04_owj100101 wcdma radio network coverage planning.pdf

7/27/2019 04_OWJ100101 WCDMA Radio Network Coverage Planning.pdf

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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved

www.huawei.com

Internal

OWJ100101 WCDMA

Radio Network Coverage

Planning

ISSUE1.0

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 2All rights reserved

l Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

[ Know the contents and process of network planning.

[ Understand the uplink budget and its elements.

[ Understand the downlink budget and its elements.

[ Familiarize the coverage enhancement technologies. .
http://www.huawei.com/http://www.huawei.com/


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Chapter 1 Process of WCDMA Network PlanningChapter 1 Process of WCDMA Network Planning

Chapter 2 Uplink BudgetChapter 2 Uplink Budget

Chapter 3 Downlink BudgetChapter 3 Downlink Budget

Chapter 4 Coverage Enhancement TechnologiesChapter 4 Coverage Enhancement Technologies



1.1 Overview of Radio Network Planning1.1 Overview of Radio Network Planning

1.2 Huawei Concept of Radio Network Planning1.2 Huawei Concept of Radio Network Planning

1.3 Process of Radio Network Planning1.3 Process of Radio Network Planning


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Definition and Category of Network Planning

Focus of the train:Planning of radio network.

l Definition:

[ Network planning means that proper network elements (NEs) are

selected according to the network target, network evolution

requirement, and cost, and then the quality, configuration, and

connection mode of the NEs are determined to facilitate engineering

implementation.

l Categories:

[ Planning of core network

[ Planning of radio network

[ Planning of transmission network


Importance of Radio Network Planning in 3G

l Importance:

[ The construction cost of the mobile

communication network mainly lies in the

equipment investment.

[ Among the three parts of the 3G network

(radio access network, transmission network,

and core network), the radio access network

occupies more than 70% investment.

[ The investment in the radio access networkdepends on the number and configuration of

the BSs.


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Compare WCDMA Network Planning with that of GSM

l In the GSM system, the structure and

frequency of the cellular network are plannedin order to ensure that the co-frequency and

adjacent-frequency interference meet the call

quality requirement.

l If the interference requirement is met, the

number of supported subscribers can be

calculated based on the number of carrier

frequencies and the number of timeslots.

l The coverage of the GSM system depends on

the transmit power of the transmitter and the

demodulation performance of the receiver.

l The GSM mainly offers voice service, and the

GoS and design objective are relatively simple.

f1

f1

f2

f2

f3

f1

f1

f2

f2

f3

f3f1

f2f1

f3

f1

l WCDMA uses the spread spectrum technology,

so it can realize 11 frequency multiplexingwithout frequency planning.

l The capacity of each carrier in W CDMA is

"soft" because it is related to factors such as

environment and adjacent-cell interference.

l The coverage of the WCDMA system is related

to the system load. If the system load

increases, the coverage will shrink.

l The WCDMA system supports services with

different rate and QoS, including voice service,

and their coverage capacity is different. In the

network planning, the system performance

shall be optimized through reasonable

planning and radio resource management.

f1

f1

f1

f1

f1

f1

f1

f1

f1

f1

f1f1

f1f1

f1

f1







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Huawei Concept of Wireless Network Planningl Optimal coverage for profitable services

[ The 3G network is a multi-service network, so the network resources need be

distributed among different services. The cell radius and coverage scheme

should be determined after the profitable services and their coverage quality

are determined. At the early stage of the 3G network, if the planning focuses

on high-speed data service, it will result in waste of the BSs because there are

not enough services.

l Competitive core service

[ Core service refers to the service that have a long-term effect on the network

development. It is possible that the core service is not profitable in a short

period, but is the attraction of the subscriber increase and service

development, for example, high-speed data service. Therefore, the quality of

the core service should be guaranteed in order to show the service and

performance advantages of the 3G network and promote the operator's brand.


Huawei Concept of Wireless Network Planning

l Highest capacity based on limited resources

[ The capacity of the 3G network is mainly affected

by interference. Reasonable parameter planning

may help to reduce intra-cell and inter-cell

interference, improve the cell capacity, and make

full use of the limited resources.


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Huawei Concept of Wireless Network Planning

l Lowest overall cost of network construction

[ The construction of the radio network goes through

the lifecycle of the network. In the planning, further

development shall be considered, in order to

reduce the total cost of network construction.







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Process of Wireless Network Planning

l Radio Network Dimensioning (RND)

[ At the early stage of the project planning, the future

network is preliminarily planned, and the configuration and

the number of RAN NEs are output for preliminary project

negotiation and for cost estimation in contract signing.

l Pre-planning of radio network

[ At the mid stage of project planning, based on the

dimensioning output, the future network is planned in

detail, and the accurate network scale and theoretical site

location are determined. A pre-planning report will be

output for mid-stage project and cost estimation incontract signing.


Process of Wireless Network Planning

l Cell planning of radio network

[ At the later stage of project planning, based on the

pre-planning output, each selected site is surveyed,

and the related cell parameters are determined. If the

result is quite different from the planning, the cell

parameters and planning effect should be checked

through simulation, and the output report would be

the final radio network planning scheme that can

guide the project implementation.


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Process of Radio Network Planning


Radio Network Dimensioning

l Radio network dimensioning is a simplified analysis of

the future network.

[ Objective:

To obtain the network scale (Approximate BS

quantity and configuration), to obtain the

construction period, and to obtain information such

as electronical cost and human resource cost.

[ Method:

Select a proper propagation model, and subscriber

mobility, distribution, and traffic models, and thenestimate the site quantity, cell quantity, coverage

size and capacity.


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Requirement of RND parametersl Information of coverage area

[ The engineers of RNP should know exact informationabout coverage area ,for example :

Area , economy, population

Distribution of cluster

The information of mobile communication market

l Target of network

[ The target of network should include several factors:

Service

Coverage area & Coverage quality

Network Capacity

Target load of cell


Requirement of RND parameters

l Limited by network scale & Building plan in different phase

[ Base on commercial contract

[ Base on RND result if there is no commercial contract

l Information of available site

[ For a new operator who doesnt have abundant 2G mobile

communication network sites, the RNP engineer shouldcollect exact information about available site.


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Radio Network dimensioning

lCoverage information

[ Coverage area

[ Coverage probability

lCapacity information

[ Traffic model

[ Service model

[ Subscriber density

lQuality information

[ QoS requirement

[ GoS requirement

[ Demodulation threshold

lSystem scale

[ Site quantity

lSystem configuration

[ Sector structure

[ Carrier quantity

lNetwork construction cost

[ Site cost

[ Equipment cost

InputInput OutputOutput

Coverage dimensioning

Capacity dimensioning


Radio Network Pre-planning

l Based on radio network

dimensioning, the network pre-

planning intends to determine

the initial layout and theoretical

location of the BSs and select

engineering parameters (BS

location, network hierarchy,

transmit power, antenna

layout/type/direction/tilt angle,

and so on) and some cell

parameters (common channel,transmit power of traffic

channel, orthogonal factor, cell

scrambling code, and so on) .


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Radio Network Pre-planningl Based on the result of RND,

theoretical location of site,

parameters of project, parameters of

cell, We should carry out coverage

simulation.

l We should carry out more detailed

adjustment (for example amount of

NodeB, configuration of NodeB,

antenna altitude, antenna azimuth)

after analyzing the results of

coverage simulation.

l Finally ,we should get perfectcoverage result.


Radio Network Pre-planning

l Radio Network Pre-planning report

[ We should output Radio Network Pre-planning report after finishing

previous jobs. Radio Network Pre-planning report should includefollowing factors:

Introduce of project background

Information of planning area :area, population, cluster

Project of radio network pre-planning: site distribution map, site list

( include site name, latitude ,longitude, parameters) Performance of project :based on the simulation result

Appendix: statistical diagram about performance


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Radio Network Cell Planning

site surveyl In fact , perfect site position could not be acquired. We must select some backup

site. But how can we select the backup site?

l Based on experience , backup site is selected in SEARCH RING scope ,SEARCH RING =1/4*R, at the same time ,we still consider its height.

l We still pay attention to some other factors when we select the backup sites :

[ Radio propagation

Site position

Site height

Surrounding

[ Engineering implementation

Space of room

Antenna installation

Transmission

Power

[ Commercial factor

Rent


Radio Network Cell Planning System Simulation

lSystem Simulation class

[ Static simulation

Static simulation would gain the

performance of radio network based

on snapshot

[ Dynamic simulation

Dynamic simulation would gain the

performance of radio network based

on analysis of mobile subscribers.

lAt present, Static simulation is in common

use. Monto Carlo simulation is one type of

static simulations

The example of Monto Carlo

simulation


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The example about Monto Carlo simulation

100%100% 100%100%20%20% 60%60%

0%0% 75%75% 40%40%60%60%

Access ratioAccess ratio


Distribution of NodeBs


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Simulation diagram pilot coverage intensity


Simulation diagram pilot coverage quality (Ec/Io)


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Coverage probability of 12.2k voice service


Coverage probability of 64k video phone service


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Coverage probability of 144k Net Meeting service


Coverage probability of 384k HTTP service


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Simulation result about pilot pollution


Summary of the Chapter

l Categories of radio network planning

l Huawei concept of radio network planning

l Differences between GSM network planning and WCDMA

network planning

l Process of radio network planning

l Input and output requirements of the radio network pre-planning

Thi s chapter covers the following:This chapter covers the following:


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CapacityCoverageQualityl Relation between capacity, coverage, and quality of the WCDMA

system

[ The WCDMA system is a self-interference system, and itscapacity, coverage, and quality closely related to each other.

[ Capacitycoverage (e.g. cell breath)

If the load increases, the capacity and interference also

increases, and the coverage shrinks.

[ Capacityquality (e.g. outer loop power control)

The system capacity may increase by lowering the quality of

some connections.

[ Coveragequality (e.g. AMRC)

The coverage may increase by lowering the quality of someconnections.


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Process of Coverage Budgetl Environment features of the

planned area

l Site capacity

l Indoor coverage

l Coverage probability

l Propagation model

l Equipment performance

Create link budgetCreate link budget

Obtain cell radiusObtain cell radius

Calculate site areaCalculate site area

Specify site quantity

of the area

Specify site quantity

of the area

Maximum path loss

Minimum cell radius

Maximum site

coverage area

Site quantity=planned area/site coverage areaSite quantity=planned area/site coverage area


Fundamental Principle

l Link Budget: Link

Budget intends to

estimate the

system coverage

by analyzing the

factors of the

propagation of the

forward signal

and reverse

signal, in order to

obtain the

maximum

propagation lossafter certain

communications

quality is ensured.

TX

Combiner

DuplexerFeeder

RX

Pout_BS

Lc_BSLf_BS

Ga_BSNodeB

TX

RX

Pout_UE

Ga_UE

UE

CombinerDuplexer

PL_DLPL

_UL

Body Loss

Fading

Margin

Penetration

Loss


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Algorithm Introduction

l PL_UL=Pout_UE +Ga_BS+Ga_UE Lf_BS+Ga_SHO Mpc Mf

MI Lp Lb S_BS

PL_UL: Maximum propagation loss of the Uplink

Pout_UE: Maximum transmit power of the traffic channel of the UE

Lf_BS: Cable loss

Ga_BS: Antenna gain of the BS; Ga_UE: Antenna gain of the MS

Ga_SHO: Gain of soft handover

Mpc: Margin for fast power control

Mf: Slow fading margin (related to the propagation environment)

MI: Interference margin (related to the designed system capacity)

Lp: Penetration loss of a building (used if indoor coverage is required)

Lb: Body loss

S_BS: Sensitivity of BS receiver (related to factors such as service andmulti-path condition)

Upl ink (reverse)Upli nk (reverse)


Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget

lMax Power of TCH

lBody Loss

lGain of UE Tx Antenna

lEIRP

lGain of BS Rx Antenna

lCable Loss

lNoise Figure (BS)

lRequired Eb/No (BS)

lSensitivity of BS Receiver

lUL Cell Load

lInterference Margin

lBackground Noise Level

lSHO Gain over Fast Fading

lFast Fading Margin

lMinimum Signal StrengthRequired

lPenetration Loss

lStd. dev. of Slow Fading

lEdge coverage Probability

lSlow Fading Margin

lSHO Gain over Slow Fading


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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budgetl 1.Max Power of TCH (dBm)

[ For a UE, the maximum power of each traffic channel is usually the

nominal total transmit power. There are many types of UE in a

commercial network, so this parameters should be reasonably set in

the link budget according to the specifications of a mainstream

commercial cell phone and the requirement of the operator.

Grade of UE powerTS 25.101 v3.7.02001-066.2.1

+2/-2dB+21dBm4

+1/-3dB+24dBm3+1/-3dB+27dBm2

+1/-3dB+33dBm1

ToleranceNominal maximum output powerPower Class



l 2. Body Loss (dB)

[ For voice service, the body loss is 3 dB.

[ Because the data service mainly involves reading and video,

so the UE is relatively far from body, and the body loss is 0

dB.

l 3. Gain of UE Tx Antenna (dBi)

[ In general, assume that the receiver gain and transmitter

gain of the UE antenna are both 0 dBi.

l

4. EIRP(dBm)[ UE EIRP (dBm)

= UE Tx Power (dBm) - Body Loss (dB)

+ Gain of UE Tx Antenna (dBi)


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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budgetl 5. Gain of BS Rx Antenna (dBi)

Kathrein 741794

6.6kgWeight

1302 mm / 155 mm / 69

mm

dimensioning (Height / Width /

Depth)

>30dBFront-to-back ratio, co-polar

>14dBSide lobe suppression for 1st side

lobe above horizon

Fixed, 2Electrical tilt

Horizontal: 63

Vertical:6.5HPBW (1920~2170MHz)

18.5dBiGain

+45, -45Polarization

1710~2170MHz (dual

band for DCS and

UMTS)

Frequency range

Kathrein 741790

5kgWeight

1387 mmdimensioning (Height)

Fixed, 0Electrical tilt

Vertical: 7HPBW

11dBiGain

VerticalPolarization

1920~2170MHzFrequency range


Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budgetl 6. Cable Loss (dB)

[ It includes the loss of the feeders andconnectors between the cabinet top andthe antenna connector.

Lower jumper

Connector

Feeder

Upper jumper

Etc.

[ Except for the feeder, the loss isrelatively constant. Assume that theconnecter loss is 0.8 dB.

7/8-inch feeder: 6.1 dB / 100m for 2GHz

5/4-inch feeder: 4.5 dB / 100m for 2GHz

Bracket

Bracket

Tilt adjuster

Antenna

Upper jumper

Feeder

Feeder windowLightning arrester

Lower jumper

Feeder fixing clip

Feeder grounding clip

Feeder installation


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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budgetl 7. Noise Figure (dB)

[ Noise figure (NF): It is used to measure the noise

performance of an amplifier. It refers to the ratio of the input

SNR to the output SNR of the amplifier.

[ Thermal noise of receiver (unit bandwidth):

PN = KTBWNF

= -174 (dBm/Hz) + 10lg(3.84MHz / 1Hz) + NF(dB)

= -108 (dBm/3.84MHz) + NF (dB)

NFNF == SNRSNRii // SNRSNRoo

= (S= (Sii / N/ Nii) / (S) / (Soo / N/ Noo))


Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budgetl 8. Eb/No Required (dB)

[ It is obtained through link simulation. It is related to the following:

Configuration of receiver diversity

Multi-path channel condition

Bearer type

l 9. Sensitivity of BS Receiver (dBm)

[ Sensitivity of Receiver (dBm)

= -174 (dBm/Hz) + NF (dB) + 10lg(3.84MHz/1Hz)+ required Eb/No (dB) - 10lg[3.84MHz/Rb(kHz)]

= -174 (dBm/Hz) + NF (dB) + 10lg[1000 * Rb (kHz)] + Eb/No (dB)


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l 10. Background Noise Level (dBm)

[ External electromagnetic interference sources:

Wireless transmitters (GSM, microwave, radar,

television station, and so)

Automobile ignition

Lightning

[ For the planning for a specific area, it is

recommended to estimate the local interference

through noise test.


Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budgetl 11. Penetration Loss (dB)

[ Indoor penetration loss refers to the difference between the

average signal strength outside the building and the average signal

strength of one layer of the building.

[ The penetration loss is related to building type, arrive angle of the

radio wave, and so on. In the link budget, assume that the

penetration loss is subject to the lognormal distribution. The

penetration loss is indicated by average penetration loss and

standard deviation.

[ It is uneconomical to provide better indoor coverage through an

outdoor BS. The indoor coverage shall be provided through a

reasonable indoor coverage solution.

[ In the actual construction of a commercial network, the penetration

loss margin is usually specified by the operator in order to compare

the planning results of different manufacturers.


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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budgetl 12. Fast Fading Margin (dB)

[ In the link budget, the demodulation performance of the used receiver is

the simulation result based on the assumed ideal power control. In an

actual system, because of the limited transmit power of the transmitter,

non-ideal factors are introduced in the closed loop power control.

[ Effect of power control margin on the uplink demodulation performance:

The simulation shows the following: When the HeadRoom is large,

the target Eb/No set in the outer loop power control is appropriate to

the simulation result under the ideal power control. As the power

margin decreases, the Eb/No gradually increases (if the power

margin decreases by 1 dB, the required Eb/No increases by about 1

dB). If power control performance is almost not available, the

BER/BLER cannot be ensured.



l 13. Edge coverage Probability

[ When the transmit power of a UE hits the threshold, but the path loss does

not meet the requirements for the lowest receive level, the link will be

disconnected.

[ For a UE at a distance of d, the link disconnection probability is as follows:

[ (d) = Pmax_UE

S_min

10lg(d)It refers to the difference betweenthe average loss of the paths at a distance of d and the allowed maximumpath loss for ensuring the connection.

[ The average fading component is 0, and the standard variation is

})(Pr{

})lg(10_Pr{

})lg(10_Pr{

})(_Pr{)(Pr_

minmax

minmax

minmax


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SF x ,( ) dno rm x 0, ,( ):=

30 20 10 0 10 20 300

0.02

0.04

0.06

SF x 8,( )

SF x 10,( )

SF x 12,( )

x

SF_M x ,( ) pnorm x 0, ,( ):=

20 16 12 8 4 0 4 8 12 16 200

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

S F_Mx 8,( )

SF_Mx 10,( )

SF_Mx 12,( )

x

Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budgetl 14. Slow Fading Margin (dB)

[ Key point: Property of normal distribution.

[ Slow Fading Margin (dB) = required edge coverage

ProbabilityStd. dev. of Slow Fading (dB)



l 15. Uplink Cell Load

[ Uplink cell load is used to measure the uplink load of a cell.

[ The higher the uplink cell load, the higher the uplink interference.

[ If the uplink load is about 100% , the uplink interference becomes infinite,

and the corresponding capacity is the limit capacity.

( ) ( )( )

+=+=N

jjjN

jULW

vREbvsNoiLi

11

11


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l 16. Uplink Interference Margin (dB)UL

N

jN

TOT

LP

INoiseRise

=

==

1

1

1

1

1

50% Load50% Load 3dB3dB

60%60% LoadLoad4dB4dB

75%75% LoadLoad6dB6dB



l 17. SHO Gain over Fast Fading (dB)

[ The soft handover gain includes two parts:

Multiple related soft handover branches lower the

required margin for fading, which results in multi-cell

gain.

Gain for the link demodulation of the soft handover

marco diversity combining gain.

[ The SHO Gain over Fast Fading refer to the macro

diversity combination gain.

[ This value is obtained through simulation. The typical

value is 1.5 dB.


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l 18.SHO Gain over Slow Fading (dB)

[ As mentioned above, the soft handover gain

includes two parts:

Multiple irrelevant soft handover branches lower

the required margin for fading, which results in

multi-cell gain.

Gain for the link demodulation of the soft

handovermarco diversity combination gain.

[ The SHO Gain over Fast Fading refers to the macro

diversity combining gain.[ This value is obtained through simulation.



l 19. Minimum Signal Strength Required (dBm)

[ After the interference factors and the factors

degrading the performance are considered, the signal

strength required by the correct demodulation is

receiver sensitivity in the network.

[ Minimum Signal Strength Required

= Sensitivity of Receiver (dBm) - Gain of Antenna (dBi)

+ Cable Loss (dB) + Interference Margin (dB)

+ Margin for Background Noise (dB) - SHO Gain overfast fading (dB) + Fast Fading Margin (dB)


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l Summary: Cell edge path loss

[ Based on the maximum path loss allowed by the link,

the path loss at the cell edge can be calculated if the

fading margin and soft handover gain for providing the

required edge/area coverage probability and the

penetration loss of indoor coverage are considered.

[ Path Loss (dB) = [ EiRP (dBm) - Minimum Signal

Strength Required (dBm) ]- Penetration Loss (dB) -

Slow Fading Margin (dB) + SHO Gain over Slow

Fading (dB)







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Fundamental Principle

l Link Budget: Link

Budget intends to

estimate the system

coverage by

analyzing the factors

of the propagation

of the forward signal

and reverse signal, in

order to obtain the

maximum

propagation loss after

certain

communicationsquality is ensured.

TX

Combiner

DuplexerFeeder

RX

Pout_BS

Lc_BSLf_BS

Ga_BSNodeB

TX

RX

Pout_UE

Ga_UE

UE

Combiner

Duplexer

PL_DLPL

_UL

Body Loss

Fading

Margin

Penetration

Loss


Algorithm

l PL_DL=Pout_BS Lf_BS+Ga_BS+Ga_UE +Ga_SHO Mpc Mf MI Lp

Lb S_UE

PL_DL: Maximum propagation loss of the downlink

Pout_UE: Maximum transmit power of the traffic channel of the BS

Lf_BS: Cable loss

Ga_BS: Antenna gain of the BS; Ga_UE: Antenna gain of the MS

Ga_SHO: Gain of soft handover

Mpc: Margin for fast power control

Mf: Slow fading margin (related to the propagation environment)

MI: Interference margin (related to the designed system capacity)

Lp: Penetration loss of a building (used if indoor coverage is required)

Lb: Body loss

S_UE: Sensitivity of UE receiver (related to factors such as service and

multi-path condition)

Downlink (forward)Downlink (forward)


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Elements of WCDMA Downlink BudgetlMax Power of TCH

lCable Loss

lGain of BS Tx Antenna

lEIRP

lGain of UE Rx Antenna

lBody Loss

lNoise Figure (UE)

lRequired Eb/No (UE)

lSensitivity of UE Receiver

lDL Cell Loading

lInterference Margin

lBackground Noise Level

lSHO Gain over Fast Fading

lFast Fading Margin

lMinimum Signal Strength

Required

lPenetration Loss

lStd. dev. of Slow Fading

lEdge coverage Probability

lSlow Fading Margin

lSHO Gain over Slow Fading


Elements of WCDMA Downlink Budgetl 1.Downlink Cell Load

Downlink cell load factor is defined in two ways:

[ Downlink cell load at the receiver:

[ This definition is similar to that of the uplink cell load:

The higher the downlink cell load, the higher the cell transmit power,

and the higher the receiver interference.

When the downlink cell load is 100% , the corresponding capacity is

the limit capacity of the downlink.

[ Downlink cell load at the transmitter: The ratio of the current cell transmit

power to the maximum BS transmit power. Characteristics:

The higher the downlink cell load, the higher the cell transmit power.

The downlink cell load is related to service type, UE receiver

performance, cell size, and BS capability.

( ) ( )

+=

N

j

j

jjjDL vW

REbvsNoi

1

1

Currently, the later definition is used in the link budget tool.Currently, the later definition is used in the link budget tool.


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: 1.78

Elements of WCDMA Downlink Budgetl 2.Downlink Interference Margin (dB)

[ Downlink interference at UE receiver:

[ The downlink load factor is:

[ The link budget tool uses the following typical values:

orthogonal factor : It is obtained through simulation. It is related to

environment type and cell radius.

Cell edge adjacent-cell interference factor

N

N

N

nnj

T

j

T

j

N

total

P

PPL

PPL

P

P

IjNoiseRise

++

==

=1

,

1)1(

)(

jDLf , =

N

n nj

ownj

PL

PL

1 ,

,

j

( )( )

=

+=

J

jjDLj

jjjob

DLf

W

RVNE

1,

)1(/

,where =,where =







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Tower Mounted Amplifier (TMA)

l TMA

[ A TMA locate the position

under the antenna

[ A TMA is Low noise amplifier

[ A TMA helps to improve the

uplink receive sensitivity and

enhances the uplink coverage

[ A TMA usually has 0.7dB loss

in the downlink.


Academic calculation about TMAAcademic calculation about TMA improve the uplink receive sensitAcademic calculation about TMA improve the uplink receive sensitivityivity


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lThe example of academic calculation about TMA

improve the uplink receive sensitivity

Receiver Chain Noise FigureWithout TMA: 2.433+2.2 dB

With TMA 1.57 dB

The example of academic calculation about TMA

2.2NodeB

-2.4332.4337/8"Cable30m + 0.6dB Connector

Loss

121.45TMA

GainNoise FigureEquipment

Gain 3.063dB for uplink when using TMAGain 3.063dB for uplink when using TMA


4-antennas Reception Diversity

l 4Antenna reception diversity

l 4Antenna reception diversity hastwo types

[ Two Cross-polarizationantennas

[ Four antennas

l 4Antenna reception diversityhelps to improve the uplinkreception performance

l Improve the uplink coverage and

capacity performancel 4Antenna reception diversity

need equipment support


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l 4RxDiv principle diversity gain

[ Resist fast fading

[ Correlation combination

[ Gain relates to multi-

path ,service ,speed, antenna

performance

l 2RxDiv> 4RxDiv

[ Reduce the requirement of

Eb/No



l Compared with a double-antenna reception diversity, 4-antenna

reception diversity requires lower Eb/No.

l Gain of 4-antenna reception diversity (compared with double-

antenna reception diversity)

1.391.772.5RA120Rural area

RA120

TU3

TU3

Channel

1.77

1.73

1.73

Capacity-based

gain

1.39

1.37

1.37

Coverage-based

gain

2.5Suburb

2.4Common urbanarea

2.4High-density

urban area

Eb/No improvementArea


37/37

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