]mSn-√m-bn-cp-∂p. apń-\p-Iosg-ØmØ apt≠ DSp-°m≥

]mSp≠mbn-cp-∂p-≈q. apń\pIogv \nevIp∂ DSp-ap-≠n\v A®n-

∏p-Sh F∂m-bn-cp∂p t]cv. A®n-∏p-Sh A®n-Iƒ°p (\m-

b¿kv{Xo-Iƒ) am{Xw Ah-Im-i-s∏-´-Xm-Wv. ta¬ap≠v a‰p-

kv{Xo-Iƒ°v ]mSn-√. amdp-a-d-bmsX Xs∂ InS-°-Ww. Hcp

CugØn apń-\p-Io-gv\n-evIp∂ ap≠p-ap-S-Øp-t]m-Ip-∂Xp I≠v

Acn-iw-]q≠ \mb-∑m¿ Ah-sf-s°m≠v ap≠-gn-∏n-®-Xn¬

Bdm-´p-]pg them-bp-[-∏-Wn-°¿ Hcp henb elf Xs∂

\S-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.'

˛Po-hnXka-cw, kn tIi-h≥, ]pdw 71

Cßs\ ta¬ap≠v [cn-°m-\p≈ Ah-Imiw \ntj-[n-°p-∂-Xn-

s\-Xnsc \mSns‚ ]e- m-KØpw FXn¿∏v Db¿∂p-h-∂p. {ItaW

AXv ka-c-ß-fmbn cq]m-¥-c-s∏- p. ioe-h-g-°v, ape-am-dm-∏p-h-g-°v,

Nm∂m¿ elf F∂n-ßs\ ]e-t]-cp-I-fnepambn \S∂ ka-c-ßƒ

hnPbw ImWp-Ibpw sNbvXp. sX°≥ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse Nm∂m¿

kv{XoI-fpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p kwL-Sn-X-amb {]t£m`w

\S-∂-Xv. AXns‚ ê-ambn Ip∏mbw [cn-°m-\p≈ Ah-Imiw

Nm∂m¿ kv{XoIƒ°p-IqSn \evIn-s°m≠v A∂sØ Xncp-hn-Xmw-

Iq¿ Kh¨sa‚ v Iev]\ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®p-sh-¶nepw Nm∂m¿ kv{XoIƒ

{]t£m- -Øns‚ i‡n Ipd-®n-cp-∂n-√. kh¿W-kv{Xo-Isf t]mse

ta¬ap≠v [ncn-®p-sIm≠v s]mXp-ÿ-e-ß-fn¬ {]Xy-£-s∏´mbn-

cp∂p Nm∂m¿ kv{XoIƒ {]t£m-`-Øns‚ coXn am‰n-b-Xv. CXv


kh¿W-cp-am-bp≈ {]Xy-£-G-‰-ap- epw Iem-]-hp-ambn Xocp-Ibpw

sNbvXp. Nm∂m¿ el-f-sb∂ t]cn¬ Ncn-{X-Øn¬ CSw-t\-Snb

Cu BZy-Im-e- I-em-]sØ F {io[-c-ta-t\m≥ tIc-f-N-cn-{X-Øn¬

hnh-cn-°p-∂Xv Cß-s\-bmWv:

"{InkvXp-a-X-Øn¬ tN¿∂ \mSm¿kv{XoIƒ°p Ip∏mbw [cn-

°m≥ A\p-hmZw \¬In-s°m-≠p≈ Hcp-Ø-c-hv, tIW¬

a¨tdm Znhm-\m-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ Kh¨sa‚ v

]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. \mSm¿ kv{XoIƒ CXp-sIm-≠p-

Xr-]vXn-s∏-SmsX \ºq-Xncn kv{XoI-sf-t∏mse DØ-co-bh-p-a-

Wn™v s]mXp-cw-K-ß-fn¬ {]Xy-£-s∏-´p-Xp-S-ßn. Db¿∂

PmXn-°m-cmb lnμp-°ƒ°v AXn-jvS-s∏- n-√. Ah¿ Nm∂m¿

kv{XoIsf B{I-an-®p. B{I-Wa-hpw {]Xym-{I-a-Whpw

sX°≥Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ KpcpX-X-c-amb \nb-a-k-am-[m-\-`-

RvP-\-Øn\n-S-bm-°n. Kh¨sa‚n\v ]´m-f-sØbpw t]men-

kn -s\bpw Abt°-≠n-h-∂p. el-f -bpsS ^e-ambn

Nm∂m¿kv{Xo-Iƒ°pw amdp-a-d-bv°p-∂-Xn-\p-≠mb \nb-{¥Ww

\o°n-s°m≠v 1859 Pqsse 26˛mw XobXn Kh¨sa‚ v Hcp

cmP-Iob hnfw-_cw {]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn. amdp-a-d-bv°p∂ Imcy-

Øn¬ Nm∂m¿ kv{XoIƒ°p- kzmX¥yw e`n-s®-¶nepw Ah¿

thj-hn-[m-\-Øn¬ Db¿∂ PmXn-°m-cmb lnμp-kv{Xo-Isf

A\p-I-cn-°-cp-sX∂v hnfw-_-c-Øn¬ hne-°n-bn-cp-∂p. ]n∂oSv

{_n´ojv Kh¨sa‚ns‚ \n¿tZ-i-Øn¬ Cu hne°pw ]n≥h-

en-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.'

BZy-L- -Ønse CØcw sNdnb kw -h-ßƒ 20˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚

Bcw-`-am-b-t∏m-tg°pw kmaq-lnI]cn-jvI-c-W-Øn-\p≈ henb

{]ÿm-\-ß-fmbn hf¿∂p-h-∂p. {_m“-Wcpw £{Xn-bcpw Dƒs∏-

Sp∂ kh¿W-ln-μp-°ƒ t\Xr-Xzw-sIm-SpØ kwL-S-\-Iƒ Xs∂

]e-bn-SØpw CXn¬ ap∂n¬ \n∂p. kzk-ap-Zm-b-sØ ]cn-jvI-

cn°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p CØcw kwL-S-\-Isf√mw e£y-an- -Xv.

F∂n-cp-∂mepw lnμp-°-fnse Db¿∂-Pm-Xn-I-fn¬ Xs∂ DS-se-

SpØ ]cn-jvI-c-W-{]-ÿm-\-ßƒ IogvPm-Xn-I-fnepw A\y-a-X-ÿ-

cnepw ]cn-jvI-c-W-Øn-\v henb {]tNm-Z-\-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. A°m-

esØ C¥y-bpsS s]mXp-ÿnXn ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ ]te-SØpw aX-

]-cn-jvI-c-W-{]-ÿm-\-ßƒ i‡n-bm¿Pn-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. cma-


Ir-jvW-an-j≥, {_“-hn-Zym-kw-Lw, Bcy-k-amPw, k-a-Xz-k-am-Pw,

Bfl-hn-Zym-kw-Lw XpS-ßnb kwL-S-\-Iƒ aX-]-cn-jvI-c-W-Øn¬

kPo-h-amb CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ \S-Øn. PmXn-k-{º-Zm-b-Øns‚ Zqjy-

ß-fn-√m-Xm-°p∂ \ne-bn-te°v AXv {ItaW hf¿∂p-h-∂p. tZio-

b-{]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ ]e-bn-S-ß-fnepw A‘-hn-izm-

k-ßƒ°pw A\m-Nm-c-ßƒ°pw FXnsc \S-Ønb t]mcm- -ßfpw

kmaq-ln-tIm∂-a-\-Øn-\mbn \S-Ønb t_m[-hvX-I-c-Whpw ]cn-

h¿Ø-\-Øn\v C‘-\-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. Abn-tØm-®m-S-\-Øn\pw lcn-

P-t\m-≤m-c-W-Øn\pw {i≤-bq-∂nb {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ A°m-eØv

kPo-h-am-bn-cp∂p.

I\ym-Ip-amcn Pn√-bnse kzman-tXm-∏n¬ P\n® sshIp-WvT-kzm-

an(1809- 1851), Nmhd Ipcym-t°mkv Gen-bmkv A®≥ (1805- 1871),

Bdm-´p-]pg them-bp-[-∏-Wn-°¿ (1825-˛1874), Be-Øq¿ {_“m-

\μinh-tbm-Kn(1852- 1929), N -ºn-kzm-an-Iƒ(1855- 1924), {io\m-cm-b-

W-Kpcp (1856-- 1928), tUm. Aø-Øm≥ tKm]m-e≥(1861- 1948), Aø-

¶mfn (1866- 1941), h°w A_vZpƒJm-Z¿ auehn (1873- 1932), hmKv -

Sm-\-μ-Kp-cp (1885-˛1939), ImeSn {iocm-a-Ir-jvam-ssZ-Xzm-{i-a-Ønse

BK-am-\-μ-kzm-an-Iƒ(1896- 1961), tUm. Sn ]¬∏p(1863- 1950), Ipam-c-

\m-im≥(1873˛1924) XpS-ßnb-h-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Db¿∂p-h∂

]cn-jvI-cW {]ÿm-\-ß-fmbncp∂p tIc-f-Ønse kmap-lnI \thm-

∞m-\-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ ine. a∂-Øp-]-fl-\m- ≥ (1877-- 1970), tZim-

`n-am\n Sn sI am[-h≥ (1884- 1930), sI ]n tIi-h-ta-t\m≥(1886-

˛1978), sI tIf-∏≥(1889˛1971), kn tIi-h≥ (1891- 1969), tUm. hn

hn thep-°p´n Ac-b≥ (1894- 1969), hn Sn ` -Xn-cn-∏m-Sv (1896- 1982),

F sI tKm]m-e≥ (1904˛1977), ]n IrjvW-∏n-≈(1906- 1948), CFw-

Fkv \ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSv (1909- 1998) XpS-ßn-b-h-cn-eqsS Cu {]h¿Ø-

\-ßƒ \thm-∞m-\{]-ÿm-\-ßsf apt∂m- p-\-bn-®p.

Ah¿W-cpsS D∂-a-\-Øn\pw cmP- -c-W-Ønse \oXn \ntj-[-

Øn-\p-sa-Xnsc t]mcm-Snb, IogvPm-Xn-bn¬ ]nd∂ apØp-°p´n kzman-

Iƒ F∂ sshIp-WvT-kzm-an-I-fmWv tIc-f-Ønse BZysØ kmaq-

ln-I-]-cn-jvI¿Øm-sh∂v ]d-bmw. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ kzmXnXncp-

\m-fns‚ `c-W-Im-eØv 1836¬ At±lw ÿm]n® "k-a-Xz-k-am-P-

'amWv tIc-f-Ønse BZysØ kmaq-lnIkwL-S-\. sX°≥ Xncp-

hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ \S∂ ta¬ap≠v ka-c-Øns‚ {][m-\-{]-tNm-Z-\hpw

sshIp-WvT-kzm-an-I-fn¬\n-∂m-bn-cp-∂p. sNdpXpw H‰-s∏-´-Xp-ambn


CØcw kwL-S-\-Ifpw ka-c-ß-fp-ap-≠m-sb-¶nepw N -ºn-kzm-an-I-

fp-sSbpw {io\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp-hn-s‚bpw t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ cq]w-sIm≠

]cn-jvI-c-W-{]-ÿm-\-ß-fmWv tIc-f-Øns‚ \thm-∞m-\-ap-t∂-‰-

Øn¬ G‰hpw henb kzm[o-\-i-‡n-Ifmbn amdn-b-Xv.

{_m“-W¿°m-[n-]-Xy-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ kaq-l-Øn¬ \mb-∑m¿°pw

Cug-h¿°pw \ymb-am-b-ÿm\w e`n-°-W-sa-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p N -ºn-

kzm-an-I-ƒ apt∂m- p-h® hmZw. AtX-k-abw "Cug-h-in-hs\' {]Xn-

jvTn-®-Xn-eqsS \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ hnizm-k-{]-am-W-ßsf

Iogvta¬a-dn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p {io\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp. lnμp-a-X-Ønse

]utcm-ln-Xy-[m-c-W-Isf sh√-hn-fn-®p-sIm≠v ]pXp-Xmbn {]XnjvT

\S-Ønb t£{X-ß-fn¬ Cughsc Xs∂ ]qPm-I¿a-ßƒ°mbn

\mcm-b-W-Kpcp \n›-bn-®p. Cug-h-c-√mØ PmXn-°m¿°pw (Cu-

gh-tc-°mƒ XmW-h¿°pw) t£{X-ß-fn¬ {]th-i\w A\p-h-Zn-

®p. PmXn-ssh-Pm-Xy-ß-fn-√mØ temI-am-bn-cp∂p \mcm-b-W-Kp-cp-

hns‚ kz]v\w. aX-\n-c-t]-£-X-bpsS D∂-X-aq-ey-ß-fn-te°v a\p-

jys\ ssI]n-Sn-®p-\-S-Øn-°m-\p≈ bXv\w At±lw kzb-ta-s‰-Sp-

Øp. a\p-jy-s\∂ GI-Pm-Xn-bn-te°pw GI-a-X-Øn-te°pw kaqlw

H∂mbn-\o-ßm-\p-≈-Xm-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ Blzm-\w. Cug-

h¿°n-S-bnse Xmen-sI- p-I-eym-Ww, Xnc-≠p-Ipfn XpS-ßnb A\m-

Nm-c-ßfn√m-Xm-°m-\p≈ {]Nm-c-W-ßƒ°pw \mcm-b-W-Kpcp XpS-

°-an- p.

PmXn-t`-ZsØbpw hn{K-lm-cm-[-\sbbpw Ah-bvs°√mw \nZm-

\-amb imkv{X-ß-sfbpw FXn¿Øp-sIm-≠mWv {_“m-\-μ-in-h-

tbmKn ]ptcm-K-a-\m-i-b-ßƒ {]N-cn-∏n-®-Xv. acp-a-°-Ømb Zmb-{Ia

]cn-jvIm-cw, hn[-hm-hn-hm-lw, kv{Xohn-Zym- ymkw F∂nhsbbpw

At±lw t{]m’m-ln-∏n-®p. hS-t°-a-e-_m-dn¬ {_“-k-am-P-Øns‚

`mK-ambpw ]n∂oSv Xs‚-Xs∂ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Bfl-hn-Zym-kwLw

ÿm]n®pw PmXn-hy-h-ÿbv°pw hn{K-lm-cm-[-\-bv°p-sa-Xn-cmbn

i_vZ-ap-b¿Øp-Ibpw P\-ßsf kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-I-bp-amWv hmKv -Sm-

\-μ≥ sNbvX-Xv.

Abn-tØm-®m--S\- {]t£m- -Øn¬ A{K-Km-an-bm-bn-cp∂ Aø-¶m-

fn ]pe-b-k-ap-Zm-b-Øns‚ kmaq-ln-tIm-∂-a-\-am-bn-cp∂p e£y-an- -

Xv. ]pe-b¿s°m∏w lcn-P-\-ß-sf-°qSn kwL-Sn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v Xncp-

hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse s]mXp-\n-c-Øp-I-fn¬ k©m-c-kzm-X{¥yw t\Sn-sb-


Sp-°m-\p≈ sFXn-lm-kn-I-amb ka-c-ßƒ°v Aø-¶mfn t\XrXzw

hln-®p. Cu ka-cßsf hnP-b-]-Y-Øn-se-Øn-°m\pw k©m-c-kzm-

X{¥yw t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m\pw At±-l-Øn\v km[n-®p.

kmaq-lnI ]cn-jvI-cW {]ÿm-\-ßƒ lnμp-a-Øn¬ am{Xw HXp-

ßn-\n-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂n-√. apkveow kap-Zm-b-Ønse kmaq-ly-]-cn-jvI-

c-W-Øns‚ s\Sp-\m-b-IXzw h°w A_vZpƒ JmZ¿ aue-hn-°m-bn-

cp-∂p. Ckvem-an\v \nc-°mØ BNm-c-ßƒ Dt]-£n-°m\pw Cw•ojv

hnZym-`ymkw t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m\pw apkveow P\-hn-`m-K-ß-tfmSv

At±lw Blzm\w sNbvXp. AXn-\m-bp≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-te¿s∏-

Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. apkveow kap-Zm-b-]-cn-jvI-c-W-Øn¬ kp{]-[m-\-

]-¶p-h-ln® "Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ apkveow alm-k`' bpw "Nnd-b≥Iogv

Xmeq°v apkveow kam-P' hpw h°w A_vZpƒJm-Z¿ aue-hn-bpsS

t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ ÿm]n-°-s∏-´-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.

kpdn-bm\n ItØm-en° P\-hn-`m-K-ß-fp-sSbpw k`-bp-sSbpw

B[p-\n-I-hXv-I-cWw am{X-am-bn-cp-∂n√ Nmhd Ipcym-t°mkv Gen-

bmk®≥ sNbvX-Xv. CXn-s\m∏w A\y-a-X-ß-fnse IogvPm-Xn-

°m¿°p-IqSn hnZym- ymkw e`y-am-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-

ep-ta¿s∏- p. Cw•o-jpw ae-bm-fhpw kwkvIr-Xhpw km[m-c-W-°m-

c\v {]m]y-am-°p-∂-Xn¬ hne-s∏´ tkh-\-ßƒ A®s‚ t\Xr-Xz-

Øn¬ \S-∂p. kpdn-bm\n ItØm-en-°m-k- -bpsS hnImcn P\-dmƒ

F∂ \ne-bn¬ Db¿Ø-s∏- -t∏mƒ hnZym- ymk cwKØv ka-{K-]p-

tcm-K-Xn-°p-X-Ip∂ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v t\XrXzw sImSp-°m≥ At±-

l-Øn-\m-bn. "km[m-c-W-hn-Zym¿∞n-Iƒ°v \evInb Cu hnZym- ymk

kuIcyw A°m-eØv a‰p ]e hnZym-e-b-ß-fnepw AbnØw aqew

{]th-i-\-an-√m-Xn-cp∂ Zfn-X¿°p-t]mepw e`n-°m≥ hnImcn P\-

d¬ {]tXyIw {i≤n-®n-cp-∂p. Ah¿°v hnZym-e-b-ß-fn¬ {]th-i-

\-Øn\v ]pdsa hkv{Xw, `£-Ww, ]pkvXIw apX-em-bh kuP-\y-

ambn Ign-bm-hp-∂{X hnX-cWw sNøm\pw {i≤n-®n-cp∂p' F∂v

Nmhd A®s\ Ipdn®v ]n tKmhn-μ-∏n≈ (tI-c-f-\-thm-∞m\w: bpK-

k-¥-Xn-Iƒ bpK-in-ev]n-Iƒ) tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.

\thm-∞m-\-{]-ÿm-\-ß-fpsS XpS¿®-bm-bn-cp∂p kmap-Zm-bnI

kwL-S-\-I-fpsS Bhn¿`m-hhpw i‡n-{]m-]n-°-epw. {io\m-cm-b-W-

Kp-cp-hns‚ Bi-b-ß-tf-s‰-Sp-Øp-sIm≠v {io\m-cm-bW [¿a-]-cn-

]m-e\ tbmKhpw N -ºn-kzm-an-I-fpsS {]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ XpS¿®-


bmbn \mb¿k¿hokv skmssk-‰nbpw ÿm]n-°-s∏-´p. \mcm-b-

W-Kp-cp-hns‚ km∂n-[y-Øn¬X-s∂-bm-bn-cp∂p 1903 sabv 15\v Fkv-

F≥Un]n tbmK-Øns‚ Bcw-`w. tUm. ]¬∏p, Ipam-c-\m-im≥

XpS-ßn-b-h¿ \mcm-b-W-Kpcp apt∂m- p-h® Bi-b-ßƒ {]mh¿Øn-

I-am-°m-\p≈ I¿a-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ Gs‰-Sp-Øp. a∂-Øp-]-fl-\m-`s‚

t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ H-cp-kwLw \mb¿ bphm-°ƒ kwL-Sn-®mWv 1914

HIvtSm-_-¿ 31\v F≥-F-kv-F- n\v cq]w-sIm-Sp-Ø-Xv. Ipdq¿ \oe-I-

WvT≥ \ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ cq]w-sIm≠ "\ºq-Xncn

tbmK-t£-a-k`' \ºq-Xn-cn-am¿°n-Sn-bnse ]cn-jvI-c-W-{]-h¿Ø-

\-ßƒ°v Znim-t_m[w \evIpI-bp-≠mbn.

ktlm-Z-c≥ Aø-∏s‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ a[y-tI-c-f-Øn¬ \S∂

apt∂-‰hpw CtX Ime-L- -Øn¬ Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. PmXn-hy-Xymkw

C√m-Xm-°m\pw an{i-t`m-P\w {]N-cn-∏n-°m-\p-ambn 1917¬ sI Aø-

∏≥ ÿm]n® {]ÿm-\-amWv "ktlm-Z-c--kw-Lw.' Cug-h¿, Ac-

b¿, ]pe-b¿ XpS-ßnb Ah¿W-ln-μp-°ƒ°v kh¿W-cpsS k{º-

Zm-b-ßsf sh√p-hn-fn-°m\pw Ah¿s°m-∏-an-cp∂v `£Ww Ign-

°m-\p-ap≈ Ah-Im-i-t_m[w ktlm-Z-c-kw-L-Øn-eqsS Aø-∏≥

]I¿∂p-\-evIn.

Abn-tØm-®m-S\ {]t£m-`-Øn\v hy‡-amb cq]hpw kwL-

SnX kz`mhpw \¬Im≥ Cu BZy-Ime kmaq-ly-]-cn-jvI¿Øm-°-

fpsS t\Xr-Xzhpw kwLmS\ anIhpw {]Nm-c-W-ti-jnbpw sIm≠v

km[n-®p. tZio-b-kzm-X{¥y ka-c-Øn-s\m∏w Abn-tØm-®m-S-\hpw

tIm¨{Kkv apJy-hn-j-b-am-°n-sb-Sp-ØXv 20˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy-

]m-Z-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p. CXns‚ A\p-c-W-\-ßƒ tIc-f-Øn¬ \√ -

\n-e-bn¬X-s∂-bp-≠m-bn. tIc-f-Ønse tIm¨{K-kn¬ CS-Xp-]-

£m-i-b-K-Xn-°m¿°p-≠m-bn-cp∂ ta¬ss° \thm-∞m-\-ap-t∂-

‰sØ Gs‰-Sp-Øp-\-S-Øp-∂-Xn\v hen-sbm-c-fhv klm-b-I-c-am-bn-

cp-∂p. ssh°w kXym-{Klw (1924- 25), Kpcp-hm-bq¿ kXym-{Klw

(1931- 32), ]menbw kXym-{Klw (1947- 48) F∂nh Abn-tØm-®m-

S\ {]-ÿm-\-Øn¬ al-ZvN-cn{Xw Xs∂ krjvSn-®p. ssh°w kXym-

{K-l-am-bn-cp∂p Abn-tØm-®m-S-\-Ønte°v \bn® BZysØ DPze

ka-cw. ssh°w t£{X-Øn-te-°p≈ \nc-Øp-I-fn¬ Ah¿W-ln-

μp-°ƒ°p-IqSn k©m-c-kzm-X{¥yw A\p-h-Zn-°-W-sa-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p

{]t£m- -Øns‚ Bhiyw. CXp-]Xv amkw XpS¿∂ kacw 1925-¬

hnP-b-I-c-ambn ]cy-h-km-\n-°pI Xs∂ sNbvXp. t£{X-Øn-te-


°p≈ F√m \nc-Øp-I-fnepw PmXn-hy-Xym-k-an-√msX F√m lnμp-

°ƒ°pw k©m-c-kzm-X{¥yw A\p-h-Zn-®p-sIm-≠m-bn-cp∂p AXv.

F∂m¬ Xncp -hn -Xmw -Iq -dnse F√m t£{X-ß-fnepw Cu

kzmX{¥yw e`n-®n-cp-∂n-√. ]n∂o-Sv Aº-e-∏p-g, Xncp-hm¿∏v, ipNo{μw

F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnepw k-am-\-co-Xn-bn-ep≈ ka-c-ßƒ \S-°p-I-bp-≠m-

bn. CXn-s‚-sb√mw ^e-ambn Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse F√m t£{X-

\nc-Øp-Ifpw PmXn-]-cn-K-W-\-Iq-SmsX F√m hn`mKw P\-ßƒ°p-

ambn Xpd-∂p-sIm-SpØp.

sI tIf-∏-s‚bpw FsIPnbp-sSbpw t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ \S∂ Kpcp-

hm-bq¿ kXym-{Klw tZio-b-{i-≤-bmI¿jn® H∂m-bn-cp-∂p. {]t£m-

-Im-cn-Iƒ°p-t\sc AXn-i-‡-amb B{I-a-W-amWv kh¿W¿ Agn-

®p-hn- -Xv. HSp-hn¬ alm-flm-Km‘n°v t]mepw ka-c-Øn¬ CS-s]-

tS-≠n-h-∂p. Abn-tØm-®m-S-\-Øn\pw t£{X-{]-th-i-\-Øn\pw

th≠n \S∂ {]t£m- -ß-fpsS BZy-hn-Pbambn-cp∂p t£{X-{]-

th-i\ hnfw-_-cw. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ alm-cm-Pmhv {ioNn-Øn-c-Xn-cp-

\mƒ _me-cm-a-h¿a 1936 \hw-_¿ 12-\mWv kp{]-kn-≤n-amb t£{X-

{]-th-i\ hnfw-_cw {]Jym-]n-®-Xv. Ah¿W-hn- m-K-ßƒ°v t£{X-

{]-th-i\w km[y-am-°p-∂-Xn\v \S∂ {]t£m- -Øns‚ kºq¿W-

hn-P-b-ambn Cu hnfw-_-csØ ImWm≥ km[n-°pw.

kzmX{¥y e_vZn-tbmsS ]pXp-bp-K-Øn\v XpS-°-am-sb-¶nepw

kmaq-ln-Im-\m-Nm-c-ßsf ]q¿W-ambpw XpS-®p-\o-°m≥ km[n-®n-cp-

∂n-√. ^yqU-en-k-Øn-s‚bpw kh¿W-ta-[m-hn-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw Xe-

°p-Spa am‰m-\p≈ {]Nm-c-W-ßfpw {]t£m- -ßfpw ]n∂oSpw XpS-

tc-≠n-h-∂p. AØ-c-Øn-sem-∂m-bn-cp∂p ]menbw kXym-{K-lw.

tNμ-aw-K-eØv ]men-b-Ø-®s‚ ho´n\p apºnse s]mXp-\n-c-Øn¬

\S-°m-\p≈ kzmX{¥yw t\Sn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\v Ah¿Wcpw Aln-

μp-°-fpw tN¿∂v \S-Ønb ka-c-amWv ]menbw kXym-{K-lw. 1948¬

sIm®n t£{X-{]-th-i\w A\p-h-Zn-®-Xns\ XpS¿∂mWv ]menbw

tdmUn-eqsS k©-cn-°m≥ Ah¿W¿°pw Aln-μp-°ƒ°pw

kzmX{¥yw e`n-®Xv.

Npcp-°-Øn¬, PmXncln-X-amb kwL-Im-e-L-´-Øn¬\n∂pw

PmXo-b-amb D®-\o-NXzw Ac-ßp-hmW Bcym-[n-]-XyØnte°pw

]n∂oSv - \-thm-∞m-\-Øn-t‚-Xmb ]pXn-sbm-cp-bp-K-Øn-te-°p-am-Wv

tIc-f-Øns‚ kmaq-ly-N-cn{Xw hnI-kn-®-sX∂v ImWm≥ km[n°pw.

A[ymbw c≠v

\thm-∞m\ apt∂-‰hpw

BZy-Ime ]{X-ßfpw

tIc-f-Øns‚ hnIrX kmaq-lnI LS-\-bpsS A-ÿnhmcw Cf-

°n-sb-dn-bp∂ apt∂-‰-am-bn-cp∂p \thm-∞m\ Ime-L- -Ønep≠mb-

Xv. ]{X-˛-am-[y-a-ßfpw a‰p {]Nm-c-tWm-]-m[n-Ifpw H´pw hnI-kn-

°mØ A°m-eØv ]-cn-jvI-cW {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS hym]vXn P\-

ß-fn--se-Øn-°pI t¢i-I-c-am-bn-cp-∂p. PmXn-˛-aX ]cn-jvI-cW

{]ÿm-\-ß-fn-epsSbmbn-cp∂p tIc-f-Ønse kmaqlnI \thm-∞m-

\-Øn-s‚bpw hnIm-kw. Hmtcm aX-ß-fnepw Hmtcm- Pm-Xn-bnepw

Db¿∂p-h∂ ]cn-jvI-cW {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ s]mXp-km-aq-lym-h-

ÿsb ]pXnb Xe-Øn-te°v Db¿ØpIbm-bn-cp∂p. lnμp-a-X-

Øn¬ {_m“-W-cnepw Ahm-¥-c-hn-`m-K-ß-fnepsa∂-t]mse

ss{IkvX-h -apkveow hn`mK-ß-fnepw ]cn-jvI-cWw DS-se-Sp-Øp.

\ºq-Xn-cn-Ip-Spw-_-ß-fn¬ ]pXnb Xe-apd am‰-ß-fpsS Im‰pƒs°m-

≈m-\mbn a\-I-fpsS Infn-hm-Xn-ep-Iƒ kaq-l-Øns‚ ap∂n¬ Xpd-

∂n- p. Iogm-f-hn`mK-ßfn¬ Ah-Im-i-t_m-[-Øns‚ hnØv apf-®p.

PohnXcoXn, BNm-c-{I-aßƒ, hnizm-k-[m-c-Iƒ, hnZym`ym-kw

F∂nßs\ k¿h-X-e-kv]¿in-bm-bn-cp∂p AXv. hnizm-k-ßfpw

A‘-hn-izm-k-ßfpw aX-ßƒ°-IØv HXpßn\n¬°p-∂-Xn¬\n∂v

amdn s]mXp-k-aq-l-Øns‚ N¿®-I-fn¬ CSw Is≠-Øn.

aX-]-cn-jvI-c-W-hpambn _‘-s∏´ Imcy-ß-fn¬ AXm-Xp-a-X-hn-

`m-K-ßfpsS CS-bn¬am-{X-am-bn-cp∂p N¿®-I-sf-¶nepw a‰pIm-cy-ßn¬

PmXn-a-X-t`-Z-a-t\y-bp≈ CS-s]-S-ep-I-fm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv. CØcw CS-

s]-S-ep-Iƒ hnhn-[-co-Xn-bn-ep≈ G‰ap´ep-Iƒ°pw CS-\¬In.

Hmtcm ]pXnb Imcy-ßƒ Db¿∂ph∂-t∏mgpw AXv hyXykvX

[mc-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ kwL¿j-ambn cq]m-¥-c-s∏- p.

B\p-Im-en-I-ßfpw ]{X-am-[y-a-ßfpw i‡-a-√mØ Hcp

Imeambn-cp∂p \thm-∞m\ Ime-L-´w. kmaq-ln-I-]-cn-jvI-c-W-

Øns‚ Bcw- hpw ae-bmf ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ ]nd-hnbpw XΩn-


ep≈ Ime-t -Z-Øn¬\n-∂p-Xs∂ CXv hy‡-amIpw. ktμ-i-ßƒ

{]N-cn-∏n-°m\pw temI-Øns‚ am‰w P\-ß-fn-te-s°-Øn-°m\pw

{]kw-K-ßfpw Iem-]-cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw t\cn-´p≈ kμ¿i-\-ßfpw

am{Xam-bn-cp∂p A∂p-≠m-bn-cp∂ am¿Kw. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ am[y-

a-ß-fpsS Nnd-In-te-dn-bm-bn-cp-∂n√ \thm-∞m\ {]ÿm-\-ß-fpsS

hf¿®-. am{X-a√, BZyIme B\pImen-I-ß-fn¬ ]eXpw CØcw

]cn-jvI-c-W-ß-tfmSv apJw Xncn™p \n¬°p-bpw A-hsb \nin-

X-ambn hna¿in-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. F¶nepw {ItaW CXn¬ am‰w

h∂pXpSßn. ]cn-jvI-cW {]ÿm-\-ßƒ°v t\XrXzw sImSpØ

Nne¿ AXns‚ {]Nm-c-W-Øn-\pam-{X-ambn {]tXyI B\p-Im-en-I-

ßƒ Bcw`n®p. bmYm-ÿn-Xn-Icpw ]cn-jvI-cW {]h¿Ø-Icpw

XΩn-ep≈ G‰pap´ens‚ sNdp-cq]w BZy-Ime B\pImen-I-ß-

fn¬ ImWm≥ Ignbpw.

ae-bmf ]{X-ß-fpsS Ncn-{X-am-cw- n°p∂Xv Kp≠¿´ns‚ "cmPy-

k-am-Nm-cw' F∂ {]Xn-amk ]{Xn-I-bn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. P¿a≥

ss{IkvXh anj-W-dn- {]ÿm-\-amb _mk¬ anjs‚ Iogn¬ aX-

{]-Nm-c-W-am-bn-cp∂p CXns‚ e£yw. CXns‚ XpS¿®-bmbn \nc-

h[n {]kn-≤o-I-c-ßƒ A°m-eØv Bcw`n°p-Ibp≠mbn. Ch-sbm-

∂pw-Xs∂ C∂pImWp∂ cq]Ønep≈ ]{Xw F∂ A¿∞-Øn¬

F√m hnj-b-ß-sfbpw ssIImcyw sNøp-∂-h-bm-bn-cp-∂n-√. aX-

t_m-[-\-Øn-\-∏p-d-tØ°v HcpImgvN-∏mSv Ah-s°m∂pw C√m-bn-

cp-∂p. AXn¬\n∂v hyXy-kvX-ambn Ah ssIImcyw sNbvXXv

kmln-Xy-c-N-\-IfmWv. CXn¬Øs∂ ]Zy-cq-]-Øn-ep-≈h Gsdbpw

`K-hXv kvXpXn-Ifpam-bn-cp∂p. "cmPy-k-am-Nmcw' XpS-ßn-b-Xn\v

tij-ap≈ aq∂v Zi-I-ßƒ GXm≠v CtX coXn-bn¬X-s∂-bmWv

ae-bmf B\p-Im-en-I-ßƒ hnImkw {]m]n-®-Xv. \ne-hn-ep≈ hyh-

ÿ-bvs°m∏w Hgp-In-\-S-°p-∂-Xn¬ am{X-sam-Xpßn Ah-bpsS kmaq-

lnI ho£-Ww. AXp-sIm≠pXs∂ tIc-f-Øn¬ BZy-Im-e-Øp-

\-S∂ kmaq-lnI apt∂-‰-ß-fpsS `mK-am-Im≥ Cu B\pImen-I-

ßƒ Xøm-dm-bn-√. ka-{K-amb Hcp kmaq-lnI ]cn-jvI-cWw Ch-

bpsS apJye-£y-ta-bm-bncp-∂n-s√∂-Xp-X-s∂-bmWv AXns‚ Imc-

Ww.

Kp≠¿ v 1847¬ "cmPy-k-am-Nmcw' XpSßp∂Xn\pw Hcp ZiIw

aptº 1836emWv XncphnXmwIqdns‚ `mK-am-bn-cp∂ I\ymIpamcn


Pn√-bnse kzman-tXm-∏n¬ "ka-Xz-k-amPw' F∂ kwL-S\ cq]o-I-

cn®v sshIpWvT kzman-Iƒ Ah¿W-sc ASn-®-a¿Øp-∂-Xn-s\-Xn-

cmb t]mcm´w Bcw- n-®Xv. CXv Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dns\ Cf-°n-a-dn-®p.

cmPmhv Akz-ÿ-\m-bn. 1837¬ kzmXn Xncp-\m-fns‚ `c-W-Im-

eØv sshIpWvT kzman-Isf Pbn-en-e-S-®p. sshIpWvT kzman-I-

fpsS {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ kaq-l-Øn¬ henb Ne-\-ßƒ krjvSn®p.

Ncn-{X-{]-kn-≤-amb ta¬ap≠v ka-c-Ønte°v P\-ßsf {]tNm-Zn-

∏n-®-Xn¬ sshIp-WvT-kzm-an-Iƒ \S-Ønb {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ henb

^ew sNbvXp. AhnsS \n∂pw AXn-th-K-Øn-embncp-∂n√ \thm-

∞m\ apt∂-‰w. ]cn-jvI-cW hmZ-ßƒ°v i‡-amb FXn¿∏p-Iƒ

Xs∂ t\cn-tS-≠n-h∂p. AXns\ AXnPo-hn-°m≥ \o≠ ]cn-{i-a-

ßƒ Bh-iy-ambncp∂p. sshIpWvT kzman-I-fn¬ XpS-ßnb ]cn-

jvI-cW {]ÿm\w N´ºnkzman-Ifpw {io\m-cm-bW Kpcphpw

t\XrXzw \¬Inb kwL-SnX apt∂-‰-ambn hf-cp-∂-Xv ]ns∂bpw

Zi-I-ßƒ°v tij-am-bn-cp-∂p. CtXmsS am{X-amWv ]{X-ßfpw

CØcw hnj-b-ßƒ Gs‰-Sp-°m\pw ssIImcyw sNøm\pw XpS-

ßn-b-Xv.

]nevIm-eØv ]e ]{X-ß-fp-sSbpw Bhn¿`m-h-Øn\v ImcWw

Xs∂ ]e kmaqlnI ]cn-jvI-cW {]ÿm-\-ß-fpam-bncp-∂p. Xß-

fpsS Bi-b-ßƒ P\-ß-fn-se-Øn-°p-∂Xn\pw t_m[h-XvI-cn-

°p∂Xn\pap≈ D]m[n-sb∂ \ne-bn-em-bncp∂p kmaq-lnI ]cn-

j-I-cW {]ÿm-\-ß-fn¬ {]h¿Øn-®-h¿ ]{X-ßsf I≠n-cp-∂-

Xv. ssh°w kXym-{K-l-tØmsS CXv Iptd-°qSn hn]p-eo-IrX cq]-

Øn-em-bn. amkn-Im-cq-]-Ønepw hmcnIm cq]Ønepw Cd-ßnb BZy-

Ime B\p-Im-en-I-ß-fn¬\n∂v hyXy-kvX-ambn GXm≠v Zn\-]-{X-

sa∂ \ne-bn¬ ae-bmf ]{X-{]-h¿Ø\w Xs∂ hnI-kn-®Xv

ssh°w kXym-{K-l-Ime-Øm-bncp∂p. tIm´-bØp\n∂pw {]kn-

≤o-I-cn® "{]Xn-Zn\w' Bbncp∂p ae-bm-f-Ønse BZysØ Zn\-

]{Xw.

XpS-°-Øn¬ A[n-Im-cn-Isf {]nXn-s∏-Sp-ØpI am{Xw sNbvXn-

cp∂ \ne-bn¬\n∂v A[n-Im-cn-Isf hna¿in-°p-I-sb∂ kml-kn-

I-X-bn-te°v ]{X-ßƒ s]mXpsh {]th-in-®Xv 19˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚

A¥y-L-´-Ønem-Wv. AXpw sNdpcq]Øn¬am-{Xw. F¶nepw

A∂sØ kml-N-cy-Øn¬, Hcp thdn´ bm{Xm-]Yw Xnc-s™-Sp-

°m≥ Nne ]{X-ßsf¶nepw Xøm-dmbn F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p G‰hpw


henb khn-ti-j-X. F∂m¬, Ahbpw kmaq-ly-]-cn-jvIm-c-ßƒ°v

Du∂¬ sImSpØXmbncp-∂n-√. kmaq-lnI hyh-ÿ-nXnsb s]mfn-

®-S-°p-I-b√ cmjv{Sob kml-N-cy-ß-sfbpw A[n-Im-cn-Ifpw Ah-

cpsS B{in-X-hr-μ-ßfpw \SØp∂ kzP-\-]-£-]m-Xhpw ]pd-Øp-

sIm-≠p-h-cnI F∂Xnem-bncp∂p AhbpsS {i≤. F¶nepw anj-

\dn {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬\n-∂v amdn- kmaq-lnI hna¿i-\-Øns‚

]pXnb hgn-bn-eq-sS-bp≈ hen-sbmcp k©m-c-Øns‚ XpS-°-am-bn-

cp∂p AXv.

aX-t_m-[-\-Øn¬\n∂v kmaq-lnI hna¿i-\-Øn-te°v

Cu t{iWn-bn¬ GXm≠v BZy-tØ-Xmbn IW-°m-°p-∂Xv

sIm®n-bn¬\n∂v 1864¬ C´q∏v ssd‰-dp-sSbpw ]n sP ss]en-bp-

sSbpw t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ XpS-ßp-Ibpw GXm\pw amk-ßƒ°p tijw

DΩ≥ ^nen-t∏mkv ]{Xm-[n-]- ÿm\w Gs‰-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvX

"]›n-a-Xm--cI'bmWv. 1867¬ tIm -bØv \n∂v XpS-ßnb "kμn-jvS-

hm-Zn', 1881¬ sIm®n-bn¬\n∂v XpS-ßnb "tIcf an{Xw' , 1884¬

tIm -b-Øp-\n∂v XpS-ßnb "tIcf ]{XnI' , 1886¬ Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-

cØp\n∂pw XpS-ßnb "ae-bmfn' , tImgn-t°mSv \n∂pw Bcw- n®

"tIcf k©mcn' XpS-ßn-bh Cu coXn-bn-ep≈ BZy-Ime {ia-ß-

fm-bn-cp-∂p. CXns‚sb√mw XpS¿®-bmbn 1887¬ am∂m-\-Øp-\n∂v

"\{kmWn Zo]nI' bpw 1890¬ tIm -b-Øp-\n∂v "ae-bmf at\m-c-

abpw ]nd-hn-sb-Sp-Øp. BZyw ]d™ ]{X-ßƒ°pw B\p-Im-en-I-

ßƒ°pw Aev]m-bp pam{X-ta-bp-≠m-bp-≈q-sh-¶n¬ Zo]n-Ibpw ae-

bmf at\m-c-abpw ae-bmf ]{X-ß-fpsS XpS¿ hnIm-k-Øn¬

\n¿WmbI kw`m-h\ \¬In hf¿∂p. XpS°w apX¬ {_nójv

ta¬tIm-bvasb AwKo-I-cn-°p∂ kao-]-\-am-bn-cp∂p Zo]n-Ibpw

at\m-c-abpw kzoI-cn-®Xv. cWm-[n-Im-cn-IfpsS Xm¬]-cy-Øn\v hncp-

≤-ambn {]h¿Øn°p∂Xv cmPy-t{Zm-l-am-sW∂ \ne-]mSv hsc

Cu c≠v ]{X-ßfpw kzoI-cn®p. kzmX-{¥y-k-a-c-ß-fpsS BZyZi-

bntem Ah i‡n-{]m -]n® L´-Øntem AXn -s\m∏w

k©cn°m\p≈ Xmev]cyw Ch ImWn-®n-cp-∂n-√. F∂m¬, Ah-

i-X-b-\p-`-hn-°p∂ IogvPm-Xn-°m-cpsS D∂-a-\-Øn\v Du∂¬

\¬Im≥ XpS°w apX¬ Cu c≠p-]-{X-ßfpw Xøm-dm-sb∂v ImWmw.

"cmP-a-μn-c-ß-fnepw a{¥n-k-Ø-a-cpsS kÌfnepw \ym\-I¿Øm-

°-∑mcpsS k∂n-[m-\-Ønepw \mń¬ \S-°p∂ A{I-aw, A\o-Xn,


]c-]o-U, km[p°ƒ°p≈ Bh-iy-ß-fm-Zn-bm-b-h-sb°pdn®v \nhr-

Øn-am¿Kw hcpØm≥' th≠n-bmWv ]{Xw F∂v \{kmWn Zo]nI

BZy-e-°-Øn¬Xs∂ {]kvXm-hn-®n-cp-∂p. AØ-c-samcp Xe-Øn-

te°v hnπ-hm-fl-I-th-K-Øn¬ Db-cm≥ ]{Xw Xøm-dm-bn-cp-∂n-√.

at\m-cabmIs´ A[n-Im-c-tI-{μ-tØm-Sp≈ `‡n Iptd-°qSn ]c-

ky-ambn {]I-Sn-∏n-®mWv ]nd-hn-sb-Sp-Ø-Xv. 1890¬ tIm -b-Øp-\n∂v

{]Xn-hmc ]{X-am-bmWv "ae-bmf at\m-c-abpsS XpS-°w. "hniz-am-

Xm-hmb hnIvtSm-dnb N{I-h¿Øn\n Xncp-a-\- nse hninjvS cmPy-

`m-c-am-Ip∂ Iev]-hr-£-Øn¬ hnf-bp∂ hnhn[ ^e-ßsf A∏-g-

t∏mƒ Xs‚ {]P-Isf Akm-[m-cW-am[pcytØmSp IqSn Bkz-Zn-

∏n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-∏m≥ Xs∂, aqeamIp∂ Xncp\mfn¬ Ah-X-cn-

®cpfp∂ \ΩpsS henb Xºpcm≥ Xncpa\- n-sebpw Ahn-SsØ

B⁄m\phmln-bmb {]Pm-t£-ssaI X¬]-c-\mbncn-°p∂ cma-

cm-b¿ Znhm≥Pn Ah¿I-sfbpw' BZy-e-°-Øn¬ ae-bmf at\m-ca

{]Io¿Øn°p∂p.

CØ-c-samcp ÿnXn-bn¬-\n∂v {ItaW am‰w h∂pXpS-ßnbXv

20˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ XpS-°-Øn-em-Wv. At∏m-tg°pw s]mXpkaq-l-

Øn¬ cmjv{Sob hna¿i-\-ßƒ IqSp-X¬ i‡n-{]m-]n®p. tZiob

{]ÿm-\-Øn-s‚bpw I¿jI {]ÿm-\-ßfp-sSbpw t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬

\mSn-f-°n-bp≈ kzmX-{¥y-ap-t∂-‰-ßƒ i‡-am-bn. CsX-√m-am-b-

t∏mƒ ]{X-ß-fn¬ ]eXpw AXns‚ `mK-am-bn-Xp-S-ßp-Ibpw

sNbvXp. tZio-b-{]-ÿm-\-tØm-Sp≈ Cu Xm¬]-cy-Øn-s\m∏w

Xs∂ kmaq-lnI ]cn-jvI-cW taJ-e-bn-te°pw Nne ]{X-ßƒ

kPoh Xm¬]cyw {]I-Sn-∏n-°p∂ ÿnXnbpw DS-se-Sp-Øp.

Xriq-cn¬\n∂v 1906¬ Bcw`n® "tIcf Nn¥m-aWn' , Xe-t»-cn-

bn¬\n∂v 1907¬ aq¿t°mØv Ipam-c≥ Bcw`n®Xpw ]n∂oSv 1913¬

kn. IrjvW≥ ]{Xm-[n-]Xyw Gs‰-Sp-ØXpamb "anX-hmZn', 1904¬

alm-Ihn Ipam-c-\m-ims‚ ]{Xm-[n-]-Xy-Øn-em-cw`n® "hnth-tIm-

Zbw', 1911¬ aø-\m- p-\n∂v kn hn Ip™p-cm-a≥ XpS-ßnb "tIcf

IuapZn', 1915¬ Sn sI am[-h≥ sIm√-Øp-\n-∂m-cw`n® "tZim- n-

am\n', 1917¬ sI Aø-∏≥ XpS-ßnb "ktlm-Z-c≥', tbmK-t£-a-

k`m {]h¿Ø-I-cpsS "tbmK-t£aw', "DÆn\-ºq-Xncn' sIm√-Øp-

\n∂v {]kn-≤-s∏SpØnbn-cp∂ "{iohm-gpw-tImSv', \mb¿ k¿hokv

skmssk-‰n-bpsS B`n-ap-Jy-Øn¬ 1920¬ Bcw`n® "k¿hokv',


1920¬ Xr»q-cn¬\n∂v Ipdq¿ \oe-I-WvT≥ \ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSv Bcw`n®

"temI-am-\y≥', sIm√-Øp-\n∂v F sI ]n≈ Bcw`n® "kzcmSv',

1923¬ tImgn-t°m´p\n∂v sI ]n tIihtat\ms‚ ]{Xm-[n-]-Xy-

Øn-em-cw`n® "amXr- qan', aplΩZv A_vZp-d-ln-am≥ tImgn-t°m- p-

\n∂v Xs∂ 1924¬ Bcw`n® "A¬- -A-ao≥', ]me-°m´p\n∂v Sn

B¿ IrjvW-kzman Aø¿ XpS-ßnb "bph`mcXw', bp tKm]me

tat\m\pw sI hn Ip™pÆn tat\m\pw IqSn a{Zm-kn¬\n∂v

Bcw`n® "\ho\ tIcfw', sIm√-Øp-\n∂v sI Pn i¶¿ Bcw`n®

"ae-bmf cmPyw' , hS-I-c-bn¬\n-∂m-cw`n® samøm-cØv i¶-cs‚

"tIcf tIkcn', IÆq-cn¬\n∂v XpSßnb F sI Ip™n-Ir-jvW≥

\ºym-cpsS "kzm`nam\n', C°≠ hmcn-bcpsS "tIc-f≥', Ipf-°p-

∂Øv cma≥ tat\m≥ 1918¬ XpS-ßn-bXpw ]n∂oSv F _meIrjvW

]n≈ ]{Xm-[n-]-ÿm\w Gs‰-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvX "ka-Z¿in', F

_me-Ir-jvW-∏n-≈-bpsS Xs∂ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ ]n∂oSv XpS-ßnb

tIk-cn, sjm¿Wq-cn¬\n∂v tIm¨{Kkv tkmjy-en-Ãp-I-fpsS

t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ CFw-Fkv ]{Xm-[n-]-cmbn XpS-ßnb "{]`mXw',

sI Pn \mbcpsSbpw Sn sI them-bp-[≥ ]n≈-bp-sSbpw

t\XrXzØn¬ Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØp\n∂v {]kn-≤oI-cn® "\h-i‡n',

"hnZym-hn-t\m-Zn\n', "kXy\mZw' XpS-ßnb {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßƒ Htc-

k-abw tZiob {]ÿm-\-ß-sf-bpw kmaq-lnI ]cn-jvI-cW apt∂-

‰-ß-tfbpw ]n¥p-W-®-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

-hen-b-tXm-Xn¬ {]Nm-cWw km[y-am-bn-s√-¶n¬ t]mepw Cu

]{X-ßƒ {]I-Sn-∏n® A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ A∂v s]mXp-k-aq-l-Øn¬

hen-b-tXm-Xn¬ Ne-\-ßƒ krjvSn-®ncp∂psh-∂mWv hy‡-

amIp∂Xv. B A¿∞-Øn¬ 20˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy-]m-Zw ae-

bmf ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ KpWm-flI ]cn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v Hcp

henb XpS°w Ipdn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. A∂v Bcw- n® ]{X-ß-fn¬

_lp- q-cn-]-£hpw Aev]m-bp- p-°-fm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw \ne-]m-Sp-

I-fnse sXfn-abpw [oc-Xbpw e£y-t_m-[hpw sIm≠v thdn´

]mŸmhv krjvSn-s®-Sp-Ø-h-bm-bn-cp∂p F∂v ]d-bmw. kzmX-{¥y-

k-a-c-Øns‚ Ne-\-ßƒ P\-ß-fn-se-Øn-°p-I-sb∂ kml-kn-I-

X-tb-s‰-sS-Ø-Xn-s\m∏w Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p Cu ]{X-ß-sf√mw A∂v

kmaq-lnI LS-\-bnse sshIr-X-ßsf A\m-h-cWw sNøm\pw

\thm-∞m-\-Øns‚ ]mX-bn-te°v s]mXp-k-aq-lsØ ssI]n-Sn®p

\S-Øm-\p-ap≈ Xo{h-{i-a-ßƒ \S-Øn-bXv. kmaq-lnI D®-\o-N-Xz-


Øn¬\n-∂p≈ tamN\w sshtZ-in-Im-[n-]-Xy-Øn¬\n-∂p≈ tamN-

\-sØ-t]m-se--Xs∂ {]m[m-\y-ta-dn-b-Xm-sW∂ ImgvN-∏mSv ]cn-jvI-

cW {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v t\XrXzw \¬In-b-h¿ {]I-Sn-∏n-®-Xp-sIm-

≠p-am-{X-amWv cmPysØ CXc taJ-e-bn¬\n∂v hyXy-kvX-amb

]cn-h¿Ø\w tIc-f-Øn¬ km[y-am-b-sX∂v \n w-ibw ]dbmw.

t£{X-{]-th-i-\m-h-Imiw

kmaq-lnI D®-\o-N-Xzw, PmXn kv]¿[, A‘-hn-izm-kw, ANm-

c-\p-jvTm\ sshIr-X-ßƒ, _lp- m-cym-Xzw, hn[-hmXzw, hnZym- ymk

\ntj-[w F∂n-ßs\ sI´p-]n-W-™p-In-S∂ k¶o¿W kml-N-

cysØ Hmtcm-∂n-s\bpw khn-ti-j-ambn ssIImcyw sNbvXmWv

]cn-jvI-cW {]h¿Ø-I¿ D®m-S\ {]{In-b-bn-te¿s∏- -Xv. ssh°w,

Kpcp-hm-bq¿ kXy-{K-l-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p CXn¬ G‰hpw \n¿Wm-bI

L´w. tZiob kzm-X{¥y {]t£m- -Øn-s\m∏w Xs∂ apt∂m´psIm-

≠p-t]mb CØcw ka-c-ßƒ s]mXp-k-aq-l-Øn¬ henb A\p-c-

W-\-ß-fp-≠m-°n. CXn¬ {][m\w ssh°w kXym-{K-l-am-bn-cp-

∂p. AXns‚ XpS¿®-bmbn Kpcp-hm-bq¿ kXym-{Klhpw \S-∂-tXmsS

t£{X-]-cn-k-c-ß-fn-eqsS IogvPm-Xn-°m-c\v k©m-c-kzm-X{¥yw

\¬tI-≠n-h-cp-sa∂ bmYm¿Yy-Øn-te°v kh¿Wcpw cmP-Ip-Spw-

_-ßfpw FØn-t®¿∂p. Cu c≠v {][m\ t£{X-ßƒ°v ]pdsa

a‰p-t£-{X-ß-fnepw CtX coXn-bn-ep≈ am‰Øn-\mbn If-sam-cp-

ßp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p At∏mƒ.

ssh°Øpw kao]Øpap≈ t£{X]cn-k-c-ß-fn-eq-sS Iogm-

f¿°v hgn- \S-°m\pw t£{X-{]th-i-\m-h-Imiw t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m\pw

\S-Ønb {]t£m`w ae-bmf ]{X-{]-h¿Ø cwKØpw hgn-Øn-cn-

hm-bn. AXphsc BgvN-bn¬ Ht∂m ct≠m XhW {]kn-≤o--I-cn-

°p-I-sb∂ coXn-bn¬\n∂v amdn Zn\-∏{Xw ]nd-hn-sb-Sp-ØXv

ssh°w kXym-{K-l-tØm-sS-bm-Wv. t]cv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse,

ssh°-Øp-\n∂v {]kn-≤o-I-cWw XpS-ßnb "{]Xn-Zn\'amWv BZy

Zn\-∏-{Xw. ka-Z¿in, tIk-cn, tIcf Iuap-Zn, Sn sI am[-hs‚

tZim- n-am\n XpS-ßnb ]{X-ßƒ kmaq-lnI ]cn-jvI-c-W-Øn-s‚

Np°m≥ Gs‰-Sp°p∂ \ne-bn-te-°p-b¿∂p.

tZiob {]ÿm-\-sØbpw kmaq-lnI ]cn-jvI-cW apt∂-‰-ß-


sfbpw i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ e£y-tØmsS tImgn-t°m- p-\n∂v sI

]n tIi-h-ta-t\m-s‚bpw sI am[-h-ta-t\m-s‚bpw t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬

"amXr- q-an' IqSn {]kn-≤o-I-cWw XpS-ßp-Ibpw sNbvX-tXmsS 20˛mw-

\q-‰m-≠ns‚ c≠mw ZiIw apX¬ \thm-∞m\ apt∂-‰-Øn¬ ]{X-

ß-fpsS kPoh km∂n-[y-am-bn. ssh°w kXym-{K-Øn-\p-t\sc

IÆ-S-bv°m≥ A∂v ]{X-ßƒ°v Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. kXym-{K-lw

XpS-ßp-∂-Xn\v aptº Xs∂ AXn-te°v \bn-°-s∏-Sp∂ coXn-bn¬

\nc-h[n kw -h-ßƒ A°m-eØv Ac-tß-dn-bn-cp-∂p. kh¿WcpsS

Abn-Øm-N-c-Whpw IogvPm-Xn-°m¿ AXns\Xnsc \S-Øp∂ {]Nm-

c-W-ßfpw ]e-bn-SØpw kwL´\-ß-fp-≠m-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. C°m-

cy-ß-sf√mw Cu ]{X-ßfn¬ i‡-amb `mjm ssien-bn-eqsS

hm¿Ø-bmbn hn\y-kn-°-s∏- p. t£{X-{]-th-i\-Øn\v A\p-Iq-e-

ambn P\-k-Ω¿Zw i‡amb L -Øn¬ at\m-c-abpw hm¿Ø-I-fn-

eqsS CXn\v ]n¥p-W-tb-In.

hgn-\-S-∏n-te°v \bn®v

Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-c-Øp-\n∂v 1918¬ Ipf-°p-∂Øp cma≥ta-t\m≥

Bcw-`n® "ka-Z¿in' \thm-∞m-\-ap-t∂-‰-Øn¬ \nkvXpe kw`m-

h\ \¬Inb ]{X-am-bn-cp-∂p. "ka-Z¿in' ssh°w kXym-{K-lsØ

]q¿W-ambpw Gs‰-SpØp. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse cmjv{Sob {]t£m- -

ß-sfbpw kmaq-lnI am‰-ß-sfbpw t{]m’m-ln-∏n-®n-cp∂ "ka-

Z¿in'-bpsS ]{Xm-[n-]-cmbn 1922¬ F _me-IrjvW ]n≈ Npa-X-

e-tb-‰-tXmsS IqSp-X¬ hy‡-Xbpw Bg-ta-dnb-Xp-amb ImgvN-∏mSv

kzoI-cn-°p∂ \ne-bn-te°v ]{Xw amdn. ssh°w kXym-{K-lsØ

hnP-bn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬ "ka-Z¿in'bpw _me-Ir-jvW-]n-≈bpw ImWn®

D’mlhpw Bflm¿∞-Xbpw ae-bmf \thm-∞m\ ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-

\-Øn\v amXr-I-bmbn amdp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. BgvN-bn¬ aq∂v F∂

IW-°n¬ sNmΔ, hymgw, i\n Znh-k-ßfnem-bn-cp∂p ka-Z¿in-

bpsS {]kn-≤o-I-c-Ww. kXym-{Klw XpS-ßn-b-ti-j-ap≈ F√m

]Xn-∏p-Ifpw ]pd-Øn-d-ßn-b-Xp-Xs∂ "ssh°w kXym-{Kl hm¿Ø-

Iƒ' F∂ t]cn¬ hni-Z-hn-h-c-ßƒ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠m-Wv. ka-

cw hnP-bn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iyamb {]Xy£ \ne-]mSv FSpØp≈-

Xm-bn-cp∂p "ka-Z¿in'-bpsS hm¿Øm-hn-\ym-kw. BNm-c-ssh-Ir-X-

ßƒs°-Xn-sc P\-ßsf t_m[-h-XvI-cn-°p-Ibpw sshIr-X-ßƒ°v

Iq´p-\n¬°p∂ kh¿W-scbpw A[n-Im-cn-I-sfbpw cq£-ambn


hna¿in-°p-∂-Xp-am-bn-cp∂p "ka¿Z-in'-bpsS coXn. ]e-t∏mgpw A[n-

Imcn-Isf IW-°‰v ]cn-l-kn-°m\pw "ka-Z¿in' ss[cyw Im´n.

1924 Pqsse-bn¬ sNß-∂q-cn¬ tN¿∂ kh¿W lnμp-a-lm-

tbmKw, ssh°w kXym-{K-l e£y-Øn-te-°p≈ \n¿WmbI

tbmK-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ah¿Wsc AI-‰n-\n¿Øn-bn-cp∂ kh¿W-cpsS

at\m-`m-h-Øn¬ ImX-emb am‰w-h-∂-Xns‚ {]Jym-]-\-am-bn-cp∂p

sNß-∂q¿ tbmKw. ka-c-Øn-s‚bpw AtXm-S-\p-_-‘n®v \S∂

kΩ¿Zhpw Zp»m-Ty-ß-fn¬\n∂v ]n≥hm-ßm≥ kh¿Wsc \n¿_-

‘nXcm-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. kh¿Wcn-ep-≠mb Cu a\w-am‰w {]I-S-

amb sNß-∂q¿ tbmK-Øns‚ {]Jym-]-\-ßfpw a‰v hm¿Ø-Ifpw

1924 Pqsse F´n\v ]pd-Øn-d-ßnb ka¿Z¿in-bn¬ hni-Z-ambn

Dƒs°m-≈n-®p. A∂sØ H∂mw t]Pp-ap-gp-h≥ Cu hm¿Ø-bv°p-

am-{X-am-bmWv ]{Xw \o°n-sh-®-Xv. t£{X-]-cn-k-c-ß-fn¬IqSn

Ah¿W¿°pw k©-cn-°m≥ A\p-hmZw \¬I-W-sa-∂m-h-iy-s∏ v

B‰p-Im¬ \oe-I-WvT-∏n≈ Ah-X-cn-∏n® {]ta-bhpw At±-l-Øns‚

{]kw-Khpw GXm≠v ]q¿W cq]-Øn¬Xs∂ ka¿Zin {]kn-≤o-

I-cn-®p. "kh¿W lnμp-a-lm-tbm-Kw, GI-I-WvT-amb P\m- n-{]m-bw,

A`q-X-]q¿h-amb hnPbw' F∂ Xe-s°-t´m-sS-bm-bn-cp∂p hm¿Ø.

ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ ]mkm-°nb {]ta-bw ]{Xw sImSp-ØXv Cßs\:

{]tabw:˛""ssh-°Øpw a‰p ÿe-ß-fn-ep-ap≈ alm-t£-{X-

ß-fpsS aXn-en\p ]pd-sa-°qSn Aln-μp-°ƒ-t]mepw k©n-

cn-°m-\p≈ F√m hgn-Ifpw Ah¿W-ln-μp-°ƒ°pw k©-

cn°m≥ kzmX{¥yw \evtI-≠-Xm-sW∂v Cu tbmKw A`n-

{]m-b-s∏-Sp-Ibpw C{]-Imcw A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂-Xmb Hcp hnfw-

_cw DSs\ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°-W-sa∂v Kh¿ta‚n-t\mSv At]-

£n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p''

˛ka-Z¿in, 1924 Pqsse 8

kXym-{K-lsØ {]Xn-tcm-[n-°m\pw kh¿W-ln-μp-°-fpsS BNm-

c-\n-jvT-Iƒ Dd-∏n-®p-In- m\pw kh¿Wcpw kam-¥-c-ambn Xo{h-{iaw

\S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. ssh°w t£{X-Øns‚ ]Sn-™msd \S-bn¬ "[¿Ω

kacw' F∂v t]cn- m-bn-cp∂p kh¿W-cpsS ka-cw. "[¿Ω-k-a-c'sØ

\nin-X-ambn hna¿in°m\pw ]cn-l-kn-°m\pw "ka¿Z¿in' ISpØ

`mj Xs∂ {]tbm-Kn-®p. ssh°w kXym-{K-lw e£y-tØmSv


ASp-°p∂ L -Øn¬ k¿°m¿Xs∂ CS-s] v "[¿a-ka-c'-°msc

]n¥n-cn-∏n-°p∂ \ne-bp≠m-bn. HSp-hn¬ KXy-¥-c-an-√msX ]n≥h-

en-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. 1924 Pqsse 12\v Cd-ßnb ka¿Z¿in- Cu

kw`hw "kh¿W-ln-μp-{]-t£m-`-Øns‚ A¥¿≤m\w, Znhm≥

t]jvIm-cpsS `oa-l¿Pn hnNm-cW' F∂ Xe-s°-´n¬ Cßs\

hm¿Ø-bm-°n-:

C∂p-cm-hnse ]Xn-hn≥{]-Imcw ]Sn-™msd \S-bn¬ kXy-

{Kl hf-≠n-b¿ kwLw sN∂-t∏mƒ ""[¿Ω kac'' °mcpsS

Bfp-Isf s]mSn-®-s]mSn IqSnbpw I≠n-cp-∂n-√. [¿Ω-k-

acw B∏o-kn\p ap∂n¬- Hcp hn⁄m-]\w ]ckyw sNbvXp

I≠p. "a‰p \ymb-amb am¿Kw C\n F¥m-tWmthm?

tIm¨{Kkv kXy-{K-ln-I-fpsS {]th-i-\sØ XS-bm-\p≈

[¿Ω-k-a-ctØ \ndp-Ø-W-sa∂v Kh¿ta‚ v-A-[n-Ir-X∑m¿

B⁄m-]n-®-X-\p-k-cn®v C∂p-ap-X¬ \ndp-Øp-∂p. CXp-\n-

anØw kh¿W-ln-μp-°ƒ°v hyk-\tam Ak-am-[m-\tam

D¤-hn-°-cp-sX∂pw a‰p \ymb-amb am¿K-ß-fn¬°qSn \ΩpsS

BNm-c-sØbpw Ah-Im-i-sØbpw \ne-\n-dp-Øp-hm≥th≠

]cn-{i-a-ßƒ sNøp-∂-Xm-sW∂pw am\y-∑m-cmb F√m

kh¿W-ln-μp-°-sfbpw Adn-bn-®p-sIm-≈p-∂p.

- ˛ka¿Z¿in-, 1924 Pqsse 12

CØcw Xnc-n®-Sn-Iƒ t\cn´psh-¶nepw kh¿W-ln-μp-°ƒ

]q¿W-ambpw ]n≥hm-ßm≥ Xøm-dm-bn-cp-∂n-√. Xcm-Xcw t]mse

ssh°w kXy-{K-lk-a-c e£y-ßsf XI¿°m\pw ]g-b- am-aq-e-

Iƒ Dd-∏n-®p-\n¿Øm\pap≈ {ia-ßƒ Xs∂-bmWv bmYm-ÿn-XnI

kh¿W¿ XpS¿∂pw kzoI-cn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂-Xv. CXn-\mbn {]tXyIw

tbmKßƒ tNcp-Ibpw Xß-fpsS A[n-Im-cm-h-Im-i-ßƒ \ne-

\n¿Øn-°n-´p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-ambn k¿°m-dn¬ kΩ¿Zw sNep-Øp-

∂-Xn\v Xocp-am-\n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. AtX-k-abw \thm-∞m\

{]t£m- -ßfpw t_m[-h-XvI-c-Whpw s]mXp-k-aq-l-Ønepw kh¿W-

cnse Hcp-hn-`m-K-Ønepw Imcyamb Ne-\-ßƒ krjvSn-®-Xn-\m¬

CØcw \o°sØ Xpd-∂p-Im-Wn-°m≥ km[n-®p-sh-∂-XmWv {]tXy-

I-X. Cu L -Ønepw kPo-h-amb CS-s]-sS-ep-Iƒ ]{X-ßƒ \S-

Øn. "[¿Ω-k-a-c'-°m¿ ho≠pw Xe-sb-Sp-°p-∂p-sh∂ ap∂-dn-bn-

∏p-\¬In-bm-bn-cp∂p \thm-∞m-\-]-£sØ ]{X-ßƒ CXn-s\-


Xnsc {]Nm-cWw \S-Øn-b-Xv.

\thm∞m\ \ne-]m-Sp-I-fnse sshcp-≤y-ß-fpsS t]cn¬ ]c-

kv]cw G‰p-ap-´m\pw ]{X-ßƒ Xøm-dm-bn. AXn-s\mcp DZm-l-

cWw "ka-Z¿in'bpw "ae-bmfn'bpw XΩn-ep≈Xm-bn-cp-∂p. ssh°w

t£{X-\-S-bn¬ \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ "[¿Ω kacw' ]n≥h-en-®p-sh-¶nepw

GXm\pw Znh-k-Øn\v tijw kh¿W lnμp-°ƒ sNß∂qcn¬

{]tXyIw tbmKw tN¿∂v `mhn ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Btem-Nn-®n-cp-∂p.

AXn\v apºv sNß-∂q-cn¬ tN¿∂ kh¿W lnμp-a-lm-tbmKw

hgn--\-S∏n-\p≈ kzmX{¥yw \¬Im-sa∂ {]tabw ]mkn-°n-b-Xn\v

]n∂m-se-bm-bn-cp∂p Cu tbmKw. Cu {]tabw Ah-X-cn-∏n® B‰p-

Im¬ \oe-I-WvT-∏n-≈bpw kvt\ln-X≥ I√q¿ \mcm-b-W-∏n-≈bpw

]n∂oSv sNß-∂q¿ Xmgva¨ X{¥n-bpsS C√Øv tN¿∂ kh¿W

lnμp tbmK-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Ø-Xmbn "ae-bmfn' hm¿Ø {]kn-≤o-

I-cn-®p. CXv hmkvXh hncp-≤-am-sW-∂m-bn-cp∂p B‰p-Im¬ \oe-

IvW-T-∏n-≈-bpsS hmZw. "ae-bmfn' °v hkvXp-Xm-]-c-amb sX‰p-]-‰n-

sb∂v ImWn®v A‰p-Im¬ \oe-I-WvT-∏n≈ hni-Z-amb IsØ-gp-Xn-

sb-¶nepw AXv {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°m≥ ]{Xw Xøm-dm-bn-√. CtX

XpS¿∂v kh¿W-ln-μp-k-am-Phpw "ae-bm-fn'bpw F∂ t]cn¬ ka-

Z¿in-bn¬ 1924 HmKÃv c≠n\v B‰p-Im¬ \oe-I-WvT-∏n-≈-bpsS

teJ\w {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. ae-bm-fn-bpsS Cu kao-]-\Øn¬ {]Xn-

tj-[n®p≈ B teJ-\-Øn¬ At±lw Cßs\ FgpXn:

"Nne Ak-Xy-{]-kvXm-h-\-Iƒ D≠m-b-Xns\ Nq≠n-°m-Wn®pw

B kam-P-Øns‚ D≈p-I-≈n-Iƒ Xpd-∂p-Im-Wn®pw Rm≥

B amkw ae-bm-fn°v Hcp {]Xym-Jym\w Ab-®n-cp-∂p. ]{X-

a-cym-Z-b\p-k-cn-°p∂ ]{Xm-[n-]-cp-s≠-¶n¬ B {]Xym-Jym\w

{]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øp-sa-∂p≈ ]q¿W t_m[-tØmsS IqSn-bmWp

Rm≥ Fgp-Xnbb®-Xv. F∂m¬, C{Xbpw \mƒ ae-bmfn

Fs‚ teJ\w {]kn≤w sNøm-sXbpw teJ\w Xncn-®p-In-

´n-bm¬a-Xn-sb∂v Rm≥ Fgp-Xn-b-b-®-Xn\v adp-]-Sn-t]mepw

Xcm-sXbpw ]{Xm-[n-]¿ au\w Zo£n-®-Xp-sIm-≠pw....CsX-

gp-Xp∂p' F∂p-]-d-™mWv teJ\w XpS-ßp-∂-Xv. kh¿W

lnμp-°fpsS ta¬t°mbvam at\m- m-hsØ FÆn-sb-Æn-∏-

d-™p≈ teJ\w, "B amXn-cn-bp≈ kh¿W(?)NnØ-hr-


Øn-bm-bn-cn°pw Ct∏mƒ "ae-bm-fn'°pw ÿmbn-bmbn

D≈Xv' F∂v tNmZn-®mWv Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.

XpS¿∂p-≈ Znh-k-ß-fnepw A\m-Nm-c-ßsf hna¿in®pw t_m[-

h-XvI-cWw \S-Øn-bp-ap≈ hm¿Ø-Iƒ kaZ¿in \nc-¥cw sImSp-

Øp-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. 1925 P\p-hcn 31 Abn-Øm-N-c-WsØ t{]m’m-

ln-∏n-°m≥ {ian-°p∂ k¿°m-dns\ cq£-ambn hna¿in®v "Abn-

Ø-Øns‚ D®m-S-\m-hm-l\-ßƒ' F∂ Xe-s°-´n¬ apJ-{]-

kwKhpsa-gp-Xn. AXn¬ Cßs\ ]d-bp∂p:

"Z£n-W- m-c-X-Øn¬ Ct∏mƒ Htc-k-a-b-Øp-Xs∂ Abn-Ø-

Øns‚ D®m-S-\w, kwc-£-Ww, Bhm-l\w F∂o ap∂p kw-

lm-c-ÿn-Xn-krjvSn {]ÿm-\-ßƒ \S-∂p-h-cp-∂p. ...Abn-

Øm-hm-l\ {]ÿm-\-Øn¬ tZhkzw DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m-cpsS

Zpjvt{]-c-W-Iƒ\n-anØw Kh¿tΩ‚ v G¿s∏-Sp-∂Xv hfsc

kq£n-®p-thWsa∂p-IqSn ChnsS Rßƒ ]d-™p-sIm-

≈p∂p.'

ssh°w kXym-{K-l-Øn¬ Km‘nPn \S-Ønb CS-s]-S¬ kw_-

‘n-®p-\¬Inb hm¿Ø-bpsS `mjbpw k¿°m-dn-s\ hna¿in-°p-

∂Xpw ]cn-l-kn-°p-∂-Xp-am-bn-cp∂p. "alm-fl-Pnbpw ssh°w kXy-

{K-lhpw' F∂ Xe-s°- n¬ kaZ¿in Km‘n-Pn-bpsS CS-s]-S-ens\

Cßs\ hm¿Ø-bm-°n:

"ssh°-tØ°v kXy-{KmlI¿°p alm-flPn Ab-®n-´p≈

Hcp ktμiw Rßƒ A\y{X tN¿Øn-´p-≠v. IqSmsX

ssht°tØ Kh¿sa‚ns\bpw kh¿Æ-cp-sSbpw ss]im-

Nn-I-amb A{I-a-ßƒ I≠p- ssh°w kXy-{K-Øn\v Hcp

k¿tΔ-¥ym-°m-cy-Øns‚ {]m[m\yw \¬In h¿°nMv IΩn‰n

]mkm-°nb \n›-bhpw Cu \m´nse ]ucm-h-en-°p ]c-a-{]-

[m-\-amb hm¿Ø-bm-Wv. ip≤ {]mtZ-inI Imcy-ambn alm-

flPn ]cn-K-Wn-® ssh°w kXy-{K-lsØ Hcp k¿tΔ-¥ym-

°m-cy-am-°p-hm≥ At±-lsØ t{]cn-∏n® Kh¿sa‚n-t\mSpw

kh¿W-tcmSpw kXy-{Km-l-I¿ IrX-⁄-X-bp-≈-h-cm-b-cn-°p-

sa-∂-Xn\v bmsXmcp kwi-b-hp-an-√.'

˛ka-Z¿in, 1924 Pqsse 5


kaZ¿in-bn¬\n∂v amdn F _me-Ir-jvW-∏n≈ "tIkcn' Bcw-

`n-®-tXmsS \thm-∞m\ apt∂-‰-Øn-epsS am[ya CS-s]-Sep-Iƒ°v

IqSp-X¬ i‡n e`n-®p. kaZ¿in-bn¬ {]I-Sn-∏n-®Xn-t\-°mƒ i‡-

amb mjbpw ka-{K-Xbpw CØcw hnj-b-ßƒ ssIImcyw sNbvX-

t∏mƒ tIkcn {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. ssh°w kXym-{K-l-

Ønepw ]n∂oSv Kpcp-hm-bq¿ kXym-{K-l-Ønepw tIk-cn-bpsS CS-

s]-S-ep-Iƒ Cu \ne-bn¬ {it≤-b-am-bn-cp-∂p. Kpcp-hm-bq¿ kXym-

{K-l-Øn¬ "amXr-`qan' {]I-Sn-∏n® CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒs°m-∏tam Hcp-

]t£ AXn-te-dtbm {]Xn-jv-Tn-°m-hp-∂-XmWv tIk-cn- kzoI-cn®

\ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ. {]t£m-`-ß-fpsS êw e`n®m¬, {]t£m-`-Im-cn-

Iƒ Ae-k-X-bn-te°v \oß-cp-sX∂ ap∂-dn-bn-∏p-Ifpw tIkcn

]e-t∏mgpw \¬Ins°m-≠n-cp-∂p. Zo¿L-\m-fsØ ssh°w kXym-

{K-Øns‚ ê-ambn t£{Xm-Nm-c-ßƒ ]cn-jvI-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v

kh¿W-cn¬\n∂v A\p-Iqe at\m- m-h-ap-≠m-Ip∂p F∂ hnhcw

e`ns®¶nepw {]t£m-`-Øn¬\n∂v Hcp-X-c-Ønepw ]n¥n-cn-bcp-

sX∂ Blzm-\-am-bn-cp∂p tIkcn hm¿Ø-I-fn-eq-sSbpw apJ-{]-

kw-K-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw \¬In-s°m-≠n-cp-∂-Xv.

ssh°w kXym-{K-Øns‚ XpS¿®-bmbn 1930 HIvtSm-_¿ Fń\v

"t£{X-{]-th-i\w F∂ Xe-s°- n¬' tIk-cn-bn¬ \¬Inb Hcp

hm¿Ø CXm Cßs\:

sXmÆqdp Znh-k-Øn-\Iw Ah¿Æ-ln-μp-°ƒ°p k¿°m¿

t£{Xßƒ Xpdp-∂p-sIm-Sp-°-W-sa∂v Hcp \n›bw tN¿Ø-

e-h®p {ioam≥ cma-kzm-an-\mbn°-cpsS A[y-£-X-bn¬ IqSnb

Bfl-]-cn-jvI-cW kwL-°m¿ Kh¿sΩ‚n\v Ab-®p-sIm-Sp-

Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xp-I≠v Rßƒ kt¥m-jn-°p-∂p. Cu \ymb-

amb Ah-Im-i-hm-ZsØ Kh¿sΩ‚pw A\p-h-Zn-°p-sa∂v

tXm∂p-∂n-√. AXn-\m¬ Kh¿sΩ‚ns‚ adp-]-Sn°v ImØn-

cn-°p-tºmƒ Xs∂ {]kvXpX AhImiw A{I-a-c-ln-X-amb

kXym-{Klw aqew ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠ ap≥I-cp-X-ep-Iƒ

sNøp-hm≥ Ah¿ DZy-an-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

Kpcp-hm-bq¿ kXym-{K-l-Ønepw hn]p-e-amb CS-s]-S-ep-I-

fmWv tIkcn \SØn-b-Xv. \nc-¥c hm¿Ø-Iƒ \¬Ip-∂-Xn\v

]pdsa apJ-{]-kw-K-Øn-epsS ]{Xw \ne-]mSv A¿Y-i-¶-bn-√msX


{]I-Sn-∏n-®p-sIm-t≠-bn-cp-∂p. Kpcp-hm-bq¿ kXym-{K-Øn¬ ]s¶-SpØ

ka-c-°msc t\cn´ bmYm-ÿn-Xn-I-cp-sSbpw A[n-Im-cn-I-fp-sSbpw

kao-]-\sØ cq£-ambn hna¿in-°m\pw tIkcn Xøm-dm-bn. Kpcp-

hm-bq¿ kXym-{Kl-Øns‚ hf-≠n-b¿ Iym]v‰-\m-bn-cp∂ FsIPn°p-

t\-sc-bp-≠mb A{I-asØ "Kpcp-hm-bq¿ kXym-{Klw' F∂ Xe-

s°- n¬ tIkcn Cßs\ hm¿Ø-bm-°n-:

Unkw-_¿ 28\v thmf-≠n-b¿ Iym]vS-\mb an. F sI tKm]m-

es\ H -[nIw {_m“-Wcpw \mb-∑mcpw IqSn-tN¿∂p ASn®p

hogvØn \ne-Øn´p Nhn- p-I-bp-≠m-bn. ITn-\-amb ]cp-°p-Iƒ

G‰n-´p-≠v. t]meokv F√mw I≠p \n∂-X-√msX H∂pw

sNbvXn-√. ASpØ Znh-k-ß-fn¬ kXym-{Klw apdbv°p \S-

∂p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. Unkw_¿ 30\v kXym-{K-ln-I-f-√mØ

\m\m-Pm-Xn-a-X-kvX-cmb A\-h[n Bfp-Iƒ tN¿∂p ap≈p-

th-en-Iƒ F√mw s]mfn®p \o°w sNbvXp. Xev^-e-ambn

B¿°pw PmXn-a-X-t -Z-as\y tKm]pcw hsc bmsXmcp {]Xn_-

‘hpw IqSmsX sN√mw.

˛tIkcn, 1932 P\p-hcn 13

"Kpcp-hm-bq¿ kXym-{Klw' F∂ Xe-s°- n¬ 1932 sk]vXw-_¿

28\v tIkcn apJ-{]-kwKw {]kn-Zv[o-I-cn®p. ka-c-t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈

tIf-∏s‚ Poh≥ A]-I-S-Øn-em-Im-Xn-cn-°W-sa-∂m-h-iy-s∏ v ka-

csØ ]n¥p-W-°p-∂-h¿ kmaq-Xncn cmPm-hns\ Is≠-¶nepw adp-

]Sn tami-am-bn-cp-∂p. am{X-a-√, ka-c t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ sI. tIf-

∏s\ A[n-t£-]n-°m\pw cmPmhv Xp\n-™p. CXns\ cq£-ambn

hna¿in-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p tIk-cn-bpsS apJ-{]-kwKw:

"XymKn-h-cy-\mb {ioam≥ tIf-∏s‚ Pohs\ c£n-t°≠

tIc-fo-b-cpsS {][m-\-I¿Ø-hy-sØ-]‰n Rßƒ Ign™

e°-Øn¬ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®n-cp-∂-t√m. AXp \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-

Xn-\p≈ Hcp am¿K-ambn kmaq-Xn-cn-tbm-Sp≈ \nth-Z\w Ah¿

sNøpIbpw AXv \njv{]-tbm-P-\-am-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw sNbvXn-

cn-°p-∂p. C∂sØ kmaq-Xn-cn-sb-t∏mse lrZ-b-sa∂ Ah-

b-an-√m-Ø-hcpw Xß-fpsS Ipe-Øn\pw ÿm\-Øn\pw aX-

Øn\pw Xßƒ°p D∂-X-hn-Zym- ymkw \evInb k¿h-I-em-

im-ebv°pw Xßƒ P\n® \mSn\pw `mc-X- q-an°p Bk-I-


ehpw a\p-jy-h¿§-Øn\pw IqSn Xocm-°-f-¶-ap-≠m-°n -h-bvI-

∂-h-cp-ambn apd´p bmYm-ÿn-Xn-I¿ C\vUy-bnse hmbp-hs\

aen-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂n-S-tØm-fw-Imew alm-fl-Pn-sb-t∏m-sebpw

{ioam≥ tIf-∏-s\-t∏m-sebpw D≈ lnμp-t\-Xm-°-∑m¿°p

]ń-Wn-In-S∂p Nmth-≠-Xm-bn-Øs∂ hcp-sa∂p kmaq-Xn-

cnsb kao-]n® \nth-Z-I-kw-L-tØmSp B a\p-jy≥ ]d™

e÷m-I-c-amb, arKo-b-amb ad-]pSn kphy-‡-am-°n-bn-cn-°p-

∂p. \nμy-amb òcp-Xz-am-Wv, Hcp òcp-hns‚ Hgn-hp-I-gn-hmWv

AXn¬ s]m¥n-®p-\n¬°p-∂-Xv. tIc-f-Ønse lnμp-ssN-X-

\y-Øns‚ aq¿Øo-I-c-W-amb {io tIf-∏s‚ Poh\p A]mbw

hcp-s∂-¶n¬ CXn-\p≈ DØ-c-hmZnXzw {]Y-a-ambn hln-

t°≠ X∂n¬\n∂pw AXp Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-sebpw sIm®n-

bn-sebpw alm-cm-Pm-°∑m-cpsS Xe-bn¬ tI‰p-hm-\mWv

kmaqXn Xp\n-™n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. t£{X-ßƒ A[x-Ir-X¿°p

Xpd-∂p-sIm-Sp-°m-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xns‚ DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw Cu cmPm-

°-∑m¿°pw Cs√-∂√ Rßƒ ]d-bp-∂-Xv. Kpcp-hm-bqsc

t£{XsØ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw {]Y-anI DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw

kmaq-Xncn-°p-am-{X-am-sW-t∂ Rßƒ ]d-bp-∂p-≈q.'

1932 HIvtSm-_¿ 12\v t£{X-{]-th-i\w F∂ t]cn¬ ho≠pw

apJ-{]-kwKw Fgp-Xn. Km‘n-Pn-bpsS \n¿tZ-i-{]-Imcw tIf-∏≥

Kpcp-hm-bq¿ kXym-{Klw Ah-km-\n-∏n-®-Xn-\v tij-am-bn-cp∂p CXv.

kXym-{Klw hgn tIc-f-Øn¬ t£{X-{]-th-i\w kw_-‘n®v i‡n-

tb-dnb {]Nm-c-the \S-∂-Xmbn AXn¬ ]d-bp-∂p. ]cn-jvI-c-Wm-

`n-apJyw {]I-Sn-∏n-®n-cp∂ a‰p-]-{X-ßfpw Cu {]iv\-ßƒ kPo-h-

ambn A∂v Gs‰-Sp-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. sIm®n-bn¬\n∂v F Aø-∏s‚

t\Xr-Xz -Øn¬ ]pd-Øn-d-°nb "ktlmZc≥', tImgn -t°mSv

Xfnt£{X tdmUn¬IqSn IogvPm-Xn-°m¿ k©-cn-°m≥ ]mSn-s√∂

kmaqXncn cmPm-hns‚ Iev]-\tbmSv th≠{X FXn¿∏v Db-cm-Ø-

Xnse Aa¿jhpw {]I-Sn-∏n-®mWv Hcp e°w ]pd-Øn-d-°n-b-Xv. ]cn-

jvI-cW {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v t\XrXzw sImSp-°p-∂-h¿ t]mepw

{]iv\-Øn¬ CS-s]-Smt\m cmPm-hns\ ImWmt\m ss[cyw ImWn-

°m™ ka-bØv kn IrjvW≥ ImWn® {]hr-Ønsb «mLn-®vv

ktlm-Z-c≥ Cßs\ FgpXn:

"tImgn-t°mSp Xfn-tdm-Un¬ IqSn Xob¿ apX-emb Xo≠-ep≈


PmXn-°m¿ \S-∂p-Iq-sS∂p kmap-Xncn FsÃ‰p Ie-IvS¿ Hcp

t\m´okv {]kn≤w sNbvXn- p-≠-t√m. anÃ¿, kn IrjvW\pw

a‰pw CXns\ kw_-‘n®v DSs\ H∂pw {]h¿Øn-°m-Xn-cp-

∂-Xn-s\-∏‰n Rßƒ°p henb A¤pXw tXm∂n-bn-cp-∂p.

CXm Ct∏mƒ [oc-\mb B kap-Zm-b-kvt\ln IevI-S-dpsS

Cu hnthI iq\y-amb Iev]-\sb XrW-h¬I-cn®p \ntcm-

[n-®n-´p≈ tdmUn¬IqSn \S∂p sN∂v t\cns´sN∂v Ie-

IvSsd hnhcw Adn-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.'

a‰p-hn- m-K-ßƒ°v t£{X-{]-th-i\w A\p-h-Zn® tijhpw AI-

‰n-\n¿Ø-s∏´ hn`m-K-ß-fn-sem-∂m-bn-cp∂p N°m-e \mb-∑m¿.

Ch¿°p-IqSn t£{X-{]-th-i-\m-\p-hmZw \¬In Xncp-hnXmwIq¿

cmPmhv DØ-chv ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®-t∏mƒ A°mcyw P\-ßsf "ktlm-

Z-c≥' Adn-bn-®Xv hyXykvX coXn-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p. N°m-e-\m-b-∑m¿°v

{]th-i\w \¬Im≥ sshIn-b-Xn¬ k¿°m-dns\ Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øp-I

IqSn sNbvXm-bn-cp∂p "t£{X-{]-th-i\w' F∂ Xe-s°-´n¬

\¬Inb hm¿Ø:

"N°me\mb-∑m¿°v t£{X-{]-th-i\w A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂-Xmbn

Hcp Iev]\ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ Kh¿tΩ‚p ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®n-cn-

°p-∂p. tIc-f-Øns‚ kap-Zm-b-Kp-cphpw A[ym-fl-Kp-cphpw

kmln-Xym-Nm-cy\pw Bb Znhy-]p-cp-j-\mb Fgp-Ø-›s‚

PmXn-°m¿°p Ct∏mƒ am{Xta t£{X-{]-th-i\w A\p-h-Zn-

°m≥ km[n-®p≈q F∂p kΩ-Xn-t°≠n-h-∂-Xn¬ Xncp-hn-

Xmw-Iq¿ Kh¿ta‚p e÷n-°p-∂n-√t√m!'

-- -ktlm-Z-c≥, e°w c≠v

tIcf Iuap-Zn-bpsS CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ

tIc-f-Øns‚ \thm-∞m\ Ncn-{X-Ønse kph¿Wm-[ym-b-amWv

"tIcf IuapZn' bptS-Xv. {io\m-cm-b-W≥ apt∂m- p-h® Z¿i-\-ßsf

ae-bmfn a\- p-I-fn¬ IpSn-tb‰p-∂-Xn¬ tIcf Iuap-Znbpw ÿm]-

I≥ kn hn Ip™p-cm-a\pw {]I-Sn-∏n® Xmev]cyw kmaq-lnI -hn-π-

h-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-in-e-I-fn-sem-∂mbn amdp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]c-hq¿

tIi-h-\m-ims‚ t\Xr-Xz-Ønep≠m-bn-cp∂ "kpP-\m-\-μn\n' ]c-

hq-cn¬ \S∂ Hcp \mb-co-gh el-fsb XpS¿∂v C√m-Xm-b-Xn\v


tijamWv "tIcf IuapZn' bpsS ]nd-hn. Bi-b-{]-Nm-c-W-Øn\v

Hcp-]{Xw C√m-Ø-Xns‚ t]mcmbva a\- n-em-°nb knhn Ip™p-

cm-a-\mWv Iuap-Zn-bpsS ]nd-hn-bpsS bYm¿Y i‡n.

tIcf IuapZn AXns‚ k¿h-i-‡nbpw ^e-{]-Z-ambn {]tbm-

Kn-®Xv ssh°w kXym-{KlØn-em-bn-cp-∂p. \thm-∞m-\-N-cn-{X-

Øn¬ kp{]-[m\ kw -h-amb ssh°w kXym-{K-l-Øns‚ apJy-

kq-{X-[m-c≥ Sn.sI am[-h-\mbn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬, AXv P\-ß-fn-te°v

FØp-∂-Xn¬ ka-Z¿inbpw tIk-cnbpw amXr- q-an-bp-sa√mw ImWn®

Xmev]-cy-Øn-s\m-∏tam AXn-te-sdtbm Bbn-cp∂p tIcf IuapZn

hln® ]¶v. Sn sI am[-h≥ "tZim- n-am\n' bneqsS kXym-{K-l-

Øn-\p≈ kml-N-cy-ß-sf√mw Gsd aptº Xs∂ Hcp-°n-s°m-

≠n-cp-∂p. Abn-tØm-®m-S-\-Øn\pw t£{X-{]-th-i-\-Øn\pw Xmgv∂-

Pm-Xn-°m-cns‚ hnZym- ymk Ah-Im-i-Øn-\p-sa√mw "tZim- n-am\n'

bneqsS SnsI am[-h≥ \S-Ønb CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ, tIcf Iuap-Zn-

bpsS IqSn klm-b-tØmsS IqSp-X¬ i‡-am-hp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv.

{ioaqew {]Pm-k- -bn¬ AwK-am-bn-cp∂ SnsI am[-h≥ t£{X-ßƒ

Dƒ∏-sS-bp≈ F√m s]mXp-ÿ-e-ß-fnepw PmXn-hn-th-N-\-an-√msX

F√m-h¿°pw {]th-i\w thW-sa∂ \ne-]mSv kzoI-cn-®mWv \thm-

∞m-\-{]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ t\XrXzw Gs‰-Sp-Ø-Xv. t£{X-{]-th-i\w

P∑m-h-Im-i-amWv F∂ \ne-]m-Sm-bn-cp∂p {]Pm-k-`-bnepw SnsI

am[-h≥ kzoI-cn-®-Xv. PmXo-b-amb hnth-N\w s]m´n-sØ-dn-bpsS

Xe-Ønte°v Dbcpw hn[w k¶o¿Wamb L -Øn-emWv {io\m-

cm-bWKpcp ssh°w t£{X-]-cn-k-c-Øp-IqSn dn£m-h-≠n-bn¬ \S-

Ønb bm{Xsb kh¿W≥ FXn¿Ø-Xv. Cukw- -h-Øns‚ XpS¿®-

bm-bmWv SnsI am[-h≥ ssh°w kXym-{K-l-Øn-\p≈ aps∂m-cp-

°-ßƒ \S-Øp-∂-Xv.

1924 am¿®v 30 apX¬ 1925 \hw-_¿ 25 hsc-bm-bn-cp∂p tIc-

fsØ Cf-°n-a-dn® ssh°w kXym-{K-lw. tIcf Iuap-Zn-bpsS F√m

e°-ßfpw ]n∂oSv ]pd-Øn-ßn-bXv ssh°w kXym-{K-l- hm¿Ø-

I-fp-am-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ka-c-Øns‚ Du¿Pw tNmcmsX \n¬°pI am{X-

a-√, IqSp-X¬ Bthiw P\-ß-fn-se-Øp-°p-∂-Xn\v IqSn klm-b-

I-c-am-bn-cp∂p Iuap-Zn-bpsS hm¿Øm-hn-\ym-kw. H∂mw t]Pn¬

apJy-hm¿Ømbmbn Xs∂-bmWv kXym-{Kl hm¿Ø-Iƒ CSw ]nSn-

®-Xv. CXn\v ]pdsa \nc-h[n XhW apJ-te-J-\-ß-fmbpw kXym-


{Klw kw_-‘n® Imcy-ßƒ tIc-f-Iu-ap-Zn-bn¬ CSw-]n-Sn-®p. kXym-

{Klw ]ptcm-K-an-°p-∂-Xn-\n-S-bn-ep-≠mb kw -h-ßƒ hni-Z-am-°n-

s°m≠v A°m-eØv tIcf IuapZn {]kn-≤o-I-cn® Nne hm¿Ø-

Iƒ Cß-s\-bmbncp∂p:

"Kh¨sa‚ns‚ \bw amdn-b-Xmbn ImWp-∂p. C∂p-cm-hnse

]Xn-hp-{]-Imcw t]mb kXym-{K-ln-Isf (Nm-Øp-°pń \mb¿,

IrjvW≥, ]m®≥ \mcm-b-W≥) F∂n-hsc Ad-Ãp-sN-øp-

Itbm \ntcm-[n-°-s∏´ ÿetØ°v IS-Øn-hn-Sp-Itbm

sNømsX XS-™p-\n-dp-ØpIbm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv. -Kh¨sa‚ v

Xßsf IS-∂p-t]m-Im≥ A\p-h-Zn-°p-Itbm As√-¶n¬

AdÃp sNbvXp-sIm-≠p-t]m-hp-Itbm sNømsX Xßƒ Ahn-

sS-\n∂pw amdn-t∏m-Ip-∂-X-s√∂pw bmsXmcp Blm-chpw Ign-

°p-∂-X-s√∂v i]Yw sNbvXp hmf‚n-b¿am¿ tdmUn¬ Ccn-

°p-∂p. Ch-cpsS Cu XymKw hntcm-[n-I-fpsS a\- m-£nsb

h√msX {hW-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v. Blmcw Dt]-£n®pw Xo{h-

am-b-sh-bn¬sIm-≠p-an-cn-°p∂ Cu hmf-≠n-b¿am-cpsS `mhn

F¥m-bn-cn-°p-sa∂v F√m-hcpw D¬°-WvT-tbmsS {]Xo-£n-

®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. P\-ßƒ kwLw-kw-L-ambn Nne-bn-S-

ß-fn¬\n∂v h∂psIm-t≠-bn-cn-°p-∂p. hmf-≠n-b¿am¿ [mcm-

f-ambn tN¿∂p-h-cp-∂p.'

kac t\Xm-°-fpsS AdÃpw kacw i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂ coXnbpw

hni-Zo-I-cn®v as‰mcp Znhkw \¬Inb hm¿Ø Cßs\ ]d-bp∂p:

"kXym-{Klw i‡n-bmbn \S-°p-∂p. AdÃv sNø-s∏´

sat gvkv tPm¿Pv tPmk v sk_m-Ãy≥˛ sI.-Pn. \mb¿

Chsc Bdp-amksØ shdpw XS-hn\p in£n®v tIm´bw

hgn Imdn¬ sIm≠p-t]m-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Hmôkv Nm¿Pv

{_lva{io IrjvW≥ \ºq-Xn-cnsb kwLw ssItb-dn-bn-cn-

°p-∂p. C∂p c≠p kwLw hmf-≠n-b¿am¿ hSs° \S-bnepw

sN∂p kacw Bcw- n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. aq∂p-Zn-h-k-ambn \ncm-lm-

c-{hXw kzoI-cn-®n-cp∂ NmØp-°pń \mbcpw Iqćpw aptºm-

´p-t]m-Ip-∂Xn\v {ian-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. s]meo-kp-Im¿


Ahsc XS-bp-∂p-≠v. sat gvkv NmØp-°p- n-\m-b¿, \mcm-

b-W≥ XpSßn F´p-t]¿ tamlm-e-ky-s∏- -Xn-\m¬ Ahsc

s]meo-kp-Im¿ ]I¬ c≠p-a-Wn-tbm-Sp-IqSn Bip-]-{Xn°p

sIm≠p-t]m-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

C∂se [¿a-bp-≤-Øn¬ FÆ-s∏´ Hcp hnPbw D≠m-bn.

AbnØ-t°m´ hmXn-ep-Iƒ ]Sn-™m-dp-h-ihpw sX°p-h-ihpw

am{X-amWv CXp-hsc \ntcm-[n-°-s∏- n-cp-∂-Xv. {ioam≥ tPm¿Pv

tPmk^v Ah¿I-fpsS \n¿tZ-i-{]-Imcw tIm´-hm-Xn-ep-Iƒ

\mepw C∂p-sIm≠v \ntcm-[n-°-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂p. ]Xn-hp-t]m-

se-bp≈ aq∂p-kwLw hmf-≠n-b¿am¿ tLmj-bm-{X-bmbn

]pd-s∏ v hSs° \S-bnepw Ingt° \S-bnepw ÿm]n-X-am-

bn. Cu ÿe-ß-fn¬ Nne Bfp-Iƒ {]Xn_-‘-ß-fp-≠m-

°m-Xn-cp-∂n-√.'

kXym-{K-l-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ssZ\w-Zn\ hm¿Ø-Iƒ am{X-

a√ Km‘n-Pn-bpsS tIcf kμ¿i-\hpw inh-Kncn kμ¿in®v {io\m-

cm-b-W-Kp-cp-hp-ambn \S-Ønb N¿®-I-fp-sa√mw tIcf IuapZn hniZ-

ambnØs∂ hm¿Ø-bmbn \¬In. tZio-b-{]-ÿm-\-Øn-s\m∏w

\thm-∞m-\-{]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ `mK-ambn {]h¿Øn-®-h¿°v hnh-c-

ßƒ ]q¿W-tXm-Xn¬ e`y-am-Ip-∂Xpw Bth-i- -cn-X-am-°p-∂-Xp-am-

bn-cp∂p B hm¿Ø-I-sf-√mw.

ssh°w kXym-{K-l-Øns\Xnsc kh¿W¿ kzoI-cn-®n-cp∂ \ne-

]m-Sp-I-fn¬ henb am‰w hcp-Øm\pw A[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS {i≤-Iq-Sp-

X¬ ]Xn-bm\pw D]-I-cn-®-Xm-bn-cp∂p a∂Øv ]fl-\m- s‚ t\Xr-

Xz-Øn¬ \S-Ønb kh¿W-Pm-Y. PmY-bpsS aps∂m-cp-°-ßfpw PmY

IS-∂p-t]mb tijw AXp-kw-_-‘n® hm¿Ø-Ifpw \¬In P\-

ßsf Ne-\m-fl-I-am°n tIcf Iuap-Zn. ssh°-Øp-\n∂v XpSßn

Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØv kam-]n® PmY-bpsS Hmtcm Znh-k-sØbpw

dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ tIcf IuapZn hni-Z-ambnXs∂ \¬In. tUm. \mbn-

Up-hn-s‚bpw inh-Xm-Wp-]n-≈-bp-sSbpw t\XrXz-Øn¬ \mK¿tIm-

hn-en¬\n∂v Xncp-h-\¥-]p-c-tØ°v ]pd-s∏´ kh¿W-PmYbpw tIc-

f-Iu-ap-Zn-bpsS Xmfp-I-fn¬ CSw-]n-Sn-®p. PmY ]q¿Øn-bm-b-Xn\v

tijw Hcp apJ-{]-kwKw Xs∂ FgpXn tIcf Iuap-Zn. AXn¬]-

d-bp∂p:


"PmXm AXns‚ I¿Ø-hysØ wKn-bmbn \n¿h-ln-®p. AXp

F¥m-bn-cp∂p? ssh°w tdmUnepw AXp-t]m-se-bp≈ a‰p-

tdm-Up-I-fnepw Ah¿W-ln-μp-°ƒ°v k©mc kzmX{¥yw

\¬Ip-∂-Xn¬ kh¿W-lnμp `qcn-]£w {]Xn-Iq-e-amsW∂v

Hcp hmZw Kh¨sa‚ v ]d-™p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂Xv anYy-bm-

sW∂v ImWn-°-W-sa-∂m-bn-cp∂p PmXm-bpsS Dt±-iyw. CXn-

t\-°mƒ hy‡-ambpw i‡n-bmbpw kh¿W-lnμp qcn-]£w

shfn-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw CXn-t\-°mƒ kwi-

b-c-ln-X-amw-hÆw B kwKXn Kh¨sa‚ns\ t_m[y-s∏-

Sp-Øm\pw km[n-°p∂ Hcp "tIm¨Ãn-‰yq-j-W¬ satXUpw'

a\p-jy-_p-≤n°v Duln-°p-hm≥ Xs∂ Ign-bp-∂n-√. PmXm

sNtø-≠Xv sNbvXp. kXy-{Kl {]ÿm\w kml-k-am-bn-

cp∂p F¶n¬ AXn\v Ah¿ kln-t°-≠-sX√mw kln-®p.

C\n C°m-cy-Øn¬ Kh¨sa‚ v F¥psN-øm-\mWp `mh-sa-

∂-Xn-s\-∏‰n Rßƒ°v kwi-bta C√. alm-dmWn Xncp-a-\-

n-sebpw Znhm≥Pn-bp-sSbpw adp-]Sn ""Bh-iy-°m-cs‚ HuNn-

Xy-_p-≤n°v'' Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn tXm∂p--I-bn-s√∂v Rßƒ°-

dn-bm-sa-¶nepw Cu adp-]-Sn-Iƒ R-ßsf Xosc \ncm-i-s∏-Sp-

Øn-bn-´n-√.'

k©m-c-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-\m-bp≈ IogvPmXn-°m-cpsS t]mcm-´-

ßƒ°v henb ]n¥p-Wbpw k¿°m-cn\v apJw Xncn-°m≥ ]‰mØ

kml-N-cyhpw hcp-∂-Xn-\n-S-bn¬ k©m-c-kzm-X{¥y {]tabw {]Pm-

k- -bn¬ t] -bn¬ ]c-ta-iz-c≥ F∂ Cughs‚ thm v FXn-cm-b-

Xn-\m¬ ]cm-P-b-s∏´ kw -h-ap-≠m-bn. Xmgv∂ PmXn-°m-cpsS Ah-

Im-i-t∏m-cm- -Øn¬ Xmgv∂ PmXn-°m-c≥Xs∂ CSw-tIm-en´ H∂m-

bn-cp∂p Bkw- -hw. \thm-∞m\ {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ `mK-ambn \n∂-

h-cnepw IogvPm-Xn-°m-cpsS CS-bnepw henb Aa¿jhpw \ncm-i-

bp-amWv AXv krjvSn-®-Xv. {]Pm-k- -bn¬ F≥ Ipam-c≥ Ah-X-cn-

∏n® k©m-c-kzm-X{¥y {]tabw ]q¿W-cq-]-Øn¬ sImSpØv tIcf

IuapZn A\q-Iqe hnImcw s]mXp-P-\-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ krjvSn-°p-

∂-Xn-\n-S-bn-emWv ]c-ta-iz-c≥ {]ta-b-Øn\v FXn-cmb \ne-]m-sS-

Sp-Ø-Xv.

Ah¿W\v k©m-c-kzm-X{¥yw t\Sm-\p≈ {iasØ Ah¿W≥

Xs∂ ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-bt√m F∂m-bn-cp∂p XpS¿∂v k©m-c-

kzm-X-¥y-\n-tj-[-Øn-\mbn \ne-sIm≠ kh¿W-]£w hmZn-®-Xv.


ASpØ \nb-a-k- -bn¬ Cugh-cpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-bmbn ]c-ta-iz-cs\

ho≠pw t\man-t\‰v sNøm-\p≈ \o°-Øn-s\-Xnsc tIcf IuapZn

i‡-ambn cwK-Øp-h-∂p. apJ-{]-kw-K-sa-gp-Xn-bm-bn-cp∂p IuapZn

CXn-t\mSv {]Xn-I-cn-®-Xv. "Cugh kap-Zm-bsØ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿

Kh¨sa‚n\v H‰p-sIm-SpØ PqUmkv CkvIm-cn-b-´mWv F∂-Xn-

t\-°mƒ IqSnb Hcp tbmKy-Xbpw Rßƒ {ioam≥ ]c-ta-iz-c-

\n¬ ImWp-∂n√' F∂m-bn-cp∂p 1925 sabv 19 {]kn-≤o-I-cn® apJ-

{]-kw-K-Ønse tIc-f-Iu-ap-Zn-bpsS hna¿i-\w.

amXr-`q-an-bpsS CS-s]-S¬

1923 am¿®v 17\v ss{Xhm-cn-I-bm-bmWv tImgn-t°m- p-\n∂v "amXr-

`qan' {]kn-≤o-I-cWw Bcw- n-°p-∂-Xv. tZiob {]t£-m -Øn\v ]{X-

ß-fpsS th≠{X ]n¥p-W-In- p-∂n-s√∂ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ {]t£m-

`-Øn\v t\XrXzw sImSp-Ø-h¿Xs∂ IqSn-bm-tem-Nn-®m-bn-cp∂p

"amXr- q-an-'bpsS ]nd-hn. tZio-b-kzm-X-{¥yhpw AXn-s\m∏w kmaq-

lnI]cn-jvI-c-Whpw {]Jym-]nX e£y-am-°n-bmWv amXr- qan ]pd-

Øn-d-ßn-b-Xv. BZy e°-Øn¬Xs∂ ]{X-Øns‚ Dt±-iye-£y-

ßƒ hy‡-am-°p∂ {]kvXm-h-\-bpw amXr- qan \¬In:

"a\p-jy-Po-hnXw al-Øm-sbmcp _m[y-X-bm-Wv. B _m[yX

\nd-th-‰p-∂-Xn-\p≈ ]q¿W-kzm-X{¥yw F√m a\p-jy¿°pw

D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww. Ah-cpsS _p≤n°pw {]m]vXn°pw A[zm-

\-Øn\pw bmsXmcp XS- hpw IqSmsX B¿°pw A\p- -hn-

°m≥ km[n-°-Ww. AXns\ Ipd-bv°p-hmt\m C√m-Xm-°p-

hm-t\m, a\p-jys‚ kzm`n-am-\sØ £bn-∏n-°p-∂-Xnt\m \in-

∏n-°p-∂-Xnt\m D≈ BNmc k{º-Zm-b-ßtfm \n_-‘-\-

Itfm a\p-jy-h¿K-Øns‚ A`n-hr-≤n°v ]‰m-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v

Ahsb Xosc AI-‰-Ww. F∂m¬, am{Xta temI-Øns‚

kuJyhpw kzX-{¥yhpw kam-[m-\hpw ]q¿W-ambn D≠m-

Im≥ Xc-ap≈q F∂ \bsØ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n Rßƒ

as‰√m hnj-b-ßfpw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°pw'

amXr- qan XpSßn Gsd Xma-kn-bmsX Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p ssh°w

kXym-{K-l-Øns‚ Bcw- w. BZy-e-°-Ønse {]kvXm-h-\-bn¬ ]d-


™-Xp-t]mse Xs∂ kzm`n-am\w £bn-∏n-°p∂ BNmc k{º-Zm-

b-ßsf C√m-Xm-°m≥ IogvPm-Xn-°m¿°pth≠n \S-Ønb ssh°w

ka-cØns‚ -hn-P-b-Øn\v "amXr- qan' AXns‚ k¿h Ign-hp-Ifpw

{]tbm-Kn-®p. ssh°w kXym-{KlØn\v aptº Xs∂ \mSns‚ ]e

`mK-ß-fnepw XmW-Pm-Xn-°m¿°v t£{X-{]-th-i\w A\p-h-Zn-°p-

∂-Xn-\p≈ Xocq-am-\-ßƒ FSp-∏n-°m≥ kh¿Wsc \n¿_-‘n-

°p∂ \ne-bn-te°v \thm-∞m-\-{]-h¿Ø-I-cpsS {iaw hf¿∂n-cp-

∂p. sNdnb t£{X-ß-fm-sW-¶n¬t]mepw s]mXp-k-aq-l-Ønse

am‰-ß-tfmSv A\q-I-qe-ambn {]Xn-I-cn-°m≥ Xøm-dmb t£{Xm-[n-

Im-cn-Ifpw, AØcw kw`-h-ßƒ hm¿Ø-I-fm°n s]mXp-k-aq-

lsØ Adn-bn® ]{X-ßfpw \thm-∞m-\-ap-t∂-‰-Øns‚ KXn-

thKØn\v IqSp-X¬ Bthiw ]I¿∂p. AsX√mw "amXr- qan'bpw

hm¿Ø-bm-°n-bn-cp-∂p. ae-_m-dnepw a[y-tI-c-f-Ønepw c≠v t£{X-

ß-fn¬ PmXn-hy-Xymkw IqSmsX {]th-i\w \¬Im≥ Xocp-am-\n-

®Xv kw_-‘n®v "amXr- qan' \¬Inb hm¿Ø Cß-s\-bmWv:

"Xe-t»-cn-bn¬ XnøcpsS hIbmbp≈ {ioP-K-∂mY t£{X-

Øn¬ ]peb¿ XpS-ßnb XmW-Pm-Xn-°msc IS-°p-hm≥ A\p-

h-Zn-t°-≠-Xm-sW∂v t£{X-Øns‚ Ducm-f-∑m¿ Hcp k`IqSn

Xo¿®-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂p.'

˛amXr`qan 1923 am¿®v 27

"Be-∏p-gbv°v kao-]-ap≈ ]Xn-b-Ip-f-ßc t£{X-Øn¬ h®v

Cs°m√w \S-Øn-b-Xmb D’-h-Øn\v \mb-∑m¿ Cug-hsc

£Wn-®p-sIm-≠p-t]m-hp-Ibpw Ahsc t£{X-Øn¬ {]th-

in-∏n-°m≥ A\p-h-Zn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p-hs{X'

˛amXr`qan 1923 am¿®v 31

Abn-tØm-®m-S\ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ tIm¨{Kkv kPo-h-am-

°nbt∏mƒ AXn-\p≈ ]q¿W ]n¥pW "amXr-- qan' bn¬\n-∂p-ap-

≠m-bn. 1924 P\p-h-cn -bn¬ Fd-Wm-Ip-fØv tN¿∂ {]tZiv

tIm¨{Kkv IΩn‰n tbmKw Abn-tØm-®m-S\ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v

t\XrXzw \evIm-\mbn {]tXyI kanXn°v cq]w\evIn. Sn sI

am[-h≥, sI tIf-∏≥ F∂n-h-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep-≈-Xm-bn-cp∂p

kan-Xn. tIm¨{Kkv sU]yq-t -j≥ F∂v t]cn´ Cu kanXn Xncp-

hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse-ºmSpw {]Nm-cWw \S-Øn. Cu {]Nm-c-W-ß-fpsS

hni-Z-amb hnh-c-W-ßƒ A∂sØ "amXr-`qan' bnse {][m\


hm¿Ø-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p.

_mcn-Ã¿ F sI ]n≈bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-c∂p "kzcm v'

]{Xhpw Abn-tØm-®m-S\ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ kPo-h-ambn CS-s]´

H∂m-bn-cp-∂p. 1924- s^{_p-hcn 24\v Abn-tØm-®m-S-\-Øn-s\-Xnsc

kp{]-[m\ -Xo-cp-am-\-ß-sf-SpØ kwÿm\ tIm¨{Kkv tbmKw

tN¿∂-Xp-Xs∂ "kzcm´v' ]{X-Øns‚ sIm√w Hmô-kn-em-bn-cp-

∂p. Abn-tØm-®m-S\ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ ]{X-ß-fpsS kl-I-

cWw IqSp-X¬ ê-{]-Z-am-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn-cp∂p {]kvXpX tbmKw.

"ae-bmfn' ]{Xm-[n-]¿ Fw B¿ am[-h hmcn-b¿, "{iohm-gpw-tImSv

]{Xm-[n-]¿ i¶c hmcn-b¿, "ae-bmf cmPyw' ]{Xm-[n-]¿ sI Pn

i¶¿ F∂n-h¿ IqSn B tbmK-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p. Cu tbmK

Xocp-am-\-ßsf A`n-\-μn-®p-sIm≠v "amXr- qan' apJ-{]-kwKw Xs∂

Fgp-Xn. AXn{]Im-c-amWv:

"tIcf kwÿm\ tIm¨{Kkv IΩn‰nbpsS B`n-ap-Jy-Øn¬

G¿s∏-Sp -Øo-´p≈ Abn-tØm-®m-S\°-Ωn-‰n - AXns‚

{]hrØn Pm{K-X-bmbn Bcw- n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Ign™ Aev]

Znh-kßƒ°p-≈n¬ Xs∂ Ah¿°v, Ah-cpsS D’m-l-

Øm¬ s]mXp-P\ßfpsS {i≤-sb Cu hnj-b-Øn-te°v

BI¿jn-°m≥ Ign-™n- p-≠v'

ssh°w kXym-{KlØn¬ hm¿Ø-Iƒ \¬Ip-I-sb-∂-Xn-ep-]cn

t\cn-´p≈ CS-s]-S-em-bn-cp∂p amXr-`qan \S-Øn-b-Xv. ]{Xm-[n-]¿

sI ]n tIi-h-ta-t\m\pw amt\-Pcpw AdÃp hcn®v Pbn-en¬ t]mIp-

∂- ÿnXn-bp-≠m-bn. "t\Xm-°sf in£n®p' F∂ Xe-s°-t´m-sS-

bm-bn-cp∂p 1924 G{]n¬ Fńs‚ amXr- qan Cu hm¿Ø \evIn-b-

Xv. hm¿Ø \¬IpI am{X-a-√, Ad-Ãv hcn-°-s∏´ ]{Xm-[n-]¿ sI

]n tIi-h-ta-t\m≥ t]cp-sh®v {]tXyI apJ-{]-kwKw Fgp-Xp-Ibpw

sNbvXp. ]{X-Øn-s‚ e£yhpw {]hr-Ønbpw Fs¥∂v Hcn-°¬

IqSn Bh¿Øn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p sI ]n tIihtat\m≥ apJ-{]-

kwKØn¬:

"GsXmcp Imcy-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bmtWm Ign™ Hcp sIm√-

Øn-e-[n-I-ambn amXr- qan ]cn-{i-an-®p-h-∂n-cp-∂-Xv, B Imcy-

Øn-\p-th-≠n-X-s∂-bmWv Ct∏mƒ F\n°v AXns\ ]ncn-


™n-cn-t°-≠n-h-∂n- p-≈-Xpw. Xo≠epw Abn-Øhpw tIc-f-

Øn¬\n∂p \o°p-∂-Xn\p amXr- qan B∏o-kn¬ Ccn-°p-∂-

Xn-t\-°mƒ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse XS-hp-ap-dn-bn-en-cn-°p-∂-XmWv

A[nIw {]tbm-P\Ic-am-bn-cn-°p-∂-sX-¶n¬ B hmk-Øn¬-

F∂n¬ H´pwIpd-bmØ kt¥mjw {]nb-s∏´ hmb-\-

°m¿°pw D≠m-Ip-∂-Xm-sW-∂p-≈-Xn\p kwi-b-an√.'

ssh°w kXym-{K-l-Øn-s‚bpw Abn-tØm-®m-S\ ka-c-Øn-

s‚bpw ASpØ L -am-bn-cp∂p kh¿W-Pm-Y. 1924 \hw-_¿ BZyw

a∂-Øp-]-fl-\m- s‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ \qdp kh¿W lnμp-°ƒ AS-

ßnb PmY ssh°-Øp-\n∂pw Im¬\-S-bmbn Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ alm-

dmWn tkXp-e-£van- m-bn°v l¿Pn \¬Im-\mbn ]pd-s∏- p. F√m

s]mXp-\n-c-Øp-Ifpw s]mXp ÿm]-\-ßfpw PmXn-aX t`Z-at\y

F√m-h¿°pw Xpd-∂p-sIm-Sp-°-sa∂m-h-iy-s∏ v alm-dm-Wn-°v \nth-

Z\w \¬Ip-∂-Xn-\m-bn-cp∂p PmY. AXn-s\m∏w Abn-tØm-®m-S-\-

Øn¬ P\-ßsf t_m[-h-XvI-cn-°p-I IqSn Dt±-iy-am-bn-cp-∂p.

Ah¿Ws‚ hgn-\-S-∏-h-Im-i-Øn-\mbn kh¿W¿ \S-Ønb PmY,

AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ henb {][m\yw t\Sn. Abn-tØm-®m-S\ {]Nm-

c-W-Øn¬ ap≥\n-c-bn-em-bn-cp∂ F√m ]{X-ßfpw henb {]m[m-

\y-tØmsS CXp-kw-_-‘n® hm¿Ø-Iƒ \evIn.

Kpcp-hm-bq¿ kXym-{K-lhpw am[y-a-ßfpw

ssh°w kXym{Klw \S∂v Ggp h¿j-Øn\v tij-amWv Kpcp-

hm-bq¿ kXym-{K-lw. tIm¨{K-kv ap≥ssI FSp-ØmWv Kpcp-hm-

bq¿ kXym-{Klw \S-Øn-bXv. kXym-{K-lØns‚ aps∂m-cp-°-

ßƒ amk-ßƒ°p-aptº Xs∂ XpS-ßn-bn-cp-∂p. 1931 sabn¬ hS-

I-c-bn¬ \S∂ tIm¨{Kkv cmjv{Sob ktΩ-f-\-Øn-emWv Kpcp-hm-

bq¿ kXym-{K-l-Øns‚ N¿®-I-fpsS XpS°w. t£{X {]th-i-\-

sa∂ Bhiyw kh¿W lnμp-°-fpsS hnIm-csØ {hW-s∏-Sp-Øp-

sa∂pw AXv Ac-£n-Xm-h-ÿ-bpsS A¥-co£w krjvSn-°p-sa∂

i‡nbmb hmZ-Øn-\n-S-bn-em-bn-cp∂p Kpcp-hm-bq¿ kXym-{K-l-

Øns‚ Btem-N-\-Iƒ \S-°p-∂-Xv. ]e coXn-bn¬ kXym-{Kl

\o°sØ ]n¥n-cn-∏n-°m≥ {iaw \S-∂p-sh-¶nepw ka-c-hp-ambn

apt∂m- p-t]m-Im-\m-bn-cp∂p tIm¨{Kkv t\Xm-°-fp-sS Xocp-am-\w.


AXn\v apºv hen-b-tXm-Xn-ep≈ {]Nm-cW {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \S-

Øm\pw tIm¨{Kkv Xocp-am-\n-®p. Cu {]Nm-c-W-ß-fn¬ G‰hpw

ap∂n¬ amXr-`q-an-bm-bn-cp-∂p. kXym-{K-l-Øn\v Hcp-ßm-\mbn

Blzm\w sNbvXv sI. tIf-∏≥ Im™ßmSv ]pXnb tIm -bn¬

\-S-Ønb {]kw-KsØ XpS¿∂v amXr- qan Hcp apJ-{]-kwKw Fgp-

Xn. "k∂-≤-cm-bn-cn-°pI' F∂v Blzm\w sNbvXp≈ apJ{]kwKw

Cß-s\-bm-bn-cp∂p:

"tIm¨{K-kn¬ AwK-ß-fmbn tN¿∂n-´p-≈-hcpw A√m-Ø-

hcpamb kI-e tIc-fo-b-cp-sSbpw khn-ti-j-amb {i≤ ]Xn-

tb≠ Hcp {]kw-K-am-W-Xv. tIm¨{K-kns‚ Ct∏m-gsØ

\nebpw `mhnbpw C{X hni-Z-am-°n-s°m-≠ps≈mcp {]kvXm-

h\ tIc-fo-b¿°v tIc-f-Øn¬\n∂v e`n-®n- p-≠m-hn-√. A\m-

Nm-c-ßfpw Zpcm-Nm-c-ßfpw sIm≠v Ip{]-kn-≤n-s]‰v tIc-f-

Øn¬ CØ-c-samcp {]kw-K-Øn\pw k¿h{X kzmKXw e`n-

°p-I-bn-√m-bn-cn-°mw. F∂m¬, [oc-amb B {]kvXm-h\

BZ¿i-im-en-I-fpsS A\yq--\-amb A`n-\-μ--\-sØ A¿ln-°p-

∂p. Bcpw XpW-bn-√mØ ]mh-s∏ -h-cpsS lrZbw Ipfn¿∏n-

°p-∂p.'

CXn-eqsS Kpcp-hm-bq¿ kXym-{K-l-Øns‚ {]Nm-cWw amXr- qan

Gs‰-Sp-°p-Ibm-bn-cp-∂p. XpS¿∂-tßm v \nc¥c hm¿Ø-Ifpw \nc-

h[n apJ-{]-kw-K-ß-fp-amWv amXr- qan Fgp-Xn-b-Xv. CsX-√mw, H∂p-

In¬ ka-cm-thiw Pzen-∏n-°p-∂tXm As√-¶n¬ bmYm-ÿn-XnI

kh¿W-cpsS \ne-]m-Sp-Isf cq£-ambn hna¿in-°p-∂-tXm Bbn-

cp-∂p. kXym-{Kl-Øns‚ {]Nm-c-Øn-\mbn hnhn[ ÿe-ß-fn¬

\S-°p∂ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ hni-Z-ambn \¬Ip-∂-Xn-s\m∏w Xs∂,

kXym-{KlsØ t\cn-Sm-\mbn Kpcp-hm-bq-cn¬ kh¿W¿ \S-Øn-

h∂ {ia-ßƒ P\-ß-fn-se-Øn-°m\pw amXr- qan Xøm-dm-bn. kXym-

{K-ln-I-fpsS ZrV-Nn-Ø-X, kac apJsØ t\Xm-°-fpsS CS-s]-S-

ep-Iƒ, ka-c-]p-tcm-K-Xn-s°m∏w P\-ß-fn-e-Xp-≠m-°p∂ Bth-i-

s∏-cp-°w, kXym{K hntcm-[n-I-fmb t£{Xm-[n-Im-cn-I-fp-sSbpw

kh¿W-ln-μp-°-fp-sSbpw {]Xn-tema {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ, kacw

XI¿°m≥ sNøp∂ KqV-\o-°-ßƒ F∂n-h-b√mw amXr- q-an-bn¬

hni-Z-ambn Xs∂ h∂p. tIc-f-Øn\v ]pd-Øp-\n-∂p≈, {]Xn-I-c-

ßfpw t\Xm-°-fpsS {]kw-K-ßfpw {]tXyIw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn. {]Xn-


Zn\ hm¿Ø-Iƒ°pw apJ-{]-kw-KØn\pw ]pdsa "temIhpw

temIcpw', "]ecpw ]eXpw' XpS-ßnb ]w‡n-Ifpw kXym-{K-lhp-

ambn _‘-s∏´ Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ°mbn \o°n-sh®p.

kw -h-ßƒ dnt∏m¿´v sNøp-∂-Xn-\-∏pdw kXym-{KlsØ XS-

bm-\mbn t£{X- m-c-hm-ln-Iƒ \S-Øp∂ aps∂m-cp-°-ƒ XI¿°m≥

P\-ßsf Blzm\w sNøp-∂- hm¿Ø-Iƒ AXn\v aptº Xs∂

amXr- qan \evIn-bn-cp-∂p. 1931 HIvtSm-_¿ 29se amXr- qan FgpXn:

"kXym-{K-ln-Isf XS-bp-hm≥th≠ F√m Hcp-°-ßfpw

t£{X- m-c-hm-ln-Iƒ sNbvXp XpS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. \mep \S-

bnepw hÆ-ap≈ sXßp-XSn \mń ap≈p-then sIń-Øp-S-

ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. tdmUn\v a[y-Øn-embn Hcp Imdn\v t]mIp-

hm≥ am{Xw hgnbpw, AXn\v hmXnepw D≠v. Ingt° \S-bn-

ep≈ Ben\p kao]w hsc Xoø¿ t]mhpI ]Xn-hm-Wv.

F∂m¬, Ct∏mƒ then sIó- p-≈-Xv Ahn-sS-\n∂pw Npcp-

ßn-bXv 20 hmc Ing-°p-am-dn-bm-Wv. CXp tZhkzw A[n-Ir-

X¿°v sNøp-hm≥ ]mSp-≈-X-√. s]mXp-P-\-ßƒ°v KXm-KXw

sNøp-hm≥ A[n-Im-c-ap≈ s]mXp-tdm-Un¬ sI´p∂ then

s]mfn-®p-\o-°phm≥ s]mXp-P-\-ßƒ°v A[n-Im-c-ap-≈-Xm-Wv.

kzm`n-am-\-ap≈ s]mXp-P-\-ßƒ Ah-cpsS A[n-Imcw hn´p-

sIm-SpØp au\w Zo£n-°n-s√∂p hniz-kn-°p-∂p.'

t£{X- m-c-hm-ln-Iƒs°-Xnsc am{X-a-√, kmaq-Xncn cmPm-hns\

Xs∂ i‡-ambn FXn¿°p-∂-Xn\v amXr- qan k∂-≤-am-bn. t£{X

\S Xpdp-∂p-sIm-Sp-°m≥ hnk-Ω-Xn-°p∂ kmaq-Xn-cnsb AXn cq£-

am-b-amb `mj-bn-em-bn-cp∂p amXr-`qan t\cn-´-Xv. NneXv D]-tZi

cq]-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p. a‰p-Nn-eXv ap∂-dn-∏p-I-fpsS cq]-Øn-epw. t£{X-

hm-Xn-ep-Iƒ Xpd-°-W-sa-∂m-h-iy-s∏´p≈ sI tIf-∏ns‚ IØn\v

\ntj[ cq]-Øn¬ kmaq-Xncn adp-]Sn \evIn-b-t∏mƒ amXr-`qan

FgpXnb "kXy-i-‡n-bpsS KoXw' F∂ Ipdn∏v Hcp ap∂-dn-bn-

∏mbn-cp-∂p. AXn-XmWv:

"Kpcp-hm-bqcº-e-tØbpw Kpcp-hm-bq-c-∏-t\bpw Np‰n-∏n-W-™n-

cn-°p∂ ap≈p-then am{X-a-√, tIc-f-Øn¬ C∂v ]e-ÿ-

eØpw hf¿∂p ImSp sIń Ccp- p-d™p InS-°p∂ A{I-a-

amb bmYm-ÿn-XnI ap≈p-]-S-e-ßsfsb√mw Zln-∏n-°m≥


t]mcp∂ kXym-{Kl h”n-bmWv Kpcq-hm-bq¿ t£{X-k-∂n-

[n-bn¬ \hw-º¿ 1˛mw XoøXn sImfp-Øp-hm≥ t]mIp-∂-

sX∂v Ch-c-dn-bp-∂n-√. Cu aml-h-”n, Cu bmKm-·n, ]pe-

b-s‚bpw {_m“-W-s‚bpw lrt±-i-Øn¬ t`Z-sas\y IpSn-

sIm-≈p∂ kXy-i-‡n-X-s∂-bm-sW∂pw Ch-tcm¿°p-∂n-√.'

Kpcp-hm-bq¿ kXym-{Klw XpS-ßnb 1931 \whw-_¿ H∂n\v "hmXn-

ep-Iƒ Xpd-°ptam?' F∂v tNmZn-®p≈ apJ-{]-kw-K-tØm-sS-bmWv

amXr- qan ]pd-Øn-d-ßn-b-Xv. B apJ-{]-kw-K-Øn¬ kmaq-Xn-cn-tbmSv

]d-™Xv t\m°pI:

"CtX-hsc B t£{XØn¬ Bcm-[m-\m-kzm-X{¥yw \ntj-

[n-°-s∏´ lnμp-°ƒ°p taen-se-¶nepw AhnsS B

kzmX{¥yw A\p-h-Zn-°p-I. Aßs\ sNbvXm¬ Aßbv°v

`mhn Ncn-{X-Im-c≥ hnime lrZ-b\pw A\p-I-ºm-]q¿Æ\p-

amb kmaq-Xn-cn-∏m-sS∂ aml-\o-b-amb A`n-[m\w \¬In,

Aß-sb _lp-am-\n-bv°pw. A√m-Xn-cp-∂m¬ C∂sØ Cu

ZpjvIr-X-Øn-\p≈ ^ew, Hcp ]s£, A\p- -hn-°m-\n-S-h-t∂-

°m-hp∂ Aß-bpsS A¥-c-Km-an-Iƒ Aß-bpsS ih-°-√-d-

I-fn-temfw h∂v Aßsb ]gn-°p-hm-\nS hcpw.'

kXym-{Klw XpS-ßnb hm¿Ø amXr- qan \evIn-bXv Cß-s\-

bmWv:

"kXym-{K-lhn-tcm-[n-I-fpsS \bw Iem-]-Øn\v hfsc A\p-

Iq-e-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬°qSn, C∂sØ kXym-{Klw im¥-

ambn \S-∂p. Ingt° \S-bv°¬ {ioam-∑m¿ a∂Øp ]fl-

\m`]n≈, tIf-∏≥, {ioa-Xn-am¿ cp‹nWn AΩ, Im¿Øym-

b\n AΩ apX-em-b-h-cpsS t\XrXz-Øn-ep≈ Hcp hºn®

tLmj-bm-{X-bpsS AI-ºSn-tbmSp IqSn H∂m-asØ hf-≠n-

b¿ kwLw t£{X-{]-th-i-\-Øn-\mbn h∂p\n∂-t∏m-gsØ

ImgvN hfsc a¿Ω-kv]r-°m-bn-cp-∂p. B¿Ø-{Xm-W-]-cm-b-

Wm, Zo\-_-t‘m, ssIS- m-tc, a[p-kq-Z-\m, Icp-Wm-aq¿tØ

apX-emb `K-h-∂m-a-ß-f-S-ßnb Io¿Ø-\-ßƒ sNm√n, apIp-

fo-Ir-X-l-kvX-∑m-cmbn h∂ `K-h-±¿i-t\-—p-°-fmb -‡-k-

Xym-{K-ln-Isf "t]m, t]m, CXp Rß-fp-tS-XmWv' F∂p


XpS-ßnb A]-i-_vZ-ß-sf-s°m-≠mWv `K-hms‚ t]cpw

]d™v DZcw `cn-°p∂ t£{X-]-cn-Nm-c-I-∑m¿ kzmKXw ]d-

™-Xv.'

ka-c-hn-tcm-[n-I-fmb kh¿W¿°p-t\sc amXr- q-an-bpsS `mjm-

Im¿°iyw shfn-hm-Ip∂Xmbn-cp∂p as‰mcp apJ-{]-kw-Kw. Unkw-

_¿ c≠n\v kXym-{K-l-a-\p-jvSn® 12 hb- p≈ DÆn-Ir-jvW-s\∂

BZn-tI-cf hn`m-K-Øn¬s]´ Ipńsb Xriq-cnse aptØ-SØv am[-

h-ta-t\m≥ F∂ h°o-ens‚ ss{Uh¿ It≠mØv IrjvW≥

\ºym¿ sNIn-S-Ø-Sn® kw`-h-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p B apJ-{]-kw-Kw.

Unkw-_¿ Bdn\v "Kpcp-hm-bq-cn¬\n∂v' F∂ t]cn-se-gp-Xnb apJ-

{]-kw-K-Øn-eqsS amXr- qan ]d-™p:

"Kp-cp-hm-bq-cn¬ kXym-{Klw Bcw-`n-®-Xn-\p-tijw kXym-

{K-ln-Isf iIm-cn-°p-Ibpw ]nSn®p X≈p-Ibpa-√m-sX, ASn-

°p-I-sb-∂-Xp-≠m-bXv CZw-{]-Y-a-am-Wv. Ahn-SsØ bmYm-

ÿn-I-∑m¿ AwKo-I-cn-°m≥ t]mIp∂ \b-Øns‚ Hcp kqN-

\-bmtWm CXv F∂p Rßƒ Adn-bp-∂n-√. Aßns\ Adn-

bp-∂-Xp-hsc CXv Hcp-hI {`m¥ns‚ Zpt›-jvTn-X-sat∂

Rßƒ IW-°m-°p-∂p-≈q. ASn sIm≠Xv ]{¥≠v hb- p-

am{Xw {]mb-ap≈ Hcp BZn-{Zm-hn-U-_m-e-\m-Wv. Icn-¶-√p-

t]mse IdpØ Hcp lrZ-bsØ s]mXn-™p-≈n¬ sh® Hcp

kh¿Æs‚ Iøm¬ thZ\ ]q≠n´pw B Ipń ""]p©n-cn-\pc

]q≠ Np≠ev]w ]nf¿ØpI''tb sNbvXp-≈q-sh∂p ImWp-

∂p. CXmWv Cu kw -h-Ønse tim -\-amb `mKw. Xs∂

ASn® A{I-an-bpsS ta¬t]mepw kt¥m-jm-arXw s]mgn-bp-

hm≥ am{Xw hb- p ]{¥-≠m-Ip-tº-tg°pw kwkvImcw kºm-

Zn® B "IdpØ Ipń'sbhnsS? Cu A{I-a-Øn¬ A`n-am\w

]q≠ kh¿Æ-s\-hnsS? ]{¥≠p hb- p-am{Xw sN∂ Hcp

Iqń-sb-˛-AXpw Alnw-km-\n-jvT-\m-sbmcp kXym-{K-ln-sb-

˛-X-√n-bXv Hcp BW-Ø-ambn B \ºym¿ Icp-Xp∂p-s≠-

¶n¬, AXn¬∏cw Hcp sauVyw At±-l-Øn-\p-≠-m-hm-\n√.'

kXym-{Klw ]ptcm-K-an-°p-∂-Xn-\n-S-bn¬ {iotIm-hn-en\v ap∂nse


aWn-b-Sn® ]n IrjvW-∏n-≈-sbbpw c≠p Znhkw Ign™v, hmf-

≠n-b¿ Iym]v‰-\mb F. sI tKm]m-e-s\bpw kXym-{Kl hntcm-

[n-I-fmb kh¿W¿ a¿Zn® kw`-h-Ønepw ka-c-hp-ambn _‘-

s∏´v Km‘nPnbpsS CS-s]-S-ens\ Ipdn®pw hni-Z-amb hm¿Ø-

Ifpw apJ-{]-kw-K-ßfpw Fgp-Xn. tIc-f-Øn¬ kzmX{¥y ka-c-

Øns‚bpw Abn-tØm-®m-S-\-Øns‚bpw ap≥\n-c-bn¬ Htc t\Xm-

°-fm-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Kpcp-hm-bq¿ kXym-{Klw XpS-ßn-b-tXmsS

kzmX{¥y ka-c-Øns‚ XojvW-Xbv°v Aev]w tIm´w kw -hn-®n-

cp-∂p. cmPy-sa-ºmSpw kzmX-{¥y-k-acw sImSp-ºn-cn-s°m-≈p-tºmƒ

tIc-f-Øn¬ A\m-Nm-c-ßƒ C√m-Xm-°m-\p≈ ka-c-Øn\v

Du∂¬sIm-Sp-ØXv kac t\Xm-°-fn¬Xs∂ Bfl-kw-L¿j-Øn-

\n-S-bm-°n. GXn\v {]m[m\yw \¬Ip-sa-∂-Xmbn-cp∂p Bi-b-°p-

g-∏w. HSp-hn¬, tZiob t\Xm-°-fpsS D]-tZ-i-tØm-sS, kmap-Zm-

bn-Im-k-a-Xz-ßƒ \ne-\n¬°p-tºmƒ e`n-°p∂ kzmX-{¥y-Øn\v

A¿Y-an-s√∂v {]Jym-]n®v sI tIf-∏≥ Kpcp-hm-bq¿ kXym-{K-l-hp-

ambn apt∂m- p-t]m-bn. kXym-{Kl t\Xm-°-fpsS Cu Xocp-am-\-w

henb {]m[m\yw \¬In-bmWv amXr- qan {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xv. ]n∂oSv

sI tIf-∏≥ \ncm-lm-c-{hXw Bcw- n-®-t∏mgpw AXv XpS-cp-∂-Xn-

\n-S-bn¬ kacw Ah-km-\n-∏n-°m-\p≈ Km‘n-Pn-bpsS \nc-¥c

kΩ¿±ßƒ tIf-∏≥ Xnc-kvI-cn-°p-tºm-gp-sa√mw AXns‚ \ymb-

ßƒ hni-Z-am-°n-bp-≈-Xm-bn-cp∂p amXr- q-an-bpsS hm¿Ø-Ifpw apJ-

{]-kw-K-ß-fpw. ka-c-`-S-∑m-cn¬am-{X-a-√, \msS-ßp-ap≈ Ah¿W-

cn¬ Db¿sØ-gp-t∂¬]ns‚ C‘\w ]I¿∂p \¬In-b-Xn-s\m∏w

kh¿W-cpsS at\m- m-h-Øn¬ am‰w hcp-Øm-\p-X-Ip-∂Xp IqSn-bm-

bn-cp∂p amXr- q-an-bpsS CS-s]-S¬.

at\m-cabpsS kq£va-Np-h-Sp-Iƒ

tZiob{]ÿm-\-Øns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v henb ]n¥p-W-

sbm∂pw \¬Im-Xn-cp∂ ae-bmf at\m-cabv°pw kmaq-lnI ]cn-

jvI-c-W-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-tfmSv apJw-Xn-cn-°m≥ km[n-°pam-bn-cp-∂n-

√. "PmXn-a-Xm-Zn-]£w IqSm-sX-bp≈ Hcp h¿Ø-am-\-]{Xw' BbmWv

ae-bmf at\m-ca {]h¿Øn-°p-I-sb∂ {]Jym-]-\w icn-sh-®p-

sIm≠v A∂v Ah-i-X-b-\p- -hn-°p∂ Ah¿W kap-Zm-b-ß-fp-sSbpw

Aln-μp-°-fp-sSbpw {]iv\-ß-fn-te°v XpS°w apX¬ {i≤-bq-∂m≥


ae-bmf at\m-ca Xøm-dm-bn. ap∂m-°-hn- mKw Xo≠m-∏m-SI-eØv

am{Xw \n¿Øn-bn-cp∂ ]pe-b-cp-sSbpw a‰v A[-ÿn-X-cp-sSbpw kmaq-

lnI kml-N-cy-ßƒ Xpd-∂p-Im-Wn-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p ae-bmf at\m-

c-a-bn¬ h∂ teJ-\-ßƒ. F√m-h¿°pw hnZym- ymkw \¬Ip-I-

sb∂ anj-\dn {]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ kzm[o\w hnZym- ymk cwKØv

IqSp-X¬ {i≤-bq-∂p-∂Xn\v at\m-c-a-sbbpw t{]cn-∏n-®-Xmbn

ImWmw. ]pe-b¿ Dƒs∏-sS A[-ÿn-X-cmbn IW-°m-°n-b- hn- m-

K-Øn\v hnZym- ymkw \¬tI-≠-Xns‚ Bh-iy-I-X-bn-eq∂n "]pe-

bcpsS hnZym- ymkw' F∂ t]cn¬ teJ\w \¬In XpS-°-Øn¬

at\m-c-a. ]n∂o-Sv, PmXn-hy-h-ÿ-bnse hnth-N-\-ßƒ Nq≠n-°m´n

"tIc-f-Ønse IogvPm-Xn-°m¿' , "PmXn-h-g°v' XpS-ßnb teJ-\-

ßfpw at\m-ca {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p.

XpS¿∂v kmaq-lnI ]cn-jvI-cW {]ÿm-\-ßƒ i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-

Ibpw kaq-l-Øn¬ AXns‚ Ne-\-ßƒ hen-b-tXm-Xn-ep-≠m-hp-

IbpwsN-bvX-t∏mƒ at\m-ca AXn-s\m∏w \ne-bp-dn-∏n-®p. sI.-kn.

ama≥ am∏n-f-bn-te°v At∏m-tg°pw ]{X-Øns‚ t\XrXzw FØn-

bn-cp-∂p. ssh°w kXym-{KlØn\v P\-]n-¥p-W-Iq- p∂ Imcy-Øn¬

ae-bmf at\m-ca \S-Ønb CS-s]-S-ep-Ifpw hfsc hep-Xm-Wv. ]{Xm-

[n-]¿ Xs∂ hy‡-amb \ne-]m-sS-Sp-Øp-sIm≠v \thm-∞m-\-ap-

t∂-‰-Øns‚ `mK-ambn F∂-XmWv Cu L -Øn¬ ae-bmf at\m-

c-a-bpsS hm¿Øm-hn-\ym-k-Øn¬\n∂v hy‡-am-Ip-∂-Xv. kw -h-ßƒ

dnt∏m¿´v sNøp-∂-Xn-\-∏pdw IogvPm-Xn-°m¿ D∂-bn-°p∂ kmap-

lnI ka-Xz-hm-Z-Øn¬ \ymb-ap-s≠∂ \ne-]m-sS-Sp-°m\pw AXn-

\mbn ]{X-Øn-eq-sSbpw ]pdØpw {]h¿Øn-°m\pw sI.kn. ama≥am-

∏nf Xøm-dm-bn-cp-∂p.

1924 am¿®v 29\v "Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse Abn-tØm-®m-S\w' F∂

Xe-s°- n¬ ae-b-f-a-t\mca Hcp apJ-{]-kw-Kw Xs∂-sb-gp-Xn. kmaq-

lnI A\m-Nm-c-Øns‚ bmYm¿Yyw t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ \ne-bnepw

ssh°w kXym-{K-l-Øn\v Km‘n-Pn-bpƒ∏-sS-bp-≈-h¿ \¬Ip∂

]n¥p-W-bpsS {]m[m\yw hy‡-am-°n-bp-≈-Xp-am-bn-cp∂p at\m-c-a-

bpsS apJ-{]-kw-Kw. AXv XpS-ßp-∂-Xp-Xs∂ Cß-s\-bm-Wv:

"C¥y-sbm- p°v A[-IrX h¿§-°m-sc∂v KWn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-h¿

kh¿W-ln-μp-°sf sXm´m¬ Aip-≤n-bmbn-t∏m-Ip-sa-s∂mcp


[mcW -Zq-co-I-cn-°emWv al-flm-Km‘n Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈

bYm¿Y tZim- n-am-\n-I-fpsS Ct∏m-gsØ k¿h-{]-[m-\-amb

{]b-Xv\w. F∂m¬, C¥y-bnse Hcp `mK-amb tIc-f-cm-Py-

Øn¬ sXmSo¬sIm≠pam{X-a-√, kmao-]yw-sIm-≠pw, Z¿i-

\w-sIm-≠p-t]mepw Db¿∂ PmXn-°m¿°v Aip-≤n-bp-≠m-bn-

t∏m-Ip-sa-∂-Xn-s\-∏‰n B¿°pw bmsXmcp kwi-b-hp-an-√.

hnth-Im-\-μ-kzman tIc-f-Øn¬ kμ¿in-®-t∏m-gmWv Cß-

s\-bp≈ kwKXn temIsØhn-sS-sb-¶nepw Ds≠∂

kwKXn At±lw [cn-°m-\n-S-bm-b-Xv. Db¿∂ PmXn-°m¿

XmW-Pm-Xn-°msc B´nZq-sc-am-‰p-∂Xpw XmW-Pm-Xn-°m¿

AI-e-Øn-tem-Sn-t∏m-Ip-∂Xpw a‰pw I≠n v ae-bm-f-cm-Py-Øp-

≈-h-sc√mw Hcp-hI {`m¥-∑m-cm-sW∂mWv At±lw A`n-

{]m-b-s∏- -Xv. a{Zmkv apX-emb cmPy-ß-fn¬ ]d-b¿ apX-em-

b-h-cp-am-bn-t∏mepw sXmSo¬ Hgn®v a‰v s]cp-am-‰-ß-sf√mw

bmsXm-cp-Xcw Aip-≤n-tZm-jhpw IqSmsX \S-Øn-h-cp∂ Xan-

gv{_m-“-W¿, sh≈m-f¿ apX-em-b-hcpw ae-bm-f-Øp-h-cp-tºmƒ

]pe-b¿, ]d-b¿ apX-e-bm-hsc am{X-a√ kmaq-ln-I ÿnXn-

bnepw _p≤n-i-‡n-bnepw a‰pw hfsc Db¿∂ Hcp ÿm\-

Øn-\¿l-X-bp≈ Cug-h-sc-t∏mepw B´n-tbm-Sn-°p-∂-Xp-I-

≠m¬ t\cw-t]mt°m tIm]tam k¶-Stam GXp-hn-Im-c-amWv

IqSp-X-embn i‡n-s∏-Sp-∂-sX∂v Xo¿®-]-d-bm-\m-hp-∂-X√'

˛a-e-bm-f-a-t\m-c-a, 1924 am¿®v 29

PmXn hnth-N-\-Øn-s\-Xnsc \ne-]m-sS-Sp-Øv as‰mcp apJ-{]-

kwKw 1924 Pq¨ 5\v "at\m-ca' \¬In:

"Hcp PmXn as‰mcp PmXn-tb-°mƒ XmW-Xm-sW∂pw AXp-

sIm≠v Ah¿°p ]ucm-h-Imi kaXzw A\p- -hn-®p-sIm-Sp-

°m≥ ]mSn-s√∂pw imTyw ]nSn-°p-∂Xpaq-e-am-Ip∂p C¥y-

bnse ]e-ÿ-e-ß-fnepw t£m -ßfpw Ie-l-ßfpw D≠m-

bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. C\n-bp-sa-¶nepw Cu Ak-a-X-Iƒ C√m-

Xm-°p-∂-Xn\p Kh¨sa‚pw P\-ßfpw GtIm-]n-∏n®p

{]h¿Øn-°p∂ ]£w cmPyØp kam-[m-\hpw sFIyhpw

sFiz-cyhpw D≠m-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv.'

{ioaqew {]Pm-k-`-bn¬ AwK-am-bn-cp∂ sI kn ama≥am-∏nf


B thZnbpw kmaq-lnI ]cn-jvI-c-Ww km[y-am-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈

H∂m°n D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn. Ahi P\-hn- m-K-ßƒ°v

\oXn-e- n-t°-≠-Xns\ Ipdn-®pw, ssh°w t£{X-Øn\p Np‰pw a‰pPm-

Xn-°m¿°pw k©m-c-kzm-X{¥yw \¬Ip-∂-Xn-s\-]-‰nbpw PmXn-hn-

th-N-\-sØ-°p-dn®pw {ioaqew {]Pm-k- -bn¬ {it≤-b-amb {]kw-

K-ßƒ sIkn ama≥am-∏nf sNbvXn-cp-∂p. {]Pm-k-`-bn¬ kzoI-

cn® Cu \ne-]m-Sp-I-fpsS XpS¿®, AXn-t\-°mƒ i‡-ambpw hn]p-

e-ambpw ]{X-Øn-eqsS {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-I-bmWv at\m-ca sNbvX-Xv.

PmXnhn-th-N-\-Øn-s\-Xnsc CØcw \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ at\m-ca kzoI-

cn-®n-´p-s≠-¶nepw kh¿Wsc {]oWn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw IogvPm-Xn-

°msc Ah-cpsS "I¿Ø-hy-t_m[w' Hm¿an-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pap≈ {ia-

ßƒ at\m-c-a-bpsS \ne-]m-Sp-I-fn¬ hmbn-s®-Sp-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

Xmgv∂-Pm-Xn-°m-cpsS D∂-a-\-Øn-\mbn hmZn-°p-∂-Xn-\n-S-bnepw

Ahsc kap-Zm-b-tPm-en-bn¬ XpS-cp-∂-Xn\v t{]cn-∏n-°p∂ teJ-\-

ßfpw a‰v Ipdn-∏p-Ifpw at\m-c-a-bn¬ ÿm\w ]nSn-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn

ImWmw. "kap-Zm-b-tPmen hfsc t{ijvTamb Hcp tPmen-bm-Ip-

∂p. kzm¿∞-X-b‰ Cu tPmen-\n-anØw a\p-jy≥ a\p-jy-kvt\-ln-

I-fm-bn-Øo-cp∂p' F∂ \ne-]mSv sI kn ama≥am-∏nf kzoI-cn-®n-cp-

∂-XmbmWv At±-lØns‚ Poh-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ Fw sI km\p Nq≠n-

°m- p-∂-Xv. "\ΩpsS \m´n-ep≈ ]d-b¿, ]pe-b¿, D≈m-S-∑m¿, hme-

∑m¿ apX-emb h¿§-°m-cpsS CS-bn¬ \ΩpsS bphm-°ƒ kap-Zm-

b-the sNøp-∂-]£w Ah¿ ANn-tcW DW¿∂v Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-

dn\v Hcp B -c-W-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂-XmWv' F∂v 1919¬ sIkn ama≥am-

∏nf Fgp-Xn-bXmbn FwsI km\p Nq≠n-°m- p-∂p. PmXn-hn-th-N-

\-Øn-s\-Xnsc \ne-]m-sS-Sp-Ø-t∏mgpw kap-Zm-bm-[n-jvTn-X-amb

sXmgn-en-Sw-hn´v A∂v Iogv-Pm-Xn-°m-cnse ]pXp-X-e-apd \oßp-∂-

Xn¬ kh¿W-ho-£-W-tIm-Wn-ep≈ Hcp Bi-¶-bm-bn-cp∂p ae-

bmf at\m-c-abpw {]I-Sn-∏n-®-sX∂v CXn¬\n∂pw a\- n-em-°mw.

\nh¿Ø\ {]t£m-`-am-bn-cp∂p ]n∂m-°-hn-`m-K-Øns‚ Ah-

Im-i-t∏m-cm- -Ønse kp{]-[m-\-amb as‰m-c-[ym-bw. P\-kw-Jym-\p-

]m-Xn-I-ambn lnμp-]n-∂m-°-hn- m-K-ßƒ°pw a‰v aX-ÿ¿°pw A¿l-

amb {]mXn-\n[yw e`n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ cmjv{So-b-t]m-cm-´-

am-bn-cp∂p \nh¿Ø\ {]t£m- -Øn-eqsS Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ A∂v

Ac-tß-dn-b-Xv. CXnepw at\m-ca ap≥\n-c-bn¬\n-∂p≈ {]h¿Ø-


\-ßƒ \S-Øm≥ Xøm-dm-bn. Xncp-h-√-bn¬\n-∂p≈ "tIcf tkh-

I≥' F∂ ]{X-Øn¬ "\nh¿Ø\ NcnXw' F∂ Hcp teJ\w

hcm-\n-cn-°p∂p F∂ Adn-bn∏v {]ko-≤o-I-cn-®-t∏mƒ ]{X-Øn-s\-

Xnsc k¿°m¿ \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. teJ\w {]kn-≤o-

I-cn-°-cp-sX-∂m-bn-cp∂p k¿°m-cns‚ Xn´q-cw. Cu kw -h-Øn¬

k¿°m-cn-s\-Xn-sc i‡-amb \ne-]m-Sp-Xs∂ at\m-ca kzoI-cn-®p.

apJ-te-J-\-Øn-eqsSbmWv at\m-ca CXns\ hna¿in-®-Xv.

"`c-W-X{¥ hnZy-bn¬ A`q-X-]q¿Δ-hpw AXn-hn-Nn-{X-hp-amb

Hcp {]iv\amWv Kh¨sa‚ v Bhn-jvI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

GsXmcp teJ-\hpw AXv {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®Xn-\p-ti-jw, AXp

Ip‰-I-c-am-sW-∂p-I-≠m¬, AXns\ XS-bp-Ibpw {]km-[-I-

cpsS t]cn¬ \nb-am-\p-k-c-W-amb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ \S-Øp-I-bp-

amWv \mK-cn-I-Xz-Øns‚ tei-sa-¶n-ep-ap≈ GsXmcp

Kh¨sa‚pw sNøm-dp-≈-Xv. A√m-sX, C∂ ]{X-Øn¬ C∂

teJ\w {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°m≥ t]mIp∂p F∂p- tI-´m-ep-S≥

B teJ-\-Øns‚ BIr-Xn, {]Ir-Xn, PmXIw F∂nh

ap≥Iq´n KWn®v B teJ-\-in-ip-hns‚ P\\wXs∂ \ntcm-

[n-°p-∂Xv C∂sØ Hcp ]cn-jvIrX Kh¨sa‚n\pw tbmPn-

®-X-s√∂v Rßƒ \n¿hn-i¶w A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Zpc-[n-

Imc Zp¿ -cW k{am- m-bn-cp∂ Iwks\ h[n-°p-hm≥ At±-

l-Øns‚ ktlm-Z-cn°v Hcp ]p{X≥ P\n-°p-sa∂v tI v kw{`m-

¥-\mbn At±lw IrjvW- -K-hms‚ Ah-Xm-csØ XS-bp-∂-

Xn\v K¿`n-Wn-bmb ktlm-Z-cn-tbbpw ¿Øm-hn-s\bpw Imte-

°q´n Imcm-Kr-l-Øn-e-S®v A]m-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v DZy-an®

IY-bmWv Rß-fpsS kvarXn-]-Y-Øn¬ hcp-∂-Xv.' F∂m-bn-

cp∂p Cu kw -h-Øn-ep≈ at\m-c-a-bpsS hna¿i-\-i-cw.

{]mNm-c-Øn¬ C∂p≈ hnImkw at\m-ca A∂v ssIh-cn-®n- n-

s√-¶nepw s]mXp-k-aq-l-Øn¬ i‡-amb A`n-{]mb cq]o-I-c-Ww

km[y-amIpw hn[w a‰v ]{X-ßƒ kzoI-cn® \ne-]m-Sn-s\m∏w \thm-

∞m-\-apt∂-‰sØ i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ at\m-c-a-bpsS \ne-]m-Sp-Ifpw

klm-bn-®p-sh-∂Xv FSp-Øp-]-d-tb-≠-Xm-Wv.

A[ymbw aq∂v

kap-Zm-b-]-cn-jvI-cWØns\m∏w

PmXn-hn-th-N-\-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb {]t£m-`-ßƒ \S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-

°p-tºmƒ Xs∂ kzk-ap-Zm-b-Øns‚ ]cn-jvI-c-W-Øn-\p≈ {ia-

ßƒ A°m-eØv F√m hn`m-K-ß-fnepw kPo-h-am-bn-cp-∂p. CØcw

Imcy-ßƒ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw ]{X-ßfpw B\p-Im-en-I-

ßfpw Xøm-dm-bn. \ºq-Xncnam¿°n-S-bnse ]cn-jvI-cW {]h¿Ø-

\-ßƒ"DÆn \ºq-Xncn' , "tbmK-t£aw' t]msebp≈ {]kn-≤o-I-

c-W-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw \mb-∑m¿°n-S-bnse {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ "k¿hokv'

t]mep≈-h-bn-eq-sSbpw Cug-h¿°n-S-bn¬ \-S∂ {]h¿Ø-\-

ßƒ"hnthtIm-Zbw "tIcf IuapZn' "anX-hmZn' XpS-ßn-b-bn-eq-

sSbpsa√mw hm¿Ø-I-fmbpw teJ-\-ß-fmbpw ]pd-sØ-Øn-s°m-

≠n-cp-∂p. "\hi‡n' , "ktlm-Z-c≥' XpS-ßnb {]kn-≤o-I-c-ßfpw

Cu cwKØv henb tXmXn-ep≈ CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ \S-Øn-b-h-bm-bn-

cp-∂p. \nehn-ep≈ kmaq-lnI LS-\-bn¬ kaqe-]-cn-h¿Ø\w

Xs∂ e£y-an´ t\Xm-°-fpsS {ia- ew Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p CØcw

{]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-sfbpw apt∂m´p \bn-®-Xv. Ime-Øn-s\m∏w amdm≥

Xøm-dm-hmsX amaq-ep-I-fn¬ A≈n-∏n-Sn-®n-cn-°p∂ kap-Zmbhcy-

∑m-scbpw ]pdw temIØv F¥p-\-S-°p-∂p-sh-∂-dn-bmsX HXp-ßn-

°-gn-bp∂ a‰v kap-Zm-bmw-K-ß-sfbpw ]cn-l-kn-°p-Ibpw t_m[-h-

XvI-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fnse D≈-

S-°w.

{_-“{io Ipdq¿ DÆn-\-ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSns‚ kvamc-I-ambn \ºq-Xncn

bph-P\ kwLw {]kn≤oI-cn® "DÆn \ºq-Xncn' \ºq-Xn-cn-amcpsS

IÆp-Xp-d-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ff i‡-amb {iaw \S-Ønb {]kn-≤o-I-c-

W-am-bn-cp-∂p. "DÆn \ºq-Xn-cn-amsc DW-cp-hn≥' F∂ t]cn¬ DÆn

\ºq-Xcn {]kn-≤o-I-cn® Hcp teJ\Øn¬ Cßs\bmWv ]d-bp-

∂Xv:

"amaq-e-\p-k-cn-®p≈ ]te G¿∏m-Sp-Ifpw Ime-K-Xnbv°p tbmPn-

°msX Bbn-Øo¿∂n- p-≠v. Bsc-¶nepw kss[cyw ap-∂n-

´n-dßn {]h¿Øn-®m¬ams{X Cu \yq\-X-Iƒ ]cn-l-cn-°m-


hq. bph-P-\-ßƒ°p B ss[cy-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂p-≈-Xn\v

kwi-b-an-√. ]s£ kap-Zmbw AhcpsS {]hr-Øn-am¿§sØ

A[n-t£-]n-°p-Ibpw Ah-cn¬\n∂pw AI-∂p-\n¬°p-Ibpw

sNbvtX-°mw.'

˛DÆn-\-ºq-Xn-cn, hmeyw 6 e°w 1

BNmc \ho-I-cWw F∂ t]cn¬ DÆn-\-ºq-Xn-cn-bn¬ tImgn-

t°mSv kmaq-Xncn tImtfPv {]n≥kn-∏mƒ Fw cma-h¿Ω Xºm≥

_nF F¬ Sn Fgp-Xnb teJ-\hpw {it≤-b-am-bn-cp∂p:

"Imin-bn¬ KwKm-kv\m-\-Øn\p t]mbnhcp∂ F{X Bfp-I-

fmWv Xßƒ B Zn°p-I-fnepw hgn°pw Ic-fm-Nm-c-ßƒ°p

ISp-InS \o°p-t]m°p IqSmsX A\p-jvTn®p F∂p Ifhp

]d™v "BNmcn' IfpsS A⁄-Xsb kam-[m-\-s∏-Sp-Øp∂-

Xv. Xoh-≠n-bnepw Xot_m- n-epw-sh®p `£-W-]m-\o-b-ßƒ

Ign-°p∂ F{X t]cmWv Hcp I≈w sIm≠v BNm-c-Z-mk-

∑m-cm-sW∂p a‰p-≈-hsc t_m[n-∏n-°m≥ {ian-°p-∂-Xv.

kvIqfp-I-fnepw tImsf-Pp-I-fnepw ]Tn-°p∂ F{X hnZym¿∞n-

I-fmWv CØcw Ifhp ]d-bm≥ \n¿_-‘n-X-am-Ip-∂Xv. hnPm-

Xnb kw_-‘-ap-≈-hsc Zph-km¿≤-Øn-e-[nIw `mcy-Kr-l-

Øn¬ Ign-®p-Iq- p-∂-h-cp-amb F{X-sb-{Xm-b-fp-I-fmWv kz—m-

\p-k-cWw BNm-c-hn-≤zw-k\w sNbvXp I≈w sIm≠p sh≈

]qip-∂-Xv.

C{]Imcw If-hp-sIm≠p Pohn-°p-∂Xv £¥-hy-am-sW∂p

h∂m¬ P\-ß-fpsS am\-kn-I-ip-≤n°pw kz`m-h-ÿn-c-

Xbv°pw F{X-am{Xw lm\n-X- p-sa∂p ]d-tb-≠n-√-t√m. tIc-

f-hm-kn-I-fmb lnμp-°-fpsS Zb-\obtam \nμytam Bb

`ocpXzØn\pw kzm{i-b- m-h-Øn\pw ]cvk-]-c-hn-izm-k-Øn\pw

ImcWw Imem-Xo-X-amb BNm-c-\p-jvTm-\-{]-kvI-Xntbm

AYhm Im]-Sytam At√ F∂v Gh\pw Btem-Nn-t°-≠-

Xm-Wv.

kzev]-amb qkz-Øp-°-fp-s≠-∂pw A[n-Im-cep-]vX-cmb Nne

cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS c£-bps≠∂pw IcpXn BNmc-]-cn-jvIm-c-


Øn\v A[n-Im-chpw i‡n-bp-ap≈ \ºq-Xn-cn-am¿ C\nbpw

bmYm-ÿn--Xn-IX Zo£n-®m¬ Bfl-\m-i-Øn\pw hgn shbvIp-

I-bm-Ip-∂-Xn\p ]pdsa D¬Ir-jvS-ÿm-\-Øn-cp-∂p-sIm≠p

X¬]-Z-Øn-\-\p-cq-]-amb [¿Ωw sNøm-Xn-cp∂ alm-]m-X-I-

Øn\pw \ºq-Xncn--am¿ ]m{X-hm-∑m-cm-I-bnt√ F∂p `b-s∏-

Sp-∂-h¿ Fs∂t∏mse ]e-cp-ap-≠v.'

kap-Zm-bmw-K-ßsf Cßs\ KpW-tZm-jn-°p∂ teJ\w Ah-

km-\n-∏n-°p-∂Xv hy‡-amb Znim-t_m[w \¬In-sIm-≠p-X-s∂-

bmWvv:

"ChnsS Xs‚ PmXn-bp--ambn am{Xw FS-s]-Sp-∂-h¿°p CX-c-

Pm-Xn-I-fn¬ kvt\ltam A\p-I-ºtbm hym]n-°p-∂n-√.

F∂m¬ ]e PmXn-°m-cp-ambn ktlm-Z-c- m-h-Øn¬ s]cp-am-

dp-∂-h-cpsS lrZ-bhpw a\ pw hnkvXr-X-ambn hcp-∂p.'

˛ DÆn \ºq-Xn-cn, thmfyw 6 e°w 1, 1100 I∂n

kap-Zmb ]cn-jvI-c-Whpw Abn-tØm-®m-S-\hpw \ºq-Xn-cn- -\m-

b¿ kap-Zm-b-Øn¬ A∂p-≠m-°nb {]Xn-^-e-\-Øns‚ Nn{Xw

hy‡-am-Ip∂ Hcp Ipdn∏v "\ºq-Xn-cnbpw \mbcpw' F∂ Xe-s°-

ń¬ 1932 P\p-hcn 13 DÆn \ºq-Xn-cn-bn¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-I-bp-

≠m-bn. AbnØm-N-c-W-Øn\v A\p-Iq-e-ambn kwkm-cn® Hcp

\mb¿kv{Xosb ]cn-l-kn®pw Abn-Øm-Nm-c-Ww Ah-km-\n-∏n-°m-

\mbn \ºq-Xncn kap-Zm-bsØ t{]cn-∏n® Hcp A¥¿P-\-Øn-

s‚bpw Xmc-Xayw sNbvXp-≈-Xm-bn-cp∂p AXv. \mb¿ kv{XobpsS

{]hrØn Nq≠n-°mń C°mcy-Øn¬ \mb¿ kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ \ne-

]m-Sp-Isf A]-l-kn-°p-Ibpw A¥¿P-\-Øns‚ {]kvXm-h\ FSp-

Øp-Imń \ºq-Xncn kap-Zm-b-Øn¬ Ime-Øn-s\mØ am‰w {]I-S-

am-Ip-∂p-sh∂v ÿm]n-°p-I-bp-am-bn-cp∂p AXns‚ e£yw. AXn-

ß-s\-bmWv:

"anI® D¬]-Xn-jvW-Xz-Øn\v tIƒhn-tI´ \mb¿ h¿K-Ønse

Hcp am\y alnf ]c-ky-ambn A≤y£ ]oT-Øn¬ h®v Abn-

ØsØ \ymbo-I-cn-°p-hm≥ {ian-°p-Ibpw Xm≥ B≤y-£w-

h-ln® Hcp tbmK-sØ-s°m≠v bmYm-ÿn-Xn-I-Xz-Øn\p

{]kn-≤n-t\-Sn-bn-cp∂ \ºq-Xncn kap-Zm-b-Ønse Hcp am\y-


bmb A¥¿÷\w Abn-Ø-°m¿°v t£{X-{]-th-i\w t\Sn-

s°m-Sp-°m≥ XpS-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂ {]ÿm-\sØ klm-bn-°-

W-sa-∂p- \n-›bw kzoI-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXXp \mb¿ kap-

Zm-bw-K-ßsf Xe-Xm-gvØn-∏n-°p-Ibpw C∂sØ \ºq-Xncn

kap-Zm-b-tØmSv tIc-fo-b¿°p tXm∂o- p≈ _lp-am-\sØ

Bbncw aSßp h¿[n-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-sa-∂Xn\p bmsXmcp

kwi-b-hp-an-√. Ccn-ßm-e-°p-S-h®p IqSnb sIm®n \mb¿

ktΩ-f-\-Ønse Hcp tbmK-Øn\p B≤y£w hln® {ioaXn

e£van-°p´n t\Xym-c-Ω-sbbpw Xfn-∏-d-ºn¬h-®p-Iq-Snb \ºq-

Xncn bph-P\-k-am-P-Øns‚ A≤y-£-bmb {ioaXn ]m¿hXn

s\t∑-\n-aw-K-e-Øn-t\bpw ]‰n-bmWv Rßƒ apI-fn¬ ]d-

™-Xp-{]-Imcw {]kvXm-hn-®-Xv.'

tImgn-t°m- p-\n∂v kn IrjvW≥ ]{Xm-[n-]-cmbn ]pd-Øn-d-ßnb

"anX-hmZn' Xoø-cpsS hI Hcp ae-bmf amknI F∂p-Xs∂ {]kvXm-

hn-®mWv ]pd-Øn-d-ßn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Xoø-cpsS t£a-Øn-\mbn \ne-

sIm-≈p-tºmgpw {_n´ojv c-W-Iq-SsØbpw kmaq-Xncnsbbpw \nin-

X-ambn FXn¿°p-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂n√ "anX-hmZn' bpsS coXn. t]cp

kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse Xs∂ cmPm-hns‚ A{]o-Xn°v CS-\-evIm-

sX-bp-≈Xm-bn-cp∂p ]{X-Øns‚ CS-s]-S¬. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂

]e-t∏mgpw, Xoø-cpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ t\Sn-sb-Sp-°p∂ Imcy-

Øn¬t]mepw, Hcp Zzμ-kz-`mhw "anX-hmZn' {]I-Sn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p.

\n¿Wm-bI kμ¿ -ß-fn-sem∂pw c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Isf FXn¿°m\pw

]cn-jvI-cW {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v ]n¥p-W-tb-Im\pw "anX-hmZn' bpw

]{Xm-[n-]¿ kn IrjvW≥ h°oepw Xøm-dm-bn-√. tImgn-t°mSv

Xfn t£{X ]cn-k-c-Øp-IqSn Abn-Ø-Pm-Xn-°m¿°v k©m-c-kzm-

X{¥yw e`n-°m\pw ssh°w kXym-{Kl ka-bØpw anX-hm-Zn-bpsS

Cu cmP- -‡nbpw hnt[-bXzhpw {]I-S-am-bn-cp-∂p. Xfn t£{X-]-

cn-k-cØv k©mc kzmX{¥yw e`n-°p-∂-Xn\v \S-Ønb {]Nm-c-W-

ß-fnepw {]t£m- -ß-fnepw hfsc sshIn am{X-amWv "anX-hmZn'

bpsS CS-s]-S-ep-≠m-b-Xv. sI ]n tIi-h-ta-t\m-\pw at©cn cma-

øcpw sI am[-h≥ \mbcpw tN¿∂v IrjvW≥ h°o-ens\ t£{X-

]-cn-k-c-Øp-IqSn \S-Øn-s°m-≠p-t]m-hp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Xfn t£{X-

]-cn-k-cØq-IqSn \S-°m-\p≈ Ah-Imiw t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m≥ "anX-

hmZn' ImWn® Aam-¥sØ hna¿in®pw ]n∂oSv IrjvW≥ \S-


Ønb {]hr-Ønsb «mLn®pw A∂v sIm®n-bn¬\n∂v ]pd-Øn-d-

ßnb "ktlm-Z-c≥' Cßs\ Fgp-Xp-I-bp-≠m-bn:

"tImgn-t°mSp Xfn-tdm-Un¬IqSn Xob¿ apX-emb Xo≠-ep≈

PmXn-°m¿ \S-∂p-Iq-sS∂p kmaq-Xncn FsÃ‰p Ie-IvS¿ Hcp

t\m´okv {]kn≤w sNbvXn- p-≠-t√m. anÃ¿, kn IrjvW\pw

a‰pw CXns\ kw_-‘n®v DSs\ H∂pw {]h¿Øn-°m-Xn-cp-

∂-Xn-s\-∏‰n Rßƒ°p henb A¤pXw tXm∂n-bn-cp-∂p.

CXm Ct∏mƒ [oc-\mb B kap-Zm-b-kvt\ln Ie-IvS-dpsS

Cu hnthI iq\y-amb Iev]-\sb XrW-h¬I-cn®p \ntcm-

[n-®n- p≈ tdmUn¬IqSn \S∂p sN∂v t\cn- p-sN∂v IeIv-

Ssd hnhcw Adn-bn-®n-cn-°p∂p'

ssh°w kXym-{Kl ka-bØpw anX-hm-Zn-bpsS \ne-]mSv Ah-

i-hn-`m-K-ßƒs°m-∏-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. "{_n´ojp Kh¨sa‚p-am-bp≈

ka-c-Ønte°v IqSp-X¬ Bfp-Isf I_-fn-∏n®p hio-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-

\p≈ tIm¨{K-kns‚ Hcp X{¥w' F∂ \ne-bn-emWv ssh°w

kXym-{KsØ "anX-hmZn' hnti-jn-∏n-®n-cp-∂-Xv. kmaq-Xncn cmPm-

hns‚ hntZz-j-ta-‰p-hm-ßmsX kap-Zm-b-Øn\v ]cn-K-W\ In´p-∂-

Xn-\mbn {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p "anX-hm-Zn-'bpsS coXn. Nne-

L- -ß-fn¬ AanX cmP- ‡n {]I-Sn-∏n®v ]cn-jvI-c-W-tØmSv ]pdw-

Xn-c-n™p-\n-evIp∂p-sh∂ tXm∂epw anX-hmZn {]I-Sn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p.

AXv {]I-S-am-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p kmaq-Xn-cnsb Ipdn®p h∂ Hcp

hm¿Ø:

"kmaq-Xn-cn-∏mSv Xºp-cm≥ Xncp-a-\s tImgn-t°m-s -°p≈

Fgp-∂≈Øv F√mw sIm≠pw tIa-am-bn. Xncp-a-\- n¬ \n∂

\n m-c-amb PmXn-a-’-c-ß-fn¬ H´p hne-sh-°mØ Iq -Øn-

em-sW∂v ]e kμ¿ -ß-fnepw {]Z¿in-∏n-®n- p-≠v. ÿm\w-

In- p-∂-Xn\p apºpw AXn\v tijhpw Xncp-a-\- nse HuZm-

cysØ I≠-dn-hm≥ Rßƒ°p kwKXn h∂n-cp-∂p. GI-

tZiw 20 sIm√w apºv Xncp-a-\- nse amXm-hns‚ Xncp-amk

ASn-b-¥-c-Øn\p Hcp Znhkw Xnø-cn¬ {]am-Wn-I-fmb

Nnesc £Wn-®p-h-cpØn {]tXyIw tIa-amb Hcp kZy-I-gn-


®Xv Cs∏mgpw Rßƒ Hm¿°p-∂p. B Ime-ß-fn¬ Aßs\

sNøm-\mbn Akm-[m-cW ss[cyw Xs∂ thW-sa∂v

{]tXyIw ]d-sb-≠-Xn-√-t√m. CXp-IqSmsX {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ

apX-emb A\y-a-X-°m-tcmSpw Xncp-a-\- n-te°pw hfsc

hm’y-eyam-Wv.'

˛anXhmZn 1914 Pq¨ ]pkvXIw 1 e°w 6

CØcw ]e kw -h-ßfpw "amXr- qan' bpw "anX-hmZn' bpw XΩn-

ep≈ G‰p-ap-´-en-te°v FØn-t®-¿∂ncp-∂p. CsXm-s°-bm-sW-

¶nepw kzk-ap-Zm-b-Øns‚ ]n∂m-°m-hÿ Xpd-∂p-Im- m\pw a‰p-

\m-Sp-I-fp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNbvXv Ahsc apJy-[m-c-bn-te°v

Db¿Øn-s°m-≠p-h-cm\pw anX-hmZn \S-Ønb CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ Ah-

K-Wn-°m≥ Ign-bn-√. Xob-k-aql ]cn-jvImcw F∂ Xe-s°- n¬

"shÃv tImÃv kvs]IvS-bn-‰¿' F∂ Cw•ojv ]{X-Øn¬ h∂ Hcp

teJ-\sØ Ipdn®v anX-hmZn Cßs\ ]d-™p:

"sXt° ae-bmf-Ønse an°-hmdpw Xob-kv{Xo-Iƒ tZlw

apgp-h\pw ad-bv°m-dn-s√∂pw X∂n-an-Ø-ap≈ \yq\-Xsb ]cn-

l-cn-∏m≥ th≠p∂ {iaw sNtø-W-sa-∂p-amWv ta¬{]-kvXm-

hn® teJ-\-Øns‚ Dt±iyw.

Cu \S]Sn sXt°-a-e-bm-f-Øn¬ am{X-a√ hS-s°-a-e-bm-f-

Øn-ep≈ Nne Dƒ{]-tZ-i-ß-fnepw \S-∏p-≠v. ae-_m¿ hn´p

A\y-cm-Py-ß-fn¬ k©-cn-∏m≥ CSh-cmØ Nne¿°p CXp

A{X B`m-k-ambn tXm∂p-I-bn-√m-bn-cn-°mw. F∂m¬ A\y-

cm-Py-ß-fn¬ bm{X sNbvhm≥ kwK-Xn-h∂ Gh¿°pw Cu

Imcyw hfsc \nμy-am-bn´mWv tXm∂p-∂-Xv. ImcWw Cu

Zp -l-amb \S-]Sn ae-_m-dn¬ A√msX thsdßpw ImWm-

\n-√.

ae-_m-dn¬ t]mbn-h∂ ]c-tZ-in-I-fn¬ At\Iw t]¿ ]c-

tZ-i-ß-fn¬ DtZym-Kw-aqew Xman-kn-®p-h-cp∂ Rß-tfmSp CXn-

s\-∏‰n ]e-t∏mgpw ]cn-lm-k-ambn {]kvXm-hn-®n´p-≠v. cmcn-

®≥ap-∏≥ Ah¿Iƒ ]dbpw {]Imcw ZmcnZyw CXn\v X°-


Xmb Imc-W-sa∂p Bcpw kΩ-Xn-°p-∂-X-√. Cu Imcy-Øn¬

th≠p∂ ]cn-jvImcw sNbvhm≥ kabw A[n-I-cn-®n-cn-

°p∂p.'

˛anX-hmZn 1914 sabv

\ºq-Xncnam¿°n-S-bnse sI´p-]n-W-™-p In-S-°p∂ BNm-c -co-

Xn-Isf Xpd-∂p-Im-Wn-°p∂ teJ-\-ßfpw hm¿Ø-Ifpw A∂v "anX-

hm-Zn'-bn¬ {]Xy-£-s∏- ncp∂p. \ºq-Xncn kap-Zm-b-Ønse bphm-

°ƒ \S-Ønb hnπ-h-I-c-amb apt∂-‰-Øn-sem∂v ]qWq¬ _ln-

jvI-c-W-am-bn-cp-∂p. CtX Ipdn®v "anX-hm-Zn'-bn¬ ]e-t∏mgpw hm¿Ø-

Iƒ h∂p. 1930 ¬ _ln-jvI-c-Wm-lzm\w \SØn anX-hmZn teJ\w

Xs∂ sImSp-Øp. tIm -bv°¬ IrjvW≥ \ºq-Xncn Fgp-Xnb Cu

teJ\w FSpØp {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°m≥ "ae-bmf at\m-ca'-bpw Xøm-

dm-bn. 1930 s^{_p-hcn 17˛\v Cd-ßnb "ae-bmf at\m-c-a-'bpsS

kap-Zmb ]w‡n-bn-em-bn-cp∂p ]qWq¬ _ln-jvI-cWw F∂

Cu teJ-\w. teJ-\-Øn-s\m-Sp-hn¬ "anX-hmZn' Fs∂-gp-Xn IS-

∏mSv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw "at\mca' aSn-Im-Wn-®n-√. kmaq-lnI ]cn-

jvI-cW {]h¿Ø-\ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ {]Jym-]n-X-a-s√-¶nepw kZp-

t±-iy-]-c-amb Hcp kl-I-cWw Nne L -ß-fn¬ ]{X-ßƒ ImWn-

®n-cp-∂p-sh-∂-XmWv CXp-hy-‡-am-°p-∂-Xv. "anX-hmZn'bpw ]n∂oSv

"at\m-c-a'bpw {]nkn-≤o-I-cn® B teJ-\w Cßs\bmWv:

"\ºq-Xn-cn-am-cpsS A-[-∏-X-\-Øn\v A\¿∞-I-c-amb AZr-

jvT-hn-izm-k-amWv B¥-c-amb Imc-W-sa∂v Ah-cn¬ Nn¥-

I-∑m-cmb Nne¿ Ct∏mƒ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-´p-Xp-S-ßn-bn-´p-≠v.

.....\ºq-Xn-cn-am-cpsS A[-]-X-\-Øn\v Imc-W-amb amaq¬tIm-

-I-sf√mw ASn-®p-S-®p-I-f-b-Ww. Ah-cpsS _mlyhpw A¥-

c-hp-amb A`n-hr-≤nsb XS-bp∂ C∂sØ Ah-km-\-an-√mØ

aX-tKm-jvTn-Iƒ \nt»jw Nhn´p Dc-®p-I-f-b-Ww. a\p-

jymZ¿iw am{X-am-bn-cn-°Ww Htcm \ºq-Xn-cn-bp-sSbpw ]c-

a-e-£yw. ...-ln-μp-a-X-Øns‚ Hc‰w apX¬ at‰ A‰w hsc

]S¿∂p-]n-Sn-®n-´p≈ BNm-c-hn-j-h-√n-Isf hnπ-h-m-”n-bm¬

Zln-∏n-°m-sa-¶n¬ am{Xta \ºq-Xn-cn-am¿°v A`n-hr≤n ssIh-

cn-I-bp-≈q. Cu hnπhw C¥ybnse {_m“-W-h¿Kw apgp≥

Cf-In-a-dn-bp∂ H∂m-bn-cn-°-Ww. PmXn, t£{Xw, aXw F∂nh


CSn-™p-s]m-fn™p hog-Ø° Hcp hnπ-h-amWv \ºq-Xn-cn-

am¿ cq]-h¬°-cn-t°-≠-Xv.'

˛a-e-bmf at\m-c-a, 1930 s^{_p-hcn 17

t£{X-{]-th-i\ Imcy-Øn¬ am{X-a-√, s]mXp kaq-l-Ønse

a‰n-S-ß-fnepw IogvPm-Xn-°m¿°p-t\-cn-tS-≠n-h-cp∂ Ak-a-XzsØ

Ipdn®pw \thm-∞m-\m- n-ap-Jy-ap≈ ]{X-ßƒ hm¿Ø-Ifpw apJ-{]-

kw-K-ßfpw Fgp-Xn. k¿°m-dns\ \nin-X-ambn hna¿in-°p-tºmgpw

kmaq-lnI \thm-∞ms‚ `mK-ambn k¿°m¿ kzoI-cn-°p∂ \S-]-

Sn-Isf ]n¥p-W-°m≥ Xøm-dmbn "tIkcn' \¬Inb hm¿Ø-Iƒ,

A°m-esØ ]{X-ßƒ hnj-bm[n -jvTn -X-ambn Imcy-ßƒ

ssIImcyw sNbvXp-sh-∂-Xns‚ sXfn-hm-Wv. kvIqfp-I-fn¬ A[xIr-

X¿°v {]th-i\w \¬In-bn-s√-¶n¬ {Km‚ v \ntj-[n-°p-sa∂ Xncp-

hn-Xmw-Iq¿ k¿°m-dns‚ {]Jym-]-\sØ A`n-\-μn®p \¬Inb

hm¿Ø CXn\v Hcp DZm-l-cWw am{X-am-Wv. ]cn-jvI-c-W-Øn-\p-X-

Ip∂ ]pXnb Xocp-am-\-ß-sf-Sp-°m≥ k¿°m-cns\ t{]cn-∏n-°p-∂-

Xn-s\m∏w, ]n¥n-cn--∏-∑m¿s°-Xnsc kaql a\- m-£nsb DW¿Øn

\n¿Øm\pw CØcw hm¿Ø-I-fn-eqsS km[n-®p.

A\m-Nm-c-ßƒ, kapZmb ]cn-jvI-c-W-ßƒ F∂nßs\-bp≈

Imcy-ß-fn-se√mw hy‡-amb \ne-]mSv kzoI-cn-®m-bn-cp∂p tIkcn

hm¿Ø-Iƒ \evIn-b-Xv. AXv lnμp-°-fn¬ am{X-a-√, apkveow kap-

Zm-b-Ønse {]iv\-ß-fn-te°pw IS-∂p-sN-∂p-≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. "kap-

Zmb ]cn-jvI-cWw' F∂ Xe-s°- n¬ 1930 \hw-_¿ 12\v tIk-cn-

bn¬ \¬Inb hm¿Ø- t\m°mw:

"ae-_m-dnse \ºq-Xn-cn-am-cpsS CS-bn-ep≈ A[n-th-Z\w \ndp-

Ø¬ sNøp-hm≥ Dt±-in®v ae-_m-dnse \nb-a-k`m saw_¿

an sI ]n cma≥ tat\m≥ a{Zm-knse \nb-a-k- bn-te°v Hcp

{]tabw Ab®n-cn-°p-∂-Xp-I≠v Rßƒ kt¥m-jn-°p-∂p.

\ºq-Xncn bph-P-\-ß-fpsS Cu {]iw-k-\ob-amb kap-Zmb

]cn-jvI-cW {ia-ßsf CXp kmc-ambn klm-bn-°p-∂-Xm-

Wv. an. cma≥ tat\m≥ \in® acp-a-°-Ømb k{º-Zmbw

\mb-∑m-cpsS CS-bn¬\n∂p D∑q-e\w sNøp-hm≥IqSn {ian-

t°-≠-Xm-Wv. {]IrXn hncp-≤-amb Cu k{º-Zmbw sIm®n-

bnepw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnepw \in-®p-Xp-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ae-


_m-dn¬ am{Xw AXns\ \ne-\n-dp-Øn-s°m-≠p-t]m-tI≠

Bh-iy-sa-¥m-sW∂p Rßƒ°p a\- n-em-Ip-∂n-√. CXp-

t]-£n-°p-∂-Xm-bm¬ am{Xta ae-_m-dnse \mb-∑m¿°p

KpWw ]nSn-°p-I-bp≈q F∂mWv Rßƒ hnNm-cn-°p-∂-Xv.'

lnμp-a-X-hn- m-K-Øn¬ \S-°p∂ \thm-∞m\ {]h¿Ø-\-ßtfm

Ahsc kzm[o-\n-°p∂ a‰v LS-I-ßtfm am{X-am-bn-cp-∂n√"tIkcn'

bpsS hm¿Øm-tem-Iw. apkveow kap-Zm-b-Ønse {]iv\-ßfpw

Ahsc kaq-l-Øns‚ apJy-[m-c-bn-te°v sIm≠p-h-cp-∂-Xns\

Ipdn®pw \nc-h[n hm¿Ø-Iƒ tIkcn \¬In. 1930 Unkw-_¿ 10\v

Jmkn _n√ns\ Ipdn®v tIkcn Cßs\ FgpXn:

"ap…ow kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ ta¬K-Xn°p XS- -am-bn-cn-°p∂ ]e

Agn-a-Xn-Ifpw Ah-cpsS aX-I¿Ωßƒ \S-Øp∂ hnj-b-

Øn¬ \S-∂p-h-cp-∂p-≠v. CXn\p ]cn-lm-c-am-bn- mWv an. al-

ΩZv dmhp-Ø¿ ap…ow kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ aX-]-c-amb NS-ßp-

Isf ]cn-]m-en-®p-t]m-cp∂ Jmkn-amsc Nne hyh-ÿnX

am¿K-ßfn-eqsS \nb-{¥n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-]-I-cn-°p∂ Jmkn _n¬

Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ \nb-a-k- -bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-hm≥ A\p-hmZw

tNmZn-®n- p-≈-Xv. Cu _n√v AXym-h-iy-am-sW∂mWp Rßƒ

hnNm-cn-°p-∂-Xv. CXn\p `qcn-]£w ap…oapßfpw A\p-Iq-

en-°p-∂p-s≠∂pw Ah-cpsS ]e s]mXp-tbm-K-ßfpw tcJ-

s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.'

1926¬ Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-c-Øp-\n∂v BgvN-bn-sem-s∂∂ IW-°n¬

{]kn-≤o-I-cn®Xmbn-cp∂p "\h-i‡n'. sIPn \mb-cpw, SnsI them-

bp-[-≥]n≈bpw ]{Xm-[n-]-cm-bn-cp∂ \h-i-‡n-, A∂sØ kmaq-

lnI LS-\ s]mfn-s®-gp-Xp∂Xn-\p≈ \nc-¥-cm-lzm-\-ßƒ \¬Inb

H∂m-bn-cp-∂p. hni-Z-amb teJ-\-ßfpw kaq-l-Øn¬ \S-°p∂

hnhn[ \thm-∞m\ {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf Ipdn-®p≈ hniZ dnt∏m¿´p-

Ifpw \h-i‡n \evIn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂p. a\p-jy-k-a-Xz-a-lm-k`

{]h¿Ø-t\m-Zya ktΩ-f\w F∂ Xe-s°-´n¬ \¬Inb hni-Z-

amb Hcp hm¿Ø-bpsS XpS°w Cß-s\-:

"PmXn-aX a’-c-ßƒ, A\m-Nm-c-ßƒ, A‘-hn-izm-k-ßƒ

F∂nh aqew a\p-jy-k-ap-Zm-b-Øn-\p-≠m-bn- p≈ ]e Ah-i-


I-X-I-sfbpw ]cn-l-cn®v cmPy-t£-ahpw P\m-`n-hr-≤nbpw

hf¿Øp-∂-Xn\v th≠n a\p-jy-k-a-Xz-{]-ÿm-\-a-\p-k-cn®v cq]-

h-XvI-cn-®n-cn-°p∂ a\p-jy-k-a-Xz-a-lm-k -bpsS {]h¿Ø-t\m-

Zya ktΩ-f\w C∂p ]I¬ c≠p-a-Wn°v sNß-∂q¿ Cw•o-

jvan-Un¬ kvIqƒ lmfn¬h®v {ioam≥ sI \mcm-b-W-°p-cp-

°ƒ Ah¿Iƒ _nF-bpsS A[y-£-X-bn¬ hfsc `wKn-

bmbn \S-∂n-cn-°p-∂p.'

Abn-Øm-N-c-W-sØ ]cn-l-k-cn-®p-sIm≠pw CØcw Imcy-

ßƒshSn™v ]cn-jvI-c-W-]m-X-bn-eqsS k©-cn-°m≥ Blzm\w

sNøp-∂-Xn¬ "hnZym-hn-t\m-Zn\n' hln® ]¶pw hfsc hep-Xm-bn-

cp-∂p. \nc-h[n teJ-\-ßƒ CX-\p-k-cn®v hnZym-hn-t\mZn\n \¬Ip-

I-bp-≠m-bn. "PmXn{`jvSv' F∂ Xe-s°- n¬ hnZym-hn-t\m-Zn\nbn¬

SnsI \mcm-b-W≥ tat\m≥ Fgp-Xnb Hcp teJ\w CXn\v DZm-l-

c-W-ambn Nq≠n-°m´mw:

"sIm®n-bn¬ NØ-hs‚ ]pe tImgn-t°m-s -°v, F∂p th≠,

lna-Kn-cn-bpsS sImSp-ap-Sn-bn-te-°pw, \njv{]-bm-tk\ FØpw.

CXp-t]m-se-Ø-s∂-bm-Ip∂p s]‰-]p-e-bp-sSbpw io{L-K-Xn.

Hcp-Ø≥ P\n-°p-∂-Xn-\mepw acn-°p-∂-Xn-\mepw D≠m-Ip∂

Aip-≤n, Aßns\ Ds≠-¶n¬Xs∂, X¬°mew kw-_‘w

bmsXm∂pw C√mØ A\ys\ _m[n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ ImcWw

bp‡n°p hfsc A\p-k-cn-°p-∂-Xmbn ImWp-∂n-√. F¥p-

sIm-s≠-∂m¬, tcmKw tlXp-hm-bn´p hym]n® Zp¿Δm-bp-°-

fpsS kv]¿iw acn-°m≥ InS-°p∂ BfpsS ASp-°-ep-≈-h-

sc-b-√msX a‰p-≈-hsc _m[n-°p-sa∂v tXm∂p-∂n-√. Aip-

≤-amb hvkXp-hn-t\mSv kº¿°-Øn-\n-S-h-∂m¬ icocw ipNn-

bm-t°-≠Xv AXym-hiyw Xs∂. ]s£ aen-\X X´n-b-h¿

am{Xw ip≤-am-bm¬ t]msc F∂mWv kwi-bw. AXp-Iq-SmsX

acn-®-hs‚ kw_-‘n-I-fmbn A©p-e£w Bfp-I-fp-s≠-¶n¬,

Ah-sc√mw ]Øpw-]-Xn-\©pw Znhkw hoXw Aip≤w BN-

cn-°-W-sa∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xns‚ Dt±iw F¥m-Ip∂p? CXnepw

hnti-jn®v h√ Imc-W-Ømepw X¬°mew Adn-bm≥ Ign-


bmØ Hcp-Ø≥ ]pebpw ]Xn-\mdpw Ign-™-Xn\v tij-amWv

]pe Adn-™-sX-¶n¬, Adn™ \nanjw apX¬ Ch≥ GI-

≥ am{Xw Ah-[n-{]-Imcw ]pe BN-cn-®n-s√-¶n¬ {`jvS-\m-Ip-

∂-Xm-W-s{X. ]pe-bpsS kmcw hyk\w `mhn-®n-cn-°p-I-bm-

sW-∂m-In¬, AXp-≈-h¿ am{Xw t]msc? AX-s√-¶n¬

kmbv]n∑mcpsS amXncn h√ AS-bmfw sI´n-bm¬ t]msc?

AXp-Xs∂ hyk-\-ap-≈-h¿ t]msc? AXpw h√-Xp-am-I-s´.

hfsc \mƒ Zo£n-®v, ]m´pw IqØpw t\¿∂v inip P\n-°p-

∂-Xn-\m¬ BN-cn-°p∂ ]pebpw hyk-\-sØ-bmtWm kqNn-

∏n-°p-∂Xv? AXv kt¥m-j-kq-N-I-am-sW-¶n¬ Aip≤n Aaw-

K-f-at√?'

˛hnZym-hn-t\m-Zn-\n, ]pkvXIw 20

an{i-t`m-P-\w, an{i-hn-hm-lw, hn[-hm-hn-hmlw

kap-Zmb ]cn-jvI-c-Ww, Abn-tØm-®m-S\w t]mse-bp≈ ]cn-

jvI-cW {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ tN¿Øp-sh-t°-≠-h-bmWv an{i-t`m-P-

\w, an{i-hn-h-m-lw XpS-ßnb kw`-h-ßƒ. BNmc ]cn-jvI-c-W-

ßƒs°m∏w PmXn-ssh-Pm-Xy-ßƒ C√m-Xm-°m≥ \S-Ønb hnπ-

h-I-c-amb \S-]-Sn-I-fm-bn-cp∂p Ch-c-≠pw. kwL-Sn-X-ambpw H‰-Xn-

cn™pw \S∂ CØcw {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v henb {]m[m\yw \¬Ip-

Ibpw AXv apJy-[m-c-bn-se-Øn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xn¬ A∂v ]{X-

ßƒ henb CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ \S-Øn. hnth-tIm-Zbw ]{Xm-[n-]cpw

Fkv F≥ Un ]n tbmKw kwL-S\m sk{I- -dn-bp-ambncp∂ sI

F≥ Ip™n-Ir-jvW≥ {_m“W bph-Xnsb hnhmlw sNbvX

hm¿Ø 1930 \hw-_¿ 19¬ tIkcn \¬Ip-I-bp-≠m-bn. Hcp an{i-

hn-hmlw F∂ Xe-s°-t´m-Sp-IqSn Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p B hm¿Ø

{]kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xv.

"hnth-tIm-Zbw ]{Xm-[n-]cpw Fkv F≥ Un ]n tbmKw kwL-

S\m sk{I- -dn-bp-ambn an. sI F≥ Ip™n-Ir-jvW≥ _n F

At±-l-Øns‚ hI Im¿Øn-I-∏≈n ap≠-∏≈n Krl-

Øn¬sh®p kztZ-in-bmb Hcp sIm¶W{_m“-W-bp-h-Xn-

sb- hnhmlw sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p.'

- tIkcn 1930 \hw-_¿ 19


sIm®-nbn¬\n∂v "ktlm-Z-c≥' amknI BZy-e-°w ]pd-Øn-d-

ßn-b-Xp-Xs∂ \thm-∞m\ e£yw {]Jym-]n-®p-sIm-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

BZy-t]-Pn¬Xs∂ amkn-I-bpsS Dt±-i-e-£y-ß-sf-Ip-dn®v hni-Z-

am-b hnh-c-W-ß-fmWv \¬In-b-Xv. B {]kvXm-h-\ Cßs\bmWv:

"alm-flmhv kzman-]m-Z-ß-fnse sKuch-ta-dnb ktμ-isØ

hln-®p-sIm≠v ChnsS "ktlm-Z-c-kwLw' F∂ Hcp ]pXnb

ÿm]\w G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. PmXn-hy-Xymkw C√m-Xm-

°p-hm≥ Xß-sf-s°m≠p Ign-bp-∂-sXms° a\-]q¿hw

{]h¿Øn-°m-sa∂pw {]Xn⁄ sNøp-∂-h-sc-bmWv kwL-

Øn¬ AwK-ambn tN¿°p-∂-Xv. ......-{i-a-km-≤y-amb Rß-fpsS

Cu DZy-a-Øn¬ alm-P-\-ß-fpsS DZm-c-amb A\p-Iºsb

A`y¿∞n-®p-sIm≠v ktlm-Z-cs\ Ah-cpsS apºmsI

ka¿∏n-®p-sIm-≈p-∂p.'

BZy e°-Øn¬Xs∂ AX-\p-k-cn-®p≈ hm¿Ø-Ifpw teJ-\-

ßfpw "ktlm-Z-c-\n¬' {]Xy-£-s∏- p. an{i-t`m-P-\w \S-Øn-b-Xn-

eqsS kaq-lsØ Cf-°n-a-dn® kwL-Øn-s‚bpw Aø-∏-s‚bpw

{]h¿Ø-\-ßtfmSv A\p-Iq-en®pw {]Xn-Iq-en®pw A∂v \S-∂n-cp∂

kwhm-Z-ß-fpsS IqSn {]Xn- -e-\w amkn-I-bnepw {]I-S-am-bn-cp-∂p.

an{i-t`m-P\w F∂ t]cn¬ ktlm-Z-c-\n¬ h∂ Hcp teJ\w

Cßs\bmWv:

"an{i-t`m-P-\w-sIm≠v Hcp {]tbm-P-\-hpw Cs√∂p Nne¿ hmZn-

°p-∂p. ]pe-b\pw \ºq-Xn-cnbpw IqSn-bn-cp∂p ]¥n-t`m-P\w

sNbvXm¬ ]pe-b¿ Db-cp-I-bn-s√-∂p-am-{X-a√ \ºq-Xncn Xmgp-

I-IqSn sNøp-sa-∂-XmWv Ah-cpsS A`n-{]m-bw. \ºq-Xn-cn-

sb-XmgvØn ]pe-bs‚ \ne-bn¬ sIm≠p-h-cmsX ]pe-bs\

Db¿Øn \ºq-Xn-cn-bpsS \ne-bn-em-°-W-a-s{X. an{i-t`m-P-\-

sa∂v tIƒ°p-tºmƒ s\‰n Npfn-°p∂ Cu KqVm-tem-N-\-

°m¿ AXns‚ Dt±-ihpw D]-tbm-Khpw Xosc a\- n-em-°o-

´n-√. an{i-t`m-P\w sNøp-∂Xv AXp-sIm-≠p-am{Xw GsX-

¶nepw h¿K-°m¿°v hnZym- ym-khpw [\hpw h¿≤n-∏n-®p-I-f-

bm-sa-∂p-h-®n- -√. Db¿∂-hsc XmgvØn XmW-h-cpsS ÿnXn-

bn¬ sIm≠p-h-cm\pw an{i-t`m-P-\-°m¿°p-t±-i-an-√. s]mXp-


hn¬ cmPy-Øns‚ t£a-Øn-\p-th-≠n, B¿°pw D]-{Zhw

D≠m-Im-Ø-hn-[-Øn¬ PmXn-hy-Xymkw C√m-Xm-°-W-sa-∂p-

am-{Xta Ah¿°v B{K-l-ap-≈q.'

AXpambn _‘-s∏ v Db¿∂ kwhmZw kaq-l-Øn¬ s]s´m-

s∂m∂pw Ah-km-\n-®n- n-√. ktlm-Z-cs‚ XpS¿∂p≈ e°-ß-fnepw

a‰v {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fnepw an{i-t`m-P-\-sØbpw an{i-hn-hm-l-

sØbpw kv{XoI-fpsS \ne-hmcw Db¿tØ≠-Xn-s\-bpw Ipdn®v

hm¿Ø-Ifpw teJ-\-ßfpw \nc-¥cw h∂p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. ktlm-

Z-c≥ c≠mw e°Ønepw CXp-Im-Wmw. AtXm-sSm∏w IogvPm-Xn-

°m-tcmSv Xß-fpsS Ahÿ kzbw Xncn-®-dn™v DW¿∂p-{]-h¿Øn-

°m-\p≈ Blzm-\hpw ktlm-Z-c≥ \¬In. "DW-cp-h≥' F∂

as‰mcp apJ-te-J\w IqSn \¬In:

"XmW-Pm-Xn-°m-sc∂v hnNm-cn-°-s∏-´p-t]m-cp∂ Rß-fpsS

ktlm-Z-c-ßsf; \ΩpsS ÿnXn-sb-∏‰n H∂v Btem-Nn-®p-

t\m-°qI. \mw a\p-jy-cmbn P\n®p F∂-√msX \ap°p a\p-

jy-k-l-P-amb h√ kzmX-{¥yhpw Dt≠m? F{X-Xs∂ hnZzm-

∑mcpw ]W-°mcpw KpW-hm-∑mcpw Bbmepw \Ωƒ XmW-

h-cs{X! \ap°v tdmUn¬ k©cn-®p-Iq-Sm, Db¿∂-h-sc∂v

]d-bp∂ \sΩ-t∏mse Xs∂-bp≈ a\p-jy-cpsS ASpØp \S-

∂p-Iq-Sm. \mw sXmSp-Itbm ASp-°p-Itbm sNbvXm¬ F√mw

Aip-≤-ambn! \ap-°p-≈{X Akzm-X-{¥yhpw Ah-i-Xbpw

temI-Øn¬ a‰p bmsXmcp a\p-jy-h¿K-Øn-\p-an-√.'

ktlm-Zc kwLw \S-Ønb an{i-t`m-P-\sØ FXn¿Ø i‡n-

Iƒ {]Xn-Imc \S-]-Sn-Ifpw i‡-ambn kzoI-cn-®n-cp-∂p. AXn-sem∂v

an{i-t`m-P-\-Øn¬ ]s¶-SpØhsc Ducp hn-e-°p-I-sb-∂-Xm-bn-cp-

∂p. AtX-k-abw CØcw Imcy-ßƒ hm¿Ø-bm-°p-∂-Xnepw

ktlm-Z-c\pw a‰p-{]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßfpw henb {]m[m\yw \¬In.

ktlm-Z-cs‚ c≠mw e°-Øn¬ Xs∂ "an{i-t`m-P-\-h-g°v' F∂

t]cn¬ hni-Z-amb teJ\w CXp-kw-_-‘n®v \¬In:

"ChnsS "ktlm-Zc-kwL' Øns‚ B`n-ap-Jy-Øn¬ \S∂

an{i-t`m-P-\-Øn¬ Dƒs∏´ GXm\pw Nnesc ÿesØ


"hn⁄m-\-h¿[n\n' k -bn¬\n∂v XevIm-e-tØ°v am‰-nbn-

cn-°p-∂-Xmbn Hcp hn⁄m-]\w k`m IΩ-‰n-°m¿ ]pd-s∏-Sp-

hn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. k`bv°pw Bt£-]-I-chpw kap-Zm-b-Øns‚

Dt±-i-ßƒ°v Xosc hn]-co-Xhpw Bb Cu amXncn hn⁄m-

]\w Rßƒ G‰hpw _lp-am-\n-°p∂ B ]cn-jvIr-X-amb

hn⁄m-\-h¿≤n-\n-bn¬\n∂pw ]pd-s∏´p F∂p ImWp-∂-Xn¬

AXn-i-bn-°p-∂p. IY-bn-√m-Ø-hm-inbpw hg°pw ]nSn®p Xe-

a-d∂v FÆ-sX-°m-Xn-cn-°p-∂Xv \∂v.'

ktlm-Z-c-s\m∏w C°m-cy-Øn¬ i‡-ambn \ne-bp-d-∏n-®-h-cm-

bn-cp∂p "anX-hmZn. an{i-t`m-P-\-sØ-∏‰n anX-hmZn Cßs\ tcJ-

s∏-SpØn:

"....ln¥p-aXw hnth-Im-\-μ-kzman ]d-bp-∂-Xp-t]mse Fs∂

sXmSs√ Fs‚ ASp-°¬ hcs√ F∂m-bn-Øo¿∂n-cn-°p-

∂p. B ÿnXn amdn-bm-e-√msX \ap°v Hcp-abpw Db¿®bpw

D≠m-hp-I-bn-s√∂p ]e alm-∑mcpw A`n-{]m-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂p.

]pe-b-cp-ambn £Ww Ign-°p-∂-Xn¬ bmsXmcp sX‰pw Cs√-

∂mWv Rß-fpsS ]q¿W hnizm-kw. tbmKy-∑m¿°p Xoh≠n

B^o-kp-I-fn¬ sh®p ]d-b-cpsS tNmdv DÆm-sa-¶n¬ a‰p-≈-

h¿°p ]pe-b-cpsS tNmdv DÆm≥ ]mSn-s√∂v ]d-bp-∂-Xn¬

bmsXmcp \ymbhpw bp‡nbpw C√...'

AtX-k-abw "kXy-\mZw' Cu {]iv\w ssIImcyw sNbvXv Zo¿L-

amb kck teJ\w Xs∂ {]kn-≤o-I-cn®p. AXn-ßs\bmWv:

"lnμp-aX kn≤m-¥-ßƒ PmXn-kv]¿≤bpw ka-kr-jvSn-kvt\-

l-an-√m-bvabpw {]Z¿in-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\p Btcbpw \n¿_-‘n-

°p-∂n-√. Cu Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠n¬ km[p-°-fmb ]pe-b-

cpsS KpW-Imw-£n-Isf ]p—n-°p-∂-h-cpsS temI-]-cn-N-b-an-

√m-bvasb]‰n hyk-\n-∏m-Xn-cn-∏m≥ \nh¿Øn-bn-√. cmPy-\-

∑-sb Dt±-in®v ]pe-bsc ka-\n-e-bn¬ sIm≠p-h-cm≥ {ian-

°p∂ ktlm-ZckwLw k¿thm-ev°¿tjW h¿Øn-°-s´.'


aXw-am‰hpw B\p-Im-en-I-ßfpw

PmXn-hn-th-N\w cq£-amb kml-N-cy-Øn¬ AXn¬\n∂v

tamN\w t\Sp-∂-Xn-\mbn Iogv-Pm-Xn-°m¿ A°m-eØv kzoI-cn®

coXn Iq -tØmsS aXw amdp-I-sb-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. sX°≥ tIc-f-

Øn¬ Cßs\ \nc-h[n t]¿ {InkvXp-a-X-Øn-te°v ]cn-h¿Ø\w

sNbvXp. hnthN\w Ah-km-\n-®p-In- m\pw s]mXp-[m-c-bn¬ Db¿∂p-

\n¬°m\pap≈ am¿Kw F∂ \ne-bn-em-bn-cp∂p Cu ]cn-h¿Ø-\-

ß-sf-√mw. Nne-bn-S-ß-fn¬ H‰-s∏´ coXn-bnepw a‰n-S-ß-fn¬ Iq -

tØm-sSbpw \S∂ CØcw aX-]-cn-h¿Ø-\-ßfpw A∂v ]{X-ßƒ

{]m[m-\y-tØmsS \¬In. aX-Øn¬\n∂v aX-Øn-te-°p≈ IqSp-

am-‰-Øn-\-∏pdw A[-Ir-X-s\∂ \ne-bn¬\n∂v amdn-\n¬°m-\p≈

IogvPm-Xn-°m-cs‚ B{K-l-am-bn-cp∂p CXn¬ {]I-S-am-b-Xv. "ktlm-

Z-c'-\n¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn® CØcw Hcp kw`hw Cßs\:

"apf-hp-Im´v ]pe-b-k-amPw sk{Is´dn anÃ¿ IrjvtWXn

Dt±iw \qdn¬]cw ]pe-b-tcm-Sp-IqSn {InkvXp-a-X-Øn¬

tN¿∂-Xmbn tIƒ°p-∂p. B km[p-°ƒ Xßsf arK-ß-

sf-°mƒ \nIr-jvS-cmbn Icp-Xp∂ kz¥-a-X-Øn¬\n∂pw HmSn

Xßsf ktlm-Z-c- m-h-Øn¬ kzoI-cn-°p∂ thsdmcp aX-Øn¬

A`bw {]m]n-®-Xn¬ AXn-i-bn-°m-\n-√. Cugh kamPw {]kn-

U‚ v {ioam≥ t_m[m-\-μ-kzm-an-Iƒ anÃ¿ IrjvtW-Xn-tbmSp

Cu Imcy-sØ-∏‰n kwkm-cn-®-t∏mƒ Ccp-]-Xp-sIm-√-tØmfw

Cug-h¿ ]Sn-®-]Wn ]Xn-s\´p Ign-®n´pw hmkvX-h-Øn¬ HcSn

apt∂m- p-h-bv°p-hm≥ km[n-®n- n-√m-Ø-ÿn-Xn°p ln¥p-a-X-

Øn¬ Ccp-∂p-sIm≠p Db-cp-∂-Im-cy-Øn¬ ]pe-b¿ Xosc

\ncm-i-cm-bn-cn-°p∂p F∂p B ]pe-b-{]-amWn ]d-™p-h-s{X.

A[x-]-Xn®v \njvTp-c-amb ln¥p-asX! \n∂n¬ hniz-kn®p

""tdm´n¬ \S-°p-hm≥ A\p-h-Zn-°-sW'' F∂v bmNn-

°p∂htcmSp adp-]Sn ]d-bm\pw IqSn \o {i≤n-°p-∂n-√-t√m.'

apkveow kap-Zmb ]cn-jvI-c-Whpw am[y-a-ßfpw

lnμpa-X-Øn¬ am{Xw HXp-ßn-b-Xm-bn-cp-∂n√ A∂sØ ]cn-

jvI-cW {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ. apl-ΩZv A_vZp-d-lvam-s\bpw h°w aue-


hn-sbbpw t]mep-≈-h¿ \S-Ønb CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ apkveow kapZm-

b-Øn¬ henb am‰w krjvSn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Cu

{]iv\-ß-sfbpw A∂v ]{X-ßfpw a‰p {]kn-≤o-I-c-ßfpw Ah-bpsS

apJy-hn-j-b-ambn Xs∂ ssIImcyw sNbvXp. F¶nepw apkveow

kap-Zm-b-Øn\p-≈n¬ kzm[o\w sNep-Øp-I-sb∂ e£y-tØmsS

CXns\ ap∂n¬\n∂v \bn-®Xv "A¬- -A-an≥', "A¬- -Ckvemw' XpS-

ßnb {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. Ch-bn¬ hcp∂ teJ-\-ßƒ

]p\x-{]-kn-≤o-I-cn®v a‰p ]{X-ßfpw CXc kap-Zm-b-ß-fnse \thm-

∞m\ {ia-ß-sf t{]m’m-ln-∏n-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. apkveow aX ]cn-

jvI-c-W-Øn-\mbn "Ckvemw aX kw{Klw' F∂ t]cn¬ teJ-

\-ßƒ \evIpIbmWv ktlm-Z-c≥ sNbvX-Xv. A¬˛Ckvem-an¬

h∂ kz`mh kwkvI-cWw F∂ teJ\w "ktlm-Z-c≥' ]p\x{]kn-

≤o-Icn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. AXn-ß-s\-bmWv:

"Ckvemw aX-Øns‚ {][m\ Dt±-i-ß-fn¬ H∂mWv kz`mh

kwkvI-c-Ww. F∂-√, "k¬Kp-W-ßsf ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°p-∂-

Xn-\m-bn- s{X Rm≥ \ntbm-Kn-°-s∏- n- p-≈-Xv.'' F∂p \_n

(-k) Acp-fn-sN-bvXn-cn -°p-∂Xp t\m°n-bm¬ Zo\ns‚

(Ckvemw aX-Øn-s‚) s]mXp-hmb Dt±iyw Xs∂ kz`mh

kwkvI-c-W-am-sW∂p ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.'

A‘hn-izm-k-ßfpw A\m-Nm-c-ßfpw

kmaq-lnI ]cn-jvI-c-W-Øns‚ `mKw Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p A‘-

hn-izm-k-Øn-s\-Xn-cmbn \S∂ {]Nm-c-W-ßfpw A\m-Nm-c-ßƒ

\n¿Ø-em-°m≥ \S-Ønb t_m[-h-XvI-cW {ia-ßfpw. CXn¬

G‰hpw {it≤-b-am-bXv Xncp-hnXmwIq¿ cmPmhv A\p-jvTn-®p-h∂

apd-P-]sØ Ipdn-®p≈ hm¿Ø-I-fm-Wv. cmPy-ßƒ Iogvs∏-Sp-Øm-

\p≈ bp≤-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ \S-Øp∂ sIme-]m-X-I-ß-fp-sSbpw a‰v

lnwk-I-fp-sSbpw tZmjw Xo¿°m-\mbn am¿Øm-WvV-h¿a-bpsS

Imew apX¬ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ cmP-°m-∑m¿ A\p-jvTn-®p-h∂ BNm-

c-amWv apd-P-]w. ]e- `m-K-ß-fn¬\n-∂mbn {]tXyIw £Wn-s®-

Øp∂ \ºq-Xn-cn-am¿ Igp-Ø‰w sh≈-Øn-en-dßn \S-Øn-h∂

{]tXyI NS-ßm-bn-cp∂p AXv. Bdp h¿jw IqSp-tºm-gm-bn-cp∂p

Cu ]m]]cn-lmc{Inb. Bbn-c-°-W-°n\v \ºq-Xn-cn-am¿°v 56

Znhkw hnin-jvSy-t`m-Py-ßƒ \¬In Xr]vXn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p


CXnse sNe-th-dnb NS-ßp-I-fn-sem-∂v. \nIpXn∏Ww D]-tbm-

Kn®v \ºq-Xn-cn-am¿°p-am-{X-ambn cmPmhv \S-Øp∂ Cu NS-ßn-s\-

Xnsc Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ henb tXmXn-ep≈ Aa¿jw Db¿∂p-h-

∂p. CXv \n¿Ø-em-°-W-sa-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p s]mXp-P-ß-fn¬ A∂p-

≠mb i‡-amb hnIm-cw. A°mcyw Ac-°n-´p-d-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw

apd-P-]-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb P\-Iob hnImcw Db¿Øn-s°m-≠p-h-cp-∂-

Xn\pw ]{X-ßƒ henb ]¶p-h-ln-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. ka-Z¿in, tIcf

IuapZn, tIk-cn, ktlm-Z-c≥, amXr- qan XpS-ßnb ]{X-ß-sf√mw

Xs∂ apd-P-]-Øn\pw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ cmPm-hns‚ [q¿Øn-s\-Xn-

scbpw i‡-am-b \ne-]m-Sp-I-fm-sW-Sp-Ø-Xv.

apd-P-]m-N-cW ka-bØv Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcsØ hen-b-tIm-bn-°¬,

iwJp-ap-Jw, ss\Xm-t»-cn-a-Tw, an{Xm-\-μ-]p-cw, {ioI-WvtT-iz-cw F∂n-

h-S-ß-fn¬ 16 henb ]pc-I-fmWv \ºq-Xn-c-am¿°v Xma-kn-°m≥

am{X-ambn sI´n-s∏m-°n-b-Xv. Hmtcm s\Sp-ºp-c-bnepw 150- 160 t]¿°v

InS-°m-\p≈ I´nepw A\p-_‘ kma-{Kn-Ifpw k÷-am-°pw. 100

]d Acn-sIm-≠p≈ tNmdpw sIt¶-a-amb kZybpw Ch¿°mbn

Hcp-°pw. CØcw Imcy-ßƒ°p ]pdsa \ºq-Xn-cn-amsc £Wn-®p-

sIm-≠p-h-cm-\mbn \S-Øp∂ NSßpw sNe-th-dn-b-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.

CØcw sNe-hp-Iƒ t\cn´v I≠p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ km[m-cW°mcn-

te°v ]{X-ß-fpsS CS-s]S¬ {]Xn-tj[w i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈

henb klm-b-ambn amdn. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse ]{X-ßƒ am{X-a√

Cu \nIr-jvSm-Nm-c-Øn-s\-Xn-cmbn \ne-sIm-≠Xv F∂-XmWv amXr-

`qanbpsS CS-s]-SeneqsS hy‡-am-Ip-∂-Xv. F¶nepw \nc-h[n h¿j-

ß-sf-Sp-Øp-am-{Xta apd-P]w \n¿Øm-\p≈ t]mcm´w hnP-b-Øn-

se-Øn-°m-\m-bp-≈q.

ssh°w kXym-{K-l-Øn\v apºv apd-P-]-Øns‚ Nn´-h-´-ßƒ

hfsc I¿i-\-am-bmWv ]men-®p-t]m-∂n-cp-∂-Xv. Xncp-hn-Xm-Iq¿ cmPm-

hns‚ A[n-Im-chpw cmP-Ip-Spw-_-hp-ambn _‘-s∏- p-In-S-°p-∂-h¿°v

e`n-®n-cp∂ khn-ti-jm-[n-Im-chpw apd-P-]ImeØv IogvPm-Xn-°msc

a‰p tPmen-I-sf-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\v t]mepw XS- -s∏-Sp-Øn. Hcn-°¬ apd-

P] \S-Øn-∏ns‚ {]tXyI DtZym-K-ÿ≥ IqSn-bm-bn-cp∂ Pn√m

aPn-kvt{S‰v kn tKmhn-μ-∏n≈, tImS-Xn-bn¬ lmP-cmb IogvPm-Xn-

°m-c-\mb h°o-¬ ]n F≥ am[-hs\ Abn-Ø-Øns‚ t]cn¬

tImS-Xn-bn¬\n∂v ]pd-Øm-°p∂ kμ¿`w hsc-bp-≠m-bn. tImS-


Xn-bn¬ lmP-cmb h°o-ens\ aPn-kvt{S‰v AbnØw I¬∏n®v ]pd-

Øm-°nb Cu kw`hw henb {i≤-bm-I¿jn-®p. Sn sI am[-h-

s‚bpw sI Pn Ip™p-Ir-jvW-]n-≈-bp-sSbpw Fw Pn tIi-h-]n-≈-

bp-sSbpw kn tIi-h-s‚-bp-sa√mw t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ henb {]t£m-

-ßƒ Ac-tß-dn.

Cu kw`hw kn. tIi-h≥ hnh-cn-°p-∂Xv Cß-s\-bmWv:

"99- mam≠m-Wv. A∂v ]nF≥ am[-h≥ h°o-emWv. _n F¬

]mkmb Cugh h°o-e-∑m¿ Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØv A∂p thsd

C√. As°m√w Xpem-Øn¬ apd-P-]-am-bn, ]fl-\m-`-kzman

t£{X-Øn¬. ]≠v, 925¬ am¿Ø-WvU-h¿Ω Xncp-hn-Xmw-

Iq¿ kwÿm\w ]fl-\m- s‚ Xr∏-Sn-bn¬ Zm\w sNøp-tºmƒ

Bdp sIm√w IqSq-tºmƒ Hcp-X-hW hoXw 25 apd-P-]-Øn\v

hyhÿ sNbvXn-cp-∂p-h-s{X. 150 sIm√w-sIm≠v Ah-km-

\n-°p∂ Hcp b⁄-Øn\v. 25 Xh-W-bpw, 150 sIm√hpw Ign-

™n-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw B b⁄w 90epw Ah-km-\n-®n-√. Cu

1129- epw Ah-km-\n-®n´n√. hS-°p-In-S-°p∂ \ºq-Xn-cn-am-sc-

sb√mw £Wn-®p-h-cp-Øn, Hcp aWvU-e-°mew Ipim-embn

kZybpw k¿Δm-Wnbpw sImSp-°p∂ Hcp IY-bn-√m-bva-. Cu

A\m-Nm-c-Øn¬ henb {]Xn-tj[w s]m¥n-h∂ Ime-am-bn-

cp∂p AXv. Cug-h-cpsS t£{X-{]-th-i\ {]t£m- -W-Øn\v

B\p-jw-Kn-I-ambn CØcw ]e "]m¿iz--hmZ'ßfpw D¤-hn-

®n-cp-∂p. apd-P-]-°m-esØ tIm -bv°Iw H∂p ImtW-≠-Xp-

X-s∂. ae-bm-f-{_m-“-W-cp-sSbpw ]c-tZ-i-{_m-“-W-cp-sSbpw,

\mb-cp-sSbpw ]Xm-I-Iƒ tIm -bv°-IØp ]mdn-°-fn-°p∂

Hcp A]q¿hm-h-k-cw. apd-P-]-°- nepw apd-P-]-°p- n-Ifpw ]g-

sam-gn-I-fm-Wv. apd-P-]-°m-eØv Cug-h¿°pw a‰pw tIm -bv°-

IØv {]th-i\w hne-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂n-√. ]t£, AØ-hW

Cuh-scbpw a‰pw tIm -bv°-IØp Imep-Ip-Øm≥ A\p-h-Zn-

°-cp-sX-sb∂p ]´m-f-Øn\v hcpXn sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xmbn

Hcp tIm´ shSn, A∂p Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-c-Øp-\n∂v ]pd-s∏- p-

sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ ka-Z¿in apg-°n. tIcf Iuap-Znbpw Acn-

iw-sIm-≠v, apd-P-]-Øns‚ D¤-hhpw Ncn-{Xhpw IY-bn-√m-


bva-bp-sams° Nq≠n-°mWn-®v, A©p-e£w cq]-bpsS ]mgvs®-

e-hns\ sh√p-hn-fn-®p. apd-P-]-Øn\v F{X Bbncw "tImWI'

ßfmWv th≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂-sX∂v k¿°m¿ IW°pIƒ

IuapZn D≤-cn-®p. ]´m-f-Øn\v hcp-Xn-sIm-Sp-Øn-´p-s≠t∂m

Cs√t∂m k¿°m¿ ]d-™n-√. Cu ÿnXn-K-Xn-I-fn¬ mKyw

sI´ Hcog-h≥ `mKyw sI´ Hcp Cug-h-h-°o-ens\ AXym-h-

iy-ambn tImS-Xn-bn¬ lmP-cm-Ip-∂-Xn\v Hcp tIkp-ambn kao-

]n-®p. tIkv t]jvIm-cpsS apºn-em-Wv. t]jvIm¿ kn. tKmhn-

μ-∏n-≈-bmWv- No v sk{I- -dn-bm-bn-cp∂ Pn F≥ Xºn-bpsS

AΩm-h≥. kn tKmhn-μ-∏n≈ PmXn-°d t]mbn- n-√mØ DtZym-

K-ÿ-\p-am-Wv. tIm -bv°Iw D’h aT-Øn-emWv B alm≥,

apd-P]w BI-bm¬, It®cn sNøp-∂-Xv. At±-l-Øns‚

apºn¬ lmP-cm-tI≠ \n¿`mKyw {Kkn® Cug-h-h-°o¬

Fs‚ kvt\ln-X≥ ]nF≥ am[-h-\m-bn-cp-∂p. ]t≠ Hcp

a[m-h-hn-tZz-jn-bm-bn-cp∂p tKmhn-μ-∏n≈ t]jvIm¿. hS°p

t]jvIm-cm-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ thsdmcp Cugh am[-hs\ ]pd-

Øp-Nm-Sn® Ncn{Xw At±-l-Øn-\p-≠v. IuapZn ]d-™p, cmh-

Ws‚ Im-c- bw t]mse-bm-bn-cp∂p tKmhn-μ-∏n-≈-bpsS aIm-

c-`bw F∂v. ]n F≥ am[-h-s\bpw At±lw It®-cn-

bn¬\n∂p ]pd-Øp-Nm-Sn-®p. I£n°p tIkpw h°o-en\v

^okpw \jvS-s∏- p. am[-h≥ Cu Ah-tl-f\w Hcp t£m`hpw

IqSmsX hmßn t]m°-‰n-en´p sIm≠p-t]m-∂p.

]s£, thsdmcp am[-h\v Fß-s\tbm Cu kw -h-Øns‚

K‘w In´n. At±lw "]pI-bp-a-·n-_mWw t]m¬' Rß-

fpsS temUvPn¬ ]ms™-Øn. AXv Sn sI am[-h-\m-bn-cp-

∂p. Hcp sskzcyhpw B¿°pw sImSp-°m≥ At±lw k∂-

≤-\m-bn-√. Iºn-bm-bn, a{Zmkv ]{X-ßƒ°v. tImem-l-e-am-

bn. \msSm- p°v Hcp henb {]t£m- Ww Xs∂ At±lw

Agn-®p-hn- p. ]ucm-h-Im-i- -RvP\w [n°m-c-Øns‚ hI-t -Z-

ambn At±lw FÆn. Rm\pw At±-l-Øn\v kao]w \n∂p

Pzen-®p. Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw F¬ Fw Fkv lmfn¬ Nß-\m-

t»-cn-bpsS A[y-£-X-bn¬ AXn-Kw- o-c-amb Hcp alm-tbmKw


IqSn. sI Pn Ip™p-Ir-jvW-]n-≈-bpw, Fw Pn tIi-h-]n-≈bpw

A∂p Xos∏mcn ]d-°p∂ {]kw-K-ßƒ sNbvXmbn Rm≥

Hm¿Ωn-°p-∂p. t_mws_-bnepw sImfw-_nepw Hs° {]Xn-

tj-[-ßƒ \S-∂p. ]e alm-tbm-K-ßfpw IqSn. ]{X-ß-sf√mw

Cu A\o-Xnsb FXn¿Øp apJ-{]-kw-K-ßƒ FgpXn'

˛ kn tIi-h≥, Pohn-X-k-a-cw

"apd-P] ASn-b-¥-c-Øns‚ amlmflyw!' F∂ Xe-s°t´msS-

bm-bn-cp∂p amXr-`qan Cu kw`hw hm¿Ø-bm°nbXv. "tImS-Xn-

bn¬\n∂v ]pd-Ømb Hcp Abn-Ø-°m-c≥ h°o-ens‚ A\p- hw'

F∂phn-i-Zo-I-cn®v, ]pd-Øm-°-s∏´ h°o¬ ]nF≥ am[-h≥ Fgp-

Xnb Ipdn∏v amXr- q-an \¬In. AXv Cßs\:

"apd-P] ASn-b-¥-c-Øns‚ ]cn-ip-≤-Xsb \ne-\n¿Øphm≥

Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw tIm -bv°-I-Øp≈ tImS-Xn-\n∂p ]pd-Øm-

°-s∏´ h°o¬ ]n F≥ am[-h≥ Ah¿Iƒ _n F _F¬

]{Xß-fn-te°v C{]-Imcw Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂p:˛

"C∂se 22-˛mw XoøXn D®-Xn-cn™p aq∂p-aWn°v Ime-l-

c-W-s∏-´p-t]m-Im≥ ASp-Øncp∂ Hcp A∏o¬ ^b-em-°p-

hm≥ Rm≥ Unhn-j≥ It®-cn-bn¬ t]mbn....' F∂p-Xp-S-

ßn-bmWv ]n F≥ am[-h≥ Ipdn-s∏-gp-Xn-b-Xv. tImS-Xn-bn¬

\S∂ Imcy-ßƒ ]n∂oSv khn-kvXcw {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXp.

Cu kw`hw tZiob {i≤ t\Sn-sb-¶nepw apd-P]w \n¿Øp-∂-

Xn\v Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ Xøm-dm-bn-√. ]ns∂bpw

]e-X-hW apd-P]w Bh¿Øn-°-s∏- p. ]{X-ßƒ \nc-¥cw CXn-

s\-Xnsc Fgp-Xp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]{X-ßƒ Iptd-°qSn kPo-h-am-hp-

Ibpw A[n-Im-cnIsf apJw-t\m-°msX hna¿in -°m-\p≈

ss[cyam¿Pn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp-I-gn-™n-cp∂p At∏mƒ. sIm®n-

bn¬\n-∂p≈ "ktlm-Z-c≥' aq∂mw e°w ]pd-Øn-d-ßn-bXv apd-P-

]sØ \nin-X-ambn hna¿in-®p-sIm-≠mWv:

"Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ apd-P]w Bcw- n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. F√m-h¿°pw

IqSnbp≈ kzØv Nnehp sNbvXv {]tXyIw Nnesc £Wn-


®p-h-cpØn c≠p-am-k-°mew \m\m-t`m-K-ßsf-sIm-≠m-cm-[n®v

aS°n Ab-°p∂ Cu \oXn-bn-√mØ G¿∏mSns\ icn-bmb

]ucm-h-Imit_m[-ap≈ Nne¿ A[n-t£-]n-°p-∂-Xn¬ AXn-

i-bn-°m-s\m-∂p-an-√.'

˛ktlm-Z-c≥ aq∂mw e°w

1940-I-fn¬ ho≠pw apd-P-]-Øn\v Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ cmP-Ip-Spw_w

tIm∏p-Iq-´n-b-t∏mƒ kmaq-lnI CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ henb tXmXn¬

Db¿∂p-h-∂p. ]{X-ßƒ IqSp-X¬ i‡n-tbmsS B™-Sn-®p. apd-P-

]-Øn-s\-Xnsc \ºq-Xn-cn-am¿°n-Sn-bnepw FXn¿∏v At∏m-tg°pw

Db¿∂p-I-gn-™n-cp-∂p. "-ap-d-P]w \n¿ØpI Xs∂ thWw' F∂mh-

iy-s∏ v hS-°n-√Øv DÆn-\-ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSns‚ teJ\w amXr- qan {]kn-

≤o-I-cn-®p. apd-P-]-Øns‚ Ncn-{Xhpw At∏mƒ \S-°m\n-cn-°p∂

apd-P] NS-ßns‚ [q¿Øpw hni-Zo-I-cn-®p-≈-Xm-bn-cp∂p teJ-\w.

{]t£m-`-ßƒs°m∂pw hg-ßm≥ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ cmP-Ip-Spw_w

Xøm-dm-bn-s√-¶nepw kzmX-{¥y-{]m-]vXn-°p-tijw apd-P]w \S-Øm≥

cmP-Ip-Spw_w Xøm-dm-bn- n-√.

A\m-Nm-c-ß-fp-sSbpw A‘-hn-izm-k-ß-fp-sSbpw Iq -s∏-cp-°¬

H∂pam-{X-am-bn-cp∂p apd-P-]w. CXn-s\-Xn-cmb {]Nm-c-W-ßƒt]mse

Xs∂ kaq-l-Øns‚ Htcm `mKØpw A\m-Nm-c-ßƒs°-Xn-cmb

{]Nm-c-W-ßƒ i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ \thm-∞m\ \mb-I¿°v km[n-

®n-cp-∂p. K-hXn t£{X-ßƒ tI{μo-I-cn-®p≈ arK-_-en-bm-bn-cp∂p

CXn¬ {]mIr-X-amb NS-ßp-I-fn-sem-∂v. arK-_en \ndp-Ø-em-°p-

∂-Xn-\p≈ Xo{h-{i-a-ßƒ kaq-l-Øn¬ \S-∂-Xns‚ {]Xn- -e\w

A∂sØ ]{X-ßfn¬ ImWm≥ km[n-°p-∂-tX-bp-≈q. ]ptcm-K-a-

\m-i-b-°m-cmb sNdp-∏-°m-cpsS ]cn-{i-a-^-e-ambn arK-_en

\n¿Ønb kw -h-ßfpw Ht -sd-bp-≠m-bn. AsX√mw hm¿Ø-bmbn

\¬In A\m-Nm-c-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb t]mcm´w ]{X-ßfpw i‡n-s∏-Sp-

Øn. tIk-cn-bn¬ "arK-_en \ndp-Ø¬' F∂ Xe-s°- n¬ h∂

Hcp hm¿Ø \m´n¬ \S-°p∂ CØcw {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS {]Xn-

^-e-\-am-bn-cp∂p:

"tImX-°p-dp»n-bnse "A\w-K-\-Sn-bp-h-P\ kwL' Øns‚ ]cn-

{i-a- -e-ambn ]cn-k-c-{]-tZ-iß-fn-ep≈ an° `K-h-Xn-t£-{X-

ß-fnepw arK-_en Xosc \n¿Ø¬ sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂-Xmbn Adn-


bp-∂p. arK-_en hgn-]m-Sp-Iƒ taen¬ Bcpw t\c-cp-sX∂pw,

t\¿∂p-In-S-∏p-≈h _en-{In-b-Iq-SmsX a‰p h√ hgn-]m-Sp-I-fp-

ambn Ign-∏m\pw A`y¿∞n-®p-sIm≠p am\y-∑m-cmb ]ecpw

tN¿∂p Hcp hn⁄m-]\hpw {]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn´p≠v'.

A\m-Nm-c-ßƒs°-Xn-cmb {]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒs°m∏w Xs∂

A‘-hn-izm-k-ßƒ C√m-Xm-°m-\p≈ {ia-ßfpw \thm-∞m-\-]m-

Xbn¬ A\p-{I-a-ambn \S-∂p-h-cp∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. A‘-hn-izm-k-

ßsf t{]m’m-ln-∏n-®p-sIm≠v \thm-∞m\ e£yw ssIh-cn-°m≥

Ign-bn-s√∂ bmYm¿Yy-a-dn-bp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂-bm-bn-cp∂p A∂v

Cu cnXn-bn-ep≈ t_m[-h-XvI-c-Whpw \S-∂-Xv. \thm-∞m\ hgn-

bn-eqsS kaq-lsØ \bn® ]{X-ß-fn¬ ]eXpw A‘-hn-izm-ksØ

C√m-Xm-°m≥ ap≥ssI FSp-Øn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬, hnizm-khpw A‘-

hn-izm-khpw th¿Xn-cn-®-dn-bm-\m-ImØ kμ¿ -ßƒ hcp-tºmƒ ]{X-

ßƒ ]e-t∏mgpw ]n¥n-cn-™p.

lcn-∏m-Sp-\n∂v hymgmgvN tXmdpw {]kn-≤o-I-cn® "`mcX XmcI'

1927 \hw-_¿ 24\v ]pd-Øn-d-ßnbXv (]p-kvXIw 10, e°w 13) ck-

I-c-amb Hcp hm¿ØtbmsS-bm-bn-cp-∂p. "Ipń-®m-Øs‚ Iøv' F∂

Xe-s°- n¬ H∂mw-t]-Pn¬ \¬Inb hm¿Ø CXm-bn-cp∂p:

"`h-\-ß-fn¬ XosIm-fp-Øp-I, Bfp-Isf ASn-°p-I, hkv{X-

ßƒ Iodp-I, kmam-\-ßsf -H-fn-®p-I-f-bp-I, `£-W-km-[-\-

ß-fn¬ Ata-≤ym-Zn-Iƒ hnX-dpI apX-emb A{I-a-ßƒ

{]h¿Øn®pw A]q¿hw Nne-t∏mƒ IØp-Iƒ Fgp-Xnbpw

i_vZ-ßƒ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn®pw, Acq-]n-bm-sW-¶nepw kzcq]w

Imńbpw P\-ßsf D]-{Z-hn-®p-t]m-cp∂ Hcp tZh-\m-Wt√m

Ipń-®m-Ø≥. Ipń-®m-Ø-s\-∏-‰n-bp≈ IY-Iƒ \ΩpsS-bn-S-

bn¬ GXp-\m- nepw ""h≠n''-°-W-°n\p ]fin-X-]m-a-c-∑m¿

Hcp-t]mse ]d-™p-h-cp-∂p-≠v. ]uckvXy-∑m¿ A‘-hn-izm-

kn-I-fm-sW∂pw AXn-\m¬ Ah¿ ]d-bp∂ `qX-t{]-X-]n-im-

Nm-Zn-Iƒ shdpw sI´p-I-Y-I-fm-sW∂pw a‰pw ]d™p ]cn-l-

kn-°pI ]m›m-Xy-∑m¿°p ]Xn-hm-Wv. ""kv]ncn-Nz-en-k''hpw

a‰pw ]Sn-™m-d≥ Zn°p-I-fn¬ thcq-∂p-Ibpw AXn-\\p-cq-]-

ß-fmb {]mtbm-KnI Zr„m-¥-ßƒ A\p -h-cq-t]W {]Xy-


£-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvX-tXm-Sp-IqSn AXo-{μn-b-i-‡n-I-fpsS

hmkvX-h-Øn¬ Ahcpw Gsd-°ptd hnizmkw ImWn-®p-Xp-S-

ßn-bn- p-≠v. CXns\ H∂p-IqSn _e-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ \ΩpsS Ipń-

®m-Ø≥ ]Xps° Ata-cn-°-bn-te°v {]bmWw sNbvXn-cn-

°p-I-bm-Wv. AhnsS HmSp-I, NmSp-I, BSp-I, ]mSp-I apX-

emb ]eIrXn-Ifpw Imń. HSp-hn¬ hkv{X-Øn¬ Xo sImfp-

Øn-Øp-S-ßn. ho´p-Im¿ thsdm-cn-S-tØ°v amdn. NmØ\pw

IqsS-Ø-s∂, hoSn-s\-b√ Bfn-s\-bmWv NmØ≥ ]nSn-Iq-Sn-

b-sX∂p At∏mƒ {Kln-®p. NmØs‚ i_vZw Fen- I-c-bp-

∂-Xn\v Xpey-am-sW∂v ]ecpw A`n-{]m-b-s∏-´p. kw`hw

CXmWv: Hcp- ho- n¬ Xq°n-bn- n-cn-°p∂ Hcp aWn- hnSmsX

ASn-°p-∂Xv tI v ho´p-Im¿ sN∂p-t\m-°n-b-t∏mƒ aWn-bn¬

Hcp ssI Xqßn-°n-S-°p-∂-Xp-I-≠p. IdpØ B ssIbn\p

a\p-jy-∑m-cpsS ssIbn¬\n∂v A©n-cnń hen-∏-ap-≠v. C{X-

bp-am-b-t∏mƒ ho´p-Im¿ hnhcw t]meo-kn¬ Adn-hp-sIm-Sp-

Øp. Ct∏mƒ t]meo -kp -Im¿ NmØs\ ]nSn -°m≥

]pcbv°pNp‰pw Imh¬ \nevIp-I-bm-W-s{X.'

]{X-am-cW \nb-a-ßƒ

19˛mw \q‰m≠ns‚ HSp-hnepw 20˛mw \q‰m≠ns‚ BZy Zi-I-ß-

fnepw ]cn-jvI-cW {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ henb Xm¬]cyw ImWn-

°m-Xn-cp∂ ÿm\-ØmWv ]{X-{]h¿Ø-\Øns‚ KXn-am‰w km[y-

am-°n-s°m≠v ta¬∏-d™ ]{X-ß-fpsS Bhn¿`m-hhpw hf¿®-bpw.

20˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy Zi-I-ß-fn¬ IqSp-X¬ ae-bmf ]{X-ßƒ

{]kn-≤o-I-cWw XpS-ßn-sb-¶nepw Npcp°w Nne-Xp-am-{Xta tZiob

{]ÿm-\-Øn\pw ]cn-jvI-cW {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°pw Du∂¬\¬In-

bp≈q F∂-XmWv hkvXp-X. F¶nepw A[n-Im-cn-Isf {]oWn-∏n®

a‰p-]-{X-ß-tf-°mƒ P\m-`n-{]mbw cq]o-I-cn-°m≥ tZio-b-˛-\-thm-

∞m\ {]ÿm-\-ßsf ]n¥p-W® ]{X-ßƒ°m-bn. kaq-l-Ønse

Cu am‰w AwKo-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠vv BZy-Im-eØv hnap-JX ImWn-®n-

cp∂ ]{X-ßƒ°v ]n∂oSv CXns\m∏w \n¬t°-≠n-h-cn-Ibpw

sNbvXp.


hm¿Ø-Iƒ \¬Ip-∂-Xn-ep-]cn hkvXp-X-Isf DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-

t_m-[-tØmSp IqSn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw AXv ]{X-Øns‚ \ne-

]m-Sp-I-fmbn {]Jym-]n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ coXn-bm-bn-cp∂p A∂v

\thm-∞m\ ]mX-bn¬ k©-cn® ]{X-ßƒ kzoI-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. AXp-

sIm-≠p-Xs∂ hm¿Ø-Iƒ hmbn-°p-tºmƒXs∂ {]kvXpX hnj-

b-Øn¬ ]{X-Øns‚ kao-]\w Fs¥∂v t_m[y-s∏Spam-bn-cp-∂p.

kaqlw Fßs\ Nn¥n-°-W-sa∂ kqN\ \¬Ip∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p

CØcw hm¿Ø-I-sf-√mw.

F∂m¬, kaq-lsØ ap∂n¬\n∂v \bn® Cu ]{Xß-fn¬

_lp-`q-cn-]-£-Øn\pw Gsd-\mƒ ]nSn-®p-\n¬°m≥ km[n-®n-√.

{_nójv `c-WIqS-Øn-s‚bpw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ cmPmhns‚bpw

I¿°i \S-]-Sn-Ifpw tZiob {]ÿm-\Øn\v t\XrXzw sImSpØ

]{X-ß-fpsS \ne-\n¬∏n\pw hf¿®bv°pw henb hnLm-X-am-bn.

k¿°m-dns\ A\p-Iq-en® ]{X-ßƒ°p-am-{X-amWv ]nSn-®p-\n¬°m-

\m-b-Xv. A]-hm-Z-am-bXv henb t\Xm-°-fpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬\-S-

Øn-h∂ Npcp°w ]{X-ßƒ°p-am-{Xw. amXr-`q-an, A¬ Aao≥,

tIkcn, tIcf IuapZn, kn tIi-hs‚ Iuap-Zn, ae-bm-fn, \hi-

‡n, \h-tI-c-fw, tIc-f-Zm-k≥, bph- m-c-Xn, tIcf ktμiw XpSßn

\nc-h[n ]{X-ßƒ°pw B\p-Im-en-I-ßƒ°pw `c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚

sImSnb ASn-®-a¿Ø¬ \S-]-Sn-Isf A°m-eØv t\cn-tS-≠n-h-∂p.

tZiob Xe-Øn¬ tIm¨{K-kns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ knhn¬ \nb-

a-ew-L\ {]ÿm\w XpS-ßn-b-tXmsS, {]t£m- -Øn\v A\-pIqe

\ne-]m-sS-SpØ ae-bmf {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßfpw AXns\ i‡n-s∏-

SpØp∂ \ne-]msSSp-Øp. CtXmsSbmWv ]{X-ßsf \nb-{¥n-°p-

∂-Xn\v {_nójv `c-W-Iq-Sw Hcp-sº- n-d-ßn-b-Xv. tZiob Xe-Øn¬

]{X-ßsf \nb-{¥n-°m-\mbn 1910¬ sIm≠p-h∂ \nb-asØ Hcp

Hm¿Un-\≥kn-eqsS IqSp-X¬ I¿°-i-am-°n-bmbn-cp∂p {_nójv

`c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-IfpsS ]{X-th-´. AXns‚ Nph-Sp-]nSn®v sIm®n

cmPyØpw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnepw ]{X-ßsf \nb-{¥n-°m-\p≈ \S-

]-Sn-Iƒ XpS-ßn. 1934¬ ]{X-kzm-X{¥yw ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øn-bp≈

_n¬ sIm®n-cm-PyØpw 1935¬ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iqdnepw sIm≠p-h-∂p.

k¿°m-dn\v henb Xe-th-Z-\-bm-bn-cp∂ "tIkcn'bpsS {]kn-

≤o-I-cWw \n¬Øp-I-sb-∂-Xp-X-s∂-bm-bn-cp∂p Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿

]{X-\n-ba t`Z-K-Xn-bpsS {][m\ e£yw. AXn-\p-ap-tº-Xs∂


tIkcn _me-Ir-jvW-∏n-≈bvs°Xnsc cmPy-t{Zml°p‰w NpaØn

k¿°m¿\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bn-cp-∂p. ka-Z¿in-bn¬\n∂v amdn

"{]t_m-[I'\neq-sSbpw AXv I≠p-sI- n-b-Xns\ XpS¿∂v "tIkcn'

bneq-sSbpw k¿°m¿ hna¿i\w XpS¿∂n-cp∂ _me-Ir-jvW-∏n-

≈sb \nb-{¥n-°m≥ ]{X-\n-ba t`Z-K-Xn-bneqsS km[n-°p-sa∂v

Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ alm-cm-Pmhv Icp-Xn. Aß-s\-bmWv ]{X-sse-

k≥kp-Iƒ ssIam‰w sNøp-∂Xv \ntcm-[n-®p-sIm≠v \nb-a-t`-Z-

KXn sIm≠p-h-∂-Xv. kz¥w t]cn¬ ssek≥kn-√msX ]{Xw \S-

Øp-∂-h¿ {]tXyIw ssek≥kv FSp-°-W-sa∂v \nb-a-Øn¬

hyhÿ sNbvXp. 1,000 cq]-bmWv tIk-cn-tbmSv ssek≥kv

^okmbn Bh-iy-s∏-´-Xv. CXv \¬In-bmepw ]{Xw I≠p-sI-´m-

\p≈ km[y-X-Iƒ X≈n-°-f-bm-\m-hn-s√-∂-Xn-\m¬ _me-Ir-jvW-

∏n≈ "tIkcn' sb Ncn-{X-Øn-te°v hn´p. {]Nmc hep-∏-tØ-

°mƒ F{Xtbm hep-Xmbn kaq-lsØ Cf-°-a-dn-®-Xm-bn-cp∂p

"tIkcn' bpsS ZuXyw. tIk-cn-bpsS {]h¿Ø\w \ne®-tXmsS

ae-bmf ]{X-{]-h¿Ø\ssien-bpsS KXn-am-‰nb Hcp ]{X-amWv

C√m-Xm-bXv.

hn[hm hnhm-l-Øn-te°v

F∂m¬, \thm-∞m\ apt∂-‰-ßƒ AhnSwsIm≠v Ah-km-\n-

®n-cp-∂n-√. tIk-cnsb t]mep-≈-h¿ XosIm-fp-Øn-hn´ Nn¥m-[m-

csb Gs‰-S-°m≥ ]n∂oSv ]ecpw apt∂m- p-h-∂p. F¶nepw Bbn-

Sbv°vXs∂ ]cn-jvI-cW {]h¿Ø-\-Øn\v t\XrXzw sImSpØ

BZy-Ime {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fn-te-sdbpw \ne-®-a- m-bn-cp-∂p. "tIcf

Iuap-Zn'bpw "amXr- q-an'bpamWv \thm-∞m\ hgn-bnse FXn¿∏p-

I-fn¬ XfcmsX ]nSn-®p-\n¬°pIbpw AXns‚ t\XrXzw Gs‰-Sp-

°p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xv. At∏m-tg°pw tIc-f-Ønse tIm¨{K- n¬

tkmjy-enÃv Bi-b-K-Xn-°m¿ kzm[o\w Dd-∏n-®-tXmsS cmjv{Sob

cwKw s]mXpsh bmYm-ÿn-XnI Np‰p-]m-Sp-Isf s]m´n-s®-dn-bm-\p≈

tijn ssIh-cn-®n-cp-∂p.

AXn-¬ henb Nph-Sp-sh-∏m-bn-cp∂p \ºq-Xncn kap-Zm-b-Ønse

hn[-hm-hn-hm-lw. tIc-f-Ønse kmaq-lnI kmwkvIm-cnI taJ-e-

bn¬ hnπ-hm-flI ]cn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v XpS-°-an- -Xm-bn-cp∂p hn[hm

hnhm-lw. bmYm-ÿn-Xn-I-Xz-Øns‚ aXn¬s°- p-Iƒ s]mfn-®v, a\-


I-fnse Ccp- -d-Iƒ t`Zn®v Hcp hn[h ]pd-tØ-°p-h-cp-∂Xpw Ahsc

kzoI-cn-°m≥ kzk-ap-Zm-b-Øn¬Xs∂ Hcp ]pcp-j≥ Xøm-dm-hp-

∂Xpw Hcp-t]mse {][m-\-s∏-´-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. 1934 sk]vXw-_¿ 13-

\mWv \ºq-Xncn kap-Zm-b-Ønse BZysØ hn[-hm-hn-hmlw tag-

tØmƒ {Kma-Øn¬ hn.Sn `´-Xn-cn-∏m-Sns‚ hk-Xn-bn¬ \S-∂-Xv.

h[p C´y-º-d-ºØv hmkp-tZ-h≥ \ºq-Xncn-bpsS aIfpw hn.Sn-bpsS

`mcym-k-tlm-Z-cn-bp-amb Dam-tZhn A¥¿P-\w. hc≥ "Fw.-B¿._n'

F∂ ht∂cn ap√-aw-K-eØv cma≥ `´-Xn-cn-∏mSv. c≠mw hnhm-l-

Øn\v Hcp-ßp-tºmƒ Ccp-]-Xp-am-{X-am-bn-cp∂p Dam-tZ-hn-bpsS {]mbw.

c≠c hb- p≈ Ip´n-bpsS AΩ-bpw. h[p-hn-s\-°mƒ c≠p-h-b-

p-am-{X-amWv Fw.-B¿.-_n°v D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv.

Cu hn[hm hnhmlw \S-°p-∂-Xn\v hfsc apºp-Xs∂ hn.Sn

` -Xn-cn-∏m-Sns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ A∂sØ \ºq-Xncn kap-Zm-b-

Ønse bph-P\ hn`mKw CtX-°p-dn-®p≈ kPoh N¿®-Iƒ \S-

Øn-bn-cp-∂p. B N¿®-I-fmWv hn.Sn bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬Xs∂

CØ-c-samcp hnhm-l-Øn\v hgn-sbm-cp-°n-b-Xv. "tbmK-t£aw' , "DÆn

\ºq-Xncn' F∂o {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fn-se√mw hn[hm hnhml-

Øns‚ Bh-iy-I-X-bn¬ Du∂¬ \¬Inb teJ-\-ßƒ A°m-

eØv hcn-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ BZy hn[hm hnhm-

l-Øn\v henb {]m[m\yw \¬Im≥ "tbmK-t£a' hpw "DÆn-\-

ºq-Xncn' bpw Xøm-dm-bn. ]cn-jvI-cW {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v ]n¥pW

\¬In h∂ "amXr- qan' bpw henb {][m-\y-tØm-sS-bmWv BZy

hn[hm hnhmlw dnt∏m¿ v sNbvX-Xv. "Ncn-{X-{]-[m-\-amb kw`hw'

F∂v hnti-jn-∏n-®mWv "amXr- qan' CXv hni-Z-ambn dnt∏m¿ v sNbvX-

Xv:

"tIc-f-°-c-bpsS \m\m-`m-K-Øp-\n∂pw FØn-t®¿∂ncp∂

kp{]-kn≤ \ºq-Xncn IpSpw-_mw-K-ßƒ°p-]p-d-sa, t]sc-SpØ

kap-Zmb t\Xm-°≥amcpw kzX-{¥-Nn-¥-I≥am-cp-ambn \m\m-

PmXn aX-ÿ-cmb kvXo]p-cp-j-∑m¿ Xnßn-°q-Sn-bn-cp∂ alm-

k-Z- n¬ πm‰vt^m-d-Øn¬ {ioaXn Dam A¥¿P-\hpw {ioam≥

Fw.-B¿. `´-Xn-cnbpw ]cn-jvIr-X-co-Xn-bn¬ hkv{Xw [cn®v

h∂n-cp-∂p. ip -ap-lq¿Ø-Øn¬ hc≥ h[p-hns‚ Igp-Øn¬

Xmen-sI- n. h[p Hcp ]pjv]-lmcw hcs\ AWn-bn-°p-Ibpw


sNbvXp. X¬k-abw Hcp sNdnb a{¥w D®-cn-°-s∏- p. hnhm-

l-Øns‚ NSßpw CtXmsS Ah-km-\n®p'

XpS¿∂v hnhm-l-Øn¬ ]s¶-SpØ {][m-\n-I-fpsS t]cpw A\-

¥cw \S∂ NSß-fp-Ifpw amXr- qan hm¿Ø-bn¬ Dƒs°m-≈n-®p.

hm¿Ø \¬IpI am{X-a-√, CtX-°p-dn®v apJ-{]-kwKw Xs∂ FgpXn

"amXr- qan.' ]n∂oSpw CtXm-S-\p-_-‘n-®p≈ hm¿Ø-Ifpw teJ-\-

ßfpw ]{X-ß-fn¬ h∂p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. Hcp hnhm-l-Øn\v ]{X-Xm-

fp-I-fn¬ C{X-tbsd ÿew \o°n-sh® kw`hw AXn\v apºpw

]nºpw D≠m-bn-°m-Wn-√. \ºq-Xncn kap-Zm-b-Øn-ep-≠mb Cu apt∂-

‰-Øns‚ Ae-Iƒ CXc kap-Zm-b-ß-fn-te°pw {]h-ln-®p. AXv

kaq-l-Øn¬ krjvSn® Ne\w A{X-h-ep-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. kmaq-lnI

]cn-jvI-cW ]£-Øp-\n-e-bp-d-∏n® {]k-≤o-I-c-W-ß-sf√mw Xs∂

CsX√mw henb {]m[m-\y-tØmsS \¬In-s°m-≠ncp∂p.

CØcw Ne-\-ßƒ \m´n¬ \-S-°p-∂-Xn-\n-S-bn-emWv 1935¬

sjm¿Wq-cn¬\n∂v tIm¨{Kkv tkmjy-en-Ãp-I-fpsS hI-bmbn

"{]`mXw' hmcnI ]pd-Øn-d-ßn-b-Xv. CFw-Fkv ]{Xm-[n-]-cm-bn-cp∂

"{]`m-Xw', tZiob {]t£m- -sØ-sb∂t]mse \thm-∞m\ apt∂-

‰-ß-sfbpw t{]m’m-ln-∏n® {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-am-bncp-∂p. kmaq-lnI

]cn-jvI-cWhambn _‘-s∏ v ]{X-Øns‚ {]h¿Ø-\sØ Ipdn®v

CFw-Fkv Xs∂ hnh-cn-°p∂Xvv Cß-s\-bmWv:

"\nh¿Ø\ {]ÿm-\-Øn-s‚ Imcy-Øn¬ am{X-a-√, sslμ-th-

Xc aX hn`m-K-ß-fp-sSbpw ]nt∂m° hn`m-K-ß-fn¬s∏´ sslμh

kap-Zmb Bh-iy-ßƒ, {]ÿm-\-ßƒ F∂n-h-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬

s]mXp-hnepw a‰v "tZio-b-hmZn' Ifn¬\n∂v hyXy-kvXamb Hcp

\ne-]m-SmWv Rßƒ FSp-Ø-Xv. kh¿W-ln-μp-°-fpsS cmjv{So-

b-ta-[m-hnØhpw P∑n-h¿K-Øns‚ kmº-ØnI ta[m-hn-Øhpw

kln®v AS-ßn-sbm-Xpßn Ign-™p-Iq-Sm≥ Xømdn√mØ km[m-

c-W-°m¿ Xß-fpsS FXn¿∏v {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v kwL-SnX sXmgn-

emfn {]ÿm-\-Øns‚bpw I¿j-I-{]-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚bpw cq]-

Øn¬am-{X-a-√, Ah-i-Pm-Xn-°mcpw aX-\yq-\-]-£-ßfpw F∂

\nebv°v Xßƒ°p≈ Bh-iy-ß-fp-ambn apt∂m- p-h-cp-∂Xpw Ah-

cpsS FXn¿∏ns‚ Hcp cq]-am-Wv, AXp-sIm≠v Ahbv°v t{]m’m-


l-\hpw t{]c-Wbpw \¬In Ahsb cmjv{Sobambn t\¿h-gn°v

\bn-°m≥{i-an-°p-∂Xv ]ptcm-K-\-a-hm-Zn-I-fpsS IS-a-bmWv-˛C-Xm-

bn-cp∂p Rß-fpsS \ne-]mSv'

˛Bfl-IY, C-Fw-Fkv \ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sv

i‡-amb CS-Xp-]£ \ne-]mSv kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw c-W-Iq-SsØ

\nin-X-ambn hna¿in-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ "{]`mX'

Øns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ H´pw kpJ-I-c-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. A[n-Im-cn-I-

fnƒ\n-∂p≈ \nc-¥c ]oU-\-ßƒ hmcn-Ibv°v t\cn-tS-≠n-h-∂p.

tIm¨{Kkv tkmjy-en-Ãp-]m¿ń-bpsS apJ-]-{X-sa∂ \ne-bn-emWv

"{]`m-X-'Øns‚ {]kn-≤o-I-c-Ww. KXv knMns\ Xq°n-te-‰n-b-t∏mƒ

\ninX hna¿i-\-hp-am-bmWv "{]`mXw' ]pd-Øn-d-ßn-b-Xv. CtX

XpS¿∂v aZn-cmin Kh¨sa‚ v ]{X-tØmSv Pmayw sIń-sh-°m≥

\n¿tZ-in-®p. CXn\v Xøm-dm-hm-™-Xn\m¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cW

ssek≥kp-Xs∂ d±vsNbvXv \S-]Sn I¿i-\-am-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p

aZn-cmin Kh¨sa‚ v sNbvX-Xv.

]n∂oSv 1938¬ tImgn-t°m-Sp-\n∂v {]kn-≤o-I-cWw ]p\-cm-cw- n-

®p-sh-¶nepw Zo¿L-Imew apt∂m- p-sIm-≠p-t]m-Im-\m-bn-√. A[nIw

Xma-kn-bmsX Xs∂ tIc-f-Ønse tIm¨{Kkv tkmjy-en-Ãp-Iƒ

Iayq-WnÃv ]m¿ń LSIw cq]o-I-cn-°p-Ibpw tZiob{]ÿm-\-

Øn¬\n∂v amdn kzmX-{¥y-k-a-c-Ønepw ^yqU¬ P∑n-Xz-Øn-\p-

sa-Xn-cmb t]mcm- -Øns‚ X\Xp ]mX Is≠-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXn-

cp-∂p. CXns‚ XpS¿®-bmbn 1944¬ tImgn-t°mSv \n∂v Iayq-WnÃv

]m¿ń-bpsS apJ-]-{X-ambn "tZim- n-am\n' Bcw- n-®p. hmcnIm cq]-

Øn-embncp∂p "tZim- n-am\n' bpsS XpS-°w. kzmX{¥y t]mcm- -

Øn-s\m∏w kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\-Øns‚ XpS¿® Gs‰-Sp-°m\pw

AX-\p-k-cn-®p≈ {]Nm-cWw \S-Øm\pw "tZim- n-am\n' Xøm-dmbn.

Cu A¿∞-Øn¬ kzmX{¥ye_v[n- h-sc-bp≈ tIcf Ncn-{X-

Øn¬ \thm-∞m\ ]mX-bn¬ \n¿Wm-bI ÿm\w hln-°m≥

A∂sØ \nc-h[n ]{X-ßfpw hmcn-I-Ifpw apt∂m-´p-h-∂n-cp-∂p-

sh-∂Xv X¿°-a‰ hkvXp-X-bm-Wv. tIc-f-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cnI

\thm-∞m\ apt∂-‰-ßƒ°v hnhn[ {]ÿm-\-ßƒ hln® ]¶n-

s\m∏w tN¿Øp-hm-bn-°m-hp-∂-XmWv ]{XßfpsS Cu CS-s]-S-ep-

I-fpw.

A[ymbw 4

kzmX-{¥ym-\-¥c ]n≥\-SØw

kzmX-{¥ym-\-¥cw ae-bmf ]{X-{]-h¿Ø\Øns‚ k©m-cw

]pXphgnbneq-sSbm-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-h-sc-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ {]Ya e£yw

km£m-XvI-cn-°-s∏- -Xn-s‚bpw AXn\v t\Xr-]-c-amb ]¶p-h-ln-®-

Xn-s‚bpw Nmcn-Xm¿Yy-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p tZiob {]ÿm-\-Øn-s\m∏w

\ne-bp-d-∏n-®n-cp∂ ]{X-ßƒ. e`y-amb kzmX{¥yw kwc-£n-

°pIbpw P\-ß-fn¬ ]uc-t_m-[-ap-W¿ØpI-bp-amWv Xß-fpsS

]pXnb DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-sa∂v Ah I≠p. AXn\v Du∂¬ \¬Ip-

∂-Xmbncp∂p Cu L -Ønse BZy-\m-fp-Ifnse hm¿Ømhn\ym-

khpw apJ-{]-kw-K-ß-fpw teJ-\-ß-fpw.

F√m A¿∞-Ønepw \ho-\-am-b Hcp tIc-f-amWv kzmX-{¥ym-

\-¥cw D≠m-b-sX∂v ]d-bm≥ Ign-bn-√. sshtZin-Im-[n-]-Xy-

Øn¬\n-∂p≈ tamN\w km[y-am-sb-¶nepw P∑n-˛ -\m-Sp -hm-

gnØØm¬ tI{μo-I-cn-°-s∏´ kmaq-ln-Im-h-ÿ-bpsS thc-dp-°m≥

At∏mgpw km[n-®n-cp-∂n-√. F¶nepw CXv s]mń-s®-dn-bm-\p≈ am\-

kn-Im-h-ÿ-bn-te°v Iogmf P\-hn- m-K-ßƒ Db¿∂p-h-cn-Ibpw am‰-

Øn\p≈ s]mXp-t_m[w krjn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p.

{_nójv `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fn¬\n-∂m-bn-cp-∂n√, ]Icw ^yqU¬

kmaq-lnI LS-\-bmWv Zpcm-Nm-c-ß-fp-sSbpw PmXn-hn-th-N-\-Øn-

s‚bpw tI{μ-_n-μp-sh∂ Xncn-®-dnhv kmam-t\y\ Iogm-f-cn¬

hf¿∂p-h-∂p. AXv XqØp-am-‰m\p≈ kwL-Sn-X-ap-t∂-‰-am-bn-cp∂p

]n∂o-Sp-≠m-b-Xv.

hy‡-amb tNcn-Xn-cp-hp-Iƒ cq]-s∏-´Xmbn-cp∂p At∏mgp≈

s]mXp-cm-jv{Sob afi-ew. kzmX{¥y ka-c-Øns‚ Ah-km\ Zi-

I-Øn¬ tZio-b-{]-ÿm-\-Øn¬\n∂v hn`n-∂-ambn Nn¥n® tIc-f-

Ønse tIm¨{Kkv tkmjy-en-Ãp-Iƒ Iayq-WnÃv ]m¿ń-bmbn

amdn-b-t∏mƒXs∂ Cu tNcn-Xn-cnhv {]I-S-am-bn-cp-∂p. Izn‰v C¥ym-

k-a-csØ sNm√nbpw c≠mw temI-a-lm-bp-≤-Ønse \ne-]m-Sp-

Isf sNm√nbpw C¥y≥ \mj-W¬ tIm¨{Kkpw Iayq-WnÃv

]m¿ń-bpw XΩn-ep-≠mb ]cky kwhm-Z-ßƒ Hcp G‰-ap- ¬ kz`m-


hØn\p-a-∏p-d-tØ°v Xs∂ amdp-I-bp-≠m-bn. kzmX-{¥ym-\-¥-chpw

Cu G‰pap- ¬ XpS¿∂p.

kzmX-{¥y-e-_v[nsb shfpØ kmbn-∏n¬\n∂v tZiob kmbn-

∏n-te-°p≈ A[n-Imcss°am‰w am{X-ambn hymJym-\n® Iayq-Wn-

Ãp-]m¿ń tZio-b-_q¿jzm-kn-s°-Xn-cmb P\-Iob apt∂‰w XpS-

tc-≠-Xns‚ Bh-iy-I-X-bn-eq-∂n-bm-bn-cp∂p XpS¿∂pw {]h¿Øn-

®-Xv. Cu Blzm-\-Øn¬, tIc-f-Øn¬ hen-sbm-cf-thmfw P\-ßsf

AWn-\n-c-Øm≥ Iayq-Wn-Ãp-]m¿ń-°m-bn. Imc-Ww, tZiob

kzmX{¥yw e`n-s®-¶nepw cmPysØ ]pXnb A[n-Im-c-tI-{μ-Øn-

s\m-∏-am-bn-cp∂ yqU¬ kwhn-[m-\Øn\v Iogn¬ kaq-e-amb kmaq-

lnI am‰w km[m-c-W-°m-c\v {]m]y-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. AXns‚ êw,

P∑n- -\m-Sp-hm-gnØ kwhn-[m-\-Øn-se Zpc-h-ÿ-bmb PmXob D®-

\o-N-Xz-Øn\v Cc-I-fmb km[m-c-W-°m¿, AXn-s\-Xnsc t]mcm´w

\S-Ønb Iayq-Wn-Ãp-Im¿s°m∏w tN¿∂p F∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.

\thm∞m\ {]ÿm-\-ßƒ Dgp-Xpa-dn® aÆn¬ hf¿∂p ]¥-

en-°m-\p≈ hnØn-dn-°nb Iayq-WnÃv ]m¿ń°v B DZyaw ê-{]-

Z-am-°m\pw km[n-®p. CØcw Bi-b-kw-L¿j-ß-fn-eq-sS-bm-bn-

cp∂p tIc-f-Ønse s]mXp-a-fi-e-Øns‚ XpS¿hn-Im-kw. kzmX{¥y

e_v[n°pw tIc-f-∏n-d-hn°pw tijw kmaq-lnI D∂-a-\-Ønse

kp{]-[m\ \S-]-Sn-bm-bn-cp∂p `q]-cn-jvI-cW \nb-aw. AXv {]m_-

ey-Øn-em-b-tXmsS ASn-ÿm\ P\-hn-`m-K-ßƒ°v Xe- D-b¿Øn-

∏n-Sn-°m\p≈ ss[cyw e`n-°pI IqSn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. kmaq-lnI]›m-

Ø-e-Ønse Cu ASn-ÿm\ am‰-Øns‚ {]Xn-^-e\w ae-bmf

]{X-{]-h¿Ø\ taJ-e-bn-ep-ap-≠m-bn.

kzmX-{¥y-k-a-c-Øn-s‚bpw kmaq-lnI ]cn-jvI-c-W-Øn-s‚bpw

`mK-am-bn \ne-sIm-≠n-cp∂ H´p-an° ]{X-ßƒ°pw kzmX-{¥y-∏p-

ecn BkzZn°m≥ km[n-®n-cp∂n-√. A]q¿hw ]{X-ßƒ°p-am-{X-

am-bn-cp-∂p kzmX-{¥y-k-a-c-Im-esØ ]oU-\-ß-sfbpw a‰v {]Xn-

_-‘-ß-sfbpw AXn-Po-hn-°m≥ km[n-®Xv. "amXr- qan' , "ae-bmf

at\m-ca' , "Zo]nI-' , "tIcf IuapZn' , "tZim- n-am\n' Xriq-cn¬\n∂v

1944¬ sI IrjvW≥ Bcw- n® "FIvkv{]kv' F∂n-ßs\ hnc-en-

se-Æm-hp∂h am{X-amWv kzmX-{¥ym-\-¥-chpw {]kn-≤o-I-cWw

XpS-cm\pw ae-bmfn a\- p-I-fn¬ kzm[o\w sNep-Øm\pap≈ i‡n


kºm-Zn-®-Xv. \mcm-bW Kpcp Db¿Øn-hn´ Bi-b-hn-kvt^m-S-\sØ

k¿h-i-‡n-tbmsS {]N-cn-∏n-°m\pw AXv kaq-l-Øn¬ henb Ne-

\-ßƒ krjvSn-°m\pw "tIcf IuapZn' \S-Ønb CS-s]S-ep-Iƒ

hfsc hep-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. Iayq-WnÃv Bi-b-{]-Nm-c-W-Øn-\mbn Bcw-

`n-®- "tZim- n-am\n' °v kmaq-lnI am‰-Øn-\mbn Iayq-WnÃv ]m¿´n

\S-Øn-h∂ {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf henb {]m[m-\y-tØmsS \¬Im-

\p≈ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-hp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

F∂m¬, cmjv{Sob˛kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m\ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS

`mK-am-hp-∂Xnepw AXn-\m-h-iy-amb C‘\w ]I¿∂p \¬Ip-∂-

Xnepw kzmX{¥ye_v[n-°p-ti-jw {]apJ ]{X-ß¬ ]eXpw

hnapJX ImWn-®p. tZiob {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ `mK-ambn \ne-bp-

d∏n®n-cp∂ ]{X-ßƒ°v kzmX{¥ysa∂ e£yw t\Sn-b-tijw

\nb-X-amb as‰mcpe£yw \n›-bn®v {]h¿Øn-°m≥ Ign-bmsX

t]mbXv Hcp \yq\X Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Cu t]mcmbva ]n¬Ime

ae-bmf ]{X-{]-h¿Ø\ cwKØv ]cn-l-cn-°-s∏-Sm-\m-hmØ henb

hSp-°ƒXs∂ Xo¿Øp. CXn¬ G‰hpw {][m\w \thm-∞m\

aqey-ß-fpsS XpS¿® Gs‰-Sp-°p-∂- ImcyØn-em-bn-cp-∂p. 1980-I-fm-

b-t∏mtg°pw ]{X-hy-h-km-bw a’-cm-[n-jvTn-X-am-hp-Ibpw hm¿Øm-

aqeyw \n›-bn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv AX-\p-k-cn®v amdp-Ibpw sNbvX-tXm-

sS- kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m\apt∂-‰-Øn¬\n∂p≈ Cu ]n≥\-S-

ØØn\v thKw IqSn. kzmX-{¥y-Øn\v apºp≈ \thm-∞m\ ]{X-

{]-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v t\XrXzw hln-®-h-cn¬ tIkcn _me-IrjvW∏n-

≈, sI ]n tIi-h-ta-t\m≥, sI. tIf-∏≥, ktlm-Z-c≥ Aø-∏≥,

apl-ΩZv A_vZp-d-ln-am≥ F∂n-h-cm-bn-cp∂p F¶n¬ kzmX-{¥ym-

\-¥cw AØcw CS-s]-S¬ \S-Øn-bXv tIcf Iuap-Zn-bn-eq-sSbpw

a‰pw ]n. sI _me-Ir-jvWs\t]mse H‰-s∏´ Nne¿ am{X-am-Wv.

kzmX-{¥y-Øn\v apºv kmaq-lnI _‘-ß-fnse sX‰p-Isf Xncp-

Øm\pw icn-bmb am¿K-Øn-eqsS \bn-°m-\p-am-bn-cp∂p ]{X-ßƒ

{i≤-sIm-Sp-Øn-cp-∂-Xv. ]n∂oSv, kmaq-lnI _‘-ß-fn¬ s]mfn-

s®-gptØm ]cn-jvIm-ctam A√, kaqlw Fßs\ Nn¥n-°p∂p

F∂v t\m°n AX-\p-k-cn®v {]h¿Øn-°p-I-sb-∂-\n-e-bn-te°v am[y-

a-ßƒ amdn Nn¥n-®p-Xp-S-ßn. sFIy-tI-cf ]nd-hn-°p-ti-jw Npcp-

ßnb \mfp-I-fn¬Xs∂ tIcfw kmaq-ly-am-‰-Øn¬ ]n≥\-SØw

XpS-ßn-b-Xmbn ImWmw. kzk-ap-Zm-b-ß-fnse A\m-Nm-c-ßfpw


A‘-hn-izm-k-ßfpw am‰n-sb-gp-Xm\pw AXn-eqsS kap-Zmb D∂-a-

\hpw e£y-an v {]h¿Øn-®n-cp∂ PmXn, kap-Zmb kwL-S-\-Iƒ

B coXnbn¬\n∂v PmXncmjv{So-b-Øn-te°v {]h¿Ø\ ssien

am‰p-Ibpw sNbvXv Xp-S-ßnb-tXm-sS-bmWv C-Xp-≠m-b-Xv. 1957¬ A[n-

Im-c-Øn¬h∂ CFw-Fkv \ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈

k¿°m-dns\ A´n-a-dn-°m≥ Bcw- n® hntam-N\ kacw Cu ]n≥\-

S-Ø-Øns‚ IqSn DXv]-∂-am-bn-cp-∂p.

PmXob-Xbpw h¿Ko-b-Xbpw s]mXp-[m-c-bn-te°v ho≠pw

Db¿Øn-s°m-≠p-h-cp-∂-Xn¬ hntam-N\ kacw sNdp-X-√mØ ]¶p-

X-s∂-bmWv hln-®-Xv. ss{IkvXh k -Ifpw F≥.-F-kv.-F- ns‚

t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ \mb¿ hn`m-K-ßfpw k¿°m-cn-s\-Xnsc Xncn-®p-hn´

{]t£m`w cmjv{So-b-Øn-ep]cn kmaq-ln-I-_-‘-ß-fn¬ ]pXnb

tNcn-Xn-cn--hp-Iƒ°pw Imc-W-am-bn. CsX√mw ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-Ønepw

{]I-S -am -bn. aebmf ]{X-{] -h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ BZy \qdp -

h¿jØn¬\n∂v XnI®pw `n∂-am-bn-cp∂p ]n∂o-Sp≈ Ime-L- w.

]{X-{]-h¿Ø\w hyh-km-b-Øns‚ `mK-am-hp-Ibpw {]^-j-W-en-

k-Øn\v ta¬ssI e`n-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-tXmsS e£y-t_m-[hpw

[m¿an-I-aq-eyhpw c≠mw \nc-bn-te°v X≈-s∏- p. P\-ß-fpsS A`n-

cp-Nn-°-\p-k-cn®v th≠ hn`-h-ßƒ \evIp-I-sb∂ \ne-bn-te°v

]{X-ßƒ AXns‚ hm¿Øm hn\ym-ksØ {Ia-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ coXn

Ah-ew-_n-°m≥ XpS-ßn. `qcn-]£w P\-ßfpw CjvS-s∏-Sp-∂-

sXt¥m AXv \¬Ip-I-sb-∂-Xmbn ]n∂o-Sp≈ am‰w. P\m- n-emjw

\n›-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ am\-Z-WvU-ßfpw hyXy-kvX-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p.

kzmX-{¥ym-¥c tIc-f-Ønse 50 h¿jw ae-bmf ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-

\-cw-K-Øp-≠mb Cu am‰-ßsf Ipdn®v C.-Fw.-Fkv \ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSpw

"ae-bmf at\m-ca' ]{Xm-[n-]-cm-bn-cp∂ sI Fw amXyphpw A`n-

{]m-b-s∏- -Xn¬\n-∂p-Xs∂ CXv hy‡-am-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv.

"kzmX{¥y e_v[n°p tij-ap≈ C¥y-bnepw kwÿm\

cq]o-I-c-W-Øn\v tij-ap≈ tIc-f-Ønepw ]pXnb C¥y-bn¬

]pXnb tIcfw sI´n-∏-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ D]-I-c-Wambn ae-

bmf ]{X-{]-h¿Ø\w amdp-sa-∂m-bn-cp∂p {]Xo-£n-®n-cp-∂-

Xv. F∂m¬, \S-∂Xv Aß-s\-b-√. apX-em-fnØ am¿K-Øn-

eqsS C¥y-tbbpw tIc-f-tØbpw ]ptcm-K-an-∏n-°m-\p≈


ImgvN-∏m-Sns‚ `mK-ambn kzImcy em -ap-≠m-°m-\p≈ am[y-

a-ambn C¥y-bn-em-sIbpw tIc-f-Øn-ep-ap≈ ]{X-ap-S-a-Iƒ ]{X-

{]-h¿Ø-\sØ am‰n-Øo¿Øp. a‰p "_nkn-\ p' Isf t]mse

]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\hpw Hcp "_nkn-\ m' °nØo¿Øp. Cu

"_nkn-\kv' hXvI-c-W-amWv kzmX{¥y e_v[n-°p-ti-j-ap≈

]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ apJ-ap-{Z'

˛C.-Fw-.Fkv, ae-bmf ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ AºXv h¿jw

"]{X-ß-fn¬ {] -j-W-enkw h∂-tXm-sS, Ah kap-l-Øn¬

hln-®n-cp∂ ]¶nepw hyXymkw hcn-Ibpw ]{X-ßƒ kaq-

lm- n-em-j-tØmSv IqSp-X¬ ASp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp F∂mWv

kzmX-{¥ym-\-¥c ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ ImX¬ F∂v Rm≥

Icp-Xp-∂p. kzmX{¥y ka-c-Im-esØ ]{Xm-[n-]-∑m-cn¬ _lp-

`q-cn-]-£hpw AXn¬ ]¶p-h-ln-°pI IqSn sNbvX-h-cm-Wv.

]{X-ßƒ kac Pnlz-I-fm-bn. tIm¨{K-kns‚ ]Xm-I-hm-l-

I-cm-bn. tIm¨{Kkv ]nf¿∂-t∏mƒ, ]{X-ßƒ AXp-hsc

hln-®n-cp∂ ]¶n\v am‰-ap-≠m-bn. Ah hkvXp-\n-jvT-ambn

Imcy-ßƒ ImWm≥ XpS-ßn. apJ-{]-kw-K-ß-fn¬ GsX-¶nepw

]m¿´n-bpsS ]£w ]nSn-®mepw hm¿Ø-I-fn¬ AXp-≠m-hn-

s√∂v h∂p. at\m-ca BZyImew sXm v tIm¨{Kkv Nmbvhv

{]I-Sn-∏n® ]{X-am-Wv. ]s£, {]^-j-W-en-k-Øn¬ A[n-

jvTn-X-amb hm¿Øm-ho-£Ww h∂t∏mƒ hkvXp-Xm-]-c-amb

hm¿Øm-dn-t∏m¿´nw-Knepw Ah-X-c-W-Øn-ep-amWv Rßƒ

{i≤n-®-Xv.

˛sI. Fw. amXyp, ae-bmf ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ AºXv

h¿jw

CFw-Fkv Nq≠n-°m-Wn® _nkn-\kv hXvI-c-W-hpw sIFw

amXyp kΩ-Xn® "kaq-lm- n-em-j-tØmSv IqSp-X¬ ASp-°p∂' coXn-

bpw-X-s∂-bmWv kzmX-{¥ym-\-¥c tIc-f-Øn¬ ae-bmf ]{X-{]-

h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ KXn \n›-bn-®-Xv. CFw-Fkv Imcy-ßƒ EPp-hmbn

]d-bp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. sI Fw amXyp kΩ-Xn® "kmaq-ln-Im- n-emjw'

ae-bmf at\m-ca Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ apJy-[mcm ]{X-ßƒ kzoI-cn®


coXn-bpw. kmaq-ln-Im- n-emjw GXp coXn-bn-ep-≈-Xm-sW-¶nepw AXv

{]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p-I-sb∂ s]mXp-k-ao-]\amWv ]n∂oSv ]{X-ßƒ

kzoI-cn-®p-h-∂-Xv. icn-b-s√∂v ]q¿W-t_m-[y-ap≈ Imcy-ßƒ

t]mepw Cu kmaq-ln-Im- n-em-j-Øns‚ \n¿h-N-\-Øn¬s∏-SpØn

icn-bpsS ]£-tØ-°pw, hm¿Øm aqeyw \n›-bn-°p-∂-Xn-te°pw

FØn-t®¿∂p. CXv ]e-t∏mgpw t\ctØ kzoI-cn® \thm-∞m\

e£y-ßƒ°v XnI®pw ISI-hn-cp-≤-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p.

sFIy-tI-c-f-Ønse PmXn cmjv{Sobw

kzmX-{¥y-]n-d-hn-°p-apºpw tij-hp-ap≈ tIc-f-Ønse PmXn

cmjv{So-bsØ {]tXyIw A]-{K-Y\w \S-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. kmaq-lnI

kml-N-cy-ßfpw cmjv{Sob am‰-ßfpw PmXn kwL-S-\-I-fpsS h¿Ø-

am-\-Ime {]k-‡n-bnepw {]h¿Ø\ coXn-bnepw am‰w hcp-tØ-

≠Xv A\n-hm-cy-am-bn-cp∂ncn°m-sa-¶nepw kzmX-{¥ym-\-¥c tIc-

f-Ønse PmXn kwL-S-\-IfpsS kao-]\w \thm-∞m-\-ap-t∂-‰-ß-

fpsS XpS¿® Gs‰-Sp-°p-∂-Xn¬ F{X-tØmfw klm-bn-®p-sh-∂Xv

henb tNmZy-ambn Xs∂ Ah-ti-jn-°pw.

19˛mw \q‰m≠ns‚ HSp-hnepw 20- mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy Zi-I-ß-

fnepw \S∂ ae-bmfn satΩm-dn-bepw Cugh satΩm-dn-bepw

\nh¿Ø\ {]t£m-`hpw kmaq-lnI hnIm-k-Øns‚ KXn-thKw

Iq´nb P\-ap-t∂-‰-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-¿ `cW kwhn-[m-

\-Øn\v Iognse \n¿WmbI ÿm\-ß-fn¬ Xangv {_mlva-W-a-

cpsS B[n-]-Xy-Øn-s\-Xn-cmbn \S-∂- ae-bmfn satΩm-dn-b¬

]pXnb kmaq-ln-Im-h-t_m-[-amWv krjvSn-®Xv. CXns‚ XpS®bm-

bn-cp∂p Cugh satΩm-dn-b¬. hnZym-kº-∂-cmb Hcp-hn-`mKw

A∂sØ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse D∂-X-]-Z-hn-I-fnse Xan-gv{_m-lva-

Wm-[n-]-Xy-Øn-s\-Xn-cmbn Bcw- n® ae-bmfn satΩm-dn-b¬ ]pXnb

cmjv{So-bm-h-t_m-[-amWv krjvSn-®-Xv. hnhn[ PmXn-I-fn¬s]´ \nc-

h[n t]¿ H∏n´ \nth-Z\w 1981¬ ae-bmfn satΩmdn-b-embn Xncp-

hn-Xmw-Iq¿ alm-cm-Pm-hn\v ka¿∏n-®p. A©p-h¿j-Øn\v tijw

tUm. ]ev]p-hns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Cug-h-cpsS Ah-Imi \ntj-[-

Øn-s\-Xn-cmb kwL-SnX apt∂‰w Cug-h-sa-tΩm-dn-b-embn k¿°m-

dn\v ka¿∏n-°-s∏- p. 13,176 Cug-hcpsS Ht∏m-Sp-IqSn 1896 sk]vXw-

_¿ aq∂n-\mWv Cugh satΩm-dn-b¬ alm-cm-Pm-hn\v ka¿∏n-®-Xv.


Cug-h¿°pw a‰v ]n∂m-°-hn- m-K-°m¿°pw k¿°m¿ tPmen \ntj-

[n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-s\-Xn-sc-bm-bn-cp∂p Cugh satΩm-dn-b¬. alm-

cm-Pm-hn¬\n∂v CXn-\p≈ adp-]Sn \ncm-im-P-\-I-am-bn-cp-∂p. e£yw

t\Sm≥ At∏mƒ km[n-®n-s√-¶nepw Cug-h-k-ap-Zm-b-Øn¬ Ah-

Im-i-t_m[w Db¿Øm≥ klm-bn-®-Xm-bn-cp∂p B {]t£m- w.

kzmX{¥y kacw i‡n-bm¿Pn -®-tijw 1930 -I-fn -emWv

\nh¿Ø\ {]t£m- -Øn-eqsS tIcfw IS-∂p-t]m-b-Xv. 1932se `c-

W-L-S\m ]cn-jvIm-c-ß-tfm-Sp≈ {]Xn-tj-[-ambmWv \nh¿Ø\

{]t£m`w cq]-s∏- -Xv. ]cn-jvIm-c-Øns‚ `mK-ambn \nb-a-k- -bn¬

P\-kw-Jym-\p-]m-Xn-I-ambn Cug-h¿°pw apkveo-ßƒ°pw {InkvXym-

\n-Iƒ°pw Ipd™ {]mXn-\n[yw am{Xw e`n-°p∂ kml-Ncyw

krjvSn-°-s∏-´-t∏m-gm-bn-cp∂p {]Xn-tj[w Ae-b-Sn-®-Xv. P\-kw-

Jym-\p-]m-Xn-I-amb {]mXn-\n[yw Bh-iy-s∏ v kn tIi-h-s‚bpw

F≥ hn tPmk- n-s‚bpw t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ kwbp-‡-cm-jv{Sob kanXn

cq]o-I-cn®v ]n∂m° hn`m-K-ßƒ {]t£m-`-Øn-te°v \oßn.

\nh¿Ø\ {]t£m`w tIc-f-Øn¬ hen-sbmcp Xnc-bn-f°w Xs∂-

bmWv Xo¿Ø-Xv. cmPy-t{Zm-l-Ip‰w NpaØn kn. tIi-hs\ Pbn-en-

eS® kp{]-kn-≤-amb "tImg-t©cn {]kwKw' Cu {]t£m- -Øn-

\n-S-bn-em-bn-cp∂p.

\nh¿Ø\ {]t£m`w henb hnP-b-am-bn-cp-∂p. Cug-h, apkveow,

{InkvXy≥ hn`m-K-ßƒ°v k¿°m¿ k¿ho-kn¬ kwh-cWw G¿s∏-

Sp -Øn. ]n∂m° hn`m-K-ßƒ°v k¿°m¿ DtZym-K-ß-fn¬

kwhcWw e`y-am-°m-\mbn ]ªnIv k¿hokv IΩn-js\ \ntbm-

Kn-®p. qkz-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ Cfhv hcpØn kΩ-Xn-Zm-\m-h-Imiw

]n∂m-°-°m-cn¬IqSn e`y-am-Ip∂ am‰w h∂p. Cu A¿∞-Øn¬

ae-bmfn satΩm-dn-bepw Cugh satΩm-dn-bepw Db¿Øn-hn´

cmjv{Sob˛km-aq-ln-Im-h-t_m-[w aq∂p-\m-ep-]-Xn-‰m≠n\v tijw

e£yw t\Sp∂ Xe-Øn-te°v Db¿∂p-h-cn-I-bmWv sNbvX-X-sX-

∂p-]-d-bmw.

kmap-Zm-bnI˛PmXn kwL-S-\-Iƒ ssIh-cn® Cu cmjv{So-b-mh-

t_m[w kzmX-{¥yØn\pw sFIy-tI-cf ]nd-hn°pw tijw kwÿm-

\sØ ssZ\wZn\ cmjv{So-b-Ønse \n¿Wm-bI CS-]-sS-ep-Iƒ

\S-Øp∂ LS-I-ambn ]n∂oSv amdp-Ibpw sNbvXp. F∂m¬, sFIy-

tI-c-f-∏n-d-hn°v tijw Cu PmXn-˛-km-ap-Zm-bnI i‡n-I-fpsS


{]h¿Ø\w kΩ¿Z-cm-jv{So-b-am-bn-cp-∂p. PmXo-b-ambn kwL-Sn-

°p-Ibpw kΩ¿Zw sNep-Øm-\p≈ tijn ssIh-cn-Ibpw sNøp-

∂-Xn-eqsS am{Xta P\m-[n-]-Xy-Ønse hne-t]-i¬ cmjv{So-b-Øn¬

{]mapJyw t\Sm≥ Ignbq F∂ \ne-bn-te°v PmXn- -km-ap-Zm-bnI

kwL-_-esØ am‰n-sb-Sp-°pIbmWv ]n∂o-Sp-≠m-b-Xv. kmaq-lnI

\thm-∞m\ ImeØv PmXn hnth-N\w C√m-Xm-°m≥ {iaw \S-

Ønb PmXn- -km-ap-Zm-bnI kwL-S-\-Iƒ, ]m¿e-sa‚dn P\m-[n-]-

Xy-Øn¬ PmXo-b-ambn kwL-Sn®v kΩ¿Z i‡n-bmbn amdp-I-sb∂

\ne-bn-te°v Xß-fpsS \b-ßfpw kao-]-\-ßfpw am‰n-sb-Sp-Øp.

\thm-∞m\ {]ÿm-\-ß-fpsS ]nevIme [m¿an-I-Xsb Ipdn-®v

]p\¿hn-Nn-¥\w A\n-hm-cy-am-sW∂ tXm∂-emWv PmXn-˛-a-X-cm-

jv{Sob i‡n-IfpsS Cu kΩ¿Zw krjvSn-®Xv.

bYm¿Y-Øn¬ PmXob-X-bpsS ]p\-ÿm-]-\-amWv sFIy-tI-c-

f-∏n-d-hn°v tij-ap-≠mb kmaq-lnI ]cn-h¿Ø-\-sa-∂p-]-d-bmw.

hntam-N-\ ka-c-Im-eØv cq]-s∏´ ]pXnb {[qho-I-cWw ]n∂o-S-

tßm v i‡-ambnØs∂ tIcfØns‚ s]mXp-a-fi-e-Øn¬ hym]-

cn-®p. {io\m-cm-b-Wo-b¿ Fkv-F≥Un]n cq]o-I-cn®v XpSßnb kap-

Zmb kwL-Sm\ kwhn-[m\w ]n∂oSv ]pe-b¿°pw \mb¿°pw \ºq-

Xn-cn-am¿°psa√mw kz¥w kwL-S\ cq]o-I-cn-°m-\p≈ {]tNm-Z-\-

am-bn-cp-∂p. Cu kwL-S-\-I-sf√mw Xs∂ cq]o-I-cW L -Øn¬

kzk-ap-Zm-b-Øns‚ kmaq-ln-tIm-∂-a-\-am-bn-cp∂p e£y-an- -Xv. C∂v

F√m PmXn-Iƒ°pw, Ah ]n∂m-°tam ap∂m-°tam BI-s´, kwL-

S-\-sb∂ \ne-bn-te°v tIc-f-Ønse kmaq-ln-Im-hÿ amdn-°-gn-

™p. PmXn tNmZn-°-cp-sX∂pw ]d-b-cp-sX-∂p-a√ PmXn-]-d-™p-am-

{Xta Ah-Imiw t\Sm≥ Ignbq F∂v Fkv-F≥Un]n \ne-]-mSv

]c-ky-ambn Xs∂ am‰n-∏-d-™p. F≥-F-kv-Fkpw FkvF≥Un-

]nbpw sFIy-s∏-Sm≥ Ign-bmØ hn[w AI-ep-Ibpw AtX-k-abw

Xs∂ h¿Ko-b-{[q-ho-I-c-W-Øns‚ km[y-X -Im-Wp-tºmƒ hnim-e-

ln-μp-sF-Iy-sa∂ t]cn¬ Ipdp-ap-∂Wn kΩ¿Zw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw

XpS-ßn. cmjv{Sob t\Xr-Xzw PmXobbpsS NXp-cØn-te°v th¿Xn-

cn-°-s∏- p. Cu kml-N-cysØ Ncn-{X-Im-c≥ tUm. sI.-F≥ ]Wn-

°¿ \nco-£n-°p-∂Xv Cß-s\-bmWv:

"tIc-f-Øn¬ kmap-Zm-bnI kwL-S-\-Iƒ Ah-cpsS cq]o-I-

cW Ime-L- -Øn¬\n∂pw XnI®pw hyXy-kvX-amb Hcp ZuXy-


amWv C∂v Gs‰-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. aX-kw-L-S-\-Ifpw PmXn-

kw-L-S-\-Ifpw PmXn-˛-a-X-]-cn-jvI-c-W-kw-L-S-\-I-fm-bmWv

\ne-hn¬h-∂-Xv. BNm-c-ß-sfbpw A\p-jvTm-\-ß-sfbpw ]cn-

jvI-cn°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p Ah-bpsS ZuXyw. AXn¬\n∂v

amdn C∂v PmXn kwL-S-\-Iƒ Hcp sNdnb hn`m-K-Øns‚

Xmev]-cy-ßsf kwc-£n-°m-\p-≈ kwL-S-\m-cq-]-ß-fmbn

amdn-°-gn-™n-cn-°p-∂p.'

˛sI.F≥. ]Wn-°¿, ^mjn-k-Øns‚ \mfp-Iƒ

am[ya Xmfp-I-fnse PmXo-bX

CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ PmXn {[pho-I-c-WsØ XS-bp-∂-Xn-\p≈ {ia-

ß-f√ sFIy-tI-cf ]nd-hn°v tijw am[y-a-ßƒ kzoI-cn® coXn.

AXv i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p-XIpw hn[w am[y-a-ß-fpsS ]n¥pW

\n¿t√m-]-am-bn-cp-∂p. PmXn Nn¥ tIc-fob kaq-l-Øn¬\n∂v am‰p-

I-bm-bn-cp-∂n√ e£yw, ]Icw PmXn Nn¥ Du´n-bp-d-∏n-°p∂ \S-

]-Sn-I-fmWv am[y-a-ß-fpsS `mK-Øp-\n-∂p-≠m-b-sX∂v ImWmw.

kh¿Wcpw ap∂m° PmXn-°mcpw t]cn-s\m∏w PmXn-t∏¿ tN¿Øv

kap-Zm-b-Ønse Xß-fpsS A[o-iXzw {]I-Sn-∏n-®n-cp∂ `qX-Im-e-

Øn\v Gd-°psd am‰w hs∂-¶nepw C∂pw PmXn-t∏cv A`n-am\

Nn”-ambn kq£n-°p∂ kh¿W- -ap-∂m° kap-Zm-bmwK-ßƒ tIc-

f-Øn¬ [mcm-f-am-Wv. Rmb-dmgvN ]{X-ß-fn¬ hcp∂ sshhm-lnI

]c-ky-ß-fnse hmIy-ßƒ am{Xw {i≤n-®m¬ PmXn-Nn¥ Ct∏mgpw

F{X-tØmfw \ΩpsS s]mXp-k-aq-l-Øn¬ cqV-aq-e-ambn \ne-\n-

evIp-∂p-sh∂v hy‡-am-Ipw.

PmXnt∏cv kh¿W˛ap∂m° hn`m-K-ßƒ°v am{X-amWv

Ct∏mgpw `qj-Ww. s]mXp-k-aq-l-Ønse Cu hnizm-k-[m-csb

XI¿°p-I-b-√, adn®v {]Xn-tem-a-I-c-amb Cu {]h-W-Xsb t{]m’m-

ln-∏n-°p∂ hn[-Øn-emWv apJy-[mcm am[y-a-ß-fpsS kao-]-\-ßƒ.

Poh-\-°m-cpw teJ-Icpw PmXn-t∏-cn-eqsS Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv A`nam-

\am-bn sIm≠p-\-S-°p-∂-hcmWv ae-bmf at\m-c-a. ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-

I-\-√m-Ø-t∏mƒ PmXn-t∏cv tN¿°mØ dnt∏m¿´¿amcn¬ ]ecpw

]n∂oSv PmXn-t∏cv tN¿Øv ]{X-Xm-fp-I-fn¬ {]Xy-£-s∏´Xv PmXo-

b-X-bpsS ]p\-ÿm-]-\-Ønse sNdnb Hcp DZm-l-cWw am{Xta


BIp-∂p-≈q. Aßs\ tN¿°-W-sa∂v \n¿tZ-in-°p∂ DS-a-Iƒ

sNøp-∂Xpw PmXo-b-XbpsS ]p\-ÿm-]\w Xs∂.

Gsd ]cn-jvIr-X-sa∂v Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-tºmgpw PmXn-hn-th-N-\hpw

Ducp-hn-e-°p-apƒ∏-sS-bp≈ kmaq-lnI sshIr-X-ßƒ Ct∏mgpw

H‰-s∏-´ -tXm-Xn-se-¶nepw tIc-f-Øns‚ ]e-`m-K-ß-fn-embn \ne-

\n¬°p-I-bm-Wv. teJ-I¿ hy‡n-]-c-amb Xmev]-cy-ß-sf-SpØv

hcp∂ H‰-s∏´ hm¿Ø-Itfm ]c-º-c-Itfm A√msX, Ah Zqco-I-

cn-°m-\≈ i‡-amb CS-s]-S-en\v t{]cn-∏n°pw hn[w hnj-bsØ

ssIImcyw sNøm≥ am[y-a-ßƒ Xøm-dm-Ip∂n-√. Hmtcm Znh-khpw

]{X-ß-fn¬ A®-Sn-®p-h-cp∂ At\Iw hm¿Ø-I-fpsS Iq´-Øn¬

H∂mbn CØcw hm¿Ø-Ifpw ]cy-h-km-\n-°p∂XmWv ]Xn-hv.

kmaq-lnI H‰-s∏-S¬ hm¿Ø-bm-bm¬ t]mepw AXns‚ ]nevIm-

em-hÿ Fs¥∂ At\z-j--W-Øn-\pw Bcpw apXn-cm-dn-√.

^Ww hnS¿Ønb h¿Ko-bX

Zo¿L-C-S-th-f°v tijw tZio-b-X-e-Øn¬ h¿Ko-bX AXns‚

cu{Z- m-h-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-®Xv 1990-I-fn-em-bn-cp-∂p. 1989¬ tI{μ-Øn¬

A[n-Im-c-Øn¬ h∂ hn]n knwKv k¿°m¿, k¿°m¿ k¿ho-kp-

I-fn¬ Zen-Xv- -]n-∂m° hn`m-K-Øn\v sXmgn¬ kwh-cWw G¿s∏-

Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\mbn afi¬I-Ωn-j≥ dnt∏m¿´v \S-∏m-°p-∂-Xmbn

{]Jym-]n-®-tXmsS kh¿W sslμ-hX AXns‚ XmgvXn-sh®ncp∂

^Ww Db¿Øp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. afi¬ {]Jym-]\w cmPy-sa-ßp-ap≈

ASn-®-a¿Ø-s∏´ ZenXv Io-gmf hn`m-K-Øn\v ]pXnb DW¿hmWv

\¬In-b-Xv. kmaq-lnI hnth-N-\-Øns‚ Zqjn-X-h-ebw XI¿sØ-

dn-bm\pw ]uc-∑m-cpsS KW-Øn¬t]mepw s]Sm-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw

sNbvX henb P\-hn- m-K-Øn\v Xe Db¿Øm-\p≈ Bfl-hn-izmkw

AXv \¬In. CXns\ sNdp-°m-\mbn kh¿W- -apt-∂m° hn`m-K-

ßƒ \S-Ønb {ia-ßƒ cmPy-saßpw henb Iem-]-Øn-\mWv

\mμn-Ip-dn-®-Xv. XpS¿∂v Atbm-[y-bn¬ _m_-dn akvPnZv XI¿°-

s∏-Sp-I-IqSn sNbvX-tXmsS hn -P-\m-\¥-c-ap-≠mb Iem-]-tØ-°mƒ

arKo-b-amb hwi-lXy cmPy-sa-ßp-ap-≠m-bn.

hen-b-tXm-Xn-ep≈ {]Xn-I-c-W-ßƒ D≠m-bn-s√-¶nepw tIc-f-

Øns‚ s]mXp-km-aq-ln-IL-S-\-bpsS ASn-Ø- n¬ Akz-ÿ-X-bpsS

]pI-®p-cpƒ Db¿Øn-b-Xm-bn-cp∂p Cu kw -h-ßƒ. hm¿Ø-Isf


Gsd-°ptd ]Iz-X-tbmsS kao-]n®v Iem]w ]S-cm-Xn-cn-°m-\p≈

Pm{K-X-bm¿∂ kao-]\w A°m-eØv tIc-f-Ønse am[y-a-ßƒ

kzoI-cn°pI-bp-≠m-bn. F∂m¬, kaq-l-a-\-km£nbn¬ PmXn- -km-

ap-Zm-bnI {[pho-I-c-W-Øns‚ hym]vXn Iq´n-b-Xm-bn-cp∂p Cu kw -

h-ß-sf-√mw. Iem]w XS-bp-Itbm D≠m-Im-Xn-cn-°m-\p≈ Pm{KX

]pe¿Øp-Itbm sNøp∂p F∂-sXm-gn-®m¬, kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-

Ø-´n¬ CØcw tNcn-Xn-cn-hn\v Imc-W-am-Ip∂ a‰v {]h¿Ø-\-

ßƒs°√mw {]Nmcw \¬Ip-I-bmWv am[y-a-ßƒ sNøp-∂-Xv.

h¿Kob kwL¿j-Øn-te°v \bn-°p-∂-X-s√-¶n¬ t]mepw, ]pXnb

ImeØv AXn-Po-h\w km[y-am-I-W-sa-¶n¬ PmXob-amtbm kmap-

Zm-bn-I-amtbm kwL-Sn-t°-≠n-bn-cp∂p F∂ tXm∂¬ krjvSn°pw

hn[w hm¿Ø-Iƒ hn\y-kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p, t_m[-]q¿htam A√m-sX-

tbm.

kaq-l-Ønse ASn-ÿm-\-L-S-\-bn¬ h-cp∂ am‰-Øns‚ {]Xn-

-e\w IqSn CØcw hm¿Øm-hn-\ym-k-Øn¬ ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

Hgp-°n-s\-Xnsc \o¥p-∂Xn\v ]Icw AXn-s\m∏w \o¥p-I-bmWv

am[y-a-ßƒ sNøp-∂-Xpw. kap-Zm-b-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ _‘-Øn¬

ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb am‰-ßƒ kw`-hn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂p F∂Xv

Hcp -bm-Ym¿Yy-am-Wv. a‰p-k-ap-Zm-b-hp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNbvXv Xß-

fpsS Ah-ÿsb hni-I-e\w sNøp∂ coXn CXn-\mbn Ah-ew-

_n-°p-∂p. sI.-F≥ ]Wn-°¿ \nco-£n-°p-∂Xv t\m°pI:

"Hcp kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ tami-amb Ah-ÿbv°v ImcWw CX-

c-k-ap-Zm-b-ß-fnse ]ptcm-K-Xn-bm-sW∂v Ah¿ sX‰mbn hniz-

kn-°p-∂p. 19˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\-Im-eØv apkveo-ß-

fpsS CS-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ Hcp ImgvN-∏m-Sv, Ah-Im-i-ßƒ

\ntj-[n-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv lnμp-°ƒ ]e-ta-J-e-bnepw ]ptcm-K-

an-®p-\n¬°p-∂-Xn-\m-emWv F∂m-bn-cp-∂p. C∂v tIc-f-Øn¬

]e kap-Zm-b-ßfpw Xß-fpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ a‰v kap-Zm-b-

ßƒ Iø-S-°n-bn-cn-°p∂p F∂v hmZn-°m≥ XpS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-

∂p. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ kmap-Zm-bnI kwL-S-\-Iƒ, aXm-Sn-

ÿm-\-Øn¬ kwL-Sn-°≠ Bh-iy-I-Xsb Ipdn®v Nn¥n-

°m≥ XpS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.'

- m-jn-k-Øns‚ \mfp-Iƒ, sI.-F≥ ]Wn-°¿


kmap-Zm-bn-I-amb Xpe\w sNø¬ Ah-Im-i-ßƒ t\Sn-sb-Sp-

°m-\p≈ kΩ¿Z-i-‡n-bmbn amdm≥ kap-Zmb kwL-S-\-Isf

{]m]vX-cm-°p-∂p-≠m-Ipw. F∂m¬, kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ø- n¬ AXv

krjvSn-°p∂ sh√p-hn-fn-Isf Ah-K-Wn-°m≥ Ign-bn-√.

aqe-[\ Xmev]-cy-ßfpw hnizm-k-ß-fpsS ]p\-ÿm-]-\hpw

ae-bmf ]{X-{]-h¿Ø\w ]q¿W-ambpw hymh-km-bnI apJw

kzoI-cn-®Xv 1980-I-fn-em-sW∂v ]d-bmw. kzmX-{¥ym-\-¥cw AXn-

Po-hn® ]{X-ßƒ {]Nmcw h¿[n-∏n-°m\pw _nkn-\kv Xmev]-

cym¿Yhpw IqSp-X¬ ]Xn-∏p-I-sf∂ e£yw h®v apt∂m- p-t]m-Im≥

XpS-ßn. hm¿Ø-Iƒ AXn-th-K-sa-Øn-°p-∂Xn\pw {]mtZ-in-I-

hm¿Ø-I-fpsS km[y-X-Iƒ D]-tbm-K -s∏-Sp -Øp-∂-Xn\pw

C{XtØmfw klm-b-I-c-amb as‰m∂pw ]{X-{]-h¿Ø\ cwK-Øp-

≠m-bn- n-s√∂v ]d-bmw. taJe Xncn-®p≈ FUn-j-\p-Iƒ°v ]Icw

hepXpw sNdp-Xp-amb F√m ]{X-ßƒ°pw Pn√m tI{μ-ß-fn¬

{]tXyIw FUn-j-\p-Iƒ F∂ \ne-bn-te°v Ct∏mƒ amdn-bn-cn-

°p-∂p.

hrØm¥ ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øn¬\n∂v aqe-[\ ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-

Øn-te-°p-≈ Cu am‰-tØmsS F¥v -hm¿Ø-bmImw F∂Xn¬\n∂v

amdn F¥pw hm¿Øbm-Ip-sa∂v h∂p-tN¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p. B¿°pw

aqSn-sh-°m≥ km[n-°m-Ø-hn[w hm¿Øm-temIw kzX-{¥-am-°-s∏-

´n-cn-°p-∂p. Hcp-]{Xw Xa-kvI-cn-®mepw at‰-sX-¶nepw ]{Xw AXv

\evIp-∂{X kzX-{¥amWv Ct∏mƒ tIc-f-Ønse am[y-a-cw-Kw.

hm¿Ø-Iƒ tiJ-cn-°p∂ dnt∏m¿´¿am-cpsS FÆw IqSn-s°m-≠n-

cn-°p-∂p. Hmtcm ]{X-ßƒ°pw {]mtZ-inI {]Xn-\n-[n-I-fp-≠m-bn-

°-gn-™p. ]{X-hn-X-c-W-°m-cmb GP‚p-am¿Xs∂ hm¿Ø-I-f-dn-bn-

°p∂ \ne-bn-te°v hf¿∂p-I-gn-™p. CXn-se-√m-ap-]cn hmb-\-°m¿

t\cn v hm¿Ø-Iƒ Adn-bn-°p-Ibpw Ah¿°p-{]n-b-s∏´ ]{X-Øn¬

B hm¿Ø h∂n-cn-°-W-sa∂ Xmev]-cy-Øn-\\p-kcn®v {]h¿Øn-

°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Cßs\ hm¿Øm-hn-\n-a-b-Ønse P\-Iob

hnkvt^m-S-\-Im-e-Øneq-sS-bmWv Ct∏mƒ ae-bmf am[ya cwKw

k©-cn-°p-∂-Xv. AXn-s\m∏w kmt¶-XnI hnZybpw {] -jW-en-

khpw anI-hns‚ ]pXnb Db-c-ßƒ tXSp-∂p. am[ya taJ-e-bnse

aqe-[\hXvI-c-W-Øns‚ ^e-amWv CsX-√mw. aqe-[-\-Xm-ev]cyw


hm¿Ø-I-fpsS kz`m-h-sØbpw hm¿ØIƒ \evIp∂ coXn-sbbpw

Xs∂ Nne-t∏mƒ kzm[o-\n-t®-°m-dp-s≠-¶nepw temIw apgp-h≥

hm¿Øm-hn-\n-ab cwK-Øp-≠m-Ip∂ ]pXnb hnkvt^m-S-\-˛-hn-Im-

k-Øn¬\n∂v amdn-\n-¬°m≥ ae-bmf ]{X-ßƒ°v Ign-bn-√.

Aßs\ amdn \n¬°p-∂-h¿ Adp-]-g-©-\m-hp-Itbm Ime-l-c-W-

s∏-Sp-Itbm sNøpw.

aqe-[\ Xmev]-cyw ]{X-ßfpsSkmaq-lnI ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Ifnepw

{]Xn-^-en-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. kzX{¥ ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\w, \njv]-£-X,

[m¿an-IX F∂nßs\ am[y-a-cwKw \nc-¥cw N¿®-Iƒ°pw hna¿i-

\-ßƒ°pw hnt[-b-am-Ip∂ \nc-h[n hnj-b-ß-fp-≠v. CsX√mw

]m{X-Ønse Pew t]mse-bm-Wv. GXp-]m-{XØn¬ Pew tiJ-cn-

°p∂p F∂-X-\p-k-cn-®p-am{Xta AXn\v cq]-ap-≠m-Ip-∂p-≈q.

Hcmƒ°v kzX-{¥hpw \njv]-£hpw [m¿an-I-hp-sa∂v tXm∂p-∂Xv

A]-c-\p-≠m-I-W-sa-∂n-√. F√m-h-scbpw Hcp-t]mse Xr]vXn-s∏-Sp-

Øp∂ H∂pw Hcp-Im-eØpw km[y-am-hp-I-bp-an-√.

Cu aqe-[\ Xm¬]cyw ap≥\n¿Øn PmXn˛aX -hn-izm-k-tI-{μo-

Ir-X-amb kw -h-ßsf kao-]n-°pI F∂-Xn-te°v B[p-\nI am[y-

a-cwKw FØn-t®¿∂n-´p-≠v. {]Nm-c-Øn\v tIm´-ap-≠mIpw hn[w

hnizm-k-tI-{μo-Ir-X-amb H∂n¬ hm¿Ø-Itfm A`n-{]mb {]I-S-\-

ßtfm \S-Øm≥ C∂v ]{X-ßƒ apXn-cm-dn-√. BZy-Im-e-ß-fn¬

\thm∞m\ apt∂-‰-Øns‚ `mK-ambn ap∂n¬\n∂v \bn® ]{X-

ßƒt]mepw Ct∏mƒ {]Nm-c˛]-c-ky-tI-{μo-IrXamb hymP-an-X-

Xz-Øn-te°v ]e-t∏mgpw t]mIp∂ kml-Ncyw D≠m-bn- p-≠v. hnizm-

ksØ Fßs\ ^e-{]-Z-ambn {]Nm-c-h¿[-\bv°v D]-tbm-Kn°mw

F∂-XmWv B[-p\nI am[y-a-{]- -j-Wen-kw. Cu X{¥w hnP-b-

I-c-ambn \S-∏m-°p-∂-Xnepw ap∂n¬ ae-bmf at\m-cabpw amXr- q-

anbpw Xs∂. awK-fhpw Cu a’-c-Øns‚ `mK-am-Wv. tIcf Iuap-

Zn-bm-Is´ Cu t{iWn-bn¬ HmSn-Ø-f¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. C{X-

tØm-f-an-s√-¶nepw a‰p]-{X-ßƒs°m∂pw aX-hn-izm-kkw-_-‘n-

bmb hm¿Ø-I-fn¬\n∂v Hgn™p \n¬°m≥ Ign-™n-´n-√,

Aßs\ Ign-tb-≠-Xp-an√.

F∂m¬, hnizm-k-ßsfbpw BNm-c-ß-sfbpw AXns‚ kzm`m-

hn-I-X-bn¬ Ihn™v s]cp-∏n®v ImWn-°p-∂Xpw hnizm-kn-Isf


{hW-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠n-h-cp-sa-∂-Xn-\m¬ A\m-Nm-c-ßƒ°p-t\sc IÆ-

S-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ coXn kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\Øn\v \n¿Wm-

bI kw`m-h\ \¬Inb ]{X-ßƒ°v Hcp-X-c-Ønepw `qj-W-a-√.

1990-Iƒ°v tijw hnizm-k-tI-{μo-Ir-X-amb kmaq-ly-km-l-N-cy-

ßfnte°v s]mXp-k-aq-lsØ t_m[-]q¿hw \bn-°p-tºm-gmWv

]{X-ßƒ AXv Zpcp-]-tbmKw sNøp-Itbm As√-¶n¬ Ip‰-I-c-amb

\n w-KX ]pe¿Øp-Itbm sNbvX-sX∂v ImWmw.

tZio-b-]-{X-Øns‚ s]cp-a-bp≈ amXr- qan sslμh Xmev]-cy-

ßƒ°v ap≥Xq°w \¬Ip-∂p-s≠∂ hna¿i\w amXr-`q-an-bpsS

{]mcw-`-Imew apX¬ Xs∂ Db¿∂p-h-∂-Xm-Wv. "\mb-∑m-cpsS

]{Xw' F∂ Bt£]ambn-cp∂p XpS°w apX¬. kn. IrjvW≥

]{Xm-[n-]-cmbn Xoø-cpsS t£a-Øn-\mbn XpS-ßnb "anX-hmZn'

bpw apl-ΩZv A_vZp-d-lvam≥ ]{Xm-[n-]-cmbn XpS-ßnb "A¬- -A-

-ao\pw' XpS°w apX¬ amXr- q-an-bpsS Cu Xm¬]-cy-ßsf hna¿in-

®p-sIm≠v Fgp-Xn-bn-cp-∂p. C°m-cy-Øn¬ Znh-k-ßƒ \o≠ kwhm-

Z-ßƒXs∂ Cu ]{X-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ D≠m-bn-´p-≠v. alm-flm-Km-

‘n-bpsS aqØ-a-I≥ lcn-em¬ Km‘n Ckvemw aXw kzoI-cn®v

ssiJv A_vZp-√m-Km-‘n-bmbt∏mgm-bn-cp∂p A¬ Aao-≥ hna¿i\w

D∂-bn-®-Xv. Cu kw`hw amXr- qan Xs∂ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂Xv Cß-

s\-bmWv:

"alm-flm-K-‘n-bpsS aqØ aI≥ lcn-em¬ Km‘n C…mw

aXw kzoI-cn®v ssiJv A_vZp-√m-Km-‘n-bm-bXv C°m-e-Øm-

Wv, 1936 sabn¬. C¥ybn-se-∂-√, temI-sØm- msI A∂v

hen-sbmcp N¿®m-hn-j-b-ambnØo¿∂p, Cu aXw am‰w.

F∂m¬, amXr- qan A°m-cy-Øn¬ Hcp DZm-ko\ \b-amWv

kzoI-cn-®-Xv. ae-_m-dnse apk¬am-∑m-dn¬ Hcp-hn- mKw Cu

DZm-ko\ \b-Øn¬ Akw-Xr]vXn {]I-Sn-∏n-®p. A_vZp-≈m-

K-‘n-bpsS C…mw aX-kzo-I-cWw icn-bm-sbmcp hnizm-k-]-

cn-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ ^e-am-sW∂p hniz-kn-®n-cp∂ Ah¿, aX-

an-s√∂p ]d-bp∂ amXr- qan Cu aXw-am-‰sØ A\p-Iq-en-°p-

I-Xs∂ thW-sa∂pw hniz-kn-®n-cn-°-Ww. 1936 sk]vXw-_-

dn¬ ssiJv A_vZp≈ Km‘n°v s]m∂m-\n-bn¬ Hcp {]apJ


apkveow aX kwL-S-\-bpsS B`n-ap-Jy-Øn¬ Hcp kzoI-cWw

\¬I-s∏- p. {]kvXpX kzoI-c-W-tbm-K-Øn¬ AwKo-I-cn-°-

s∏´ {]ta-b-ß-fn¬ H∂v amXr- q-an-bpsS DZm-ko\ \b-Øn¬

{]Xn-tj-[n -°p-∂-Xn\pw amXr-`qan _ln-jvI-cn -°m≥

ap…oßsf Blzm\w sNøp-∂-Xp-am-bn-cp-∂p.'

˛am-Xr- q-an-bpsS Ncn-{Xw, c≠mw hmeyw

lcn-em-ens‚ aXw-am-‰sØ Ipdn®v Km‘nPn \¬Inb hni-Zo-I-

c-W-Øns‚ NphSp ]nSn-®m-bn-cp∂p A∂v amXr- qan CXn¬ Xß-

fpsS `mKw \ymbo-I-cn-®-Xv. Km‘nPn CXn\v \¬Inb hni-Zo-I-

cWw Cß-s\-bmWv:

"Cu aXw am‰w lrZ-b-Øn¬\n-∂p≈ sFln-I-hn-Nm-c-ßƒ

H∂pw-Xs∂ IqSm-ØXpw Bbn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬, F\n°v Bt£-

]-ap-≠m-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. F¥p-sIm-s≠-∂m¬ Fs‚ aX-sØ-

t∏m-se-Xs∂ kXy-am-b-XmWv C…mw aXhpw F∂p Rm≥

hniz-kn-°p-∂p'. F∂m¬, lcn-em-ens‚ aXw am‰-Øn¬

X\n°v kwi-bp-ap-s≠∂v hy‡-am-°n-bmWv Km‘nPn hni-

Zo-I-cWw Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. amXr- q-an-bm-Is´ apJ-{]-kw-

K-Øn-eqsS C°m-cy-Øn¬ \bw hy‡-am-°n: "aXw hy‡n-I-

fpsS kz¥w Imcy-am-Wv. Hcm-fpsS aXw-am-‰-Øn¬, Bbmƒ°-

√msX a‰m¿°pw kt¥m-j-Ønt\m k¥m-]-Ønt\m Ah-

Im-i-an-√. aXw-am-‰w-sIm≠v X\n°v B[ym-flnIc£ e`n®p

F∂p IcpXn Hcmƒ bYm¿Y-Øn¬ kt¥m-jn-°p-∂p-sh-¶n¬,

Abm-fpsS kt¥m-j-Øn¬ a‰p-≈-h¿°pw BÀm-Zn-°m-hp-∂-

Xm-Wv. F∂m¬, {]kvXm-h-\-bnep≈ aX-]-cn-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬

Aß-s\-bp≈ BÀm-Z-Øn\pw hI-bn-√. hnizm-kw-sIm-≠-

√, `uXn-I-amb Nne kuI-cy-ßƒ Dt±-in-®mWv Xßƒ aXw

amdp-∂-sX∂v Aßs\ aXw amdp-∂-h¿Xs∂ kΩ-Xn-°p-∂p-

≠v.'

˛am-Xr- q-an-bpsS Ncn-{Xw, c≠mw hmeyw

Xßƒ°v aXhpw PmXn-bp-an-s√∂v {]Jym-]n®v \nc-h[n apJ-{]-

kw-K-ßƒ Xs∂ amXr- q-an°v hni-Zo-I-c-W-ambn \¬tI-≠n-h-∂n-


cp-∂p. F∂n´pw apt∂m-°- -k-h¿W sslμh Xm¬]cyØns\m∏w

\n¬°p∂ ]{X-sa∂ ]gn-bmWv amXr- qan Ct∏mgpw tIƒt°-≠n-

h-c-p∂-Xv. CXv adn-I-S-°m-\mbn CXc aX-ß-fp-sbSpw ]n∂m° PmXn-

Ifp-sSbpw hm¿Ø-Iƒ°v \√ ]cn-K-W\ \¬Ip-∂p-s≠-¶nepw apg-

®p-\n¬°p∂ sslμ-hm- n-ap-JysØ ad-®p-sh-°m≥ amXr- q-an°v Ign-

bm-dn-√. hcn-°mcpw hmb-\-°m-cp-amb henb hn`mKw lnμp-a-X-

ÿ-cm-sW-∂-Xp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ i‡-amb kz¥w ASn-Ødbv°v

Cf°w X´mXn-cn-°m≥ CØcw hnj-b-ßsf ssIImcyw sNøp∂-

Xn¬ amXr- qan _≤-{i-≤-\¬Ip∂p. lnμp-hn-izm-kn-Isf Xr]vXn-

s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\mbn tZho- -tZ-h-∑m-cp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp∂ hntij

Znh-k-ß-fn¬ H∂mw-t]-Pn¬ Xs∂ Ah-cpsS Nn{Xw {]kn-≤o-I-cn-

°p∂ coXn amXr- qan CS-°m-eØv kzoI-cn-®n-cp-∂p, {]tXyI NS-

ß-fpsS hm¿Ø F∂ cq]-Øn-e-√msX Xs∂!

]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-Ønse `‡n

`‡n Hcp hyh-km-bambn -amdn F∂-XmWv B[p-\nI tIc-f-

Øns‚ as‰mcp khn-ti-j-X. at‰Xv hyh-km-b-tØ-°mfpw Ffp-∏-

Øn¬ hn]-Wn-bpsS ioe-ßsf kzmwio-I-cn-°m\pw D]-t`m-‡m-

hns‚ a\- n-te°v Bgv∂n-d-ßm\pw `‡n°v Ign-™n-cn-°p-∂p.

`‡n-hn-Im-k-Øns‚ tNcp-h-Iƒ kaq-l-Øn¬ GXp Xe-ß-

fn¬\n∂pw Db¿∂p-h-cmw. Cu tNcp-h-Isf ^e-{]-Z-ambn D]-tbm-

K-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw `‡n-hn-]-Wn-bpsS km[y-X-Iƒ A\¥-am-sW∂v

a\- n-em-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xv am[y-a-ß-fm-Wv. Itºm-f-Øn¬ GXp

hym]m-c-Øn\pw hyh-km-b-Ønepw \jvS-km-[y-X-Iƒ Gsd-bm-Wv.

`‡n-hy-h-km-b-Øn¬ adn-®pw. \jvSw kw -hn-°m≥ GsX-¶nepw

km[y-X-bp-s≠-¶n¬ AXv hnizm-kn-sb∂ D]-t`m-‡m-hn\v am{X-

am-bn-cn-°pw. hnizm-k-Øns‚ Iºn-fn-∏p-X-∏n-\p-≈n¬ Ign-bp-∂-Xn-

\m¬ \jvSw hcpØp∂ ac-hn-∏n-s\bpw hn[n-sb∂m-iz-kn®v Ign-

tb-≠n-h-cn-I-bmWv hnizm-kn.

`‡nbpw ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\hpw kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw sI´p-]n-W-

™p-In-S-t°≠ H∂-√. hn]-Wn- km[y-X-Isf D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-

Øp-∂-Xn¬ ]{X- D-S-a-Iƒ ssIh-cn® anSp-°ns‚ e-ambn C∂v

AX-ßs\ InS-°p-∂p. Cu kml-Ncyw Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥ k°-

dn-b \nco-£n-°p-∂Xv Cß-s\-bmWv :


"tIc-f-Øn¬ C∂v D≠m-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂Xv `‡n, ]{X-

{]-h¿Ø\w F∂ c≠v hyh-km-b-ßƒ H∂vtN¿∂v

{]h¿Øn-°p∂ Hcp {]tXyI Ah-ÿ-bm-Wv. C¥y-bn¬

as‰mcp kwkvIm-c-Ønepw as‰mcp mj-bnepw Cß-s\-sbmcp

hn]Wn {]Xn- mkw Zriy-a-√. `‡n-hy-h-km-b-Øns‚ hn]-

Wn-Xm-ev]-cy-ßƒ hm¿Ø-I-fn-te°v \nKq-V-ambn {]Xn-jvTn-

°-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-I¿hm-Wn-Py-]-c-ambn kzm[o-\n-°-

s∏-Sp-tºmgpw ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-I¿Xs∂ `‡-cmbn amdp-tºmgpw

CXv kw`hn-°mw. ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-I≥ hm¿Øsb Xs‚ `‡n-

bn-eq-sS, As√-¶n¬ , `‡n-hm-Wn-Py-Xm-ev]-cy-ß-fpsS {]Nm-

c-tWm-]m-[n-bmbn Zpcp-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. hm¿Ø Ifhmbn

amdp-∂p'

˛ --- ‡nbpw ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\hpw, Iem-Iu-apZn, am¿®v 2003

aXw, PmXn, `‡n XpS-ßnbhsb kao-]n-°p-tºmƒ `‡n-bpsS

hn]-Wn-km-[y-X-Isf D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-sb∂ e£y-tØmsS

ho£n-°m≥ am[yaßƒ {ian-°p-∂Xv Cu Hcp ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬Iq-

Sn -bm -Wv. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ \n¿Wm-b-I-amb F¥p-]-cn -

jvImc\n¿tZ-i-ßfpw ‡n-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ taJ-e-bn¬ Db¿∂p-

h-cp-tºmƒ hn]Wn e£yw-h-®p≈ kao-]\w am{Xw aXn-sb∂

\ne-bn-te°v B[p-\nI am[y-a-ßƒ ˛th¿Xn-cn-th-Xp-an-√msX˛

FØn-t®¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p. CXp≠m-°p∂ {]Xym-LmXw hep-Xm-Wv.

tIc-f-Øns‚ kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m\ apt∂-‰-ßsf XI¿Øp-I-f-

bp∂ coXn-bn¬, BNmc \njvT-Ifpw hnizmk {]am-W-ßfpw ]p\-

ÿm-]n-°m≥ \SØp∂ t_m[-]q¿h {ia-ßsf Xpd-∂p-Im-´m≥

B[p-\nIImeØv ]{X-ßƒ hnap-JX ImWn-°p-∂ \ne-bn-te°v

AXv FØn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. CØcw Imcy-ß-fn¬ kzX-{¥hpw \n¿ -

b-hp-amb A`n-{]mb {]I-S\w Xßƒ°v Xs∂ BXy-¥n-I-amb

Xncn-®SnbmIp-sa∂ `b-amWv Cu Dƒh-en-b-en\v {][m\ Imc-Ww.

1990-Iƒ°p-tijw t£{X-ß-fpsS ]p\-cp-≤m-c-W-Ønepw

apkveow˛ss{I-kvXh tZhm-e-b-ßƒ ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xnepw t\c-sØ-

bn-√mØ Xmev]cyw AXXp kap-Zm-b-ß-fn¬ Db¿∂p-h∂n- p-≠v.-

F√m Bcm-[m-\m-e-b-ß-fnepw FØn-t®-cp∂ hnizm-kn-I-fpsS


FÆhpw Hmtcm h¿jhpw IqSn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬, CtX-

k-μ¿ -ß-fn¬ Bcm-[-\m-e-b-ß-fnse Nn -h- -ßƒ ]cn-jvI-cn-°p∂

Imcy-Øn¬ amaq-ep-Iƒ ssIsh-Sn-bm≥ Hcp-°-a-s√∂ ISpw-]n-Sp-

Ø-Øn-emWv hnizmkn kaq-lw. KpW-]-c-ambn amtd≠ CØcw

N¿®-I-fn¬t]mepw ss[cy-k-taXw CS-s]-Smt\m A`n-{]mbw tcJ-

s∏-Sp-Ømt\m ]{X-ßƒ Xøm-d-√.

tIc-f-Øns‚ kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\-Øn¬ G‰hpw henb Nph-

Sp-sh-∏m-bn-cp∂p Kpcp-hm-bq¿ kXym-{K-lw. AtX Kpcp-hm-bq¿ Aº-

e-Øn¬ tIm¨{Kkv t\Xmhv hb-em¿ chn-bpsS sIm®-pa-I\v

\evInb tNmdqWv krjvSn® tImem-lew \thm-∞m\ tIc-f-

Øns‚ apJ-tØ°p≈ sNfn-hm-cn-tb-dm-bn-cp-∂p. hb-em¿ chn-bpsS

`mcy tagvkn-c-hn-bm-bn-cp∂p hnhm-Z-Øns‚ Cc. ss{IkvXh hnizm-

kn-bmbn-cp∂ tagvkn-bpsS aI\pw sIm®p-a-I\pw sslμ-h-t£-{X-

Øn¬ {]th-i\w km[y-am-b-Xp-Xs∂ Kpcp-X-c-amb BNm-c-\n-tj-

[-ambpw t£{X-ip-≤nsb If-¶-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xmbpw Nn{Xo-I-cn-°-s∏-

´p. ]cn-lm-c-{In-b-bn-eqsS ip≤n Xncn-®p-]n-Sn-®mWv Kpcp-hm-bq¿

t£{X-\-S-Øn-∏p-Im¿ tZhs‚ AlnXw am‰n-bXv! t£{X-Øn¬

{]th-in® hb-em¿ chn-bpsS aI-s‚bpw sIm®p-a-I-s‚bpw hnizm-

k-ßƒ°m-bn-cp-∂n-√, ]Icw t£{X-Øn¬ {]th-in-°mØ tagvkn-

bpsS hnizm-k-am-bn-cp∂p Kpcp-hm-bq¿ Aip-≤n-bm-Im≥ Imc-W-ambn

t£{Xm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ Nq≠n-°m-´n-b-Xv.

Cu {]iv\-Øn¬ s]mXp-k-aq-l-Øn¬ Db¿∂p-h∂ hyXykvX

A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\∏pdw hy‡-amb \ne-]m-sS-

Sp-°m≥ apJy-[mc ]{X-ß-sfm∂pw Xøm-dm-bn-√. Xßƒ CXn¬

A`n-{]mbw ]d-bp-∂Xv hnizm-kn-I-fmb _lp- q-cn-]£w P\-XbpsS

FXn¿∏v kºm-Zn-°m-\n-S-bm-°p-sa∂ tXm∂-em-bn-cp∂p {]apJ ]{X-

ßƒ°p-≠m-b-Xv. CXpƒs∏sS t£{X-ß-fnse BNmc coXn-Iƒ

]cn-jvI-cn-°p-∂Xp kw_-‘n®v Db¿∂ \n¿tZ-i-ß-tfm-sS√mw Hcp-

Xcw \n wK \ne-]m-SpXs∂ XpS¿∂p. Kpcp-hm-bq¿ t£{X-Øn¬

kv{XoI-ƒ°v Nqcn-Zm¿ [cn®v {]th-in-°m-sa∂ \n¿tZiw Db¿∂-

t∏mƒ BNmc ]cn-jvImcw hnizm-k-Øn\v tIm´w X´p-sa∂ hmZ-

ßƒ°v {]mapJyw \¬Im≥ ]{X-ßƒ aSn-Im-´n-bn-√. t£{X-ß-

fnse shSn hgn-]m-Sp-Iƒ A]-I-S-ßƒ°v CS-bm-°p-sa-∂-Xn-\m¬

shSn-i_vZw sdt°m¿Uv sNbvXv tIƒ∏n-®m¬ t]mtc-sb∂v tIcf


sslt°m-SXn Bcm-™-t∏mƒ s]mXp-kaql-Øn¬ AsXmcp N¿®-

bmbn Db¿Øn-s°m-≠p-h-cm\pw am[y-a-ßƒ hnap-JX ImWn-®p.

ImcWw hnizm-k-Øn\v £X-ta¬°p∂ N¿®-Iƒ Xß-fpsS {]Nm-

c-km-[y-Isf XS- -s∏-Sp-Øp-sa-∂-Xp-X-s∂.

\mcm-b-W-Kp-cp- Acp-hn-∏pdw {]Xn-jvT- \-S-Øn-bXv 1888-em-Wv.

t£{X{]-th-i-\Ønepw t£{Xm-[n-Im-c-Øn-ep-ap≈ A{_m-“-W-

cpsS Ah-Imiw ÿm]n-°-em-bn-cp∂p AXv. {_m“-Wm-[n-]-Xy-

Øns‚ Zpjn® ioe-ßsf {]Xn-tcm-[n-°m-\p≈ kwL-i-‡n-°p≈

ASn-Ø-d-bn- -Xm-bn-cp∂p Acp-hn-∏pdw {]Xn-jvT. AXns‚ XpS¿®-

bmbn Fkv-F≥Un-]nbpw \thm-∞m\ {]ÿm-\-ßfpw i‡n-s∏-

-t∏mƒ ]qP sNøm-\p≈ Ah-Im-ihpw IogvPm-Xn-°m-c-\p-s≠∂v

{io\m-c-mb-Wo-b¿ ÿm]n-®p. ]qPm-hn-[n-Iƒ ]Tn® GsXm-cp-hn-

izm-kn°pw ]qP-sN-øm≥ Ah-Im-i-ap-s≠∂ Cu {]Jym-]-\sØ

sNdnb tXmXn¬t]mepw Dƒs°m-≈m≥ tIc-f-Ønse hnime

lnμp-hn-izmkn kaqlw Xøm-dm-bn- n-√. \mcm-b-W-Kpcp apt∂m- p-

sh® \thm-∞m-\m-i-bsØ Cug-h-t£-{X-ßfpw Cugh∏qPm-cn-

amcpw Cugh ssZh-ßfpw F∂ \ne-bn¬ hn]-coX Zni-bn¬ hmbn-

°p-I-bmWv B[p-\n-I-tI-c-fob s]mXp-k-aqlw sNbvXXv. ]qPm-Zn-

I¿Ω-ß-fnse kh¿Wm-[n-]-XysØ C√m-Xm-°m-\p≈ {ia-ßƒ°v

]n¥pW \¬Im≥ Fkv-F≥Un-]n°v ]pdØv as‰mcp kwL-S-\tbm

\thm-∞m-\ aqey-ßƒ ]n≥]‰n \n¬°p∂ ]{X-ß-tfm k∂-≤-am-

bn-´n-s√∂-XmWv bmYm¿Yyw.

i_-cn-a-e-bpambn _‘-s∏ v Db¿∂ hnhm-Z-ß-fnepw qcn-]£w

hcp∂ hnizmkn kaq-l-Øns‚ hnIm-c-ßsf {hW-s∏-Sp-Øm-\n-

s√∂ \ne-]mSv kzoI-cn®v, hymP-\n¿an-Xnsb Xpd-∂p-Im-Wn-°p∂-

Xn¬\n∂v amdn-\n¬°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p am[y-a-ßƒ. i_cnae-bnse

kv{Xo km∂n-[y-am-bn-cp∂p Hcp hnhmZ hnj-bw. hn{K-l-Øn\v

kao]w kv{Xo IS-∂p-sN-∂-Xmbn t£{X-Øn¬ \S-Ønb tZh-{]-

iv\-Øn¬ sXfn-™-Xmbn tPymXnjn ]c-∏-\-ßmSn DÆn-°r-jvW-

]-Wn-°¿ \S-Ønb ]cm-a¿iw hnizmkn kaq-lsØ H∂-S¶w

Cf-°n-a-dn-®-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. t£{Xm-Nm-c-ß-fpsS \ntj-[-amb {iotIm-

hn-ense kv{Xo km∂n[yw Fß-s\-bp-≠m-sb-∂Xv kw_-‘n®

X¿°-ßƒ Gsd \S-∂p. tZh-{]-iv\-Ønse Is≠-Ø¬ icn-bm-

sW∂v hy‡-am-°n-s°m≠v I∂S Ne-®n-{X-Xmcw Pb-ame, t£{X-


k-μ¿i\w \S-Øn-bXv Xm\m-sW∂v ]d-bpI IqSn sNbvX-tXmsS

tZh-{]-iv\-Ønse ]cm-a¿i-Øn\v km[q-I-c-W-hp-am-bn. F∂m¬,

Pb-am-e-bpsS shfn-s∏-Sp-Ø-tem DÆn-Ir-jvW-∏-Wn-°-cpsS {]iv\-

\n-co-£-Wtam icn-bm-sW∂v ÿm]n-°m≥ ]n∂oSv B¿°pw km[n-

®n-√.

e£-°-W-°n\v hcp∂ hnizm-kn-I-fpsS hnIm-csØ {hW-s∏-

Sp-Ønb Cu ]cm-a¿i-ß-fnte°v \bn® ]n∂m-ºpd bmYm¿∞y-

ßƒ Is≠-Øm≥ km[n-®n-√. am{X-a-√, i_-cn-ae t£{X-Ønse

kv{Xo{]-th-i\ \ntj[w ]p\-∏-cn-tim-[n-t°≠ H∂m-sW∂ A`n-

{]m-b-ßƒ°pw am[y-a-ßƒ henb {]m[m\yw sImSp-Øn-√. ImcWw

CØcw N¿®-I-sf√mw Xs∂ hnizm-kn-I-fpsS FXn¿∏n-te-°mWv

\bn-°p-I-sb∂ `bw ]{X-ßsf h√msX ]nSn-Iq-Sp-I-bp-≠m-bn.

BNm-c-ßƒ ]cn-jvIcn°p-I-sb-∂-Xn-te°v IS-°msX, tPymXn-j-

Øns‚ t]cn¬ krjvSn-°p∂ CØcw A]-I-S-ßsf Xpd-∂p-Im-

´m\p≈ DØ-c-hm-ZnØw GsX-¶nepw ]{Xw Gs‰-Sp-t°-≠-Xm-bn-

cp-∂p. tPymXn-j-Øn\v imkv{Xo-bm-Sn-Ø-d-bp-s≠∂v A\p-Iq-en-Iƒ

hmZn-°p-∂n-S-tØmfw Xs∂ {]m[m\yw AXns‚ t]cn¬ \S-°p∂

Nqj-W-ßsf P\-ß-fn-te°v FØn-°p-∂-Xn\pw \¬Im≥ am[y-a-

ßƒ k∂-≤-am-I-W-am-bn-cp-∂p. DÆn-IrjvW ]Wn-°-cpsS tZh-

{]-iv\-Ønse Is≠-Ø¬, henb hnizmkn kaq-lsØ {hW-s∏-

Sp-Øp-sa-∂-Xn-\m¬ Xnc-kvI-cn-°-s∏-´p-sh-∂-Xn\v A∏pdw {]iv\-

hn[n ]cm-am¿i-ß-fn¬ Cßs\ ÿncw IS-∂p-Iq-Sp-∂ s]m≈-Ø-

c-ßsf hnNm-cW sNøm≥ s]mXp-k-aq-ltam am[y-a-ßtfm Xøm-

dm-bn-√.

aI-c-tPymXn kw_-‘n® hnhm-Z-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p ]{X-ß-fpsS Ip‰-

I-c-amb DZm-ko-\X shfn-hm-b-Xv. tPymXn ImWm-s\-Ønb \qdn-

te-d-t∏cpsS Poh≥ ]p¬taSv Zpc-¥-Øn-eqsS \jvS-am-b-t∏m-gmWv

aI-c-tPym-Xn-bpsS hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ Adn-b-W-sa∂v tIc-f-Ønse

s]mXp-k-aqlw B{K-ln-®-Xv. s]m∂-ºeta´n¬ aI-c-tPymXn sXfn-

bp-∂X√ sXfn-bn-°p-∂-Xm-sW∂v tZhkzw A[n-Ir-X¿°pw HSp-

hn¬ kΩ-Xn-t°-≠n-h-∂p.

F{Xtbm h¿j-ß-fmbn tIc-f-Øn-epw kwÿm-\-Øn\v ]pd-

Øp-ap≈ hnizm-kn-Isf tZh-kz-Øns‚ Adn-thmsS \S-Ønb Cu

I_-fn-∏n-°¬, AXns‚ Kuc-h-tØm-sS-b√ am[y-a-ßƒ kao-]n-®-


Xv. Ahn-sSbpw hnizmkw Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p {]Xn-_-‘w. aIc

tPymXn sXfn-bn-°p-∂Xv, i_-cn-a-e-bnse as‰√m NS-ßp-I-sfbpw

t]mse a\p-jy≥ sNøp-∂-Xm-sW∂v kΩ-Xn-®m¬ AXns‚ ]hn-

{X-X \jvS-s∏-Sp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. AXn\v ]Icw, aIc tPymXn sXfn-

bp-∂-Xn\v Hcp KqV-]-cn-thjw \ne-\n¿Øm-\m-bn-cp∂p tZhkzw

t_m¿Upw t£{Xm-[n-Im-cn-Ifpw {ian-®-Xv. AXn-eqsS IqSp-X¬

ssZhn-IX krjvSn-s®-Sp-°m≥ tZhkzw {ian-®p. hnizm-kn-I-fpsS

[mc-W-Iƒ°p-tase \S-Ønb Cu I_-fn-∏n-°¬ AXns‚ Kuc-

h-tØmsS ]pd-sØ-Øn-°p-∂-Xn\v ]Icw H∂pw sNømsX amdn-

\n¬°p-I-bmWv ]p¬taSv Zpc-¥-Øn\v tijhpw am[y-a-ßƒ

sNbvXXv.

ae-bmf at\m-c-abpw amXr- q-an-bp-sa√mw AXoh kq£va-X-tbm-

sS-bmWv {]iv\w ssIImcyw sNbvX-Xv. tPymXn sXfn-bp-∂tXm

sXfn-bn -°p-∂tXm F∂Xv Is≠-tØ≠ Hcp Bh-iyhpw

Xßƒ°n-s√∂ a´n-em-bn-cp∂p ]{X-ßƒ. GXm\pw Znh-k-ßƒ

CXp-kw-_-‘n® hm¿Ø-Iƒ hs∂-¶nepw kz¥w \ne-bn¬

tPymXn°v ]n∂nse cl-ky-ßƒ Is≠-Øm≥ Hcp am[y-ahpw Xp\n-

™n-cp-∂n-√. \ne-]mSv hni-Zo-I-cn®v apJ-{]-kw-K-ßƒ Fgp-Xn-sb-

¶nepw AsXm∂pw aI-c-tPym-Xn-bpsS t]cn¬ \S-Øn-h∂ Cu

HutZym-KnI I_-fn-∏n-°-ens\ Xpd-s∂-Xn¿°m≥ Xøm-dm-bn-√. CXp-

hsc XpS¿∂ "BNm-c-ßƒ' AtX-]Sn \S-°p-∂-Xt√ DNn-X-

sa∂mbn-cp∂p s]mXpam[ya kao-]-\w.

e£-°-W-°n\v hcp∂ Bcm-[-I¿°v Ct∏mgpw \n›-b-an-√m-

Ø-XmWv Cu I_-fn-∏n-°¬. ]p√p-taSv Zpc-¥Øn\v GXm\pw

h¿jwapºv ssIcfn Nm\en¬ at\mPv ]pXn-b-hnf \S-Ønb hkvXp-

Xm-A-t\z-j-W-amWv aI-c-tPymXn kw_-‘n® bmYm¿Yyw ]pd-Øp-

sIm≠ph∂ anI® dnt∏m¿´p-I-fn-sem-∂v. ]p√p-taSv Zpc-¥-Øn\v

tijhpw tIc-f-Ønse am[y-a-ßsf√mw tPymXn°v ]n∂nse cl-

ky-ßƒ shfn-®-Øp-sIm-≠p-h-cm≥ aSn-®p-\n-∂-t∏mƒ Xan-gv\m-´n-

sebpw B{‘-bn-sebpw am[y-a-ßƒ, ssIcfn \¬Inb ]gb

dnt∏m¿´p-Isfbpw Zriy-ß-sfbpw B{i-bn®psIm≠v, Cu I_-fn-

∏n-°-ens\ Ipdn®v hkvXp-Xm-]-c-amb dnt∏m¿ v \S-Øm≥ Xøm-dm-

sb-∂Xv {it≤-b-am-Wv.


hnizm-k-Øns‚ t]cn¬ \S°p∂ X´n-∏p-Iƒs°-Xnsc P\-ap-

t∂-‰-ap-≠mb kwÿm-\-ØmWv i_-cn-a-e-bn¬ hnizm-kn-Isf

NqjWw sNbvXp≈ BNm-c- \m-SIw Ac-tß-dp-∂-sX∂-XmWv

bmYm¿Yyw. am[y-a-ß-fm-Is´ Ip‰-I-c-amb \n w-K-X-bn-epw. sshcp-

≤y-sa∂v ]d-b-s´, at\mPv ]pXnb hnf-bpsS hkvXp-Xm-t\z-jWw

BZy F∏n-tkmUv kwt{]-jWw sNbvX-t∏mƒ Xs∂ A∂v

ssIcfn Nm\¬ Xe-∏-Øp-≠m-b-h-cn¬\n∂v hna¿i-\-ßƒ Db¿∂p-

sh-∂Xpw XpS¿∂v "ka-Im-enIw' F∂ Id‚ v A -tbgvkv ]cn-]m-

Sn-bnse D≈-S°w \nco-£n-°m≥ Hcp kwhn-[m\w Hcp-°n-sb-∂Xpw

bmYm¿Yy-am-Wv.

i_-cn-a-e-bnse Xnc°v Hgn-hm-°m≥ F√m Znh-khpw Bcm-[-

\-sb∂ coXn kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xns\ Ipdn®v sslt°m-SXn A`n-{]mbw

Bcm-™-t∏mgpw AXv Kuc-h-amb ]cn-K-W-\-bv°v sh°m≥ tZh-

kztam am[y-a-ßtfm Xøm-dm-bn- n-√. as‰¥pw henb N¿®-bm°n

am‰p∂ am[y-a-ßƒ sslt°m-S-Xn-bpsS `mK-Øp-\n∂p≠mb Cu

A`n{]m-b-{]-I-S-\sØ Kuc-h-amb N¿®-bm°n am‰m-\p≈

Xm¬]cyw H´pw {]I-Sn-∏n-®-Xp-an-√. KXm-KX kuI-cy-ß-fn-√m-Ø,

hen-b-tXm-Xn¬ hnizmkn-Iƒ FØm-Xn-cp∂ ImeØv aI-c- -a-fie

D’hw \S-∂-Xp-t]m-se-b√ C∂v hnizm-kn-Iƒ Iq -tØmsS Hgp-

Ip∂ ImesØ ÿnXn. t£{X-ßfpw AXnse BNm-c-A-\p-jvTm-

\-ßfpw a\p-jy-\n¿an-X-am-sW-∂-XpsIm≠pX-s∂-bmWv ]pXnb

kml-N-cy-Øn¬ ÿnc-ambn t£{Xw Xpd-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ km[y-X-

Iƒ F{X-tØm-f-ap-s≠∂v ]cn-tim-[n-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. CØcw

\n¿tZ-i-ß-tfmSv am[y-a-ßƒ ImWn® Cu \n w-K-Xbv°pw

ImcWw ]{X-ßfpsS {]Nm-c-Øn\v tIm´w X´m-Xn-cn-°m-\p-≈ aqe-

[\ Xm¬]cyw am{X-am-bn-cp-∂p. hnizmk tI{μo-Ir-X-amb Imcy-

ß-fn¬ am‰-Øn-\mbn \ne-bp-d-∏n-°p-I-sb-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂n√ am[y-a-

ß-fpsS Ign™ Iptd-Z-i-I-ß-fm-bp≈ kao-]-\w. hnizmkn kaqlw

Fß-s\-bmtWm \oßp-∂Xv AX-\p-k-cn®v \oßp-I-sb-∂-Xn-\-∏p-

dØv {Iobm-flI CS-s]-Sen\v Hcp-am-[y-ahpw Xp\n-bp-∂-Xmbn

ImWm≥ Ign-bn-√.

Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw ]fl-\m-`-kzman t£{X-Ønse \ne-h-d-bv°p-

≈n¬ kq£n® kzØp-hn-h-c-ßfpsS Imcy-Ønepw hnizm-kn-I-tf-

°mƒ henb hnizm-k-Øn-eq-∂nbmbncp∂p am[y-a-ßƒ k©-cn-


®-Xv. t£{X-hp-ambn \nc-¥c _‘-Øn-eq≈ Hcp hnizmkn \¬Inb

tIkn-emWv \ne-h-d-Iƒ Xpd∂v kzØns‚ aqeyw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-

∂-Xn\v tImSXn DØ-c-hn-Sp-∂-sX∂ hkvXpX t]mepw am[y-a-

ßƒ°v {]k-‡-ambn tXm∂n-bn-√. ]Icw \ne-hd Xpd-∂m-ep-≠m-

Ip∂ `hn-jy-Øp-Iƒ, kzØns‚ DS-a-ÿm-h-Imiw t£{X-Øn\v

Xs∂-bm-sW∂v ÿm]n-°m-\p≈ Xo{h-{i-a-ßƒ Cßs\ hnizm-

k-tI-{μo-Ir-X-ambn hm¿Ø-Isf \¬Ip∂ kao-]-\-amWv ae-bmf

am[y-a-ßƒ kzoI-cn-®-Xv.

Pbn-®-h-sc kvXpXn®pw cmP- -‡n {]I-Sn-∏n®pw Fgp-Xn-t®¿Ø

Ncn-{X-sØbpw tI´p-tIƒhn-I-fmbn {]N-cn-®-Xp-amb Imcy-ßsf

Iptd-°qSn s]mSn-∏pw-sXm-ßepw tN¿Øv Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I-bmWv

]fl-\m-`-kzm-an-t£-{X-Ønse kzØns‚ aqey-\n¿W-b-Ønse

am[ya kao-]-\w. 1750¬ cmPyw apgp-h≥ {io]fl-\m- \v k¿Δ-kz-Zm-

\-ambn \¬Inb hnim-e-a-\-kvI-\m-bmWv am¿Øm-fi-h¿asb

A∂pw C∂pw hnti-jn-∏n-°m≥ F√m-h¿°pw Xmev]-cyw. am¿Øm-

fi-h¿abpsS Xr∏-Sn-Zm-\sØ ]mSn-∏p-I-gvØpI cmP- -c-W-ImeØv

At±-l-Øns‚ B{in-X-hr-μ-ß-fpsS ZuXy-am-bn-cp-∂p. 18˛mw \q‰m-

≠n¬ Zp¿_-e-ambn InS-∂n-cp∂ thWm-Sns\ CX-c-{]-tZ-i-ßƒ

shń-∏n-Sn®pw cmPy-Øn-\-IØv Xs∂ ]n≈-am-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬

Db¿∂ hna-X-\o-°-ß-sf AXn-Po-hn-®p-amWv am¿Øm-fi-h¿a

thWm-Sns‚ B[n-]Xyw Ac-°n- p-d-∏n-®-Xv.

BZyw cmP-`-c-W-Øn\p≠mb Akz-ÿ-Isf ASn-®-a¿Øp-∂-

Xm-bn-cp∂p \bw. a°-Øm-b-a-\p-k-cn®v Xr∏m-∏q¿ knwlm-k-\-Øn-

t∑¬ Ah-Im-i-hmZw D∂-bn® ]fl-\m- ≥ Xºn-sbbpw cma≥ Xºn-

sbbpw Ah¿°v ]n¥pW \¬Inb ]n≈-am-scbpw tbmK-°m-sc-

bp-amWv am¿Øm-fi-h¿a ASn-®-a¿Øn-b-Xv. XpS¿∂m-bn-cp∂p cmPy-

ßƒ shń-∏n-Sn-°¬. B‰n-ß-ep-am-bp≈ eb-\w, sIm√w, Imbw-

Ip-fw, sIm´m-c-°c Ff-b-SØp kzcq-]w, Aº-e-∏pg F∂n-h-bp-am-

bp≈ bp≤--ßƒ, U®p-Imsc Xpc-Ønb Ipf-®¬ bp≤w F∂nh

am¿Øm-fi-h¿Ω-bpsS hnP-b-Km-Y-I-fn¬s]-Sp-∂-h-bm-Wv. F∂m¬,

Cßs\ shń-∏n-Sn-®-t∏mgpw cmPy-Øns‚ Ingt° AXn¿Øn-

bn¬\n∂v am¿Øm-fi-h¿Ωbv°v henb sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-tS-

≠n-h-∂n-cp-∂p. B¿t°m´v \hm-_ns‚ _‘p-°-fmb Nμm-km-

ln_pw _Um-kmln_pw \S-Ønb B{I-a-W-ßƒ, Xr»n-\m-∏-≈n-


bnse Kh¿Æ-cm-bn-cp∂ atU-anb Xncp-s\¬th-en-bn¬ \S-Ønb

B{I-a-W-ßƒ, CuÃn-¥ym-I-º-\n-bpsS klm-b-tØmsS I¿Æm-

SnIv \hm-_mb apl-Ω-Zmen \S-Ønb B{I-a-W-ßƒ F∂n-ßs\

am¿Øm-fi-h¿Ωbv°v Xncn-®-Sn-tb-In-bXpw \nc-¥cw Akz-ÿX

krjvSn-®-Xp-amb kw -h-ßƒ thsd-bp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

CXn-s‚-sb√mw ^e-ambn knwlm-k\w kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn-s\m-

∏w a‰v bp≤-ß-fn-eqsS sh´n-∏n-Sn® kzØp-°ƒ ssIhn-´p-t]m-Im-

Xn-cn-°m-\pw AXn-\mbn cmPysØ hnizm-kn-I-fmb _lp-`q-cn-]-

£-Øns‚ ]n¥p-W-bm¿Pn-°m-\p-sa√mw \S-Ønb {ia-ß-fpsS mK-

amWv Xr∏-Sn-Zm-\-sa∂ \nco-£-W-ßsf Kuc-h-tØmsS ]cn-tim-

[n-°m\pw hni-I-e\w sNøm\pw am[y-a-ßƒ Xp\n-™n- n-√. ]Icw

hnizm-kn-Iƒt°m, s]mXp-k-aq-l-Ønt\m Hcp-{]-tbm-P-\-hp-an-√msX

t£{X \ne-h-d-bn¬ kq£n® hne-a-Xn-°m-\m-hmØ kzØp-°ƒ,

Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS {]Pm-Xm-ev]cyw ap≥\n¿Øn-bp≈

Xocp-am-\-sa∂ JymXn-]-I¿∂p-\¬Im-\m-bn-cp∂p am[y-a-ß-fpsS

hy{K-X. am¿Øm-fi-h¿Ω Xr∏Sn Zm\w \S-Øp∂ L -Øn¬ cmPyw

P\m-bØ `c-W-Øn-te°v IS-∂p-sN-√p-sa∂pw cmP-`-cWw C√m-

Xm-Ip-sa∂pw IW-°q-Iq- m≥ hgn-bn-√. AXn\v ]Icw cmP- -cWw

Fs∂-t∂-°p-ambn \ne-\n-evIm-\mhiy-amb Icp-X¬ [\w Is≠-

Øp-I-sb-∂-Xn¬ Ihn™ {]Pm-Xm-ev]cyw Xr∏-Sn-Zm-\Øn\v \¬Ip-

∂-Xp-Xs∂ HuNn-Xy-an-√m-bva-bmWv.

am¿Øm-fi-h¿a-bp-sSbpw a‰pw ImeØv cmPyØv D≠mbn-cp∂

kmaq-lnI hnth-N-\-Øns‚ mK-ßsf hnkva-cn®v cmP- -c-W-tØmSv

tN¿∂p-\n∂ \ma-am-{X-amb Imcy-ÿ-k-aq-l-Øn\pw ta¬PmXn hn`m-

K-ßƒ°pw ssIh∂ t\´-Øn-eqsS t£{X-\n-e-h-d-bn¬ Icp-Xn-

sh® kzØns\ A]q¿h "\n[n' sb∂v hymJym-\n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p

cmP-`‡n \jvS-s∏-SmØ, t£{XsØ Np‰n-∏-‰n-bp≈ Hcp-Iq´w

hnizm-kn-Iƒ sNbvX-Xv. Cu IW-s°-Sp∏pw {]Nm-c-Whpw hnizm-

k-Øn-\p-t\-sc-bp≈ sh√p-hn-fn-bmbn t]mepw hymJym-\-ap-b¿∂p.

CØcw kμ¿`-ß-fn -se√mw bmYm¿Yy-tØmSv ASp-°msX

hnizmknIsfam{Xw IW-°n-se-SpØv hm¿Ø-Iƒ \¬Ip-∂-Xn-emWv

am[y-a-ßƒ {i≤-sIm-Sp-Ø-Xv. cmP- -c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚ kzØp-k-ºm-

Z-\-Øn\pw km[m-c-W-°msc ]ngn-bp∂ \S-]-SnIƒ°pw FXn-sc

am{X-a-√, kmaq-lnI hnth-N-\-Øns‚ Zpc-h-ÿ-sb-°p-dn®pw \nc-


¥-c-hm¿Ø-I-fn-eqsS ae-bm-fnsb {]_p-≤-cm-°p-Ibpw ka-tcm-’p-

I-am-°p-Ibpw sNbvX BZy-Ime hrØm-¥-]-{X-{]-h¿Ø\ Ime-

Øp-\n-∂mWv B[p-\nI aqe-[\am[ya Xmev]-cyw Cu hnizm-k-

tI-{μo-I-c-W-Øn-te°v \oßn-b-sX∂v ImWmw.

Im‰pw shfn-®hpw IS-°m-Ø-X√ t£{Xm-Nm-c-ßfpw hnizm-k-

ß-fpw. AXn-{]m-No-\hpw {]mIr-X-hp-amb BNmc coXn-I-ƒ ]eXpw

B[p-\nI bpK-Øn¬ C√m-Xm-hp-Itbm henb ]cnh¿Ø-\-Øn\v

CS-bm-hp-Itbm sNbvXn- p-≠v. CØcw am‰w km[y-am-bXv ssZhnI

CS-s]-S-en-eq-sSb√. a\p-jy-krjvSn-bmb BNmc coXn-Ifn¬ a\p-

jy¿Xs∂ hcp-Ønb am‰-ßsf hnizmkn kaqlw Dƒs°m-≠-

Xns‚ e-amWv BNm-c-ß-fnepw hnizm-k-ß-fnepw CXn-\Iw h∂n-

´p≈ am‰-ßƒ. am‰-ßƒ°v A\p-Iq-e-ambn Nn¥n-°m-Ø cmPm-[n-

Imc Ime-Øp-t]mepw ]cn-jvIm-c-ßƒ bmYm¿Yy--am-bn-cp-∂p.

F∂m¬, P\m-bØ kwhn-[m-\-Øn-te°v `c-W-{I-ahpw kmaq-lnI

LS-\bpw amdnb L´-Øn¬, kam-\-co-Xn-bn-ep≈ am‰w BNmc

hnizmk coXn-bn¬ hcpØm\p≈ DZyaw t]mepw Fhn-sS-bp-sa-

Øp-∂n-√. Db¿∂p-h-cp∂ \n¿tZ-i-ß-fm-Is´ bmYm-ÿn-Xn-I-Xz-

Øns‚ s]cp-t¶m- -IƒsI´n {]Xn-tcm-[n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. hymP

\njv]-£-X-bpsS Iq´p-tN¿Øv Cu s]cp-t¶m- -Iƒ°v ZrV-X-tb-

IpIbmWv am[y-a-ßƒ.

Xncp-Ø¬ i‡n-bmbn \ne-sIm-t≈≠ CØcw kμ¿ -ß-fn¬

am[y-a-ßƒ kzoI-cn® ]n¥n-cn-∏≥ \ne-]mSv H‰-s∏- -X-√. `‡n-hy-

h-km-b-Øns‚ KpW-t`m-‡m-°-fmb am[y-a-ßƒ, s]mXpsh Bcm-

[-\m-e-bBtLm-j-ßƒ°v \¬Ip∂ Aan-X-`-‡ym-Z-c-ß-fpsS

XpS¿® am{X-amWv ta¬ kw`-h-ß-tfmSv kzoI-cn® kao-]-\-hpw.

Ahn-sS-bmWv k°-dnb \nco-£n® "hm¿Ø If-hm-Ip∂' kml-N-

cy-ap-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. sslμh t£{X-ßsf am{Xw tI{μo-I-cn-®p-≈-

X√ CXv. ]s£ `qcn-]£ kap-Zm-b-sa-∂-\n-e-bnepw sslμ-h-t£-

{X-ß-fnse Bcm-[m-\-Iƒ°v e`n-°p∂ sshhn-[yX Imc-Whpw

CXv Gdn-\n¬°p-∂p-sh∂v am{Xw.

Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-csØ B‰p-Im¬ s]m¶me am[y-a- hm¿Ø-bpsS

"BtLm-j'-Øns‚ B[p-\nI DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. s]m¶m-e hm¿Ø

\¬Ip-∂-Xn¬, AXns‚ `mjm {]tbm-K-Øn¬ am[y-a-ßƒ kzoI-

cn°p-∂Xv `‡n-a-’c coXn-bm-Wv. `‡n-bpsSbpw hnizm-k-Øn-


s‚bpw A¥-k-Ø-Xs∂ tNmZyw sNbvXn-cp∂ Iayq-WnÃv {]ÿm-

\-Øns‚ apJ-]-{X-amb "tZim- n-am\n' °pt]mepw B‰p-Im¬s]m-

¶me Dƒ∏-sS-bp≈ t£{X-ß-fpsS BtLm-j-s∏cp-°-Øn¬\n∂v

amdn-\-S-°m≥ km[n-®n- n-√.

2012se B‰p-Im¬ s]m¶mebpsS hm¿Ø tZim- n-am\n \¬In-

bXv t\m°n-bm¬ CXv hy‡-am-Ipw. s]m¶me Znh-k-amb am¿®v

Ggn\v tZim- n-am-\n-bpsS Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw ]Xn-∏v BtLm-jsØ

Gs‰-SpØ coXn-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p. H∂mw t]Pn¬ C∂v s]m¶m-e-sb∂

hm¿Øbpw ]Shpw Dƒt]Pn¬ Ac-t∏Pv \nd-b-Ø-°-hn[w aq∂p-

hm¿Øbpw aq∂p-]-S-hpw. AI-t∏-Pnse {][m\ hm¿Ø "Zo]w ]I-

cp-∂Xv cmhnse 10-\v F∂ Xe-s°-t´m-sS-bm-bn-cp-∂p. "Dd-ßmsX

\K-cw' F∂ Xe-s°- n¬ \¬Inb as‰mcp hm¿ØbnemWv tZim-

`n-am-\nbpw hm¿Ø \¬Ip-∂-Xn¬\n∂v amdn `‡n-bn-em-dm-Sp-∂-Xv.

s]m¶m-esb Fßs\ Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw \K-chpw `‡-P-\-ßfpw

hc-th¬°p-∂p-sh-∂m-bn-cp∂p hm¿Ø-bpsS kw{K-lw. AXn-ßs\

XpS-cp∂p:

"s]m¶m-e-bpsS Xte∂v \Kcw Dd-ßn-bn-√. A`q-X-]q¿h-amb

Xnc-°mWv sNmΔmgvN cmhnse apX¬ A\p- -h-s∏- -Xv. s]m¶m-

e-bv°p-th≠ km[-\-ß-fp-ambn kpc-£nX ÿm\-ßƒ tXSn-

bp≈ `‡-cpsS Hm´w. cmhnse apX¬ t£{X-Z¿i-\-Øn\pw

h≥ Xnc-°m-bn-cp-∂p. t£{X-Øn\v kao]w s]m¶m-e-b-Sp-∏p-

Iƒ \nc-Øn-b-h¿ cm{Xn sXm -Sp-Øp≈ hoSp-I-fnepw t£{X-

ß-fn-ep-ambn Ign-®p-Iq- n. PmXn-aX t`Z-an-√msX ‡¿°v F√m-

hn[ klm-bhpw \¬Im≥ \K-c-hm-kn-I-fpw. Xan-gv\m-Sv, B{‘,

I¿Wm-SI XpS-ßnb kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬\n-∂p-≈-hcpw s]m¶m-

e-bvs°-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.'

dnt∏m¿´v sNbvXsX√mw hkvXp-X-IƒX-s∂. a‰v hm¿Ø-

Iƒs°m∏w \¬Im-hp∂ hnh-c-ßtf AXn-ep-≈q. F∂m¬,

AXnse `mj `‡n-]-{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ coXn-bn-ep-≈-Xm-bn.

hnizm-kn-I-tfmSpw BNm-c-ß-tfmSpw tZim-`n-am\n apJw-Xn-cn-™p-

\n¬°p-∂n-s√∂v ImWn-°pI IqSn-bmhmw hm¿Ø-Iƒ Cu coXn-

bn¬ hn\y-kn-®-Xns‚ e£yw. H∏w s]m¶m-e-bn-Sm-s\-Øp∂

`‡¿°v A[n-I-ku-I-cy-ß-sfm-cp-°n-s°m-Sp-ØXv F¬Un^v


k¿°m-cm-sW∂ Hm¿Ω-s∏-Sp-Ø¬IqSn \S-Øp∂p AtX hm¿Ø-

bn¬ tZim- n-am-\n. F¬Un-F v k¿°m-cns‚ ImeØv B‰p-Im¬

]mew DZvLm-S\w sNbvX-tXmsS In≈n-∏m-e-Øp-\n∂v Xnc-°n-

√msX `‡¿°v t£{X-Øn-se-Øm-\p-≈ kuIcyw h¿[n-s®∂pw

hm¿Ø-bn¬ ]d-bp-∂p tZim- n-am-\n. hnizm-kn-Isf ]{X-tØmSpw

]m¿ń-tbmSpw tN¿°p-I-sb∂ Xmev]cyw Xs∂-bmWv C{Xbpw

hn]p-e-amb Hcp- hm¿Øm hn\ym-k-Øn\v tZim- n-am-\nsb t{]cn-

∏n-®n- p-≠m-hp-I. s]m¶me Ign™Xns‚ ]nt‰-∂n-d-ßnb ]Xn-∏nepw

CXns‚ XpS¿® Xs∂-bm-Wv. tI{μ- d-bn¬sh _P‰v apJy-hm¿Ø-

bmbXn-\m¬ A∂v s]m¶m-e-bpsS Nn{Xw -am-{Xta H∂mw-t]-Pn¬

CSw Inń-bp-≈q. F¶nepw hm¿Ø ]pdw-t]-Pn¬ hni-Z-am-bn-Øs∂

\¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. s]m¶me hm¿Ø hcp∂ Zn\-ß-fn¬ s]m¶m-

ebv°v Biw-k-b¿∏n®v Nne ÿm]-\-ßƒ \evInb ]c-kyhpw

tZim- n-am\n {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. s]m¶mesb tZim- n-am-\nbpw `‡n-

hy-h-km-b-ambn D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb∂-XmWv {]tXy-IX.

t£{X˛tZhm-eb BtLm-j-ßfpw BNm-c-ßfpw hm¿Ø-Ifpw

ô®-dp-I-fp-ambn CSw ]nSn-°p-∂Xv \thm-∞m\ aqey-ß-sf C√m-

Xm-°p∂ H∂mWv F∂√ CXns‚ hnh-£. BtLm-j-ßƒ hm¿Ø-

sb∂ Xe-Øn¬ ]{X-Xm-fp-I-fn¬ CSw-]n-Sn-t°-≠-Xp-X-s∂-bm-hpw.

AXn-ep-]cn am[y-a-ßƒ AXns‚ `mK-ambn\n∂v hm¿Ø-Iƒ

ssIImcyw sNøp-tºm-gmWv hyXykvX hne-bn-cp-Ø-en\v Xs∂

CS-\¬Ip-∂-Xv. BtLm-j-ß-ƒ°v s]men-a-tb-‰p∂ am[y-a-ßƒ,

Ct∏mgpw \S-am-Sp∂ A‘-hn-izm-k-ß-sfbpw BtLm-j-Øns‚

ad ]‰n \S-°p∂ ‡n-\m-S-I-ß-sfbpw I≠n-s√∂v \Sn-°p-∂-XmWv

A]-I-S-I-cw.

BtLm-j-am-Ip∂ _en-X¿∏Ww

sslμh BNm-c-ß-fnepw hnizm-k-ß-fnepw henb am‰-ßƒ

hs∂-¶nepw h¿[n-X -ho-cy-tØmsS Xncn-sI-sb-Øp∂ H∂mWv

aä-d-™p-t]mb ]nXr-°ƒ°p≈ _en-X¿∏-Ww. Bflm-°fpw

]tc-Xm-flm-°fpw kaq-l-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ C∂pw kPo-h-amb N¿®

\ne-\n¬°p∂ H∂m-Wv. bp‡n-hm-Zn-Ifpw ùXn-I-hm-Zn-Ifpw ]tc-

Xm-flm-°-fpsS kmwK-XysØ tNmZyw-sN-øp-∂p-sh-¶nepw hnizm-

k-_-‘n-X-amb Hcp- k-aq-l-Øn¬\n∂v CXns\ C√m-Xm-°m≥


km[n-®n-´n-√. am[y-a-ß-fm-Is´, XnI®pw hy‡n-]-chpw IpSpw-_-

ßƒ°p-≈n¬ BN-cn-°p-∂-Xp-amb CØ-cw- N-S-ß-fp-Isf kaqlw

GI-a-\-t msS Htc Znhkw BN-cn-°p∂ H∂mbn hcp-Øn-Øo¿°m-

\p≈ {ia-ß-fmWv \S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ap≥\nc am[y-a-ßƒ

t{]m’m-ln-∏n® Cu ]mXbv°v ]n∂m-se-bm-Wv, Bƒ°q´w tNcp-

sa-∂-Xn-\m¬ ]n∂mse t]mIp-∂-Xn\mWv sNdp-InS am[y-a-ßfpw

hnizm-k-[m-cbv°v ]pd-Øp-\n-ev°p∂ cmjv{So-b-\n-e-hmcw Db¿Øn-

∏n-Sn-°p∂ ]{X-ßfpw sNøp-∂Xv.

]nXr-X¿∏W \mƒ Bep-hm-Xo-cØpw h¿°e ]m]-\m-i-

ØnepwXs∂ {im≤-aq-´-W-sa∂ \ne-bn-te°v HØp-tN-c-ens‚

kmaq-ln-I-a-\x-imkv{Xw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bmWv am[y-a-ßƒ

sNøp-∂-Xv. hen-sbmcp Bƒ°q´w CXm-Nm-cn-°p-tºmƒ AXv

hm¿Ø-b-√m-Xm-Ip-∂sX-ß-s\-b∂mWv am[y-a-ßƒ Db¿Øp∂

tNmZyw. "Bbn-c-ßƒ ]tc-Xm-flm-°ƒ°v {im≤-aq- n' F-∂-Xn¬I-

hn™v Hcp-hm¿Ø-bp-an-√mØ B kw`hw dnt∏m¿´p sNøm\pw

am[y-a-ßƒ \o°n-sh-°p∂ ÿehpw AXn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂

`mjbpw CØcw BNm-c-ß-tfm-Sp≈ ap≥\n-c- am-[y-a-ß-fpsS kao-

]\w Fs¥∂v hy‡-am-°p-∂p. A∂p-\-S-°p∂ bYm¿Y hm¿Ø-

tb-°mƒ {]m[m\yw ]e-t∏mgpw ]{X-ß-fpsS H∂mw-t]-Pp-I-fn¬

]nXr-X¿∏Ww \S-Øp∂ hm¿Øbv°pw Nn{X-Øn-\p-am-Ip-∂Xv kaq-

l-a-\- ns\ CXn-s\m∏w \n¿Øp-I-sb-∂Xpw AXp-sIm-≠p≈

t\´w kz¥-am-°p-Ibpw sNøpI F∂-e£yw sIm≠p-am-{X-am-Wv.

{im≤-aq´n "kmbq-Py-a-S-bmØ' Hcp-]-{Xhpw _en-X¿∏-W-∏n-t‰∂v

tIc-f-Øn-en-d-ßn-s√-∂-XmWv h¿Ø-am-\-bm-Ym¿∞yw.

BƒssZ-h-ßfpsS Pnlz

2006se \nb-a-k`m sXc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ Pbn-®p-I-b-dnb Dtajv N≈n-

bn¬ io\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp-hns‚ \ma-Øn¬ kXy-{]-Xn⁄ sNbvXXv

Hcp {]tXyI hm¿Ø-sb∂Xn-\-∏pdw Kuc-h-amb H∂mbn am[y-a-

ßƒ IW-°p-Iq- n-bn-cp-∂n-√. F∂m¬, kXy-{]-Xn⁄ sNbvX coXn-

s°-Xnsc \¬Inb l¿Pn-bn¬ 2012¬ kp{]nw tImSXn Nne kp{]-

[m\ ]cm-a¿i-ßƒ \S-Øn. BƒssZ-h-ß-fpsS t]cn¬ kXy-{]-

Xn⁄ ]mSn-s√-∂m-bn-cp∂p kp{]nw tImS-Xn-bpsS \nco-£-Ww.

AXm-bXv ssZh-\m-a-Øn¬ kXy-{]-Xn⁄ sNøm-sa-∂-√msX


ssZh-Øns‚ t]cp-hn-fn-®p≈ kXy-{]-Xn-⁄ ]mSn-s√∂v kp{]nw

tImSXn hy‡-am-°n. t]cp-hn-fn-®p≈ tZh-∑m¿ IqSp-X-ep-≈Xv lnμp-

hn-izm-k-{]-Im-c-am-Wv. hnjvWp, inh≥, {_“mhv F∂n-ßs\

\ofp∂p B \nc. Aß-s\-bp≈ t]cp-hnfn t]mepw ]mSn-s√-∂mWv

kp{]nw tImSXn {]mY-an-I-ambn Xs∂ hne-bn-cp-Øn-b-Xv. hnjvWp-

\m-a-Øn¬ kXy-{]-Xn⁄ sNbvXp F∂v ]d-b-cpXv, ssZh-\m-a-

Øn¬ F∂pam-{Xta BImhq F∂¿∞w. am{X-a√, {io\m-cm-bW

Kpcp AØ-c-Øn-semcp ssZh-\m-aw BtWm F∂pw tImSXn Bcm-

™p. BƒssZ-h-ßsf ssZh-ambn Iev]n-°m-\m-hn-s√∂ i‡-

amb {]kvXm-h-am-bn-cp∂p kp{]nw tImS-Xn-bn¬\n∂v D≠m-b-Xv.

BcmWv ssZh-sa∂v \n›-bn-°m≥ tImS-Xn°pw km[n-°mØ

kml-N-cy-Øn¬ kp{]ow-tIm-S-Xn-bpsS Cu ]cm-a¿iw F°m-eØpw

kwhm-Z-ßƒ°v CS-\¬Ip∂ H∂m-bn-am-dntb-°mw.

\mcm-b-W-Kp-cp-hns\ BƒssZ-h-ambn tIc-f-Ønse am[y-a-ßƒ

IW-°m-°n-bn-´n-√. "Kpcp' hns\ "tZh'-\m-°m-\p≈ t_m[-]q¿h-

{i-a-ßƒ ]nevIm-e-Øp-≠m-sb-¶nepw {io\m-cm-b-Wo-bsc√mw -

Xs∂ \mcm-b-WKpcp-hns\ \thm-∞m-\-\m-b-I-s\-∂ \ne-bn¬

X-s∂-bmWv IW-°m-°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬, `‡n-hyh-km-b-Øns‚

km[y-X-Iƒ ^e-{]-Z-ambn D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ønb BƒssZ-h-ßƒ

B[p-\n-I- Im-e-ØmWv IqSp-X¬ Db¿∂p-h-∂-sX-∂-XmWv {it≤-

bw. t\csØ, kmaq-lnI Nn¥-I-fn-te°v Im‰pw shfn-®hpw IS-

°mØ Ime-Øv, km[m-c-W-°m-cpsS A⁄X apX-se-SpØv a{¥-

hm-Zn-Ifpw BƒssZ-h-ßfpw tPymXn-jn-Ifpw H‰-s∏´ \ne-bn¬

kz¥w "{]`m-h-ebw' Xo¿Øncp-∂p. \thm-∞m\ apt∂-‰-Øns‚

i‡n-{]-hm-l-Øn¬ CØcw BƒssZ-h-ß-fpsS {]`-b-‰p-t]m-hp-

Ibpw sNbvXp.

CXn¬\n∂v `n∂-am-bmWv B[p-\nI bpK-Øn¬ BƒssZ-h-ß-

fpsS ]pXnb DZ-bw. \nKq-V-X-bmWv BƒssZ-h-ß-fpsS ASn-Ø-d.

AXv hnP-b-I-c-ambn \S-Øp-∂-Xn\v XnI™ {] -j-W¬ kao-]-

\-ap≈ A\p-N-c-hr-μhpw BƒssZ-h-ßƒ°v Np‰p-ap-≠v. tIc-f-

Øn¬am-{X-a-√, C¥y-bn¬Xs∂ hnP-bn® BƒssZ-h-ßƒs°√mw

]nd-In¬ CØ-c-samcp kwLSn-Xhpw Bkq-{Xn-X-hp-amb {ia-ßƒ

Ds≠∂v ImWmw.


BƒssZ-h-ßsf Ipdn-®p≈ bmYm¿Yy-ßƒ Adn-™n´pw `‡n-

hy-h-km-b-Øns‚ `mK-ambn AXv ad-®p-sh-°p-∂-Xn\pw BƒssZ-

h-ßƒ°v t{]m’m-l\w \¬Ip-∂-Xn-\p-amWv am[y-a-ßfpw {i≤-

sIm-Sp-Ø-Xv. CXn¬ G‰hpw henb DZm-l-cWw kmbn-_m-_tbmSv

am[y-a-ßƒ kzoI-cn® kao-]-\-am-Wv. B{‘-bn¬am-{X-a-√, tIc-f-

Ønse am[y-a-ßfpw kmbn-_m-_-sb∂ a\p-jy-s‚ ÿm\Øv

BƒssZ-hsØ {]Xn-jvTn-°m-\m-bn-cp∂p Xmfp-Iƒ \o°n-sh-®-Xv.

as‰-¥n-ep-sa-∂-Xp-t]mse ae-bm-f-a-t\m-c-abpw amXr- q-anbpw Xs∂-

bm-bn-cp∂p CXnepw ap∂n¬.

kmbn- -‡nbnse hyh-kmb km[y-X-bmWv Chn-sSbpw am[y-

a-ßƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv. Pme-hn-Zy-bpsS BZy-]mTw ]Tn-°p-

I-t]mepw th≠mØ km[m-c-W-°m-c\v sNøm-hp∂ eLp-Pm-e-hn-

Zy-bn-eqsS "hn`qXn' bpw "kz¿W-tKm-fhpw' kmbn-_m_ ]pd-sØ-

Sp-°p∂Xv hkvXp-Xm-]-c-ambn dnt∏m¿ v sNøm≥ tIc-f-Ønse am[y-

a-ßƒ Xøm-dm-bn- n-√. kmbn-_m-_- "ssZhn-Imw-i-Øn¬' apgp-Inb

ae-bmf am[y-a-ßƒ Pme-hn-Zy-bnse km[m-c-W-°m-cs\ I_-fn-

∏n-°p-∂-Xv Xpd-∂-p Im- msX, h¿j-ßƒ \o≠ CØcw Pme-hn-Zy-

bn-eqsS kzcq-]n® kzØnepw AXp-hgn \S-Øp∂ ImcpWy

{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-ep-am-bn-cp∂p Du∂¬ \evIn-b-Xv. _n.-_n.kn. Dƒ∏-

sS-bp≈ am[y-a-ßƒ Zriy-ß-fpsS klm-b-tØmsS kmbn-_m_

\S-Ønb Pme-hn-Zy-I-fpsS bmYm¿Yyw ]pd-sØ-Øn-®p-sh-¶nepw

C¥ybnsebpw tIc-f-Ønse am[y-a-ß-fpsS IÆv kmbn `‡-

cnepw `‡n-hy-h-km-b-Øn-ep-am-bn-cp-∂p. ssZhn-I-]-cn-thjw kzbw

Nm¿Øm--sX\ Poh-Im-cpWy {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \S-Øp∂ hy‡n-

Ifpw kwL-S-Ifpw cmPyØv Gsd-bp-s≠-∂-XmWv hkvXp-X. Chsb

Xa-kvI-cn-®p-sIm≠m-bn-cp∂p ‡n-hy-h-km-b-Øn\v ]n∂m-se-bp≈

am[y-a-ß-fpsS Hm´w.

BƒssZ-h-ßƒ tIc-f-Øn\v ]pd-Øpam{Xap≈ {]Xn- mka-√.

Hcp-]s£ a‰v kwÿm-\-tØ-°mƒ hn]p-ehpw i‡-hp-amb

BƒssZhw C∂p-≈Xv tIc-f-Øn-em-sW∂v ]d-bmw. Aar-Xm-\-μ-

abn F∂ kp[m-aWn apX¬ \m´n≥]pd-ß-fn¬ Gsd {]ikvXn-

sbm∂pw t\SmØ sIm®p-sIm®p BƒssZ-h-ßƒ hsc C∂v k¿h-

km-[m-c-W-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. \thm-∞m-\ aqey-ß-ƒ Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn®v

Xe-sb-Sp-t∏msS \n∂ Hcp kaq-l-Øn-emWv a\p-jys‚ hy‡n-]-


c-amb at\m-hy-Y-Iƒ hfhpw sh≈-hp-ambn D]-tbm-Kn®v BƒssZ-

h-ßƒ Db¿∂p-h-cp-∂-Xv. BƒssZhßƒ°v Znhy-i-‡n-bn-s√-¶n¬

C{X-tbsd Bfp-Iƒ Fßs\ Ahn-tS°v BI¿jn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-sh∂

F∂ tNmZyw H‰ t\m -Øn¬ bp‡n- -{Zsa∂v tXm∂n-tb-°mw.

BƒssZ-h-ß-fpsS A\p-N-c-hrμw hna¿i-\-ßsf t\cn-Sp-∂Xpw

hnizm-kn-I-fpsS CØcw A\p- -h-km-£yw- h-®p-sIm-≠m-Wv. GsX-

¶nepw hn[-Øn-ep≈ at\m-hyY A\p- -hn-°m-Ø-h¿ Hcp-Im-eØpw

Hcp kaq-l-Ønepw D≠m-bn-cn-°p-I-bn-√. Nne¿ AXv kzbw adn-I-

S-°pw. a‰p-Nn-e¿°v _‘p-°fpw an{X-ßfpw Bizm-k-h-N-\-ta-Ipw.

B[p-\nI ImeØv imkv{Xo-b-amb ]T\w \S-Ønb Iu¨kn-

e¿am-cpsS ASpØv {]iv\-ßƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n®v ]cn-lm-c-am¿K-ßƒ

tXSpw. CsXm∂pw Ah-ew-_n-°m-Ø-h-cmWv Bcm-[m-\m-e-b-ß-fn-

te°pw BƒssZ-h-ß-fpsS ASp-tØ°pw t]mIp-∂-Xv.

am\-knI]ncn-ap-dp°w hcn-™p-ap-dp-°nbXmWv tIc-f-Øns‚

h¿Ø-am-\-km-aq-lnI ]›m-Ø-ew. Bflo-b-Xbv°v hf-°q-dp≈ Hcp-

Xew AXv krjvSn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Cu kml-N-cy-ØnemWv G‰hpw

^e-{]-Z-amb hyh-km-b-sa∂ \ne-bn-¬ BƒssZ-h-ßƒ hf¿∂p-

hn-I-kn-®-Xv. tIc-f-Øns‚ kmaq-ln-Im-h-ÿ-bn-te°v HcpXcw

elcn t]mse AXv ]S¿∂p-I-b-dp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Ncn-{X-Im-c≥ sI.-

F≥ ]Wn-°¿ CXns\ \nco-£n-°p-∂Xv Cß-s\-bmWv:

"tIc-f-Ønse a[y-h¿Kw kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw kmº-Øn-I-hp-

amb {]Xn-k‘n A\p- -hn-°p-∂p-≠v. AXv Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°p-∂Xv

A¿P‚o-\-bnse a[y-h¿K-sØ-bm-Wv. GI-tZiw F√m-

hcpsSbpw Xs∂ ]tØm ]Xn-\t©m sIm√sØ hcp-am\w

C∂v IS-Øn-em-Wv. hmbv]-I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv tIc-f-Ønse a[y-

h¿Kw Pohn-°p-∂-Xv. Hcp-]s£ C¥y-bn¬ as‰mcp `mKØpw

C√m-Ø-Xn-t\-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ hmbv] Chn-sS-bp-≠v. \ΩpsS

PohnX \ne-hmcw Db¿∂p-sh-∂Xv \√-Imcyw Xs∂. ]s£

B \n-e-hmcw Db¿∂Xv Hcp {]Xn-k-‘n-bn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. B

{]Xn-k-‘n°v Hcp-]-cn-lmcw F∂ \nebv°v Bflo-b-Xsb

kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. tIc-f-Øn¬ hf¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-

°p∂ BƒssZ-hßƒ AXns‚ ZrjvSm-¥-am-Wv. BƒssZ-h-


ß-fpsS `‡-cmbn Xo¿∂v Cu {]Xn-k-‘n°v ]cn-lmcw

ImWm\mWv tIc-f-Ønse a[y-h¿Kw {ian-°p-∂-Xv. Cßs\

hf-cp∂ BflobX A‘-hn-izm-k-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-am-Wv.'

˛sI.-F≥ ]Wn-°¿, ^mjn-k-Øns‚ \mfp-Iƒ

Cu Hcp A\pIqe LSIw D]-tbm-Kn-s∏-SpØn hf¿∂p-h-cp∂

BƒssZh tI{μo-IrX `‡n-hyh-km-bsØ FXn¿°mt\m

tNmZyw sNømt\m Bcpw, ]ptcm-K-a\ {]ÿm-\-ßtfm \thm-∞m-

\-aq-ey-ßƒ Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn® kwL-S-\-Itfm, am[y-a-ßtfm Xøm-

dm-bn-s√-∂-XmWv bmYm¿Yyw. am{X-a-√, kmbn-_m-_-bpsS tIcf

]Xn-∏mbn Db¿∂p-h∂ Aar-Xm-\-μ-a-bnsb BƒssZ-h-ambn

BtLm-jn-°p-∂-Xnembn-cp∂p amXr- q-anbpw ae-bmf at\m-c-abpw

t]mep≈ {]apJ ]{X-ßƒ ImWn® AXyp-’mlw. Xpd∂v

FXn¿t°-≠n-bn-cp∂ ]ptcm-Ka\-ap-J-Om-b AWn™ ]{X-ß-fm-

Is´ AXn\v apXn-cmsX XnI™ au\ah-ew-_n-®p.

BƒssZ-h-ß-fpsS {]Nm-c-W-Øn-\p-X-Ip∂ hm¿Ø-Iƒ \¬Im-

Xn-cn-°pI F∂-Xp-am-{X-am-bn-cp∂p "tZim-`n-am-\n' , "am[yaw'

t]mep≈ _Z¬ CS-s]-S¬ \S-Øm≥ i‡n-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ ]{X-

ßfpw sNbvX-Xv. Cu hn´p-\n¬°¬ BƒssZ-h- hf¿®bv°v Hcp-

X-c-Øn-ep≈ hnLm-Xhpw krjvSn-®n-√. Aar-Xm-\-μ-a-bnsb "AΩ'

F∂v A`nkwt_m-[\ sNøp-∂-Xn¬ kmbq-Py-a-S-bp-∂-h-cm-bn-

cn°mw Ah-cpsS `‡-∑m¿. am[y-a-ßfpw AtX kmbqPyw tXSn-

t]m-Ip-∂-Xv bp‡-nt_m-[-Øn\v \nc-°p-∂-X-√. Aar-Xm-\-μ-a-bn°v

Np‰p-ap≈ \nKq-V-X-I-fn-te°v IS-∂p-sN-√m-sX, AXn\v kwc-£Ww

Xo¿°p-∂Xv hy‡-amb Xmev]-cy-ß-fpsS ]pd-Øm-sW-∂p-am-{Xw.

CXn¬\n∂v amdn Nn¥n-°m≥ tZim- n-am-\n°v t]mepw km[n-®n- n-

√. Aar-Xm-\-μ-abn aT-Øn-s\-Xnsc Db-cp∂ Btcm-]-W-ß-fpsS

Imcy-Øn¬ Icp-X-tem-sS-bp≈ AIew {]m]n-°p-∂-XmWv tZim-

`n-am-\n-bp-sSbpw coXn.

kaq-l-Øns‚ D∂-X-t{i-Wn-bn-ep-≈-hsc {_m≥Uv Aw_m-kn-

U¿amsc t]mse ap∂n¬\n¿Øn-bmWv BƒssZ-h-ßƒ P\-lr-Z-

b-ß-fn¬ CSw-]n-Sn-°m≥ XpS-ßn-b-Xv. D∂-X-sc ap∂n¬\n¿Øn-

bm¬ km[m-c-W-°msc Ffp∏w hogvXm-sa∂ Xncn-®-dnhv BƒssZ-

h-ßfpw A\p-N-c-∑mcpw ^e-{]-Z-ambn D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-ØpI-bm-bn-

cp-∂p. CXn\v am[y-a-ß-fpsS ]n¥p-Wbpw Bthmfw e`n-®p. Poh-


Im-cpWy {]h¿Ø\w F¥n-\p-ap≈ ad-bm-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]Ww Poh-

Im-cp-Wy-Øn-\mbn sNe-hn-Sp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ AXv \√ -]-W-sa∂pw

sNe-hn-Sp-∂-h¿ alm-∑m-cp-am-Ip-∂p. Cu ]Ww Fßs\ kwL-Sn-

∏n-°p-∂p-sh-∂Xv Hcp tNmZyta A√m-Xm-bn. as‰√m {]iv\-ß-fnepw

hen-b-tNm-Zy-ßfpw At\z-j-Wm-flIcoXnbpw kzoI-cn-®n-cp∂ ae-

bm-f-am-[y-a-ßƒ BƒssZ-h-ß-fpsS CØcw [\-t{km-X- p-I-fpsS

]n∂mse t]mb-tX-bn-√. ]Icw `‡n-hy-h-km-b-Øns‚ km[y-X-

Iƒ Chn-sSbpw I≠v BƒssZ-h-ß-fpsS "]n∂mse' t]mhp-I-bm-

bn-cp-∂p. `mc-Xob bp‡n-hmZn kwL-Øns‚ P\-d¬ sk{I-´-dn-

bmb {io\n ]´-Øm\w Fgp-Xnb "amXm Aar-Xm-\-μ-abn: Znhy

IY-Ifpw bmYm¿∞yhpw' F∂ ]pkvXIw kp[m-a-Wn-bpsS Aar-

Xm-\-μ-a-bn-bn-te-°p≈ am‰sØ(-h-f¿®-sb) hna¿i-\-am-fl-I-ambn

]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. Cu ]pkvX-IsØ B[m-c-am°n 2002 HmKÃv

Ggnse C¥ym-Sp-sU-bn¬ k°-dnb Fgp-Xnb Ipdn∏v am[y-a-ßƒ

Aar-Xm-\-μ-a-bn-tbmSv kzoI-cn-°p∂ kao-]-\-Øns‚ t\¿Nn-{X-am-

Wv. k°-dnb Fgp-Xp∂p:

"D≈nte°v IS-°p-tºmƒ, {io\n-]- -Øm-\-Øns‚ ]pkvXIw

Aar-Xm-\-μ-abn-bpsS Pohn-Xw, ]T-\-ßƒ, Ah-sc-∏-‰n-bp≈

Atcm-]-W-ßƒ XpS-ßn-b-hsb ]cntim[n-°p-∂-Xmbn

ImWmw. Aar-Xm-\-μ-abn F∂ kp[-ma-Wn-sb-∏-‰n, CØ-c-

°m-cmb ]g-bXpw ]pXn-b-Xp-amb F√m hy‡n-I-sf-bp-sa-∂-

Xp-t]m-se, \n¿Ωn-°-s∏- n- p≈ AXn-i-tbm‡n IY-Iƒ°pw

hnkva -b-]mcmb-W-ßƒ°pwA¤p-X-i‡n ]cn -th-j-

ßƒ°pw ]pd-Øp-\n∂v C¥y≥ ]uc-∑m-cnse bp‡n-hmZn

F∂ "¢mkn'¬s]-Sp∂ {io\n ] -Øm\w hnNn-¥\w sNøp-

∂-XmWv \mw Cu {KŸ-Øn¬Im-Wp-∂-Xv. ae-bm-f-Ønse

"kzX{¥w' F∂v kzbw hnh-cn-°p∂ am[y-a-ßƒ, ]c-ky-

tam-lhpw {]Nm-c-tam-lhpw shdpw \s -√n-√m-bvabpw \nanØw

kzoI-cn-°m≥ hnk-Ω-Xn-°p∂ At\z-j-Wm-flI kao-]-\-

amWv ] -Øm\w Xs‚ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv'

Aar-Xm-\-μ-abntbm-Sp≈ am[ya kao]\w k°-dnb Hcp DZm-

l-cW-ambn Nq≠n-°m-´n-sb-t∂-bp-≈q. tIc-f-Ønse BƒssZ-h-


ß-fn¬ "hepXpw i‡n-tb-dn-bXpw' Aa-r-Xm-\-μ-abn Bb-Xn-\m¬

Ffp∏w DZm-l-cn-®p-sh-∂p-am-{Xw. Aar-Xm-\-μ-abnsb IqSmsX a‰v

sNdp-InS Bflo-b-hym-]mcw \S-Øn-b-h-scbpw Xpd-∂p-Im-Wn-°m≥

am[y-a-ßƒ Xøm-dm-bn-√. Aar-X-ssN-X\y F∂ kt¥m-jvam-[-

hs‚ Bflo-b-hym-]m-c-Ønse I≈-°-fnIƒ ]cm-Xn-bmbn ]pd-Øp-

h-cp-∂-Xp-hsc BƒssZ-h-ßƒ°v hf-cm-\p≈ kzX-{¥-hm¿Øm-

{]-XeamWv am[y-a-ßƒ Hcp-°n-s°m-Sp-Ø-Xv.

kt¥mjv am[-h\n¬ kS-Ip-S™v

CXn-semcp am‰-ap-≠m-bXv Aar-X-ssN-X\y F∂ kt¥m-jvam-

[-hs\Xnsc Db¿∂ ]cm-Xn-tbm-sSbm-Wv. F∂m¬, AXpw am[y-

a-ß-fpsS At\z-jWm-flI ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ anSp-t°m, \ne-

]m-Sp-I-fpsS ssÿcytam ImcWw ]pd-Øp-h∂ hm¿Ø-bp-a-√. adn®v,

tcJm-aq-e-ap≈ ]cmXn In´n-b-t∏mgpw AXnt\mSv \ntj-[m-flI

kao-]-\-am-bn-cp∂p BZy--L´Øn¬ am[y-a-ßƒ ]pe¿Øn-b-sX-

∂mWv hkvXp-X. FUzn≥ skdm- n≥ F∂ {]hmkn h\nX 2008

sabn¬ s]meo-kn\v \¬Inb ]cm-Xn-tbm-sS-bmWv kt¥m-jvam-[-

h≥ hm¿Ø-bn¬ CSw ]nSn-®-Xv. Fd-Wm-Ifpw ac-Sn¬ im¥-nXocw

F∂ B{iaw \S-Øp∂ Aar-X-ssN-X\y F∂ I´-∏-\-°m-c≥

kt¥m-jvam-[-h≥ 40 e£w cq] X´n-sb-Sp-Øp-sh-∂m-bn-cp∂p

F≥Uzn≥sk-dm- n≥ s]meo-kn\v \¬Inb ]cm-Xn.

cmPym-¥-c -X-e-Øn-ep≈ At\z-jW GP≥kn-Iƒ°-S°w

\¬Inb ]cm-Xnbpw AXn¬ \-S-Øp∂ At\z-j-Whpw tcJm-aqew

\evIn-sb-¶nepw Aar-X-ssN--X\y-bpsS Bflob"ssN-X\y' Øn¬

tIc-f-Ønse am[y-a-ßƒ BZyw ]I-®p-\n¬°p-I-bmWv sNbvX-

Xv. H∂mw \nc-bn-ep≈ ]{X-ßƒs°√mw ]cm-Xn-bpsS ]I¿∏v

e`y-am-sb-¶nepw ]cm-Xn-°m-cn-bpsS hnizm-kyX Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm-\m-

hm-sXbpw Aar-X-ssN-X\ybv°v "hnizm-kyX' bpsS B\p-Iqeyw

\evInbpw am[y-a-ßƒ hm¿Ø Xa-kvI-cn-®p. kaq-l-Ønse D∂-

X-cmb hy‡n-I-fp-ambn Bflo-b- dn-b¬-F-tÃ‰v hym]m-c-Øn-eqsS

hen-b-_‘w krjvSn-®-Xn-\m¬ Ffp∏w B{I-an-°-s∏-SmØ {]Xn-

tcm[w kt¥m-jvam-[-h≥ BZytaXs∂ krjvSn-®n-cp-h-∂p-sh-∂Xv

bmYm¿Yy-am-bn-cp-∂p. Cu {]Xn-tcm[w t`Zn-°m≥ am[y-a-ßƒ H´pw

ss[cyw ImWn-®n-√.


"tIcfi_vZ' amWv Cu then-s°´v s]m´n-®-Xv. H∂mw-\n-c-am-

[y-a-ßƒ AK-Wn-®-t∏mƒ sNdp-InS ]{X-ßsf kao-]n® ]cm-Xn-

°m-cs‚ `mK-Øn\v CSw \¬Im≥ tIcf i_vZw ss[cyw ImWn-

®p. tIc-f-i-_vZØns‚ hm¿Øsb ]n∂oSv Ah-K-Wn-°m≥ am[y-

a-ßƒ°mbn√. s]meokv At\z-j-Ww IqSn-bm-b-tXmsS a‰v am[y-

a-ßfpw kt¥mjv am[-h≥ {]iv\w Gs‰-Sp-Øp. ho≠pw Hgn-™p-

am-dm≥ hømØ hn[w At∏m-tg°pw kw -h-ß-fpsS \o≠ \nc-

Xs∂ DS-se-Sp-Øp-I-gn-™n-cp-∂p. hm¿Ø-I-fmbn A®-Sn-®p-h-cp-∂-

Xn-tesd Imcy-ßƒ Dulm-t]m-l-ß-fmbn s]mXp-k-aq-l-Øn¬ Cgp-

In-t®¿∂p. ]n∂oSv am[y-a-ßƒ°v Hcp qXm-th-i-am-bn-cp-∂p. ssNX-

\y-an-√mØ kt¥m-jvam-[-hs\ Xpd-∂p-Im-Wn-°p-∂-Xn¬ ap∂n¬

Xß-fm-sW∂v hcp-Øn-Xo¿°m-\p≈ {ia-amWv ]n∂oSv am[y-a-ßƒ

\S-Øn-b-Xv. AXn-\mbn s]meokv At\z-j-WØn\v kam-¥-c-ambn

kz¥w At\z-j-Whpw s]mSn∏pw sXmßepw h® hm¿Ø-Ifpw

hm¿Ø-Isf BtLm-jn-°p∂ ]Xnhv am[y-a-co-Xn-t]mse ]{X-Xm-

fp-I-fn¬ CSw ]nSn-®p.

sk≥tk-j-ssekv sNø-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ hmb-\-°m¿ IqSp-X¬

BI¿jn-°-s∏-Sp∂p F∂ B[p-\nI am[y-a-{]-h¿Ø\ coXn Xs∂-

bm-bn-cp∂p kt¥mjv am[-h-\p-ambn _‘-s∏´ XpS¿hm¿Ø-Iƒ

\¬Ip-∂-Xnepw am[y-a-ßƒ kzoI-cn-®-Xv. adn®v Bflob hym]m-c-

Øn-s\-Xncmb Bflm¿Y-amb Xpd∂ bp≤-ambn AXv ]cn-W-an-®-

tX-bn-√. kt¥mjv am[-hs‚ kw -h-ßƒ°v ]n∂mse \m´n≥]p-

d-ß-fn¬ hnhn[ Xe-ß-fn¬\n∂ BƒssZ-h-ßƒs°-Xnsc \nc-

h[n ]mcm-Xn-Iƒ Db¿∂p. C{X-tbsd BƒssZ-h-ßƒ _u≤n-

Ihpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-ambn Db¿∂ tIc-f-Øns‚ kmaq-ln-Im-¥-

co-£-Øn¬ Ae- n-√msX Z¿i\w \¬In-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v ]pd-Øp-h-

cp-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p ]n∂o-Sp≈ hm¿Ø-Iƒ. am[y-aßƒ At\z-jn-®p-

t]m-Ip-∂-Xn-te-°m-tfsd BƒssZ-h-ßƒs°-Xn-cmb Hcp s]mXp-

t_m[w Db-cp-Ibpw Bflo-b-hym-]mcw \S-Øp-∂-hcpsS tI{μ-ß-

fn-te°v \m´p-Im-cp-sSbpw bphP-\-ß-fp-sSbpw {]Xn-tj-[-ßƒ

Db¿∂p-h-cn-I-bp-amWv D≠m-b-Xv.

kt¥mjv am[-hs‚ Imcy-Øn-se-∂-t]mse, kw`-h-ß-fp-≠m-

b-t∏mƒ AXv dnt∏m¿´v sNøm-Xn-cn-°m≥ am[y-a-ßƒ°v km[n-

°p-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. am{X-a-√, A∂sØ P\-hn-Imcw Bflob hym]m-


c-Øn-s‚-t]-cn¬ \S-°p∂ I_-fn-∏n-°-en\v FXn-cm-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw

sNbvXp. Xß-fpsS hmb-\m-k-aq-l-Øns‚ Cu s]mXp-hn-Im-c-Øn-

s\m∏w k©-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p am[y-a-ßƒ sNbvX-Xv. kaq-l-

Øn¬ s]mXp-N¿® A{X-ta¬ kPo-h-am-bn. c≠mw \thm-∞m-\-ap-

t∂-‰-Øn-\p≈ Blzm\w hnhn[ tImWp-I-fn¬\n∂v Db¿∂p-h-

∂p. ]ptcm-K-a\ bph-P\ kwL-S-\-Iƒ Bflo-b-hym-]m-c-Ønse

I_-fn-∏n-°-en-s\-Xnsc kmwkvIm-cn-I-Iq- m-bva kwL-Sn-∏n®v kaq-

l-t_m-[sØ DW¿Øn.

F∂m¬, Hcp-Xcw sshIm-cnI {]I-S-\-Øn-\-∏p-dØv bmYm¿Yy-

t_m-[-tØmsS Bflo-b-hym-]m-csØ kao-]n-°m≥ ]n∂oSpw am[y-

a-ßƒ Xøm-dm-bn-s√-∂-XmWv bmYm¿Yyw. kt¥m-jvam-[s‚

AdÃpw XpS¿\-S-]-Sn-Ifpw at‰Xv tIknse \nb-a-\-S-]-Sn-{I-a-ßƒ

dnt∏m¿ v sNøp∂ coXn-bn¬ hm¿Ø-I-fn¬ CSw ]nSn-®p. tImSXn

\S-]-Sn-Iƒ ]q¿Øn-bm°n kt¥m-jvam-[-hs\ in£n-°p-∂-L- w-

hsc am[y-a-ßƒ Cu hm¿Ø-bpsS ]n∂mse t]mbn. kt¥m-

jvam-[-h≥ Pbn-en¬ B-°-s∏- -Xn\v tijw, BƒssZ-h˛B-flo-b-

hym-]m-c-ßsf "Xpd-∂p-Im- m-\p≈' Xmev]cyw am[yaßƒ°pw C√m-

Xm-hp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Dd°w \Sn® BƒssZ-h- -B-flo-b-hym-]m-cn-Iƒ

]pI-]-Sew HSp-ßn-b-t∏mƒ ]Xp-s°-X-e-s]m-°m≥ XpS-ßn-sb-¶nepw

am[y-a-ßƒ Atßm v Xncn-™p- t\m-°n-b-tX-bn-√. c≠mw \thm-

∞m-\-Øn\v Blzm\w sNbvX tIc-f-Ønse ]ptcm-K-a-\-{]-ÿm-

\-ß-fpsS ]pXp-X-e-ap-dbpw At∏m-gp-≠mb Xm¬ImenI hnIm-c-{]-

I-S-\-Øn-\-∏pdtØ°v {]h¿Ø\ coXnbpw am‰n-bn-√. kt¥m-jvam-

[-h\pw ]c-¬ao-\p-I-fpsS KW-Øn¬s]-Sm-hp∂ a‰v BƒssZ-h-ßfpw

am[y-a- -s]m-Xp-k-aql hnNm-c-W-bv°v hnt[-b-am-b-t∏mgpw "{]ÿm-

\-ambn' amdnb a‰v BƒssZ-hßƒ Ah-cpsS {]h¿Ø\w Hcp

t]md-ep-ta¬°m-Ø-hn[w apt∂m-´p-sIm-≠p-t]mbn F∂Xv IqSn

{it≤b-amb hkvXp-X-bm-Wv.

apkveow \thm-∞m-\hpw Bflo-b-hym-]m-chpw

Bflob hym]mcw lnμp-a-X-hn- m-K-tØmSv am{Xw tN¿∂p≈X-

√. ]utcm-ln-Xy-tI-{μo-Ir-X-amb apkveow- -ss{I-kvXh aX-ÿ¿°n-

S-bnepw CXv i‡-am-Wv. tIc-f-Ønse s]mXp-\-thm-∞m-\-ap-t∂-‰-

Øn-s\m∏w Xs∂ apkveow kaqlw Db¿sØ-gp-t∂¬∏ns‚ Ne-


\ßƒ {]I-Sn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw AXn-thK hnImkw {]m]n-°m≥

apkveow \thm-∞m-\-ap-t∂-‰-Øn\v km[n-®n-cp-∂n-s√∂v ImWmw.

AXns‚ ^ew hnZym- ymk˛sXm-gn¬cw-K-ß-fn¬ ]n∂m°w t]mhp-

Ibpw kv{Xoim-‡o-I-cWw t]mep≈ Imcy-ß-fn¬ \ntj-[m-flI

kao-]\w XpS-cp-Ibpw aX-]-c-amb BNm-c-ßƒ A\p-jvSn-°p-∂-

Xn¬ Imtem-Nn-X-am-‰-ßƒ Dƒs°m-≈msX ]n≥\-S-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXp-sh-∂-Xm-Wv.

i‡-amb CS-s]-S¬ \S-Øm≥ Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-∂Xv ae-bmf am[y-

a-ßƒ°m-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ hn]-Wn-tI-{μo-Ir-X-amb Hcp `bw

CØcw {]iv\-ß-fn¬ ss[cy-k-taXw CS-s]-Sp-∂-Xn¬ \n∂v am[y-

a-ßƒ kzbw hne-°n-\p≈ Imc-W-am-°n- am-‰n. BƒssZ-h-ßƒ°pw

Bflo-b-hym-]m-c-Øn-\p-sa-Xnsc hm¿Ø-I-fpsS tImem-lew

krjvSn-°-s∏- -t∏mgpw apkveow aX-ß-fnse A‘-hn-izm-k-kw_-

‘nbmb Bflo-b-Nq-j-W-ßƒ ]pd-Øp-sIm-≠p-h-cp-∂-Xn¬ am[y-

a-ßƒ hnap-JX ImWn-°p-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv. AXn-\¿∞w F√m-

co-Xn-bn-ep≈ ]ptcm-K-a-\m-i-b-ß-tfmSpw am[y-a-ßƒ ]pdw-Xn-cn-™p-

sh-∂-√. hnZym- ym-kw, k¿°m¿tPm-en, kv{Xoim-‡o-I-cWw XpS-

ßnb taJ-e-bn¬ ]ptcm-K-a\m-flI CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ am[y-a-ß-fpsS

`mK-Øp-\n-∂p-≠m-sb-¶nepw Bflo-b-Nq-j-WsØ t\cn-Sp-∂- Im-

cy-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p kzbw hn´p-\n¬°p∂ {]hWX ImWn®Xv.

kap-Zm-b-Øn-\-IsØ A\n-kvem-an-I-amb BNmc coXn-I-ƒs°Xn-

cmb t]mcm-´-am-bn-cp∂p apkveow kpZm-b-Ønse \thm-∞m-\-ap-

t∂-‰-Øns‚ BZy-L- w. hnZym- ymkw t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m-\p≈ {ia-ßƒ

AXns‚ XpS¿®-bmbn D≠m-bn. J_dnSw Bcm-[-\-bm-bn-cp∂p

apkveow- k-aq-l-Øn-\n-S-bnse hnNn-{X-amb BNm-cw. CXv A\n-

…m-an-I-am-sW∂ hmZ-amWv h°w aue-hn-sb-t]m-ep-≈-h¿ Ign™

\q‰m-≠ns‚ XpS°w apX¬ apt∂m- p-h-®-Xv. J_¿ Bcm-[-\bpw

aJmw Ddq-kp-Ifpw B≠p-t\¿®bpw Ckvemw hnizm-k- [m-c-bpsS

GI-XzØns‚ \ntj-[-am-sW∂ hkvXpX ]cs° AwKo-I-cn-°-

s∏- -Xm-sW-¶nepw B[p-\nI bpK-Ønepw J_¿ Bcm-[\-bpƒs∏-

sS-bp≈ NS-ßp-Iƒ \n¿_m[w XpS-cp-I-bm-Wv. Ddp-kp-Iƒ D’-h-

ß-fm-bmWv BtLm-jn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. amºp-dw, ae-∏p-dw, sImt≠m´n

t\¿®-Ifpw Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw _oam-∏≈n Ddqkpw BtLm-j-ßfpsS

C\-Øn¬ ap∂n¬ \n¬°p-∂p.


ap≥\nc apJy-[mcm am[y-a-ßƒ CØcw BNm-c-ßƒs°m-∏-am-

sW-∂-XmWv ck-I-cw. sslμ-h, ss{IkvXh aX-ß-fnse Bcm-[-

\m-e-b-ß-fn¬ \-S-°p∂ NS-ßp-Iƒ°v Xpey-am-bmWv ap≥\nc apJym-

[mcm am[y-a-ßfpw CXns\ ImWp-∂-Xv. C…m-ense GI-ssZ-h

hn-izm-ksØ \nc-kn-°p-∂Xpw H∏w- A-‘-hn-izm-km[n-jvTn-X-hp-

amb J_dmcm-[\bv°pw Ddq-kp-Iƒ°pw henb hm¿Øm-{]m-[m\yw

Cu am[y-a-ßƒ \¬Ip-∂p. apkveow kap-l-Øns‚ D∂-a-\-Øn-\v

Du∂¬sIm-SpØp \ne-sIm-≈p∂ apkveow kap-Zm-b-kw-L-S-\-I-

fpsS \nb-{¥-W-Øn-ep≈ ]{X-ß-fmWv CXn¬ hn]coX \ne-]m-

Sp-I-ƒ kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Pam-AsØ Ckvem-an-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-

ep≈ "am[ya' hpw tIcf \Zvh-Øp¬ apPm-ln-±o\ns‚ t\Xr-Xz-

Øn-emw-cw- n® "h¿Ø-am-\hpw' hnizm-k-[m-c-bn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-ambn

J_-dm-cm-[-\-sbbpw Ddq-kp-I-sfbpw hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn kao-]n-

°p-∂-h-bm-Wv. F∂m¬, Im¥-]pcw F.]n A_q-_-°¿ apkven-

bm-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep-ff kp∂n-hn-`m-K-Øns‚ apJ-]-{X-amb

"kndmPv' apkveow eoKns‚ apJ-]-{X-amb "N{μnI' F∂nh Ddq-kp-

I-sfbpw J_-dm-cm-[-\sbbpw t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p∂ kao-]-\-amWv

kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

hnizm-kn-I-fmb Hcp henb kaq-lsØ F¥n\v Dt]-£n-°Ww

F∂-XmWv ap≥\n-c-am-[y-a-ßƒ C°m-cy-Ønepw kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

CXv sslμh BƒssZ-h-ß-fp-sSbpw Bflo-b-t\-Xm-°-fp-sSbpw

Imcy-Øn¬ kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬\n∂v `n∂-hp-a-√. apkveow kap-Zm-

b-Øn¬ i‡amb kzm[o\w sNep-Øm≥ Ign-bp∂ "am[yaw'

t]mepw C°m-cy-Øn¬ \S-Øp∂ CS-s]S¬ i‡-am-sW∂v ]d-

bm≥ Ign-bn-√. Ddq-kp-I-fpsS hm¿Ø-Iƒ \¬Im-Xn-cn-°p-I-tbm,

As√-¶n¬ {]m[m\yw Ipd®v \¬Ip-Itbm sNøp-∂-Xn-\-∏pdw

Bflob hym]m-c-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb s]mXp-hn-Imcw kaq-l-Øn¬

krjvSn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-X-Ip∂ CS-s]S¬ \S-Øm≥ am[yaw aSn-Im-Wn-

°p-I-bm-Wv. "I≠p-\n¬°p-I-b√ CS-s]-Sp-I-bmWv' F∂ am[y-a-

Øns‚ B]vX-hmIyw ChnsS CsX√mw I≠p-\n¬°p-∂p.

F∂m¬, Im¥-]pcw F ]n A_q-_-°¿ apkven-bm¿ "Xncp-

tIiw' F∂v t]cn v apl-ΩZv \_n-bpsS apSn ssIh-i-ap-s≠∂

Ah-Im-i-hmZw D∂-bn-®-t∏m-ƒ am[yaw AXn-s\-Xnsc i‡-ambn

\ne-]m-Sp-X-s∂-sb-Sp-Øp. Xncp-tIiw C´p-sh® sh≈Øn\v


ZnhyXzw Iev]n®v \¬Ip∂Xn\pw CXns‚ t]cn¬\-S-Øp∂

Bflob hym]m-c-Øn-\p-sa-Xn-sc-bm-bn-cp∂p am[y-a-Øns‚ \ne-]m-

Sv. "h¿Ø-am-\hpw' Xncp-tI-i-hn-cp≤ \ne-]mSv kzoI-cn-®p-sh-¶nepw

{]Nm-c-Øn¬ ap∂n-ep≈ ae-bmf at\m-c-abpw amXr- q-anbpw Xncp-

tIiw kw_-‘n®v kz¥-amb \ne-]m-sS-Sp-°p-Itbm Im¥-]p-c-

Øns‚ Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-Øns‚ s]mcpƒ tX-Sp-Itbm sNbvXn--√. ]Icw

A\p-Iq-ehpw {]Xn-Iq-e-hp-amb \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ \¬In "\njv]-£-X-

'bpsS aqSp-]Sw AWn-bp-I-am-{X-am-bn-cp∂p sNbvX-Xv.

Xncp-tI-i-hn-hmZw Db¿∂-t∏mƒ AXn-t\mSv {]Xn-I-cn-°p-∂ -

Im-cy-Øn¬ tIc-f-Ønse cmjv{Sob˛-kmw-kvIm-cnI t\Xr-Xzhpw

`b-∏m-tSm-sS-bp≈ kao-]-\-amWv ssIs°m-≠-Xv. Bflo-b-Im-cy-

ß-fn¬ cmjv{So-b-t\-XrXzw CS-s]-Sp-∂n-s√∂ Hgn-™p-am-d-em-bn-

cp∂p tIm¨{Kkv t\Xr-Xz-Øns‚ kao-]-\w. AtX-k-abw, apSnbpw

\Jhpw Dƒs∏-S-bp≈ F√m-Im-cy-ßfpw ico-c-am-en-\y-am-sW∂v

Nq≠n-°m´n kn]n-sF(-Fw) kwÿm\ sk{I- dn ]nW-dmbn hnP-

b≥ ]c-ky-\n-e-]mSv Xncp-tI-i-Øn-s\-Xnsc kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXp. a‰v cmjv{Sob hnj-b-ß-fn¬ CØ-csammcp ]c-ky-{]-kvXm-

h\ h∂m¬, AXn-t∑¬ hen-sbmcp kwhmZkm[yX Is≠-Øp-

am-bn-cp∂ am[yaßƒ, ]s£ ]nW-dmbn hnP-bs‚ ]c-ky-{]-kvXm-

h\ h∂-ti-jhpw "Xncp-tIi' Nqj-W-Øns‚ hkvXp-X-I-fn-te°v

IS-°m≥ {ian-®n-cp∂n-√. tIcf apkveow-I-fnse hen-sbmcp hn`m-

K-amb kp∂n-Isf F¥n\v ]nW-°Ww F∂-XmWv am[y-a-ßƒ

C°m-cy-Øn¬ kzoI-cn® \n w-K-X-bp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm-\w. sslμh

Bflo-b-hym-]m-c-Øns‚ km[y-X-Iƒ t]mse Xncp-tIi Bflo-b-

X-bpsS hym]mc km[y-Xbv°v Xs∂-bmWv ap≥\n-c-am-[y-a-ßƒ

{]mapJyw \¬InbXv.

"apko-_-Øp-Ifpw ssiØm≥_m-[-Ifpw' \o°m\pw tcmK-ßfpw

£oWßfpw am‰m\pw a{¥n-®q-Xnb Ge- p-I-fpw Dd-p°p-Ifpw Ac-

s°- nepw ssII-fnepw sI´p-∂Xv C∂pw apkveoßfnse hnizm-

k-[m-c-bpsS `mK-am-Wv. Ckvem-an¬ ]utcm-ln-Xy-Øn\v ÿm\-an-

s√-¶nepw a{¥-hm-Z-ßfpw Ddp°v- -G-ekv hnZy-Ifpw \¬Ip∂ km[y-

X-Iƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn aue-hn-am-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ ]ptcm-

ln-X-hrμw i‡n-£-bn-°msX \n¬°p-I-bmWv B[p-\nI kaq-

l-Øn-epw. kn≤-∑m¿ {Kma-ß-fnepw \K-c-ß-fnepw "hnLv\-ßƒ'


\o°p-∂Xv tNmZyw-sN-ø-s∏-SmsX t]mhp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

aXNcy-I-fnse a‰p-Im-cy-ß-fnepw kam-\-amWv am[y-a-ßƒ kzoI-

cn® coXn. sslμ-hm-Nm-c-ßƒ ]cn-jvI-cn-°p∂ hnj-b-ßƒ Db¿∂p-

h-∂-t∏mƒ AXv sXmSp-∂Xv hnizm-kn-I-f-S-ßp∂ Hcp-hn- m-KsØ

]nW-°p-∂-Xn-te°v \bn-°p-sa-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p am[ya `bw. apkvenw-

ß-fnse Nn -I-fpsS Imcy-Ønepw CtX kao-]\w Xs∂ am[y-a-

ßƒ kzoI-cn-®p. ]≈n-I-fn¬ JpXv_-bpsS `mj GsX∂ Imcy-

Ø¬ apkveow kaq-l-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ kwhm-Z-ßƒ \nc-¥cap≈-Xm-

Wv. F√m-h¿°pw a\- n-em-Ip-∂-hn[w JpXp_ ae-bm-f-Øn-em-°-

W-sa∂pw {]m¿∞-\-bn¬ ]ptcm-ln-X-≥ ]d-bp-∂Xn\v "Bao≥' ]d-

bp-∂-Xn¬ A¿∞-an-s√-∂p-ap≈ hmZ-ßƒ kap-Zm-b-Øn-\p-≈n¬\n-

∂p-Xs∂ i‡-ambn Db¿∂p-h-∂n- p-≈-Xm-Wv. apkveow kap-Zmb

kwL-S-\Iƒ \S-Øp∂ {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fn¬ CXp-kw-_-‘n®

N¿®-Ifpw hna¿i-\-ßfpw Btcm-]-W-{]-Xym-tcm-]-W-ßfpw

Db¿∂p-h-cp-∂p-s≠-¶nepw AsXm∂pw ap≥\n-c-am-[y-a-ß-fpsS ]cn-

K-W-\m-hn-j-bta BIp-∂n-√.

aX-N-cy-Iƒ A\p-h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xnse ]cn-jvI-c-W-ßƒ \n¿tZ-

in-®-XneqsS-bm-bn-cp∂p tNI-∂q¿ auehn sIm√-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. CXp-

kw-_-‘n® {Ian-\¬ tIkp-Iƒ°v {]m[m\yw e`n-®p-sh-∂-√-sX,

tNI-∂q¿ auehn Db¿Ønb tNmZy-ßfpw apt∂m- p-h® \n¿tZ-i-

ßfpw Kuc-h-amb s]mXp-N¿®-bmbn CSw-sIm-≈n-°m≥ ap≥\n-c-

am-[y-a-ßƒ k∂-≤-cm-bn-s√-∂Xv {]oW-\-]-{X-{]-h¿Ø\w F∂

]pXnb ssien-bmbn kzoI-cn-®-Xp-sIm-≠p-am-{X-am-Wv.

s]mXp-hn-Zym-`ymk cwK-Øp-\n∂pw ]q¿W-ambpw amdn-\n-∂-Xm-

bn-cp∂p tIc-f-Øn-se, {]tXy-In®v ae-_m-dnse apkveow-I-fpsS

]q¿Δ-Im-ew. Cw•ojv hnZym- ymkw t\Sp-∂Xpw ae-bmfw ]Tn-°p-

∂-Xp-t]mepw aX-hn-cp-≤amsW∂ {]Nm-cWw Ign-™-\q-‰m-≠ns‚

XpS-°-Øn-e-S°w aue-hn-amcpw ]ptcm-ln-Xcpw Agn-®p-hn- n-cp-∂p.

kmaq-ln-I- ]n-∂m-°m-h-ÿ-bm-bn-cp∂p CXns‚ {]Xym-Lm-Xw.

kzmX-{¥y-e-_v[n-°p-tijw, apkveowkapZmbw cmjv{So-b-i-‡n-

bmb Db¿∂v Gsd-°-gn-™mWv s]mXp-hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øn-te°v

apkveow hn`m-K-Ønse F√m-hcpw FØn-t®-c-W-sa∂ Nn¥ DS-

se-Sp-ØXv. At∏mgpw s]Ïp- n-I-fpsS hnZym- ymk-Øn\v ap≥K-

W\ Inń-bn-√. s]Ïp- n-I-tfmSpw kv{XoI-tfmSpw aX-bm-Ym-ÿn-


Xn-I¿ ImWn-°p∂ kao-]-\-Øn¬ Ct∏mgpw am‰w h∂n- n-s√-¶nepw

kmaq-lnI ]ptcm-K-Xn-s°m∏w \S-°m≥ hnZym- ymkw t\Sn-sb-Sp-

°-W-sa∂ Nn¥m-[m-c-bn-te°v amdm≥ apkveow kap-Zm-b-Ønse

hen-sbm-cp-hn-`mKw k∂-≤-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

kv{XoIƒ s]mXp-cw-K-tØ°p IS-∂p-h-cp-∂-Xn-t\m-Sp≈ \ntj-

[m-flI \ne-]mSv C∂pw apkveow kap-Zm-b-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ ]q¿W-

ambpw amdn-bn- n-√. hnZym- ymkw t\Sn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xn¬ hen-sbmcp

apt∂‰w apkveow s]Ïp-ń-Iƒ \S-Øn-sb-¶nepw AXv ]q¿W-

tXm-Xn-ep≈ s]mXp-{]-th-i-ambn amdmØ {]tZ-i-ßƒ Ct∏mgpw

tIc-f-Øn-ep-≠v. kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ D∂-a-\amWv am[y-a-ß-fp-sSbpw

\ne-]m-sS-¶nepw s]Ïp- n-Isf tPmen°v \n¿Øp-∂-Xn¬ ]{Xw

XpSßn c≠p-Z-im_vZØntesd "am[yaw' ]{Xhpw Xøm-dm-bn-cp-

∂n-√. {]I-S-amb kv{Xohn-cp-≤-X {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p am[y-

ahpw sNbvX-Xv. c≠p-Z-im-_vZ-Øn\v tijw kv{XoIsf tPmen-bn¬

{]th-in-∏n-°m≥ am[yaw amt\-Pp-sa‚pw Xøm-dm-bXv, hnZym- ymkw

t\Sn-b-Xn-eqsS apkveow kap-Zm-b-Øn-\p-≈nepw Db¿∂p-h∂

DW¿hns‚ êw IqSn-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

Bflo-b-hym]m-c-Øn-s‚bpw aX-N-cy-I-fnse ]cn-jvIm-c-ß-

fpsSbpw Imcy-Øn¬ ]n¥n-cn-™p-\n-∂p-sh-¶nepw hnZym-`ymk-cw-

K-sØ-∂-t]mse k¿°m¿ k¿ho-kp-I-fn¬ apkvenw hn`m-K-Øn\v

A¿l-amb {]mXn-\n[yw e`n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ kΩ¿Zw sNep-Øp-∂-

Xn¬ ]{X-ßƒ henb {]mapJyw \¬In. 19˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ A[n-

Im-c-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬ A¿ln-°p∂ {]mXn\n[yw e`n-°m-\mbn

apkveow AS°-ap≈ CXc ]n∂m-°-hn`mKw \S-Ønb \n¿h¿Ø-

\-{]-t£m`Øns‚ XpS¿®bmWv Btd-gp-]-Xn-‰m-≠n\ptijw

k¿°m¿ k¿ho-kp-I-fn¬ \jvS-s∏´ Ah-k-c-ßƒ hos≠-Sp-°m-

\mbn ho≠pw DS-se-Sp-ØXv. apkveo-ß-fpsS Ah-kc \jvS-Øns‚

I-W°v shfn-hm-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p PÃnkv \tc-{μ≥ IΩn-j≥

dnt∏m¿ v. Cu dnt∏m¿ v- A-Sn-ÿm-\-am°n \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-°p-∂Xv

kw_-‘n®v hen-b-tXm-Xn-ep≈ FXn¿∏p-Iƒ ap∂m° kap-Zm-b-

ß-fn¬\n-∂p-≠m-sb-¶nepw apkveoß-fpsS \jvS-s∏´ Ah-kcw

]p\-ÿm-]n-°p-∂-Xn¬ am[y-a-ß-fpsS `mK-Øp-\n-∂pw Imcy-amb

FXn¿∏p-≠m-bn-√. apkveow kap-Zmb kwL-S-\-I-fp-sSbpw cmjv{So-

b-]m¿ń-bp-sSbpw DS-a-ÿ-X-bn-ep≈ ]{X-ß-sf√mw \tc-{μ-I-Ωn-


j≥ dnt∏m¿ v ASn-ÿm-\-am°n Ah-Im-i-t∏m-cm- -Øn-\mbn \ne-

sIm-≠-t∏mƒ, AXv km[m-c-W-°m-cs‚ hnIm-c-am-sW∂v a\- n-

em-°n- {]t£m- -Øn\v ]n¥pW \¬Im≥ a‰v ap≥\nc ]{X-ßfpw

Xøm-dm-bn.

an{i-hn-hm-l-Øn¬\n∂v euPn-lm-Zn-te°v

tIc-f-Ønse kmaq-lnI am‰-Øn¬ an{i-hn-hm-l-ßƒ hln®

]¶v hfsc hep-Xm-Wv. PmXn hnth-N-\-Øns‚ Zpc-hÿbn¬ Ign-

™n-cp∂ Iogmf P\-hn-`m-K-ßƒ°v Xe Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-°m\pw

Ahsc CXcPmXn hn`m-K-ßƒ kzoI-cn-°m\pw XpS-ßn-bXv an{i-

hn-hm-l-tØm-sS-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]I¬ t\c-ß-fn¬ PmXo-b-ambn am‰n-

\n¿Ø-s∏-´p-sh-¶nepw A¥n-a-b-ßn-bm¬ Iogmf hn`m-K-ß-fnse

s]Ïp-ń-Isf \n¿_‘ kw_-‘-Øn\v hnt[-b-am-°p-∂-Xn¬

kh¿W ap∂m° hn`m-K-ß-fnse ]pcpj-∑m¿°v H´pw aSn-bn-√m-

Ø-Xm-bn-cp∂p tIc-f-Øns‚ `qX-Im-ew. AØcw _‘-ß-fn-eqsS

]nd∂ Ip™p-ß-fp-ambn injvS-Po-hnXw \c-I-bm-X\ A\p- -hn-t°-

≠n-h-∂-t∏mgpw Xncn-™p-t\m-°m≥ kh¿W ]pcp-j∑m¿ Xøm-dm-

bn-cp-∂n-√. Cu kmaq-lnI bmYm¿Yy-Øn¬\n-∂mWv an{i-hn-hm-l-

sa∂ hnπ-hm-flI ]cn-h¿Ø\w 20- mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ a[y-tØmsS

tIc-f-Øn-ep-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv.

PmXob then-s°-ń-\-∏p-dØv kvt\l-Øn\pw {]W-b-Øn\pw

ÿm\-ap-s≠∂pw IpSp-_w-Po-hn-XØn-te°v AXv ]I¿ØpI km[y-

am-sW∂pw an{i-hn-hm-l-Øn-eqsS sXfn-™p. IpSpw-_-ß-fnepw

kaql-Ønepw henb tImfn-f-°-ß-fp-≠m-°n-sb-¶nepw an{i-hn-hm-

l-Øns‚ kmaq-lnI {]k‡n IqSns°mt≠bn-cp-∂p. PmXn amdn-

bp≈ hnhml _‘-ß-tfmSv A\p- mhw {]I-Sn-∏n-®-h¿ A°mew

hfsc A]q¿h-am-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬, FXn¿∏p-Isf Ah-K-Wn-®p-

sIm-≠p-Xs∂ PmXn-c-ln-X-amb {]Wbw ae-bm-f-°-c-bn¬ km[m-

c-W-ambn. CØcw an{i-hn-hm-l-ßƒ kzmX-{¥y-Øn\v apºv ]{X-

ßƒ hm¿Ø-bmbn Xs∂ \¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. B hm¿Ø-Iƒ

kmaq-lnI am‰-Øns‚ ktμiw P\-ß-fn-te°v FØn-°m≥ Dt±-

in-®p-≈-Xp-am-bn-cp-∂p. tIhew PmXobamb AXn¿Øn-°p-≈n¬

{]Wb k¶-ev]-ßsf XS-™p-sh-t°-≠-X-s√∂pw PmXn-th-en-

s° v t`Zn-®v IS-∂p-h-cm≥ {]W-bn-\n-Isf t{]m’m-ln-∏n-®-Xp-am-


bn-cp∂p AØcw hm¿Ø-Iƒ. bmYm-ÿn-Xn-I-Xz-Øns‚ Iºfw

am‰mØ ]e IpSpw_ _‘-ßfpw C°m-c-W-Øm¬ inYn-e-am-sb-

¶nepw an{i-hn-hmlw krjvSn® kmaq-lnI am‰sØ Ah-K-Wn-°m-

\m-hn-√. -

kzmX-{¥ym-\-¥c \ho\ tIc-f-Øn¬ an{i-hn-hmlw F∂Xv

henb A¤p-Xtam AXn-km-l-knI kmaq-lnI hnπ-htam A√m-

Xm-bn. AsXmcp km[m-cW {]{In-bbpw AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂

hm¿Ø-I-f-√m-Xm-hp-∂-Xp-am-bn. hy‡n-kzm-X{¥yw A{X-ta¬ hn]p-

ehpw s]mXp-k-aqlw AXns\ AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

PmXnbpw aXhpw amdn-bp≈ hnhm-l-ßƒ Nne IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS

kzmÿyw \jvS-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≠m-Im-sa-¶nepw an{in-hn-hm-l-Øn\v

Gd-°psd Hcp s]mXpkzoIm-cyX e`n-®p.

Cu kmaq-ln-I-km-l-N-cy-Øn-t∑-ep≈ It√-dm-bn-cp∂p "eu

PnlmZv' F∂ am[ya"Is≠-Ø¬'. sslμh ^mkn-Ãp-Iƒ

_m_dn akvPn-Zv XI¿Ø-Xn\v tij-ap≈ C¥y-bn¬, Xm≥ Xo{h-

hm-Zn-b-s√∂v kzbw ÿm]n-t°≠ _m[yX C¥y-bnse apkveow

kap-Zm-bmw-K-ß-fn¬ ASn-t®-ev]n-®-Xns‚ XpS¿®-bm-bn-cp∂p eu

Pnlm-Zv. apkveow Xo{h-hmZ kwL-S-\-bnse {]h¿ØI¿ {]Wbw

\Sn®v a‰p-a-X-ÿcpambn hnhml _‘-Øn-te¿s∏-Sp-∂psh∂pw

CXv Xo{h-hm-Z-Øn-te°v Bfp-Isf FØn-°m-\p≈ kwL-SnX {ia-

amsW-∂pam-bn-cp∂p 2009-˛10 ImeØv tIc-f-Øn¬ Db¿∂p-h∂

Btcm-]-Ww.

Hcp-Im-eØv tIc-f-Øns‚ \thm-∞m\ ]cn-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚

ap≥\n-c-bn-ep-≠m-hp-Ibpw PmXn- -a-X-hn-th-N-\-ßsf FXn¿°p-Ibpw

an{i-hn-hm-lsØ hnπ-hm-flI ]cn-h¿Ø-\-ambn t{]m’m-ln-∏n-

°pbpw sNbvX "tIcf IuapZn' bmbn-cp∂p "euPn-lmZv' F∂

Btcm-]-W-Øns‚ BZy-sh-Sn-ap-g-°n-b-Xv. Xo{h-hm-Z-hn-cp-≤-Xbv°pw

tZi-kvt\-l-Øn\pw ]Ø-c-am-‰ns‚ hm¿Øm-aqeyw Iev]n® a‰v

apJy-[mc am[y-a-ßfpw CXv G‰p-]n-Sn-®p. ae-bmf at\m-c-abpw amXr-

`q-anbpw euPn-lm-Zns‚ ]n∂mse t]mbn. s]meokv At\z-j-Ww

h∂p. Xo{h-hm-Z-h-f¿®sb {]Xn-tcm-[n-°m-\p≈ AXoh tZi-

kvt\l {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fmWv \S-Øp-∂-sX∂ Bflm- n-am-\-tØm-

sS-bm-bn-cp∂p euPn-lmZv hm¿Ø-Isf apJy-[mcm am[y-a-ßƒ kao-

]n-®-Xv.


apkveow- -lnμp IpSpw-_-ß-fn-ep-≈-h¿ \S-Ønb hnhm-l-Øns‚

IW-°p-I-sf-SpØv euPn-lm-Zns‚ "Xo{hX' G‰n-s°m-≠n-cp∂p ]{X-

ßƒ. s]meokv At\z-jW-Øn\pw Ah-cpsS Is≠-Ø-en\pw ap∂n-

em-bn-cp∂p am[y-a-ßƒ. hkvXp-Iƒ°v ]Icw s]mSn-∏pw -sXm-ß-

ep-ap≈ hmN-I-ß-fp-ambn AXv kaq-l-Øns‚ kzmÿyw sISp-

Øp∂ coXn-bn-te°v hf¿∂p-hn-I-kn-®p. hyXykvX aX-ÿ-cm-b-

h¿ kwkm-cn-°p-∂Xpw {]W-b-_-≤-cm-Ip-∂Xpw kwi-b-Zr-jvSn-

tbmsS t\m°-W-sa∂ hn]-coX-t_m[w kaq-l-a-\- n¬ ASn-

t®¬∏n-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p am[y-a-ß-fpsS CS-s]S¬. B¿.-F-kv.-F-

kv, F≥.-F-kv.-F-kv, Fkv.-F≥.-Un.]n XpS-ßnb sslμh cmjv{So-

b-˛-km-ap-Zm-bnI kwL-S-\-Iƒ euPn-lmZv G‰p-]n-Sn-®p. ItØm-

en°m k`bpw euPn-lm-Zn-s\-Xnsc ap∂-dn-bn-∏p-ambn cwK-sØ-

Øn.

am[y-a-ßƒ apt∂m-´p-sh® kw`-h-ß-fpsS ]n∂mse t]mb

s]meo-kn\v, Is≠-Ø-ep-Isf km[q-I-cn-°m-\p≈ sXfn-hp-I-fpsS

sNdnb I®n-t]mepw In´n-bn-√. AtXmsS tImS-Xn-bn¬, euPn-lmZv

shdpw s]m≈-°-Y- am-{Xam-sW∂v shfn-hm-°-s∏- p. {ItaW euPn-

lmZv F∂ Is≠-Ø-ens‚ ap\-sbm-Sn-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp. tIkv

\S-Øn-∏n-\n-S-bn¬ tImSXn \S-Ønb ]cm-a¿i-ßƒ t]mepw Xß-

fpsS BZy-hm¿Øbv°v km[q-I-cWw \¬Ip-∂-hn[w sX‰mbn

hymJym-\n-°p-∂-Xn¬ am[y-a-ßƒ Aan-Xm-thiw ImWn-®p.

F∂m¬, am[y-a- I-s≠-Ø-en¬ Ig-ºn-s√∂v tImSXn BXy-¥n-I-

ambn ]d-™-tXmsS ssI IgpIn ]n∑m-dp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p Cu am[y-

a-ß-sf√mw sNbvX-Xv.

kmap-Zm-bnI kulm¿±w XI¿°p∂ hn[-Øn¬ kwi-b-hnØp-

Iƒ]mIn hm¿Ø-Iƒ \evInb am[y-a-ßƒ ]s£, sNbvXXv

sXs‰∂v sXfn-™-tijw AtX-‰p-]-d-bp-∂Xn¬ as‰√mImcy-

Ønepsa∂-t]mse ]Xnhv Aew- mhw XpS¿∂p. kaq-lsØ `n∂n-

∏ns‚ Xe-Øn-te°v Db¿Øn-b-Xn¬ Hcp Ip‰-t_m-[hpw am[y-a-

ßƒ°p-≠m-bn-√.

Xncp-Ø-s∏-tS≠ {]h-W-X-Iƒ

Ae-k-am-bn-°n-S-°p∂ Hcp kaq-l-Øn-te°v Zqjn-X-kz- m-h-ßƒ

\pg-™p-I-b-dp-∂Xv kzm`m-hn-I-am-Wv. kmaq-ln-I-hn-Im-k-Øns‚


Ncn{Xw CXv ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p. \thm-∞m-\m-im-b-ßƒ Hcm-fn¬\nt∂m

Hcp {]tXyI kμ¿`-Øntem Dcp-Øn-cn-™p -h-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂n-√.

h¿j-ß-fmbn a\p-jy≥ A\p-h¿Øn® ioe-ß-fnse bp‡n-cm-

lnXyw Xncn-®dn™--h¿ kzbw Db¿ØnbXpw kaq-l-Øns‚ ap∂n-

te°v Fdn-™p-sIm-Sp-Ø-Xp-amb tNmZy-ß-fmWv ]cn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v

ASn-ÿm-\-Im-c-W-am-b-Xv. A\p- h -bm-Ym¿YyØn¬\n-∂p≈ am‰-

ambn CXns\ Ncn{Xw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn. am‰w {ia-I-c-am-bn-cp-∂p. kaq-

l-Øn¬ B[n-]Xyw Dd-∏n-®n-cp∂ bmYm-ÿnXnINn¥-Isf C√m-

Xm-°m≥ \S-Øp∂ DZy-a-ßsf kmaq-ly-L-S-\-bpsS D]cn-X-e-Øn¬

Ccn-∏p-d-∏n® hn`mKw F°m-ehpw XS-bn-Sm≥ {ian-®n- p-≠v. G‰p-ap -

ens‚ Cu Ncn{Xw Xs∂-bmWv tIc-f-Ønse \thm-∞m-\-ap-t∂-‰-

Øn-\p-ap-≠m-b-Xv. AXn-¬ hy‡-amb \ne-]m-Sp-ambn apt∂m- p-t]m-

bn-cp∂ am[y-a-ßƒ ]n¬°m-eØv ka-c-k-s∏-Sp-I-sb-∂-Xn-te°v

\ne-]mSv am‰n-sb-∂-XmWv kzmX-{¥y-e-_v[n°pw am[y-a- ta-J-e-

bnse hymh-km-bn-I-hn-Im-k-Øn\pw tijw {]I-S-am-hp-∂-Xv.

kaq-lsØ ]Tn-°p-I-bmWv am[y-a-ßƒ sNøp-∂Xv F∂-Xp-

t]mse kaqlw Adn-bp-∂Xpw ]Tn-°p-∂Xpw am[y-a-ß-fn¬\n-∂p-

X-s∂-bm-Wv. Cu sImSp-°¬ hmß-ep-Isf sX‰mbn {]tbm-K-h-

XvI-cn-°p-I-bmWv ]n¬Im-eØv \thm-∞m-aq-ey-ß-fpsS XpS¿® Gs‰-

Sp-°p∂ Imcy-Øn¬ ae-bm-f-am-[y-a-ßƒ \¬Inb kw`m-h-\. CXn¬

]p\¿hn-N-n¥\Øn\v {]k-‡n-bp-s≠∂v t]mepw aqe-[-\-Xm-

ev]cyw ta¬ss° t\Snb B[p-\nI am[y-a-kw-kvIm-c-Øn-ep-s≠∂v

tXm∂p-∂n-√. hn]-Wn-bp-‡n-sb kmam-\y-h-XvI-cn®v h-f¿®-bpsS

cmk-h-f-am-°p-I-bmWv B[p-\n-I-am-[ya hyh-km-bw. ]{Xm-[n-]¿

]{X-Øns‚ apJ-ambncp∂ Imew AkvX-an-®-Xp-t]mse, thdn´ Nn¥-

Isf {]I-Sn-∏n-°msX F√mw Dƒt®¿∂ kaq-l-Øns‚ bYm¿∞

{]Xn- -e\-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ kzbw {]Xn-jvTn-°m-\mhpw am[y-a-ßƒ

XpS¿∂pw {ian-°p-I. ]ptcm-Ka-\hpw ]n¥n-cn-∏\pamb Bi-b-ßsf

Htc \pI-Øn¬ sI´n hf¿®-bnte°v Nph-Sp-sh-°p∂XmWv ]pXn-

b-Im-esØ am[ya ssh -hw.

A[ymbw 5

hnizm-k-ß-fpsS hn]-Wn

B[p-\nI hnI-knX kaq-l-Øns‚ Ne-\-ßƒ tI{μo-I-cn-®n-cn-

°p-∂Xv hn]-Wnsb B{i-bn-®m-Wv. hn]Wn \n›bn-°p∂ KXn-

bn-eqsS k©-cn-°p-∂Xv kaq-l-Øns‚ kzm`m-hn-I- co-Xn-bmbn amdn-

bn-cn-°p-∂p. hy‡n Pohn-X-Ønepw kaq-l-Øns‚ kz`mhw

]p\¿\n¿W-bn-°p∂Xnepw hn]WnbpsS kzm[o\w A{X-tØmfw

hep-Xm-Wv. `mj, thjw, kwkvIm-cw F∂n-ßs\ X\Xv kzXz-ß-

fn¬ hy‡nXzw Is≠-Øn-bn-cp∂ `n∂kaq-l-ß-ƒ A{]-Xy-£-am-

Ip∂p F∂-XmWv hn]Wn \nb-{¥nX ]pXnbIme-Øns‚ ]cn-

Wm-aw. hn]-Wn-bpsS Cu km[y-Xsb ^e-{]-Z-ambn D]-tbm-K-s∏-

Sp-Øn-bXmWv B[p-\nI apX-em-fn-Ø-Øns‚ hnP-bhpw. am[ya

taJe hymh-km-bnI hXvI-c-W-Øn-te°v \oßp-Ibpw ]{X-ßfpw

Hcp "DXv]∂'ambn cq]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-IbpwsNbvX ]pXnb ImeØv

hn]-Wn-bpsS km[y-X-Isf Fßs\ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm-sa-∂-

Xmbn B[p-\nI am[y-a-ho£Ww. hrØm-¥-]-{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-

Øn¬\n∂v aqe-[-\-tI-{μo-IrX ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øn-te-°p≈ am‰-

ambncp-∂p AXns‚ ^ew.

am[y-a-ßsf kw_-‘n®v hn]Wn at‰Xv tIm¿∏-td‰v ÿm]-\-

ß-sfbpw DXv]-∂-ß-sfbpw t]mse-b-√. Htc kabw Cc´ km[y-

X-Iƒ e`n-°p-∂p-sh-∂-XmWv am[y-a-ßƒ°p≈ A]q¿h t\´w.

H∂v kz¥w DXv]∂w hn¬°msa-∂-Xm-Wv. c≠m-a-tØXv DXv]-∂-

Ønse CSw hn¬°m-sa-∂-Xm-Wv. CXn¬ BZy-tØ-Xmb DXv]∂w

hn‰-gn-°p-∂-Xn\v F√m aqe-[\ i‡n-Ifpw sNøp-∂-Xp-t]mse hn]-

Wn-bn¬ G‰hpw kzoIm-cy-amb tNcph DXv]-∂-Øn\v \¬Ip-I-

sb∂ X{¥w Xs∂ am[y-a-ßfpw kzoI-cn-°p-∂p-. ae-bmf at\mca

FUn‰-dm-bn-cp∂ sI.Fw amXyp ]d™ P\m-`n-emj]{X-{]-

h¿Ø\w Cu hn]Wn Xm¬]cyw ap≥\n¿Øn-bp-≈-Xm-Wv.

DXv]∂w G‰hpw \√ coXn-bn¬ hn‰p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xn-\mbn DXv]-∂-

Øns‚ ck-°q- nse tNcp-h-Iƒ P\-ß-fpsS A`n-cp-Nn-°-\p-k-cn®v

am‰p-I-sb-∂-XmWv {]Ya X{¥w. Bh-iy-°m-c\v AYhm hmb-

\°m-c\v F¥mtWm th≠Xv AXv \¬Ip-∂p. km[m-c-W a\p-


jys‚ hnIm-c-ß-sfbpw Xm¬]-cy-ß-sfbpamWv AXn\v am\-Z-fi-

am-°p-∂-Xv. P\-Øn\v C∂Xv thWw F∂v \n›-bn-°p-Ibpw AX-

\p-k-cn®v hn -h-ßƒ \¬Ip-Ibpw sNøp∂ coXn. AhnsS hm¿Ø-

bpsS aqey-Øn\√ P\m- n-em-j-Øn-\mWv ap≥K-W-\. P\-{]nb ]{X-

{]-h¿Ø-\hpw hkvXp-\njvT ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\hpw hyXy-kvX-am-

sW∂ [mcW C√m-sXb-√, ]Icw hkvXp-\n-jvT-bm-Ym¿Yy-ß-

sf-°mƒ P\-{]n-b-X kzoI-cn-®mte DXv]∂w hn‰p-t]m-hp-I-bp≈q

F∂ hn]Wn-bnse kmam-\y -XXzw ]men-°p-I-bmWv am[yaßƒ.

hm¿Øbpw A`n-{]m-b-ßfpw Xß-fpsS DXv]∂w hn‰-gn-°p-∂-Xn\v

hnLm-X-am-Ip-sa∂v ImWp-tºmƒ AXv hne-°-s∏tS≠ hm¿Ø-

bm-bn-Øo-cp-∂p. hm¿Ø \¬Ip-∂-Xn-eqsS ]{X-Øns‚ Hcp hcn-

°mc-s\ \jvS-s∏-Sp∂ kml-Ncyw ]{X-ap-S-a-Iƒ°v Xmev]-cy-ap-

≈-X-√. ]Icw hm¿Ø \¬Im-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS ]pXnb hcn-°m-

cs\ e`n-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ DS-a-I-fpsS Xmev]cyw AXn-t\m-Sm-WpXm-

\pw.

ssZ\wZn\ hm¿Ø-I-fn¬ ]{X-apS-a-Iƒ t\cn v CS-s]-Sp∂ coXn

ae-bmf ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øn-ep-s≠∂v ]d-bm≥ Ign-bn-√. F∂m¬,

kao-]-\-Ønse s]mXp-coXn F¥m-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂ ktμiw Xß-

fpsS ÿm]-\-Ønse Poh\°m¿°v \¬Im≥ ]{X-D-S-a-Iƒ°v

km[n-°p-∂p-≠v. Cu \n¿tZiw ewLn-®p-sImt≠m, \b-]-c-amb

Xocp-am-\-ßƒ°v hn]-co-X-amtbm Bb hm¿Ø-Iƒ \¬Im≥

dnt∏m¿´¿am¿ Xp\n-bm-dn-√. \pg-™p-I-b-dn-h-cp∂ AØcw dnt∏m¿´p-

Isf kqjv-a-\n-co-£Ww \S-Øm≥]‰p∂ i‡-amb FUn-t‰m-dn-

b¬hn`mKw C∂v ap≥\nc ae-bmf ]{X-ßƒ°p-≠v. hmb-\-°m-

cs\ Xr]vXn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ coXn-bn¬ hm¿Ø-Iƒ \¬Ip-∂-Xn-te°v

Nne- k-μ¿ -ß-fn-se√mw t_m[-]q¿h-amb Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°p-∂Xv

]{X-Øns‚ {]Nm-c- hn-Im-k-Øn-\p≈ am[ya DS-a-I-fpsS Xmev]cyw

FUn-t‰m-dn-b¬ hn`mKw \S-Øn-s°m-Sp-°p∂p F∂-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-

s∂-bm-Wv. AXp-sIm-≠mWv, icn-b-s√∂pw A[m¿an-I-sa∂pw

tXm∂p-∂-Im-cy-ßƒ t]mepw hmb-\m- n-cpNn IW-°m°n ]{X-Øm-

fp-I-fn¬ CSw-]n-Sn-°p-∂-Xv. hm¿Ø-bpsS ap≥K-W\ \¬Ip-∂-

Xn¬t]mepw CXv {]I-S-amhpw, hm¿ØbpsS \n¿h-N-\-Øn¬s]-

SmØ kwK-Xn-Iƒt]mepw hmb-\-°msc BI¿jn-°p-sa-∂-Xn-\m¬

H∂mw-t]-Pn¬ CSw ]nSn-°p-∂Xv CXp-sIm-≠m-Wv.


Cw•ojv am[y-a-ß-fmWv C°mcyw hfsc ê-{]-Z-ambn {]tbm-

K-Øn¬h-cp-Øn-b-h¿. tKmkn-∏p-Iƒ \nd®v ImX-en-√m-Ø -hm-b-\-

bpsS ]pXnb kwkvImcw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ {_nójv Smtªm-

bvUp-Iƒ Hcp-]p-Xnb hnπhw Xs∂-bmWv Xo¿Ø-Xv. hm¿Øm-

aqeyw \n¿W-bn-°p-∂-Xn¬ Smtªm-bvUp-I-fpsS ]n∂mse t]mbn-

s√-¶nepw Ah¿ \¬Ip∂ hm¿Ø-Iƒ sNdn-b-tXm-Xn-se-¶nepw

Fhn-sS-sb-¶nepw Dƒs∏-Sp-tØ≠ hn[w "t]m∏p-e¿ \yqkv

dnt∏m¿ń-Mp-'I-fn-te°v temIsØ {]apJ ap≥\nc Cw•ojv am[y-

a-ßƒ°pw Xß-fpsS \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ amt‰-≠n-h-∂p. C¥y-bnepw

Cu {]h-W-X A\p-I-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p Cw•ojv am[y-a-ßƒsN-

bvX-Xv. ]{X-Øns‚ apJw ]{Xm-[n-]-cm-bn-cp∂ \ne-bn¬\n∂v amdn

amt\-P¿am¿ {][m-\-ÿm-\-ß-fn-te°v hcp-∂Xv hn]-Wnkm[y-X-

Isf ]{X-ßƒ ê-{]-Z-ambn {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-sb∂ Btem-

N-\-bpsS mK-am-Wv. ]{Xm-[n-]¿°v {]k-‡n-bn-√m-Xm-hp-Ibpw F√m-

hcmepw hmbn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-hn[w hyXy-kvX-tN-cp-h-IfneqsS hn]-Wn-

kz- m-hsØ Dƒs°m-≈p-I-sb∂Xnte°v hm¿Ø-bpsS ap≥K-W\

amdp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

C¥y≥ am[y-a-cw-KØv hn]-Wn-Xm¬]cyam\-Zfiw {]tbm-K-

Øn¬h-cp-Øn-bXn\pw a‰p-]-{X-ßƒ°v AXn-te°v \otß-≠n-h-

∂-Xn\pw ImcWw ssSwkv Hm^v C¥ybpsS \S-Øn-∏p-Im-cmb

s_∂‰v tImƒam≥ Iº\n kzoI-cn® \ne-]m-Sp-am-‰-am-sW∂v Sn

sP Fkv tPm¿Pv Nq≠n-°m- n-bn- p-≠v. C¥y-I≠ G‰hpw anI®

]{Xm-[n-]-cm-bn-cp∂ {^m¶v samd-bvk-sW Xcw-XmgvXn s_tIm

Iº-\n-bpsS sNb¿am-\m-bn-cp∂ AtimIv Pbn-\ns‚ aI≥ kao¿

Pbn≥ ]{X-Øns‚ kmcYyw Gs‰-Sp-Ø-tXm-sS-bmWv Cu am‰-sa∂v

Sn sP Fkv \nco-£n-°p-∂p. ]{X-Øns‚ {]Nmc h¿[-\bv°v

kao¿sP-bn≥ ]pXnb ]≤Xn Xs∂ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.

kao¿P-bn-\ns‚ ap∂n¬ ]{Xw F∂Xv shdpw DXv]∂w am{X-am-

bn-cp-∂p. C¥y-bnse am[y-a-cw-KØv Zqchym-]-I-amb {]Xym-Lm-X-

amWv Cu \bw-am‰w krjvSn-®-sX-∂mWv Sn sP F ns‚ hne-bn-

cp-Ø¬:

"DXv]∂w hn‰v em`w D≠m-°pI F∂ GI C\ Npa-Xe

\nd-th-‰m≥ {][m-\-ambpw aq∂v D]m-b-ß-fmWv At±lw


I≠p-]n-Sn-®Xv: hm¿Ø akm-e-h-XvI-cn-°p-I, ]c-kyhpw

hm¿Øbpw XΩn-ep≈ AI¬® Ipd-bv°p-Itbm C√m-Xm-

°p-Itbm sNøp-I, ]ckyw sImSp-°p∂ Iº-\nIfp-ambn

kzIm-cy-_-‘-Øn-te¿s∏-Sp-I. cmjv{So-b-Øns‚ AXn-{]-

kcw Hgn-hm-°m-s\∂ hymtP-\-bmWv kn\n-am-\-Sn-I-fpsS

hkv{X-[m-c-W-hpw, {]i-kvX-cpsS hncp-∂p-k-XvIm-c-ßfpw

Im∏n-I-S-I-fnse sIm®p-h¿Ø-am-\hpw dnt∏m¿´¿am-cpsS

hnj-b-ß-fm-°n-b-Xv. t]Pv {Xo, Uw_nMv Uu¨ F-s∂m-

s°-bp-≈-{]-tbm-K-ßƒ Dcp-Øn-cn-™p. hm¿Ø-I-fpsS Xcw-

Xm-gvØn, Fcnhpw ]pfnbpw \nd-®v, \ndhpw a[pchpw

Ie¿Øn DXv]∂w hmßm≥ Bfp-Isf t{]cn-∏n-°p∂

Uw_nKv Uu¨ Hcp mj-\m-bn. sFiz-cy-dmbn \l-\S\p-

ambn hg-°p-Iq-Sp-∂Xv H∂mw-t]-Pnse NqS-∏-am-bn. a‰p-]-

{X-ßfpw Cu hgn°v Xncn-bm≥ XpS-ßn-b-t∏mƒ s_tIm-

bpsS kmc-Yn-Iƒ hnP-b-{io-em-fn-X-cmbn'

˛am[y-a-]-T-\-ßƒ, ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-Ønse

{]h-W-X-Ifpw ]co-£-W-ßfpw

P\-{]o-b-hm¿Ø-I-fn-te°pw P\-{]nb ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-

te°pw am[y-a-ßƒ amdn-bsX-ß-s\-sb∂Xn\v Hcp DZm-l-c-W-am-

Wn-Xv. P\-{]obXbpsS ]cn-K-W-\-bn¬ Dƒs∏-tS≠ hnj-b-ßƒ

{]mtZ-in-Ihpw `mjm-]-c-hp-ambn hyXym-k-s∏- p-sh-∂-√msX B[p-

\nI am[y-a-cw-KsØ A\m-tcm-Ky-I-c-amb {]h-W-X-bmbn amdn CXv.

hmb-\-°m¿°v Xm¬]-cy-ap≈ hnj-b-ßƒ Is≠-Øp-I-sb-∂Xpw

AXn\v {][m\yw e`n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-co-Xnbn¬ ae-bm-f- am-[y-

a-ßƒ amdn-b-Xns‚ ASn-ÿm\w kao¿ P-bn≥ apt∂m- p-sh® hn]-

Wn -]n-Sn-®-S-°p-I-sb∂ hmWn-Py-]-{X-{]-h¿Ø\ coXn Xs∂-bm-

Wv. kmaq-ln-I-hn-Im-ksØ ]n∂m°w hen-°p-∂psh∂v I≠v

t\csØ Xnc-kvI-cn-°p-Ibpw FXn¿°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂ kwK-

Xn-Isf t]mepw, Nne¿ A\p-jvTn-°p-∂p-sh-¶n¬, Nne¿°v CjvS-

am-sW-¶n¬ AXn-t\mSv F¥n\v apJw Xncn-°-W-sa∂ ]pXnb

efn-X-bp‡n Ah-X-cn-∏n®v ae-bmf am[y-a-ßƒ kzmwio-I-cn-°p-

∂-Xns‚ Imc-Whpw CXp-X-s∂. `‡nbpw hnizm-khpw A‘-hn-

izm-khpw B`n-Nm-c-{In-b-Ifpw DXv]∂w hn‰p-t]m-Im-\p≈ D]m-[n-

bmbn hm¿Ø-bpsS ÿm\Øv Cßs\ CSw ]nSn-°p-∂p. Cu ]{Xw


Xßƒs°m-∏-am-sW∂ tXm∂¬ CØcw BNm-c-hn-izm-k-ßƒ

]n¥p-S-cp-∂-h-cn¬ krjvSn-s®-Sp-°-sb-∂-XmWv CXn\mbn Ah-ew-

_n-°p∂ am¿Kw. cmjv{So-b-]m¿´n-I-fpsS ktΩ-f-\-ßfpw Item-

’-h-ßfpw BtLm-jn-°s∏Sp-∂Xv C∂sØ Znhkw Ah-cp-tS-

XmWv F∂ XXz-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-Wv. Cu X{¥w, kmaq-

lnI \thm-∞m-\sØ ]n∂m°w hen-°p∂ ]n¥n-cn-∏≥ hnizm-

k-[m-c-I-fpsS Imcy-Ønepw am[y-a-ßƒ kzoI-cn-°p-∂p.

hn]-Wn-bpsS c≠m-asØ km[yX ]{X-Ømfnse CSw hn¬Ip-

∂-Xn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. hm¿Ø-Iƒ°mbn \o°n-sh® ÿew a‰v ÿm]-

\-ß-fpsS ]c-kyßƒ \¬Im-\mbn \S-Øp∂ hnev]-\. am[y-a-

ÿm-]-\-ß-fpsS {][m\ hcp-am\ t{kmX-kmWv ]c-kyw. ÿm]-

\-ß-fpsS hf¿®bpw ssZ\wZn\ sNe-hp-Ifpw Cu CSw hnev]-\-

bn-eqsS Xs∂ Is≠-tØ-≠n-h-cpw. B[p-\nI Pohn-X-Øn¬ ]c-

ky-ßsf Ah-K-Wn-°m-\m-hn-√. h¿Ø-am\ ImesØ G‰hpw i‡-

amb kwth-Z\ D]m-[n-bmWv ]c-kyw. BtKmf ]c-ky-hn-]-Wn-

bpsS aqeyw 1990-Iƒ°v tijw IpXn-°p-I-bm-Wv. hnI-knX hn]-

Wn-Iƒ e-{]-Z-ambn D]-tbm-Kn® Cu hn]-W-t\m-]m[n C∂v C¥y-

bnepw G‰hpw anI® Xe-Øn-te°v Db¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p. ssN\bpw

C¥y-bp-amWv _lp-cmjv{S Iº-\n-I-fpsSbS°w G‰hw henb

]cky hn]-Wn. hm¿Ø-Ifpw ]c-ky-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ ]c-kv]-c-

]q-cI _‘-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv B[p-\nI am[ya hyh-km-b-Øns‚

\ne-\n-ev]p-Xs∂. th¿s]-Sp-Øn-bm¬ AXn-Po-h\w Akm-[y-am-

Ip∂ _‘w.

BtKmf ]cky hn]Wn hnI-kn-°p-∂-Xn\v apºv Xs∂ ae-

bmf ]{X-ß-fnepw ]c-ky-ßƒ°v {]m[m\yw e`n-®n-cp-∂p. Itºm-

f-Øns‚ hnIm-k-\-Øn-\p-k-cn®v ]ckyw \¬Ip∂ ÿm]-\-ß-

fpsS FÆhpw ]ckyØns‚ tXmXpw IqSn-sb-∂p-am-{Xw. hm¿ØI-

sfbpw ]c-ky-ß-sfbpw Gßs\bmWv Htc-k-abw _‘-ß-fn-√m-

sXbpw G‰-ap- -sem-gn-hm-°nbpw kao-]n-°p-I-sb-∂Xv am[y-a-ÿm-

]-\-ß-fn¬ \nc-¥cw Db-cp∂ tNmZyamWv. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂

henb ]c-ky-Zm-Xm-°ƒ°v £Xw kw`hn-°p∂ hn[-Øn-ep≈

hm¿Øm-km-l-k-Øn\v apJy-[mc am[y-a-ßƒ an°-hmdpw apXn-cm-

dn√. am[y-a-ß-fn¬ hcp∂ ]c-ky-ßƒ°v am[y-a-ÿm-]-\-hp-ambn

Fs¥-¶nepw _‘-apt≠m F∂ tNmZyw s]mXp-k-aq-l-Øn¬


kzm`m-hn-I-am-Wv. kz¥w ]{X-Øn¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p∂ Hcp ]c-

ky-Øns‚ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-Øn¬\n∂v Hcp am[y-a-ÿm-]-\-Øn\pw

Hgn-™p-a-mdm≥ Ign-bp-∂-X-√. DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-ßƒ Gs‰-Sp-°m≥ Ign-

bmØ ]c-ky-ßƒ Hgn-hm-°p∂ ]Xnhv am[y-a-ßƒ Ct∏mgpw kzoI-

cn-®p-h-cp-∂p-ap≠v. ]c-ky-ß-fpsS DØ-c-hm-ZnØw ]c-ky-Zm-Xm-hn\v

am{X-a-√, AXv {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p∂ am[y-a-ßƒ°p-ap-≈-Xm-sW∂-

Xn-\m-emWv Cu ap≥I-cp-X¬. s]mXp-k-aq-l-Øn¬ hnizm-k-y-

Xbm¿Pn® Hcp ]{X-Øn¬ ]ckyw hcp-Øm≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xn-eqsS

Xß-fpsS DXv]-∂-ßƒ°v As√-¶n¬ apt∂m- p-sh-°p∂ Bi-b-

Øn\v IqSpX¬ B[n-Im-cn-IX \¬Im≥ Ign-bp-sa-∂-XmWv ]c-

ky-Zm-Xm-°-fpsS hnizm-k-hpw. ]c-ky-hn-]-Wn-bnse km[y-X-Isf

F√mA¿∞-Ønepw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-sb-∂-XmWv B[p-\nI

am[y-a-cw-KsØ kao-]\w. {]Jym-]nX e£y-ß-fn¬\n∂v `n∂-am-

b-Xm-bm¬t]mepw Ah ]c-kyßfmbn \evIp-∂-Xn\v am[y-a-

ßƒ°v aSn-bn--√. hcp-am\ t{kmX-s ∂ \ne-bn¬ AXn\v ]c-am-

h[n t{]m’m-l\w \evIp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

F¥ns‚ ]ckyw sNømw F∂Xv ]{X-D-S-a-I-fpsS hnth-N-\m-

[n-Im-c-am-Wv. B[p-\nI ImeØv ]{X-ß-fpsS \ne-\nev]v Xs∂

]c-ky-h-cp-am-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´p InSn-°p-∂p. ]{X-ß-fpsS DXv]m-

Z\ sNe-hnepw Ipd™ \nc-°n¬ hmb-\-°m¿°v Ah e`y-am-Ip-

∂Xv ]c-ky-ß-fn-eqsS e`n-°p∂ hcp-am-\w-sIm-≠m-sW-∂Xv hnkva-

cn-°m-hp-∂-X-√. F∂m¬, DS-a-I-fpsS Xmev]cyw AXn-\-∏pdw emt -

—-bn-te°v IS-°p-tºmƒ ]c-ky-ßƒ kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xn\p≈ hmXn-

ep-Ifpw Xpd-∂n-Sp-I-sb-∂-Xmbn amdp-∂p. F¥pw ]c-ky-ambn amdmw

F∂ hn]-Wn-bnse km[y-X-Iƒ Xs∂-bmWv \thm-∞m-\-aq-ey-

ßsf C√m-Xm-°p∂ DXv]-∂-ß-fpw kwK-Xn-Ifpw ]c-ky-ambn

h¿Ø-am\ ]{X-Øn¬ CSw-]n-Sn-°m\pw hgn-sbm-cp-°p-∂-Xv.

tIc-f-Ønse \thm-∞m\ ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´pw

]c-ky-ßƒ°v henb {]m[m-\y-ap-≠v. ]c-ky-ßƒ°p≈ CSsØ

\thm-∞m\ aqey-ßƒ°mbn ^e-{]-Z-ambn hn\n-tbm-Kn® ]{X-

ßfpw Imehpap≠mbn-cp-∂p. B[p-\nI hn]-Wn-tI-{μo-IrX am[ya

cwKw CXns\ Xe-Io-gmbv {]Xn-jvTn-®n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. kzmX-{¥y-

Øn\v apºv kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\ apt∂-‰-Øns‚ {]mcw` Zi-ap-

X¬ kPo-h-ambn \n∂ Imew-hsc A∂v Cu e£y-Øn-\mbn


\ne-sIm≠ ae-bmf ]{X-ßƒ ]ckyßƒ°v \¬Ip∂ CS-

sØbpw \thm-∞m\ ImgvN-∏m-Sn-te°v \bn-°m-\mWv {ian-®n-cp-

∂-Xv. A‘-hn-izm-k-ßfpw A\m-Nm-cßfpw t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p∂

]c-ky-ßƒ CØcw ]{X-ß-fpsS Xmfp-I-fn¬ CSw-]n-Sn-®n-cp-∂n-√.

AtX-k-abw A‘-hn-izm-khpw A\m-Nm-chpw Zqco-I-cn-°p-∂-Xns‚

`mK-am-bp≈ ]c-ky-ßƒ°v \evIp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]{X-ßƒ°v ]c-

ky-h-cp-am\w \ma-am-{X-t]mepw C√mØIme-ØmWv hnth-I-]q¿W-

amb Cu Xocp-am\w Nne ae-bmf ]{X-ßƒ kzoI-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.

ssh°w kXym-{Klw \S∂ ImeØv AXv hnP-bn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-

\m-h-iy-amb \nc-¥c hm¿Ø-Iƒ \evInb ]{X-amWv "ka-Z¿in'.

]{X-Øns‚ t]Pp-Iƒ ]q¿W-ambpw kXym-{Kl hm¿Ø-Iƒ°p-

am-{X-ambn \o°n-sh-°m≥ ka-Z¿in Xøm-dm-bn-cp-∂p. 1924 Pqsse

aq∂n\v ka-Z¿in-bn¬ "Hcp At]£' F∂ Xe-s°-t´msS h∂

Hcp ]ckyw Cß-s\-bmWv:

ssh°w kXym{Kl ^≠n-te°v Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-c-Øp-\n∂pw

{]Xn-amkw 100 cq]-sb-¶nepw ]ncn-®p-sIm-Sp-t°≠ `mcw

Fs∂ IΩn‰n°m¿ Gev]n-®n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. [¿Ω kac hnP-

btØ Imw£n-°p∂ F√ tZi-`-‡-∑mcpw Ah-cm¬ Ign-

bp∂ [\-k-lmbw sNbvXp \ΩpsS Xmeq-°ns‚ Bflm- n-

am-\sØ c£n-°p-sa∂v Rm≥ hniz-kn-°p-∂p. Xcm≥ km[n-

°p∂ XpI Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw aWn-tbm¿U-dmbn F\n°v Ab-

®p-X-cn-Itbm a‰p-hn-[-Øn¬ Fs‚ ]pØ≥N-¥-bn-ep-≈ B∏o-

kn¬ FØn-°tbm sNø-W-sa-∂-t]-£n-°p-∂p. kw`m-h\

sNøp-∂-h-cpsS t]¿ hnhcw A∏-t∏mƒ ka-Z¿in-bn¬

{]kn≤w sNøp-∂-Xm-Wv.

F∂v, sI Pn Ip™n-Ir-jvW-]n-≈, _nF _nF¬,

h°o¬, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

A‘-hn-izm-k-ßfpw A\m-Nm-c-ßfpw \m´p\S∏mbn XpS-cp-Ibpw

Ahbv°v {]Nmcw \evIp-∂-hn[w ]c-ky-ßfpw hm¿Ø-Ifpw a‰v

{]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßƒ \evIpIbpw sNøp∂ L -Øn-emWv ka-Z¿in

hyXykvX \ne-]mSv kzoI-cn-®-Xv. tkmt±-iy-tØm-sS-bp≈ Cu ]c-

ky-Øn-\v, A∂v ssh°w kXym-{K-l-Øns‚ `mK-ambn \ne-bp-d-

∏n® ka-Z¿in, XpI-hm-ßn-bn-cpt∂m F∂v \n›-b-an-√. kaZ¿insb

t]mep≈ ]{X-ßƒ Cßs\ hyXykvX \ne-]mSv kzoI-cn-®-t∏mƒ


a‰v {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fn¬ A‘-hn-izmkw t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p∂ ]c-

ky-ßƒ km[m-c-W-am-bn-cp-∂p. A¤pX kn≤n ]I-cp∂ am{¥nI

Ge p-Ifpw ajn-t\m´w t]mep≈ Imcy-ßfpw A∂v km[m-cW

P\-Øns‚ hnizm-k-X-e-ß-fn¬ cqV-aq-e-am-bn-cp∂ ImeØv CXv

NqjWw sNøp-∂-Xn-\p≈ ]c-ky-ßƒ ]{X-ß-fn¬ [mcmfw {]Xy-

£-s∏- p.

CØcw hnizm-k-ßƒ A‘-hn-izm-k-sa∂v t_m[y-ap≈ ]pXnb

ImeØpw apJy-[mc ]{X-ßƒ hnizm-ksØ NqjWw sNbvXp≈

]c-ky-ßƒ \evIp-∂Xv \n¿Øn-bn- n-√. kzmX-{¥y-Øn\v apºv kmaq-

lnI \thm-∞m-\-Øns‚ ap≥\n-c-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ "amXr- qan' bpw

{]Nm-c-Øn¬ G‰hpw ap∂n¬\n-evIp∂ "ae-bmf at\m-ca' bpw

¢mkn-ss^Uv t]Pp-I-fn¬ CØ-c-samcp ]ckyw \evImØ Hcp

Znhkw t]mepw IS-∂p-t]m-In-√. am{¥nI Ge- p-I-fn¬ hnizmkw

Iev]n-°p∂ Hcp kaqlw Ct∏m-gp-ap-s≠∂pw Ah¿°p-th-≠n-bmWv

Cu ]c-ky-ß-sf-∂p-amWv CØcw ]c-ky-ßƒ \evIp∂ ]{X-ß-

fpsS Ct∏m-gsØ \ne-]m-Sv. hnizm-k-an-√m-Ø-hsc Cu ]c-ky-ßƒ

H´pw kzm[o-\n-°n-√t√m F∂ bp‡nbpw Cu ]c-ky-ßƒ \evIp-

∂-Xn-\p≈ \ymb-hm-Z-ß-fmbn \nc-Øp-∂p.

imkv{X Nn¥-Ifpw kmt¶-XnI hnZybpw s]mXp-t_m-[hpw

Db¿∂p-\n-ev°p∂ B[p-\n-I bpKØn¬ apJy-[mcm ]{X-ß-fpsS

Xmfp-I-fn¬ ]Xn-hmbn ImWp∂ Nne ]c-ky-ßƒ t\m°mw:

A¤pX kn≤n an\p- p-Iƒ°Iw F√m-‰n\pw ]cn-lmcw

\q‰m-≠p-Iƒ ]g-°-ap≈ {KŸ-Øn¬\n∂pw Xøm-dm-°p∂

Ge v [cn-®m¬ \nß-fpsS GXv {]iv\-ßƒ°pw DS≥ ]cn-

lm-cw. alm-e£van tPymXn-jm-e-bw, am¶m-hv, tImgn-t°m-Sv-

˛7

i‡n-Iq-Snb aZ-\-Im-ta-izcn am{¥nI Gekv

Z£n-Wbpw Nnehpw IqSn Npcp-ßnb XpIbv°v \evIp-∂p.

tZhm-ebw (t^m¨ \º¿)

ajn-t\m´w kPohv ]Wn-°¿

Xe-ap-d-I-fmbv ssIamdn h∂ ]mc-ºcy kn≤nbpw Ipe-sXm-


gn-epw. \nß-fpsS tZmj ZpcnX XS- -ßƒ ajn-t\m-´-Øn-

eqsS Adn™v Ifcn [¿a-ssZh D]m-k\ aq¿Øn-I-fpsS

A\p-{K-l-Øm¬ ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂p. PmXn-aX t`Z-at\y hnfn®p

hcnI (t^m¨)

ambm-tam-ln\n am{¥nI Ge v

Cu Gekv hf-sc-tbsd A¤p-X-i‡n \nd-™-Xm-Wv. CXv

[cn-°p-∂-h¿°v hf-sc-b-[nIw BI¿jW i‡n-bp-≠m-Ipw.

Ch-cpsS B⁄m-i-‡n-°p-ap-≥]n¬ F¥pw ASßn \nevIpw.

Ipd™ Z£nW sNe-hn¬ Xøm¿ sNbvXp \evIpw. I\-I-

[mcm Ipt_c tkhm aTw, sIm√-t¶m-Sv, 678506(t^m¨)

A¤pX am{¥nI Ge v

_nkn-\- v, Imcy-km-≤yw, hnhm-lw, i{Xp-c-£, hkvXp-hn-

ev]-\, GXm-h-iy-Øn\pw F√m aX-ÿ¿°pw apl-ΩZv apkven-

bm¿ Imc-t°m-Sv, Fd-Wm-Ipfw, t^m¨

Imcy-km-[yX ]cn-lmcw

hnhm-lw, _nkn-\- v, hkvXp-hn-ev]-\, kmº-Øn-Iw, Zmº-

Xyw, hiyw. F√m {]iv\-ßƒ°pw F√m aX-ÿ¿°pw

A_vZpƒk-aZv Xßƒ.

]cn-l-cn-°-s∏-Sm-\m-ImØ Hcp {]iv\hpw am{¥nI Ge- p-Iƒ

\¬Ip-∂-h-cpsS ap∂n-en-√. Hcp hnizm-k-Øn-\-∏p-dØv H∂pw CXn-

en-s√∂v G‰hpw \∂mbn Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-h¿ Ge- p-Iƒ hnev°p-

∂-h¿X-s∂-bm-Wv. Ge- p-IƒsIm≠p {]tbmP\w e`n-°p-∂hcpw

Ah¿ Xs∂. as‰m-cq-Iq- ¿ ]ckyw \¬Ip∂ am[y-a-ß-fpw. am{¥nI

Ge- p-I-fpsS Znhy- -esØ ]cn-l-kn®v kRvP-b≥ "cp{Zm-£-am-

lmflyw' FgpXn Zi-I-ßƒ°p-ti-jhpw ]{X-Xm-fp-I-fn¬\n∂v

Gekv amlm-fly-ßƒ A{]-Xy-£-am-bn-s√-∂Xv henb Zpc-h-ÿ-

bm-Wv. Gekv amlmflyw \nc-¥cw ]c-ky-ß-fmbn \¬Ip∂ Hcp

]{Xhpw AXns‚ ^e-kn-≤nsb Ipdn®v hkvXp-Xm-]-c-amb Hcp

hm¿Ø \¬Im≥ CXp-hsc Xøm-dm-bn- n-√. B[p-\nI am[ya hyh-

km-b- IÆn¬ AXn\v {]k-‡n-bp-an-√.

A‘-hn-izm-k-ß-fpsS {]Nm-c-W-Øn¬am-{X-a√ aX-hn-izm-ksØ

NqjWw sNbvXp≈ ]c-ky-hn-]Wn Is≠-Øp-∂-Xnepw B[p-\nI


am[ya hyh-kmbw hnP-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. ]nXr-X¿∏-Ww t]mep≈

NS-ßp-Iƒ am[y-a-ßƒ°v C∂v BtLm-j-am-Wv. {im≤-Zn\ ]c-

ky-ßƒ apJy-[mc ]{X-ß-fpsS ÿnc-h-cp-am\ t{kmX- p-I-fm-Wv.

Nca Adn-bn-∏mbn BZyw Hcp ]ckyw \¬In-sb-¶n¬ Ah-sc

IrXy-ambn Nc-a-hm¿jnIw Hm¿an-∏n-°m≥ {] -j-W-enkw apJ-ap-

{Z-bm-°nb apJy-[mc ]{X-ßƒ°v ipjvIm-¥n-tb-sd-bm-Wv. IØ-

b®v {im≤-Zn\w Hm¿an-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS Hcp XhW IqSn ]ckyw

Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ km[n-°p-∂p. F{X- ]-tc-Xm-flm-°-fmWv Hmtcm

h¿jhpw Cßs\ ]{X-Xm-fn-eqsS a°fpw IpSpw-_mw-K-ßfpw

Xßsf Hm¿°p-∂-Xdn™v Bfl-\n¿hr-XnbS-bp-∂Xv! sslμh

hnizm-ksØ B[m-c-am-°n-bp≈ Cu Nqj-W-Øn¬ "amXr-`qan'

°p≈ ta¬°-øn¬ Akz-ÿ-cmWv "ae-bmf at\m-ca'. {im≤ ]c-

ky-ß-fnse Cu a’-c-Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ t\ -ap-≠m-°m-\mbn \n-c-

°p-Iƒ am‰w hcp-Ønbpw a‰v am¿K-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn®pw IqSp-X¬ Nc-

a-]-c-kyßƒ kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ \n¿tZiw FIvkn-Iyq- o-hp-

Iƒ°v \¬Ip-∂p. Nc-a-hm¿Ø-Iƒ H∂pw \jvS-am-I-cp-sX∂v GP‚p-

am¿°pw teJ-I¿°pw apJy-[mcm ]{X-ßƒ I¿i\ \n¿tZiw

\evIp-∂Xpw Hcmƒ acn® hnhcw ]{X-hm¿Ø-bn-eqsS a‰p-≈-h¿

Adn-bmsX t]mIp-∂-Xnse k¶Sw sIm≠-√, adn®v XpS¿∂p≈

h¿j-ß-fn-se√mw {im≤-]-ckyw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm-\p≈ BZy-]Sn-Iq-

Sn-bm-Wv.

hnizm-ksØ NqjWw sNbvXp-≈- as‰mcp ]c-ky-amWv D±n-jvS-

Im-cy-Øn\v D]-Imckvac-W-Iƒ. ae-bmf at\m-c-a-bnepw Zo]n-I-

bnepw D]-Imckvac-W-Iƒ {]Xy-£-s∏-SmØ Hcp-Zn-\w-t]m-ep-ap-≠m-

In-√. D]-Im-c-kva-c-W-Iƒ In´m-Ø-Xns‚ ZpxJ-Øn-emWv a‰p-]-{X-

ßƒ. Gekv ]c-ky-ßƒ sIm≠v ]c-ky-Zm-Xm-hn\pw am[y-a-

ßƒ°pw {]tbm-P\w e`n-°p-∂p-s≠-¶n¬ {im≤-]-c-ky-ß-fpw D]-

Imckvac-W-I-fpw sIm≠p≈ D]-Imcw am[y-a-ßƒ°p-am-{X-am-Wv.

bYm¿∞-Øn¬ D]-Im-c-kva-cW ]ckyw \¬tI-≠Xv hnizm-kn-

Isf NqjWw sNøp∂ CØcw am[y-a-ß-fmWv! hnizm-k-ßsf

CΩ- n¬ NqjWw sNøp∂Xn¬ temI-Øp-Xs∂ ap≥\n-c-bn-emWv

ae-bmf am[y-a-ßƒ.

apXn¿∂ am[y-a-{]-h¿Ø-I≥ Sn thWp-tKm-]m¬ am[y-a-ßfpsS

_nkn-\kv Xmev]cy-sØbpw aqey-Nyp-Xn-sbbpw \nco-£n-°p-∂Xv

Cß-s\-bmWv:


"]{X-temIw C∂v Hcp Zqjn-X-ta-J-e-bm-Wv. henb apX¬ap-

S-°ntb C∂v Hcp-]{Xw XpS-ßmt\m hnI-kn-∏n-°mt\m ]‰q.

kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw At∏mƒ _nkn-\ v F∂ ImgvN-∏mSv

th≠n-h-cp-∂p. _nkn-\ v Bhp-tºmƒ em`w thWw; hnPbw

thWw. hnP-bn-®mte IqSp-X¬ em -Øn\pw IqSp-X¬ hnP-b-

Øn\pw th≠ kzm[o-\-i‡n hf¿Øm≥ ]‰q. At∏mƒ

BZ¿i-ß-sfms° Ae-am-dbn¬ AS-®p-]q- n, hnP-b-Km-Y-Iƒ

Nn -s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ X{¥-ßƒ sa\-tb-≠n-h-cp-∂p. Cu Ifn-

bn¬ \n¿Æm-b-I-i‡n ]c-ky-ß-fm-Wv. ]{X-Øns‚ \ne-

\n¬∏n-\p≈ Ah-iy- u-Xn-I-km-l-Ncyw ]c-ky-ß-fm-W-t√m.

]c-ky-ßƒ IqSm≥ {]Nmcw IqS-Ww. AXn-\m¬, ]≠v ]m›m-

Xy-\m-Sp-I-fn¬ Hcp L -Øn¬ apdp-Inb {]Nm-c-W-bp-≤-Øns‚

apd-Isf _me-eo-e-I-fm-°p∂ X{¥-ssh- -h-ßƒ Im´m≥ C∂v

\ΩpsS ]{X-ßƒ°v k¿K- m-h\ D±o-]vX-am-hp-∂p.

hmb-\-°m-cpsS A[-a-hn-Im-c-ßsf `mhm-fl-I-ambn {]oWn-

∏n-°p-Ibpw Ah DØ-a-ß-fm-sW∂v Ahsc t_m[y-s∏-Sp-

Øp-Ibpw sNtø-≠Xv _nkn-\ v Bh-iy-am-bn-Øo¿∂n-cn-

°p-∂p. CXv {]Xy-£-amb a™-∏{X {]h¿Ø-\-am-sW∂p

tXm∂n°mXncn-°m≥ _p≤n-am-∑m¿ am\y-X-bpsS hymP-ap-J-

ßƒ sI´n \S-°p-∂p. BZ¿i-{]-Xn-_-≤-I-sfms° Ds≠∂v

Icp-tX≠ ]{X-ßƒt]mepw B hgn°v \oßm≥ \n¿_-‘n-

X-cm-hp-∂p. \ne-\n¬°m≥ ]{X-tem-IØv Igp-Ø-d-∏≥ a’-

c-am-Wv. C∂v Hcp-]mSp IpSpw-_-ßƒ Hcp ]{XsØ B{i-

bn®p Ign-bp-∂p. _m¶p-I-tfmSpw a‰p-ap≈ kmº-ØnI _m[y-

X-Iƒ \nd-th-‰m-\p-≠v. ISw hmßn _m¶p-Isf apSn-°p-∂Xv

\ne-\n¬∏ns‚ hgn-b-√. BZ¿i-Øns‚ t]cn¬ F√mw Ipf-

am°n IpSpw-_-ß-sfbpw ÿm]-\-ß-sfbpw apgp-h≥ sh≈-

Øn-em-°mtam? AXp-sIm≠v \ne-\nt∂ ]‰q. Pbn-°-Ww.

hnPbw Hcp el-cn-bm-Wv. AXv Adn-™p-I-gn-™m¬ IqSp-

X¬ Pbn-°m≥ t\m°p-∂p. tImSn-Iƒ D≠m-°n-b-h≥ F¥n-

\mWv ]nt∂bpw ]Xn-∑-Sßp tImSn-Iƒ D≠m-°m≥ IjvS-

s∏-Sp-∂Xv? CXns‚ k¶o¿W a\-»mkv{Xw km[p-Nn-Ø-

∑m¿°v a\- n-em-hn-√.'

˛ae-bmf ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ Aº-Xp-h¿jw


BZ¿i-{]-Xn-_-≤X Ae-am-c-bn¬ ]q´p∂-Xp-X-s∂-bmWv apJym-

[mc ]{X-ßƒ B[p-\nI ImeØv kzoI-cn® coXn. P\m-`n-

emjØns‚ ]cn-N-Xo¿Øm¬ F¥pw \¬Im-sa∂ \ne-bn-te°v

]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-bp-‡nsb am‰n-sb-gp-Xn-°-gn-™-Xn-\m¬ F√m‰n\pw

icn-bp-sSbpw [m¿an-I-X-bp-sSbpw Hcwiw \¬Im≥ Ignbp-∂p. ‡n-

sbbpw A‘-hn-izm-k-ß-sfbpw ]c-ky-hp-ambn CW-°n-t®¿Øv

hcp-am-t\m-]m-[n-bm-°p∂-Xns\ kzbw \ymbo-I-cn-°m≥ am[y-a-

ßƒ°v Ign-bp-∂Xv Cu hymJym-\-Øns‚ ]›m-Ø--e-Øn-em-Wv.

hmWn-Py-Xm-ev]cyw am{X-amWv AhnsS am[y-a-ßsf \bn-°p-∂-

Xv. `‡n ÿm]-\-h-XvI-cn-°-s∏´ C°m-eØv AXns‚ hn]-Wn-

aqeyw Is≠-Øp-Ibpw AXns‚ KpW-t`m-‡mhpw Nqj-I-cp-am-hp-

am≥ am[y-ßƒ°v km[n-®p.

k¶o¿W-amb Cu kmaq-lnI kml-N-cysØ AtX-]Sn \ne-

\n¿Øp-∂-XmWv \ne-hn-ep≈ hn]-Wn-km-[y-X-sb D]-tbm-K-s∏-

Sp-Øm-\p≈ bYm¿Y A¥-co-£-sa∂ hne-bn-cp-Ø-en-emWv am[y-

a-ß-sf-∂p-]-d-bmw. kmaq-lnI kml-N-cy-ß-fnse am‰w hm°p-

I-fn-eqsS {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-sa-¶nepw F√m-h-scbpw Xr]vXn-s∏-Sp-Øp-

I-sb∂ s]mXp-X-Xz-a-\pk-cn®v ]n¥n-cn-∏n≥Imcy-ßsf XpS-cm-

\-\p-h-Zn-°p-I-bmWv am[y-a-ßƒ. s]mXpkaq-l-Øns‚, tImS-

Xn-I-fp-tS-Xp-t]m-epw, t_m[-a-fi-esØ kzm[o-\n-°m≥ Ign-bp-

sa∂v sXfn-bn® am[y-a-ß-fpsS A`n-{]m-b-\n¿an-Xn-bnse i‡n

A‘-hn-izm-k-ßfpw A\m-Nm-c-ßfpw C√m-Xm-°p-∂-Xnepw

\thm-∞m-\-apt∂-‰-Øns‚ XpS¿® Gs‰-Sp-°p-∂-Xnepw C√m-

sX-t]m-Ip-∂Xv C°m-c-W-Øm¬ Xs∂-bm-Wv.

A[ymbw B-dv

Ad-®p-\n¬°p∂ Zriy-am-[y-a-ßƒ

hm¿Øm-am-[ya cwKsØ hnπ-hm-flIam‰-am-bn-cp∂p kzImcy

Zriy-am-[y-a-ß-fpsS hc-hv. kºq¿W hm¿Øm-Nm-\-ep-I-fpsS hc-

thmsS tIc-f-Øns‚ hm¿Øm kwkvIm-csØ s]mfn-s®-gp-Xp∂

\ne- ssIh-∂p. ad-®p-sh-°m-s\m-∂p-an-√mØ kml-Ncyw krjvSn-

°-s∏-´p. hf-®p-sI-´epw hymJym-\-ßƒ°pw CS-\¬Im-Ø-hn[w

t{]£-I-cn-te°v Imcy-ßƒ t\cn-s -ØpIsb∂-Xpƒs∏sS hm¿Ø-

Iƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xnse kpXm-cy-X-bmWv hm¿Øm Nm\-ep-

Iƒ krjvSn-®-Xv. A®-Sn-am-[y-a-ß-sf, {]tXy-In®v ]{X-ßsf ISpØ

Bi-¶-bn-te°v X≈n-hn- -Xm-bn-cp∂p hm¿Øm Nm\-ep-I-fpsS {]th-

iw. C\n A®-Sn-am-[y-a-ßƒ°v {]k-‡n-bn-s√∂ hmZw hsc

Db¿∂p-h-cn-I-bp-≠m-bn. F∂m¬, Imcy-ßƒ Aß-s\-bm-bn-cp-∂n-

√. Zriy-am-[y-a-ß-fn-eqsS Adn-bp∂ hm¿Ø-Iƒ°-∏p-d-tØ°v Imcy-

ßƒ Adn-bm≥, Bg-Øn¬ a\- n-em-°m≥ F∂n-ßs\ ae-bmfn

hmb-\-°m-cs‚ kzm[o\ Xe-ß-fn¬ ]{X-ßƒ°v Ct∏mgpw {]Y-

a-ÿm\w Xs∂-bp≠v.

\thm-∞m\ tIc-f-Øns‚ kmaq-ln-Im-¥-co-£-Øn¬ ]pgp-°p-

Øp-Iƒ hoWpXp-S-ßnb Ime-ØmWv Zriy-am-[y-a-ßƒ tIc-f-Øn¬

kPo-h-am-Ip-∂-Xv. \thm-∞m\ aqey-ßƒ apdp-sI-]n-Sn-®v hm¿Ø-

bpsS aqey-ßƒ Db¿Øn-°m- p-∂-Xn¬ Zriy-am-[y-a-ßƒ°v F¥p-

sN-bvXp-sh∂ eLp-]-cn-tim-[-\-am-{Xta Ct∏mƒ \S-Øm≥ km[n-

°q. at\m-l-c-ß-fmb Zriy-ßsf BtLm-jn-°p-∂-XmWv Zriy-am-

[y-a-ß-fpsS coXn. h¿W-∏-In- p-\¬Ip∂ Zriy-ßƒ°v t{]£-Isc

F{X-t\cw thW-sa-¶nepw ]nSn-®p-\n¿Øm≥ Ign-bpw. ImgvN kpJ-

ap≈ Hcp A\p- -h-am-I-W-sa-∂m-{K-ln-°p-∂-h-cm-bn-cn°pw _lp- q-

cn-]-£-hpw. ImgvN-bpsS Cu XesØ hm¿Ø-bpsS D≈-S-°-Øn-

te°v k∂n-th-in-∏n-°p-I-bmWv Nne-L- -Øn¬ Zriy-am-[y-a-ßƒ

sNøp-∂-Xv. X’-ab hm¿Ø-bpsS Ime-am-Wn-∂v. X’-abw HmSn-

°m-\m-h-iy-amb hn -h-ß-fn-s√-¶n¬ D≈-Xns\ s]men-∏n-°p-I-sb-

∂-XmWv Zriy-am-[y-a-ß-fpsS coXn. AXv Nne-t∏mƒ hm¿Øbv°v

e`n-°p∂ ]cn-K-W-\-bpsS Xew Xs∂ amdn-a-dn-bm-dp-ap-≠v. ae-bm-


f-Øn¬ Zriy-am-[y-a-ß-fp-≠m-°nb km∂n-[ysØ tUm. sk_m-

k-‰y≥t]mƒ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂Xv t\m°pI:

"ae-bmf sSen-hn-j≥ Ncn-{X-Øn\v XpS-°-an-Sp-∂Xv Zqc-Z¿i-

\m-sW-¶nepw Nm\¬ kwkvIm-cw, ]Øm≠p Ign-s™-Ønb

Gjym-s\-‰ns‚ kw`m-h-\-bm-Wv. BtKm-fo-I-c-W-Øns‚ mK-

amb kmº-ØnI am‰-ßƒ°p-Xp-S-°-an´ Zi-I-Øns‚ Bcw-

-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p Gjym-s\-‰ns‚ P\-\-sa-∂Xv bmZr-—n-I-am-

sW-¶nepw {it≤-b-am-Wv. tI_nƒ irwJ-e-bn-eqsS tIc-

fsØ apgp-h≥ he-bn-em-°nb Gjym-s\‰pw XpS¿∂v cwK-

sØ-Ønb \nc-h[n Nm\-ep-Ifpw tN¿∂v ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS

{]m¿∞-\m-\n-c-X-amb k‘y-Isf i_vZm-b-am-\-am-°n. BtKm-

fo-I-cWw Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂ kmaq-ln-I-amb H‰-s∏-S-en\v ]cn-

k-c-sam-cp-°nb Nm\-ep-Iƒ \h-amb P\-{]nb kwkvIm-c-

Øn\v A\p-Iq-e-amb kmaq-ln-I -]cn-kcw krjvSn-®p.

kmwkvIm-cn-I-amb A[n-\n-th-i-Øn\p Imc-W-am-Ip∂ A`n-

\n-thiw hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xnepw A`n-cp-Nn-Iƒ am‰n-sb-

Sp-°p-∂-Xnepw sSen-hn-j≥ hnP-bn®p'

˛ am[y-a-]-T-\-ßƒ, A[n-\n-th-ihpw am[y-a-ßfpw

Zriy-am-[y-a-ß-fpsS henb ]cn-anXn hm¿Øbv°v Dt]m-ev_-e-

I-amb Zriy-ßƒ \¬In-bn-s√-¶n¬ AXv ÿm]n-s®-Sp-°mt\m P\-

ßsf hniz-kn-∏n-°mt\m km[n-°n√ F∂-Xm-Wv. ]e kw -h-ßfpw

AXns‚ Bg-Øn¬ ssIImcyw sNøm≥ Zriy-ß-fpsS A`mhw

am{Xw XS- -ambn \n¬°m-dp-s≠∂ hkvXpX ad-°-cp-Xv. F∂m¬,

Zriy-ßsf D]-tbmK-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-bp-∂Xpw Zriy-ß-fn-eq-sS-am{Xw

P\-ßsf t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øm-\m-hp-∂-Xp-ambn \S-]-Sn-I-fn-te°v Zriy-

am-[y-a-ßƒ C\nbpw IS-∂p-sN-∂n- n-√.

\thm-∞m-\-aq-ey-ß-sf Gs‰-Sp-°p-∂-Xnepw Zriy-am-[y-a-ßfpsS

CS-s]-S¬ F{X-tØm-f-am-sW∂v hne-bn-cp-Øm-\p-≈ ka-bw, Xmc-

X-tay\ Iuamcw ]n∂n-SmØ ae-bmf Zriy-am-[ya taJ-esb kw_-

‘n®v Bbn-s√∂v ]d-bmw. F¶nepw am[y-a-ß-fpsS Du∂-ep-Iƒ

hne-bn-cp-Ø-s∏-Sm-hp-∂-Xp-X-s∂-bm-Wv. Zriy-ß-fmWv Zriy-am-[y-a-

ßsf kº-∂-am-°p-∂--Xv D’-h-ßfpw BtLm-j-ßfpw Zriy-am-

[y-a-ßƒ hncp-∂q-´m-\p-≈ BtLm-j-ßƒ Xs∂-bm-Wv. AXv


ssIImcyw sNøp-∂-Xnse ]Iz-X-bmWv am[y-a-ßsf thdn-´-Xm-

°p-∂-Xv. ]{X-am-[y-a-ß-ƒ ssIImcyw sNøp∂ hnj-b-ßƒ Xs∂-

bmWv Zriy-am-[y-a-ßƒ°pw ssIImcyw sNtø-≠n-h-cp-∂-Xv.

F∂m¬, Zriy-ß-fpsS km[y-X-Iƒ hm¿Ø-bpsS {]mapJyw \¬Ip-

∂-Xn¬ Cu c≠p-am-[y-a-ß-sfbpw thdn- -Xm-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

i_cnaebnse D’-hhpw B‰p-Im¬ s]m¶m-ebpw Zriy-ß-ƒ

\¬Ip∂ angn-hns‚ _e-Øm¬ Zriy-am-[y-a-ß-fpsS hm¿Øm-k-a-

b-ß-fn¬ henb CSw-Xs∂ t\Sn-sb-Sp-°p∂ H∂m-Wv. AtX-k-

abw i_-cn-a-e-bnse aI-c-tPym-Xn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏ v DS-se-SpØ

hnhm-Z-ß-fpsS ]n∂mse t]mbn hkvXp-XIƒ Zriy-k-lm-b-

tØmsS {]t£-I-cn-se-Øn-°m≥ F{X-am-[y-a-ßfmWv Xmev]cyw

ImWn-®-Xv. ]p√p-taSv Zpc-¥-Øn\v apºv aI-c-tPym-Xn-bpsS Dd-hnSw

Is≠-Ønb ssIcfn Nm\¬ hkvXp-XIƒ P\-ß-fn-se-Øn-°m-

\p≈ icn-bm-b-h-gn-bn-ep-≈ k©mcw \SØn XpS-°-an-Sp-I-bp-≠m-

bn. F∂m¬, aI-c-tPymXnbnse bmYm¿Yyw t_m[y-amb CtX

ssIcfn Xs∂ aI-c-tPymXn Zn\-Øn¬ AXns‚ X’-ab kwt{]-

j-WØn-eqsS `‡n-bpsS ]mc-ay-Øn-te°v hnizm-kn-k-aq-lsØ

sIms≠-Øn-°p-∂Xpw km[m-c-W-am-Wv.

aI-c-tPymXn X’-abw \¬Ip-∂-Xn¬ F√m hm¿Øm-Nm-\-ep-

Ifpw Htc a’-c-Øn-em-Wv. hnizm-kn-I-fmb Hcp-h-enb kaqlw

t{]£-I-cps≠∂Xpw Zriy-ß-fpsS kuμ-cy-hp-amWv aI-c-tPym-Xn-

bpsS X’-a-b-kw-t{]-j-W-Øn\v B[m-c-am-Ip-∂-Xv. tPymXn-bpsS

hkvXp-X-Iƒ shfn-hm-°-s∏´ tijhpw ]s£, tPymXn sXfn-bn-

°p∂ t\c-ap-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ `mj-bn¬, CXnse hkvXp-X-Iƒ P\-

ßsf Hm¿Ω-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xnepw hkvXp-Xm-]-c-amb coXn Ah-ew-

_n-°m≥ Zriy-am-[y-a-ßƒ°v Ign-™n- n-√. dnt∏m¿´¿am¿ AXns‚

`mK-am-bn-\n∂v \¬Ip∂ X’-ab hnh-c-W-ß-ƒ ]e-t∏mgpw AXn-

t‚-Xmb ]cn-an-Xn-bn¬ hnI-e-am-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøpw. Xncp-h-\-¥-

]p-csØ B‰p-Im¬ s]m¶m-e-sb Hcp km[m-cW D’-h-sa-∂-Xn-

ep-]cn Hcp Zn\w \o≠ Ih-td-Pp-ambn s]men-∏n-®p-b¿Øp-∂-Xn¬

Zriy-am-[y-a-ßƒ hln® h¶v hfsc hep-Xm-Wv. -CXp-X-s∂-bmWv

]nXr-X¿∏W Zn\-Ønepw Ac-tß-dp-∂-Xv.

F¶nepw hkvXp-Xm-]-c-amb ]ptcm-K-a\ CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ \S-Øm≥

]e-t∏mgpw Zriy-am-[y-a-ß-fpsS `mK-Øp-\n∂v {iaw \S-∂n- p-s≠-


∂-XmWv hkvXp-X. Im¥-]pcw F]n A_q-_-°¿ apkven-bm¿ Xncp-

tI-i-hp-ambn cwK-{]-thiw sNbvX-t∏mƒ AXns‚ hkvXp-X-I-f-

t\z-jn-°p∂-Xn¬ {it≤b CS-s]-S-emWv Zriy-am-[y-a-ß-fpsS `mK-

Øp-\n-∂p-≠m-b-Xv. BƒssZ-h-ßƒ ]{X-ß-fn¬ BtLm-jn-°-s∏-

Sp-tºmƒ, ]e-t∏mgpw ]q¿W-ambpw Xnc-kvI-cn-°p-∂-XmWv Zriy-

am-[y-a-ßƒ kzoI-cn® coXn. Aar-Xm-\-μ-abnbpw {io{io chn-i-

¶dpw t]mep≈ BƒssZ-h-ßfpsS kμ¿i-\-ßƒ Zriy-am-[y-a-ß-

fn¬ BtLm-jn-°-s∏-SmsX HXp-ßn-t∏m-Ip∂p-sh-∂-XmWv hkvXp-

X. F∂m¬, ]c-ky-hn-]-WnbpsS kzm[o-\-Øn¬\n∂v amdm≥

hm¿Øm Nm\-ep-Iƒ°pw Ign-™n-´n-√. am{¥nI Ge-kp-IfpsS

{]Nm-chpw Bflo-b-hym-]m-chpw Nne Zriy-am-[y-a-ß-fn¬ Ac-a-Wn-

°q¿ t…m´p-I-fn¬ CSw-]n-Sn-°p-∂p.

Hcp-]s£, henb CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ°pw ]co-£-W-ßƒ°pw

C\nbpw km[y-X-I-fp-≈-Xm-bn-cn°pw ae-bm-f-Ønse hm¿Øm Nm\-

ep-I-fpsS hnIm-kw. Hcp-]p-Xnb hm¿Øm kwkvImcw cq]-s∏-Sp-

Øn-b- hm¿Øm-Nm-\-ep-Iƒ ]pXn-b-Im-e-Øns‚ kmaq-lnIkml-

N-cy-ßsf Fßs\ kao-]n-°p-sa-∂Xv C\nbpw sXfn-bn-°-s∏-tS-

≠-Xm-Wv. Hcp ImX-ep-an-√mØ hm¿Ø-Iƒ t]mepw {]Xn-Zn\ N¿®-

IfmIp∂ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ Hcp am‰w AXn-hn-Zp-c-a-√mØ `mhn-

bn¬Xs∂ kw`-hn-t®-°mw. F√m Nm\-ep-I-fnepw Htc hnj-b-

Øn¬ Htc AXn-Yn-Isf CcpØn \SØp∂ N¿®-Iƒ°v Zo¿L-

Imew td‰nMv ]nSn-®p-\n¿Øm-\m-sb∂v hcn-√. Aßs\ hcp-tºmƒ

Kuc-h-amb hnj-b-ßsf Is≠-Ømt\m hm¿ØIƒ \¬Ip-∂-

Xn¬ ]pXnb coXn-Iƒ ]co-£n-°mt\m Zriy-am-[y-a-ßfpw \n¿_-

‘n-X-am-tb-°pw.


klm-bI {KŸßƒ

1 tIcf Ncn{Xw: F {io[-c-ta-t\m≥, Un kn _pIvkv, tIm´bw

2 tIcf Ncn{Xw am¿IvknÃv ho£-W-Øn¬: CFw-Fkv \ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sv, Nn¥

]ªn-tjgvkv

3 Bfl-IY: CFw-Fkv, Nn¥ ]ªn-tjgvkv

4 Pohn-X-k-acw: kn tIi-h≥, Unkn _pIvkv tIm´bw

5 amXr- q-an-bpsS Ncn{Xw hmeyw H∂v, c≠v, aq∂v: amXr- qan {]n‚nMv B‚ v

]ªn-jnMv Iº\n

6 tIcf IuapZn Ncn{Xw: s\Sp-¶p∂w tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥, tIcf IuapZn

7 tIcf ]{X-{]-h¿Ø\ Ncn{Xw: ]pXp-∏≈n cmL-h≥

8 kzmX{¥yw kmlnXyw ]{X-{]-h¿Ø\w: kpIp-am-c≥ s]ms‰-°mSv k]vXXn

{]kn-≤o-I-cWw

9 ]{X-{]-h¿Ø\w n∂-ap-J-ßƒ: tIcf {]kv A°m-Zan

10 BZy-Ime amkn-I-Iƒ: Pn {]nb-Z¿i-\≥, tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Zan

11 \ncq-]-I-\mb tIkcn: tUm. Sn ]n kpIp-am-c≥, Unkn _pIvkv

12 tIk-cn-bpsS kmlnXy hna¿i-\-ßƒ: tIkcn F _me-Ir-jvW-]n-≈, kmln-

Xy-{]-h¿ØI kl-I-cW kwLw

13 kztZ-im- n-am\n h°w auehn: tUm. Sn Pam¬ apl-Ω-Zv, {]`mXv _p°v

lukv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

14 sIkn ama≥ am∏n-f: FwsI km\p, tIcf kmlnXy A°mZan

15 tIcf \thm-∞m\w bpK-k-¥-Xn-Iƒ bpK-in-ev]n-Iƒ: ]n tKmhn-μ-∏n-≈,

Nn¥ ]ªn-tjgvkv

16 Ac-b≥:tUm. h≈n-°mhv taml≥Zmkv, tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Zan

17 hm°p-Ifpw hkvXp-°fpw : _n cmPo-h≥, Unkn _pIvkv, tIm´bw

18 ^mjn-k-Øns‚ \mfp-Iƒ: tUm. sI F≥ ]Wn-°¿, Henhv

19 hmKv -Sm-\-μ-Kp-cphpw kmaqlnI \thm-∞m-\hpw: tUm.-Fw- Fkv \mb¿,

kmwkvIm-cnI {]kn-≤o-I-cW hIp∏v, tIcfk¿°m¿

20 am[ya ]T-\-ßƒ: FUn-‰¿ s{]m^. ]∑\ cma-N-{μ≥ \mb¿, Id‚ v

_pIvkv

21 kztZ-im- n-am-\n-bpsS ]{X-{]-h¿Ø\w cmP-hm-gvN-bpsS ZrjvSn-bn¬: ]pXp-

∏≈n cmL-h≥, tIcf {]kv A°m-Zan

22 tIc-fo-b-Xbpw a‰pw: ]nsI _me-Ir-jvW≥, Unkn _pIvkv

23 ae-bmf ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ Aº-Xp-h¿j-ßƒ: tIcf {]kv A°m-Zan


24 hrØm-¥-]-{X-{]-h¿Ø\w: kztZ-im- n-am\n sI cma-Ir-jvW-∏n-≈, tIcf {]kv

A°m-Zan

25 tIk-cn-bpsS apJ-{]-kw-K-ßƒ, tIkcn F _me-Ir-jvW-∏n≈, Unkn

_pIvkv tIm´bw

26 ]{Xw Ncn{Xw ]h-\≥: ]h\≥, FUn-‰¿ kPn apf-¥p-cp-Øn, tIcf kmlnXy

A°m-Zan

27 am[y-a-ß-fpsS cmjv{Sobw: jmPn tP°_v, Henhv

28 tIf∏Pn:sIhn Ip™n-cm-a≥, tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Z-an, Xriq¿


kn.]n. kXy-cmPv

tIc-f-¯nse `qX-Ime kmaq-lnI

apt¶-ä-§sfbpw Ahsb IogvtaÂ

adn-¡p¶ hÀ¯-am\

bmYmÀYy-§sfbpw am[y-a-§Ä

ssIImcyw sNbvX hn[w

hnaÀi-\m-ß-Iambn ]cn-tim-[n-¡p¶

]T-\w. \thm-°m\ tIc-f-¯nsâ

]n³\-S-¯-¯n\v am[y-a-§Ä

IpS-]n-Sn-¨-sX-§-s\-sb¶v

hni-Z-am-¡p¶ bpàn-`-{Z-

\nco-£-W-§Ä. `àn-hy-h-km-b-¯nse

em`-hnlnXw ]-äm\pÅ

am[y-a-§fpsS hgn-hn« k©m-cw

hyà-am-¡p¶ {KÙw.

Kerala Press AcademyKakkanad, Cochin


c.p.sathyaraj - dt.4.4.14keralamediaacademy.org/.../02/c.p.sathyaraj-dt.4.4.14.pdfthe work is to be...

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