coverage planning.pdf

Upload: rye-marasigan

Post on 03-Apr-2018

232 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

  • 7/29/2019 Coverage Planning.pdf

    1/31

    Soc Classification level

    /1 Nokia Siemens Networks

    CoverageCoverage

    PlanningPlanning

  • 7/29/2019 Coverage Planning.pdf

    2/31

    Soc Classification level

    /2 Nokia Siemens Networks

    Module objectives

    DEFINE COVERAGE THRESHOLD

    DESCRIBE DIFFERENT COVERAGE PLANNING MARGINS

    LOCATION PROBABILITY

    PENETRATION LOSS

    CALCULATE COVERAGE AREAS

    At the end of this module you will be able to

  • 7/29/2019 Coverage Planning.pdf

    3/31

    Soc Classification level

    /3 Nokia Siemens Networks

    Content of Coverage Planning COVERAGE THRESHOLD

    COVERAGE AREA POWER BUDGET

  • 7/29/2019 Coverage Planning.pdf

    4/31

    Soc Classification level

    /4 Nokia Siemens Networks

    Coverage Planning

    COVERAGE THRESHOLD

    COVERAGE AREA

    POWER BUDGET

  • 7/29/2019 Coverage Planning.pdf

    5/31

    Soc Classification level

    /5 Nokia Siemens Networks

    Coverage ThresholdBasics

    Based on the calculated maximum allowed path loss in PBGT, thecoverage threshold can be defined

    Coverage threshold depends on margins related to

    Location probability (= slow fading)

    Fast fading / Interference degradation

    Polarization / Antenna orientation loss

    Body loss

    Penetration losses (vehicle or building)

  • 7/29/2019 Coverage Planning.pdf

    6/31

    Soc Classification level

    /6 Nokia Siemens Networks

    Real maximumallowed path loss

    Coverage ThresholdDL Calculation Process

    function(location probability)

    From power budget calculations

    function(morphological area)

    Okumura-Hata

    function(morphological area)

    = Maximum allowed path loss => Coverage threshold

    Cell radius

    Cell area

    EIRP -

    Minimum allowed receiving level

    Slow fading and other margins

    Building penetration loss

  • 7/29/2019 Coverage Planning.pdf

    7/31

  • 7/29/2019 Coverage Planning.pdf

    8/31

    Soc Classification level

    /8 Nokia Siemens Networks

    When calculating cell radius, LP is 50% by the cell edge and ~75%over the cell area

    To get 90% LP, the cell radius has to be reduced

    Coverage ThresholdSlow Fading Margin

    0

    0,1

    0,2

    0,3

    0,4

    0,5

    0,6

    0,7

    0,8

    0,9

    1

    -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

    90% ofthe area

    Slow fading margin

  • 7/29/2019 Coverage Planning.pdf

    9/31

    Soc Classification level

    /9 Nokia Siemens Networks

    ETSI specific margin

    Power budget

    GENERAL INFORMATIONFrequency (MHz):1800 System: DCS1800

    Case description: MS Class: 1

    RECEIVING END: BS MS

    RX RF- Input Sensitivity dBm -108.00 -100.00 A

    Interference Degradation Margin dB 3.00 3.00 B

    Body Proximity Loss dB 0.00 2.00 C

    Cable Loss + Connectors dB 3.00 0.00 DRx Antenna Gain dBi 18.00 0.00 E

    Diversity Gain dB 4.00 0.00 F

    Isotropic Power dBm -124.00 -95.00 G=A+B+C+D-E-F

    Field Strength dBV/m 18.31 47.31 H=G+Z*

    TRANSMITTING END: MS BS

    TX RF Output Peak Power W 1.00 29.50

    (mean power over RF cycle) dBm 30.00 44.70 K

    Body Proximity Loss dB 2.00 0.00 L

    Isolator + Combiner + Filter dB 0.00 2.20 M

    RF-Peak Power, Combiner Output dBm 28.00 42.50 N=K-L-M

    Cable Loss + Connectors dB 0.00 3.00 O

    TX Antenna Gain dBi 0.00 18.00 P

    Peak EIRP W 0.63 562.11

    (EIRP = ERP + 2dB) dBm 28.00 57.50 Q=N-O+P

    * Z = 77.2 + 20*log(freq[MHz])

    BT99 - AFE with combiner bypass (equiv. to

    Coverage ThresholdInterference Degrade Margin

  • 7/29/2019 Coverage Planning.pdf

    10/31

    Soc Classification level

    /10 Nokia Siemens Networks

    Coverage ThresholdPolarisation / Antenna Orientation Loss

    Polarisation or antenna orientation losses depend on the orientationof the mobile antenna (vertical-horisontal)

    Typical loss 5-10 dB due to mismatch of polarisation

    Sometime taken into account but not always

  • 7/29/2019 Coverage Planning.pdf

    11/31

    Soc Classification level

    /11 Nokia Siemens Networks

    Coverage ThresholdBody Loss

    Body loss happens because of the existence of the human body

    Typical loss 5-10 dB depending on the distance between mobile andhuman body

    Typically taken into account in coverage threshold

  • 7/29/2019 Coverage Planning.pdf

    12/31

    Soc Classification level

    /12 Nokia Siemens Networks

    Coverage ThresholdPenetration Loss

    Penetration losses have to be added as mean value, and standarddeviation need to be taken into account as well

    type mean sigma

    urban building 15 dB 7 dB

    suburban 10 dB 7 dB

    in-car 8 dB 5 dB

  • 7/29/2019 Coverage Planning.pdf

    13/31

    Soc Classification level

    /13 Nokia Siemens Networks

    Coverage Planning COVERAGE THRESHOLD

    COVERAGE AREA

    POWER BUDGET

  • 7/29/2019 Coverage Planning.pdf

    14/31

    Soc Classification level

    /14 Nokia Siemens Networks

    COMMON INFO DU U SU F O

    MS antenna height (m): 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5

    BS antenna height (m): 30,0 30,0 30,0 45,0 45,0

    Standard Deviation (dB): 7,0 7,0 7,0 7,0 7,0

    BPL Average (dB): 15,0 12,0 10,0 6,0 6,0

    Standard Deviation indoors (dB): 10,0 10,0 10,0 10,0 10,0

    OKUMURA-HATA (OH) DU U SU F OArea Type Correction (dB) 0,0 -4,0 -6,0 -10,0 -15,0

    WALFISH-IKEGAMI (WI) DU U SU F O

    Roads width (m): 30,0 30,0 30,0 30,0 30,0

    Road orientation angle (degrees): 90,0 90,0 90,0 90,0 90,0

    Building separation (m): 40,0 40,0 40,0 40,0 40,0

    Buildings average height (m): 30,0 30,0 30,0 30,0 30,0

    INDOOR COVERAGE DU U SU F O

    Propagation Model OH OH OH OH OH

    Slow Fading Margin + BPL (dB): 22,8 19,8 17,8 13,8 13,8

    Coverage Threshold (dB V/m): 59,1 56,1 54,1 50,1 50,1

    Coverage Threshold (dBm): -77,2 -80,2 -82,2 -86,2 -86,2

    Location Probability over Cell Area(L%): 90,0% 90,0% 90,0% 90,0% 90,0%

    Cell Range (km): 1,33 2,10 2,72 5,70 7,99

    OUTDOOR COVERAGE DU U SU F O

    Propagation Model OH OH OH OH OH

    Slow Fading Margin (dB): 4,5 4,5 4,5 4,5 4,5

    Coverage Threshold (dB V/m): 40,8 40,8 40,8 40,8 40,8

    Coverage Threshold (dBm): -95,5 -95,5 -95,5 -95,5 -95,5

    Location Probability over Cell Area(L%): 90,0% 90,0% 90,0% 90,0% 90,0%

    Cell Range (km): 4,39 5,70 6,50 10,69 14,99

    Coverage AreaCell range: Example of Dimensioning (EXCEL based calculation)

  • 7/29/2019 Coverage Planning.pdf

    15/31

    Soc Classification level

    /15 Nokia Siemens Networks

    After cell radius has been determined, cell area can be calculated

    When calculating cell area, traditional hexagonal model is taken intoaccount

    R

    OmniA = 2,6 R1

    2Bi-sectorA= 1,73 R2

    2Tri-sector

    A = 1,95 R32

    R

    R

    Coverage AreaCoverage Area in Dimensioning

  • 7/29/2019 Coverage Planning.pdf

    16/31

    Soc Classification level

    /16 Nokia Siemens Networks

    Three hexagons Three cells

    Coverage AreaHexagons vs. Cells

  • 7/29/2019 Coverage Planning.pdf

    17/31

    Soc Classification level

    /17 Nokia Siemens Networks

    Coverage AreaExample of Planning Tool Calculation

  • 7/29/2019 Coverage Planning.pdf

    18/31

    Soc Classification level

    /18 Nokia Siemens Networks

    Coverage AreaCell Area Terms

    Dominance area

    Service area

    Coverage area

    6dB hysteresis margin

    coverage limit

    cell coverage range

    cell service range

    dominancerange

  • 7/29/2019 Coverage Planning.pdf

    19/31

    Soc Classification level

    /19 Nokia Siemens Networks

    Coverage AreaEnhancement

    Improving link budget Sensitivity Power

    Antennas

    Reducing the effect of geography BTS antenna heights Good network plan

    Technical solutions for improving link budget Combiner by-pass Mast head preamplifier

    Booster

  • 7/29/2019 Coverage Planning.pdf

    20/31

    Soc Classification level

    /20 Nokia Siemens Networks

    Coverage AreaConclusion

    Achievable cell size depends on

    Frequency band used (450, 900, 1800 MHz)

    Surroundings, environment

    Link budget figures Antenna types

    Antenna positioning

    Minimum required signal levels

  • 7/29/2019 Coverage Planning.pdf

    21/31

    Soc Classification level

    /21 Nokia Siemens Networks

    Coverage Planning COVERAGE THRESHOLD

    COVERAGE AREA

    POWER BUDGET

  • 7/29/2019 Coverage Planning.pdf

    22/31

    Soc Classification level

    /22 Nokia Siemens Networks

    Power BudgetBasics

    Power budget is used to calculate the maximum allowed path loss

    Main factors depend on equipment characteristics

    BTS & MS TX power

    BTS & MS RX sensitivity

    Other factors can be classified into 3 categories and have to beestimated

    Loss factors Gain factors

    Margins (chapter 5)

  • 7/29/2019 Coverage Planning.pdf

    23/31

    Soc Classification level

    /23 Nokia Siemens Networks

    ~ 3 5 dB losses

    50 70% of signalpower is lost before

    even reaching the TX

    antenna

    Power BudgetLoss Factors

    At BS side

    Connectors (UL/DL)

    Cables (UL/DL)

    Isolator (DL)

    Combiner (DL)

    Filter (UL/DL)

    At MS side MS Antenna

    Polarization (UL/DL)

    Connection (UL/DL)

    External cable

    m

    anyme

    ters

    cables &connectors

    filter

    combiner

    BS output

  • 7/29/2019 Coverage Planning.pdf

    24/31

    Soc Classification level

    /24 Nokia Siemens Networks

    Power BudgetGain Factors

    At BS side

    Antenna gain (UL/DL) Main antenna parameter

    Slight difference between DL and UL The antenna models in use should be defined at the very beginning of the

    project

    Diversity gain (UL)

    Diversity can be implemented in many ways, with different gains LNA gain (UL)

    Booster or power amplifier gain (DL)

    Frequency hopping gain (UL/DL) FH improves average link quality, but it isnt taken into account in power budget

    calculations

    At MS side

    External antenna

  • 7/29/2019 Coverage Planning.pdf

    25/31

    Soc Classification level

    /25 Nokia Siemens Networks

    path loss = 154 dB

    combiner

    loss = 5 dB

    FeederLoss = 4 dB

    Rx Sensitivity- 102 dBm

    Tx Power45 dBm (30W)

    AntennaGain = 16dBi

    - 102 dBm

    52 dBm

    36 dBm

    40 dBm

    Power BudgetDownlink

  • 7/29/2019 Coverage Planning.pdf

    26/31

    Soc Classification level

    /26 Nokia Siemens Networks

    path loss = 154 dBFeederLoss = 4 dB

    Tx Power33 dBm (2W)

    AntennaGain = 16 dBi

    DiversityGain = 4 dB

    33 dBm

    - 121 dBm

    - 101 dBm

    - 105 dBm

    Rx Sensitivity

    -105 dB

    Power BudgetUplink

  • 7/29/2019 Coverage Planning.pdf

    27/31

    Soc Classification level

    /27 Nokia Siemens Networks

    Power BudgetExamplePower budget

    GENERAL INFORMATION

    Frequency ( 1800 System: DCS1800

    Case descri MS Class: 1

    RECEIVING END: BS MS

    RX RF- Input Sensitivity dBm - 108.00 - 100.00 AInterference Degradation Margin dB 3.00 3.00 B

    Body Proximity Loss dB 0.00 2.00 C

    Cable Loss + Connectors dB 3.00 0.00 D

    Rx Antenna Gain dBi 18.00 0.00 E

    Diversity Gain dB 4.00 0.00 F

    Isotropic Power dBm - 124.00 - 95.00 G=A+B+C+D-E-F

    Field Strength dBV/m 18.31 47.31 H=G+Z*

    TRANSMITTING END: MS BS

    TX RF Output Peak Power W 1.00 29.50

    (mean power over RF cycle) dBm 30.00 44.70 K

    Body Proximity Loss dB 2.00 0.00 L

    Isolator + Combiner + Filter dB 0.00 2.20 M

    RF-Peak Power, Combiner Output dBm 28.00 42.50 N=K-L-M

    Cable Loss + Connectors dB 0.00 3.00 O

    TX Antenna Gain dBi 0.00 18.00 P

    Peak EIRP W 0.63 562.11

    (EIRP = ERP + 2dB) dBm 28.00 57.50 Q=N-O+P

    * Z = 77.2 + 20*log(freq[MHz])

    LINK-BALANCE EVALUATION UL DL

    Theoretic Isotropic Path Loss dB 152.00 152.50 R=Q-G

    Isotropic Path Loss to be considered dB 152.00 UL Limited Min (UL,DL)

    Path Loss unbalancement dB 0.50 Abs (UL-DL)

    TX RF Max Output Power to be used dBm 30.00 44.20

    BT99 - AFE with combiner bypass (equiv. to

    1 2

    34

  • 7/29/2019 Coverage Planning.pdf

    28/31

    Soc Classification level

    /28 Nokia Siemens Networks

    Power BudgetConclusions

    Power budget has to be balanced, even if the BTS has higher TXpower than the MS

    Diversity gain is for UL only

    BTS RX sensitivity is better than for the MS

    The maximum allowed path loss is usually UL limited

    There are as many power budgets as different site configurationsare defined, even into the same project

    The site configurations in use should be defined at the very beginning of

    the project

  • 7/29/2019 Coverage Planning.pdf

    29/31

    Soc Classification level

    /29 Nokia Siemens Networks

    Exercises / Questions List the margins needed for the coverage planning

    threshold!

    Define the outdoor planning threshold for theGSM1800 network when STD = 9 dB and therequired outdoor area location probability = 95 %.

    Calculate slow fading margin for 95% probabilitywhen STD = 7, 8, 10 (Excel exercise, OPTIONAL).

  • 7/29/2019 Coverage Planning.pdf

    30/31

    Soc Classification level

    /30 Nokia Siemens Networks

    Exercises / Questions Calculate the power difference of TXMS = 33 dBm andTXBTS

    = 8 W in dB units.

    Calculate the power imbalance for the GSM1800system

    when TXMS = 30 dBm, TXBTS = 43 dBm,

    SENSITIVITYMS = -100 dBm and SENSITIVITYBTS = -108 dBm. Combinerunit is

    not used.

    What is the maximum path loss for a goodconnection inthe previous exercise?

    Calculate the required gain for the LNA to reduce

    the 4 dBcable loss when NFLNA = 2.0 dB and NFBTS = 4.0 dB

  • 7/29/2019 Coverage Planning.pdf

    31/31

    Soc Classification level

    /31 Nokia Siemens Networks

    References

    1. W.C.Y. Lee, Mobile Communications Design Fundamentals,John Wiley & Sons, 1993.

    2. W.C.Y. Lee, Mobile Cellular Telecommunication Systems,McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1990.

    3. W.C. Jakes, Jr., (ed.), Microwave Mobile Communications,

    Wiley-Interscience, 1974.

    4. J. Lempiinen, M. Manninen, Radio Interface System Planningfor GSM/GPRS/UMTS, Kluwer Academic Publishers 2001.