berto Gargarella

Pilar Domingo

Theunis Roux

Contents List of Contributors vii Foreword xi Acknowledgements xv Introduction 1 Pilar Domingo Part 1 Theory 1 Theories of Democracy, the Judiciary and Social Rights 13 Roberto Gargarella 2 Courts and Social Transformation: An Analytical Framework 35 Siri Gloppen 3 The Changing Role of Law and Courts in Latin America: From an Obstacle to Social Change to a Tool of Social Equity 61 Javier A. Couso Part 2 Case Studies

4 Social Rights as Middle-Class Entitlements in Hungary: The Role of the Constitutional Court 83 András Sajó 5 The Record of the South African Constitutional Court in Providing an Institutional Voice for the Poor: 1995-2004 107 Jackie Dugard and Theunis Roux 6 The Enforcement of Social Rights by the Colombian Constitutional Court: Cases and Debates 127 Rodrigo Uprimny Yepes 7 Courts and Social Transformation in India 153 R. Sudarshan 8 Judicial Enforcement of Social Rights: Perspectives from Latin America 169 Christian Courtis

vi Courts and Social Transformation in New Democracies

9 Brazilian Courts and Social Rights: A Case Study Revisited 185 José Reinaldo de Lima Lopes 10 Courts Under Construction in Angola: What Can They Do for the Poor? 213 Elin Skaar and José Octávio Serra Van-Dúnem 11 Weak Courts, Rights and Legal Mobilisation in Bolivia 233 Pilar Domingo Courts, Rights and Social Transformation: Concluding Reflections 255 Roberto Gargarella, Pilar Domingo and Theunis Roux Bibliography 283 Index 301

PART 1

124 Courts and Social Transformalion in New Democracies

62 Ds"id Bilchil2. 'Giving Socio-economic Rights Teeth: The Minimum Core and its

Impm1ance', South African Law }oumui, 118 (2002): 484--50 I: David Bilchi� 'Towards a Reasonable Approach to the Minimum Corc: Laying the Foundations for

Future Socio-economic Rights Jurisprudence'. SOllth African Journal on Human Rights, 19 (2003): 1-26: Sandra Liebcnbcrg, 'The Interpretation of Socio-economic Rights', in

M. Chask.aI on et aI., COflslilUlional Law of SOllth Africa 2nd cdn (Cape Town: Juta,

2004). chap. 33; Danie Brand, 'The f'roceduralisation of South African Socio-economic Rights Jurisprudence, or "What are socio-economic rights for?"', in Henk Botha, Andre van der Wait and Johsn van der Wait (eds), Rights and Democracy in a Transformalive COI1S/iflltioll (Stellenbo ch: Sun Press, 2003), p. 33.

63 1998 (2) SA 363 (CC). This decision is discussed in greater detail in Theunis Roux. 'Legitimating Transformation: Political Resource Allocation in the South African Constitutional Court', in Siri Gloppcn. Roberto Gargarella and Elin Skaar (eds), Democratization and the Judiciary: The Accountability Function of Courts in New Democracies (London : Frank Cass, 2004). p. 92 at pp. 98-102.

64 Section 9(3) of the 1996 Constitution (s 8 of the interim Constitution) prohibits the state from unfairly discriminating against anyone, whether diroctly or indirectly, based on race etc. For an analysis of the Court's reasoning as to what amounts to unfair discrimination see Harksen v. Lane 0 1998 (I) SA 300 (CC).

65 As per section 9(2) of the 1996 Constitution (s 8(3) of the interim Constitution). On a

separate, and less constitutionally important. note the Court found that the Council's

selective recovery of arrears debt in white areas did amount to unfair djscrimination as it was not the resuJt of a rational and coherent plan with a discernable and pressing tran rormation objective, but rather of a situation of confusion and uncertainty that

unfairly resulted in white default.ers being singled out for legal action whiJe exempting black defaulters.

66 1999 (2) SA 83 (CC). 67 Ibid., para. 47. 68 Ibid., para. 42. 69 For a full assessment of this decision. see Roux, 'Legitimating Transformation', pp.

103-105. 70 2002 (9) BCLR 891 (CC). 71 [bid .. para. 38.

72 Ibid., para. 105. 73 Ihid., paras 8, 36-7. 74 Ibid .. paras 39, 48-9. 75 2004 (11) BCLR 1125 (CC). 76 Section 9(2): 'Equality includes the full and equal enjoyment of ail rights and freedoms.

To promote the achievement of equality, legislative and other measures designed to

protect or advance persons or categories of persons, disadvantaged by unfair discrimination may be taken.'

77 Van HL'erden, paras 45-57. 78 2005 (2) SA 140 (CC). 79 Act 32 of 1944. 80 }afiha, para. 39.

81 Tbid .. para. 54. 82 In general on the importance of this issue to the capacity of courts to funclion as an

institutional voice for the poor, see Charles R. Epp, The Rights RevolllliolJ: Lawyers.

Courts and Tran�rormalion in New

A<;AO Civil action) Health

Court Published

STJ 7

TJSP 15

Total 22

A<;:AO Civil action) Education

Court Published

STJ I

TJSP 11

Total 22

Nature of Social Rights Litigation

Until recently, social rights were seldom the subject of litigation. Military rule curtailed the legislative process and interrupted the traditional means of obtaining

social benl.'fits, namely through legislation and public policies defined through considerations. some social movements force their way

court procedures. true of the many that used court to create obstacle.. individual action impoverished. 14

litigation is of military rule Courts have active role in it not have jurisdiction cases aod they

lack standing to initiate a suit They can, at bl'st, be receptive to such claims.

Courts played a very limited role in resisting the military. Only a few j ustictc's of

the Supreme Federal Court challenged the regime in its core political abuses: Vitor

Nunes Leal. I kl1Tles Lima, Evandro Lins e Silva and Antonio Gont;alves de

Oliveira. Ordinary courts continued to decide casl.'s in which the government (at state or city level) held liable to There was no

whatsoever on financial burdens on this respect In

number of powerful groups, for instance charge of public

(such as contractors). accesa to courts receive generous

The fact that the was fOlUld liable cases, however,

did not represent any challenge to the political abuses of the regime. A large

number of courts, judges and lawyers willingly accepted breaches of the

constitutional order in the name of national security. Theirs was an ideology of the

\'

Index action 3-4, 26, 38-40, 44, 46, 52-3, 55-6,

64, 92, 94-5, 97, 111, 113, 117, 120, 129-35, 137, 142, 145, 147, 149, 154-5, 159, 161-2, 164, 171, 174-9, 181, 183

class 7, 47, 185-6, 189-90, 192, 196-200-6, 208, 211, 263, 266, 268

activism 4, 6, 8, 57, 129-30, 143-4, 147, 155, 158, 160, 169

judicial 1-2, 7-8, 24, 26-7, 29, 97, 99, 104, 121, 129, 133, 143, 146, 148, 150, 156, 161, 166-7, 233-5, 238, 242-4, 250, 266, 274, 278-80

Africa 215-16, 255-6, 263 African National Congress (ANC) Charter of Human and People’s

Rights 218 Allende, Salvador 63, 66 Angola 7, 213-32, 238, 258, 263, 276

Constitution (1991) 213, 218-9, 224, 227-9

courts 213, 215, 220, 223-4, 227-8 NGOs 219, 223 Supreme Court 217, 222, 224-6, 229,

231 Peace Accords 225, 229 Associacão Justica, Paz e

Democracia (AJPD) 223 Bakongo 231 Bar Association of Angola (OAA)

222-3, 225, 228-32 Benguela city 224 colonial period under the Portuguese

219 Herero 231 International Bar Association Human

Rights Institute 228-31 Judiciary Assistance Institute 230 Land Law 219 Law Faculty at the Agostinho Neto

University 225 Lobito 224

Luanda 216, 220-1, 223-4, 228-31 Lunda-Chokwe 231 Mbundu 231 Ministry of Education 222 Movimento para a Libertacão de

Angola (MPLA) 215, 217 Nanguela 231 National Assembly 225 Nyaneka 231 Ordem dos Advogados de Angola

225 Ovimbundu 231 Owambo 231 Parliamentary Commission on

Human Rights 225 Second Republic (1992) 225 União Nacional para a

Indepêndencia Total de Angola (UNITA) 215, 229

United Nations Human Rights Office 229

apartheid see South Africa

Argentina 7, 15-6, 20, 22, 65-6, 101-2, 180-1, 183-4, 261, 264-5, 268, 270, 275, 279

amendments (1994) 180, 270 amendments (542/1999, 157/1998,

939/2000 and 1/2001) 181 Argentinean health law courts 174, 182-3, 264, 268 Generation (1837) 15 Laws 23.660 and 23.661 181 Ministerial Resolutions of the

Ministry of Health and Social Action, 247/96 181

Presidential Decrees 492/95 and 1615 181

Supreme Court 19, 26, 264, 268, 278-9

Berlin, Isaiah 15 Bhagwati, P.N. 111, 121, 155-7, 161,

166, 267, 278-80

302 Courts and Social Transformation in New Democracies

Bolivia 7-8, 180, 233-9, 241, 243-54, 263, 270, 272, 275-6

Andean region 239 Beni 250 coca production 248 Congress 236, 240-2, 244-5, 247,

252 Constitution 234 constitutional reforms (1994) 237,

241-2, 246, 248 constitutional text (1967) 237 Constitutional Tribunal (CT) 234-5,

238, 241-2, 246, 250 Defensoría del Pueblo 244, 253 human rights Ombudsman 8, 234-5,

238, 240-7, 250, 252-3, 263, 270

Instituto Nacional de Reforma Agraria (INRA) 253-4

Land Reform Law (1996) 241, 246, 248, 253

Law of Popular Participation (1994) 248

miners’ union 248 Ministry of Justice 239, 241, 252 Movimiento al Socialismo (MAS)

237, 244, 248 Movimiento Nacionalista

Revolucionario (MNR) 236 National Land Tribunal 254 National Plan on the Prevention and

Eradication of Domestic Violence 245

National Revolution (1952) 7, 236 Regulatory law (1998) 242, 244 Sucre 250, 254 Supreme Court 240-2, 244, 250, 252

Bork, Robert 25 Brazil 7, 78-9, 170, 172, 178, 180, 184,

186, 193-6, 198, 201-3, 206, 208, 210, 263, 279

Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica (CADE) 192

Constitution (1891) 180, 186 Constitution (1946) 186, 208 Constitution (1967) 186 Constitution (1988) 7, 180-1, 186,

196, 208 Consumer’s Defense Code (CDC)

198, 202

Courts 170, 185, 192-4, 207 environmental and consumer law

172 Federal Court of Appeals 203 High Court of Justice 7, 187

see Superior Tribunal de Justiça judiciary 7, 186, 194-6 Julgados do Tribunal de Justiça do

Estado de São Paulo 188 Minas Gerais 198 National Data Bank of the Judicial

Power 187 National Education Guidelines Act

198 Official Gazette 208 Porto Alegre 184, 203 Public Health System 197

see Sistema Únificado de Saúde Regional Courts of Appeal 187 Revista de Jurisprudência do STJ e

Tribunais Federais 188 São Paulo State Court of Justice 7,

187-9, 196-8, 203 see Tribunal de Justiça do Estado

de São Paulo Sistema Únificado de Saúde (SUS)

197 Superior Tribunal de Justiça (STJ)

187-90, 196-9, 208, 210 Supreme Federal Court 187-8, 190

see Supremo Tribunal Federal Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF)

187, 210 Tribunal de Justiça do Estado de São

Paulo (TJSP) 187-8 capability 3, 37, 43-4, 51-3, 55-6, 138,

157, 174, 206-7, 215, 262, 264 capitalism 58, 86, 93

20 change 20, 36, 38, 41, 55, 28, 41, 55, 68,

76-7, 89, 133, 138, 141, 143, 153, 163, 169, 178-9, 184

social 7, 35-6, 41, 61-4, 74, 142-3, 210, 233, 237, 247, 249-250, 255, 274, 279, 281

Chandrachud, Chief Justice 167 Chile 63, 65-6, 73, 75-9, 170, 176, 251,

254, 261, 264 Constitution (1925)

Index 303

Supreme Court 181-3 citizenship 1, 4, 7-8, 62, 76-7, 91, 115,

139, 207, 233, 237, 244-5, 247-9, 254, 271, 277

Colombia 6-7, 79, 127-30, 133, 135-6, 138, 140, 142-3, 147-50, 170, 172, 178, 180, 207, 242, 254. 263-4, 267, 270, 272-3, 278

Colombian Constitutional Court (CCC) 5, 121, 127-32, 136-7, 139-42, 144-5, 150, 182, 261, 266, 270, 272-3, 278

Colombian social rights law 172 Congress 130-1, 136, 141 Constituent Assembly 128, 130, 148 Constitution (1991) 128-32, 134, 140-2, 144-5, 147-8, 150, 170, 180-1 court 264 Democratic Alliance–April Nineteen

Movement (AD-M19) 130, 148

National Salvation Movement 130 Patriotic Union 148 Social Security Institute (ISS) 134 Supreme Court of Justice 128 U’wa community 263

Committee on Economic Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) 67, 100-1, 170, 172, 181, 183

communism 19, 77, 86, 102, 256 community 2, 20-2, 39-41, 45, 47, 51-2,

64-5, 73, 79, 91, 114, 145-6, 151, 160, 202, 237-9, 241, 247-8, 263, 267, 272, 274

compliance 3, 37, 43-4, 53-7, 112, 155, 161, 171, 175, 177, 183, 192-5, 207, 214, 218, 244-5, 250, 253, 261, 266, 270, 272

conservative 4, 13, 24-6, 35, 64, 77, 130, 138, 141, 145, 148, 277-8

constitution 13, 17, 20-6, 28-9, 62, 64, 68, 76, 79, 85, 87-9, 91, 93-6, 120, 128-32, 134, 140-2, 144-5, 147, 150. 153-5, 158, 160-1, 164-8, 169-70, 173-5, 187, 193, 196, 198-9, 203-5, 209-10, 214, 218-9, 224, 228-9, 256, 261, 263, 274, 276, 278, 281

communist constitutions 86, 88

post-colonial constitutions 15 corruption 45-6, 48, 109, 128, 217, 222,

227, 229-230, 236, 240, 254, 263

Costa Rica 178, 180 constitutional court 267

court 1-9, 18-20, 24-6, 28, 35-52, 54-9, 61, 66, 68, 71-4, 83-5, 88-9, 92-3, 95-7, 107-125, 127-37, 139, 142-6, 148-51, 153-68, 170-1, 173-84, 213-8, 220-9, 231, 233-5, 238-40, 252-4, 256-8, 261-3, 266-70, 272-4, 276, 278-82

capacity 5, 107, 116, 125, 138 constitutional 5, 83-4, 92-4, 107-

124, 127-32, 135-7, 139-45, 150, 171, 178

control 119, 268 European or Inter-American Courts

of Human Rights 173 High Court 109-10, 117-8, 121, 129,

155, 160, 163-4, 187 national 6, 169 post-communist constitutional 90,

95-7 pro-poor action 3-5, 110, 116, 264,

271-3, 275, 278 responsiveness 3, 37, 43-4, 49-51,

53, 57, 171, 174-5, 179, 262

role of 1-2, 5-6, 9, 44, 85, 121, 163, 271-2

Courtis, Christian 6, 75, 148, 169, 181-2, 184, 210, 269-70

Couso, Javier A. 2, 4, 61, 234, 250, 255, 266, 271-2, 280

crisis 77, 86, 90, 97-8, 114, 129, 132-3, 136-7, 142, 146, 236, 250-1

Critical Legal Studies Movement 76 culture 43, 54-5, 86, 98, 129, 132, 141,

170, 218, 245-6, 250, 272 legal 49-50, 52, 172, 180, 214, 220,

223, 238, 244-5, 274, 278 Czech Republic 103

Constitutional Court 93 Czechoslovak Charter 94 Government Regulation, No.

15/1994 Sb. 93

304 Courts and Social Transformation in New Democracies

democracy 2-3, 5, 13, 18-25, 27-8, 46, 57-8, 61, 64, 71, 73, 76-7, 85, 91, 123-5, 127, 140, 147-8, 150, 162, 165, 169, 214, 223, 229, 237, 240, 251, 254, 261, 271-2, 277, 280, 282

contemporary Western democracies 21

deliberative 3-4, 8 13, 27, 150, 265 democracies 1-2, 4, 17, 19, 57, 61,

67, 87, 95, 104, 120, 124, 228, 239, 249, 256, 275, 279

electoral 62, 65, 236 majoritarian 15, 140 participative 21, 23, 27, 148, 160 pluralist 13-14, 17, 19, 21, 27 theories of Democracy 13, 19, 26-7,

29, 84-5, 104, 127, 214, 228, 261

democratisation 8, 136, 249, 279 development 1, 2, 4, 8, 17-8, 35-6, 38-9,

52, 55, 57-8, 62, 65, 68, 70, 72, 104, 108, 113, 116, 121-2, 127, 130, 138, 147, 149-50, 158, 162-3, 169-73, 178-80, 182, 184, 188, 194-5, 202, 210, 214-6, 228-30, 233, 235, 241, 245, 250-1, 254-6, 268-72, 275, 280

dialogue 3-4, 29, 52, 73, 266, 278 dictatorship 65-6 discrimination 70, 99, 114-8, 124, 144,

160, 169-70, 184, 191, 194, 213-4, 230, 258

Domingo, Pilar 1, 8, 133, 251, 255 Dugard, Jackie 5, 107, 256, 278 Ecuador 180 education 7, 38, 45, 49, 61, 66-7, 69-71,

86, 93-4, 117, 122, 132, 134, 147, 158, 169-71, 176, 179-82, 185, 187-90, 192-3, 197-200-6, 217-9, 221-2, 225-6, 262, 264, 273

election 23, 91, 145, 155, 164, 216, 229, 237, 248, 251

elite 5, 22, 29, 52, 62, 97-9, 154, 216, 227, 236-7, 247, 276

El Salvador 176, 178, 180, 183 employment 61, 66, 69-70, 72, 98, 154,

163, 230

enforcement 6, 8, 13, 68, 74, 83-5, 95, 97, 110, 113, 119, 123, 127-8, 131-2, 137-9, 141, 143-4, 155-6, 158, 169-71, 173, 174, 176-7, 179-80, 187, 193, 214, 218, 250, 255-61, 268, 270, 279

England 19 British Constitution 277

entitlement 83-4, 88-9, 91, 97, 138, 154, 159, 163, 170, 173, 234, 237, 240, 251, 270, 272

equality 22, 28, 39, 65, 91, 93-5, 103-4, 117-8, 124, 128, 132-5, 140, 150, 164, 178, 206, 270

Europe 255 Central 96, 255 Eastern 2, 61-2, 83, 89, 96-7, 255 Eastern European constitutional

courts 278 European Community 91 European Union 84, 183, 231-2 exclusion 4, 61, 111, 115, 118, 174, 235,

238, 248 France 22, 24

Constitutions (1791) 22 French administrative law 177 French Constitutional Council 103 French Declaration of the Rights of

Man 62 French doctrine of constitutional

objectives Jacobin Constitution (1793) 22 Revolution 22, 24, 63

Gargarella, Roberto 2-4, 124, 214, 228,

233, 255, 261, 277, 279 Germany 96

centralised German model German constitutional jurisprudence

Bundesverfassungsgerichtshof 96

German courts 92 German understanding 94

Gloppen, Siri 2-3, 7-8, 35, 120, 124, 154, 157, 161, 163, 166-7, 171, 173, 206-7, 215, 219, 223, 226, 228, 232-3, 244, 249-50, 256, 262, 271, 274, 279

Index 305

group 1, 4, 9, 14-5, 22-3, 26, 46-7, 56-7, 61-2, 65-6, 68, 70, 72-4, 83, 107, 111, 116, 118, 120, 122, 128, 130-2, 153-4, 169, 174, 176-7, 179, 219, 223, 231, 235, 237-41, 244, 246-7, 255, 262, 266-7, 274-5

disadvantaged 3-6, 8, 28, 87, 89, 93, 117, 155-7, 161, 163, 166, 233, 240, 263, 267-8, 272, 275

poor and socially marginalized 28, 35-6, 39-43, 46-8, 50, 52, 84, 86-7, 91, 134-5, 138, 143, 145, 148, 155, 185, 214-5, 217, 220, 226

habeas corpus 65, 155, 242 Hamilton, Alexander 13-4, 18, 20, 277 health 7, 18, 21, 38, 41, 62, 66, 69-71,

87, 89-90, 93, 95, 113, 123, 132-5, 140, 144-7, 149, 151, 158, 171-3, 177-87, 189-91, 196-7, 200, 202, 206, 209, 218-9, 225-6, 243-4

HIV/AIDS 114, 177, 181-2, 243 Honduras

Constitution 170, 180 housing 62, 66, 69-70, 84-5, 94-6, 98,

100, 103-5, 113-4, 118, 132, 135-7, 147, 169-71, 173-4, 176, 179-82, 194, 225-6, 270

human rights 1, 4, 40, 42, 65-8, 70, 72, 74, 91, 101, 121-4, 129, 156-7, 161, 163, 165, 169-70, 173, 175, 178, 184, 216, 221, 225, 227-32, 234-5, 238, 240-6, 253, 263, 270, 272-3, 279-80

Declaration of Human Rights (1948) 68-72, 86, 218

Human Rights Index (2003) 216 Human Rights Watch 66, 229 international humans rights law 62,

68, 73-4 Hungary 5, 83, 86, 89-91, 94, 96-100,

103, 255, 258, 263, 278-9 Amendment, the (1989) 85-7 Budapest 86, 105

Hungarian Constitutional Court (HCC) 83-5, 88-92, 94, 96-7, 267, 278-9

ratchet effect 89 Hungarian Constitution (1949) 85,

255 late communist Kadar regime 96 northeastern provinces of 86

inclusion 35-9, 43-4, 86, 88, 99, 153,

188, 207, 237, 256 India 2, 6, 57, 84, 111, 153-67, 228, 263,

273, 275-6, 278-80 Agra 163, 280 Anganwadi Centres (AWCS) 159 Bonded Labour Liberation 156 castes 153-4, 160, 165 Congress 155, 164 Constituent Assembly 153 Constitution (1950) 153-5, 158, 160-

1, 164-8, 278 courts 92, 153-68, 261, 264, 278 Criminal Law Amendment Act 162 Dalits 153-4, 160, 163 Gandhi, Indira 155, 164 High Courts 154-5, 160, 163

Allahabad 155, 164 Andhra Pradesh 155 Bombay 155, 160 Delhi 154-5, 160, 163 Gujarat 160 Haryana 160 Himachal Pradesh 160 Karnataka, 155, 160 Kerala 160 Madhya Pradesh 155, 160 Madras 155, 160, 163 Patna 160 Punjab 155, 160 Rajasthan 155, 160

Hindu 153, 165, 167 independence (1947) 153 Jayaprakash Narayan 164 Law Commission 162 Law Faculty of Delhi University 162 Muslim 165 New Delhi 154, 156 parliament 154, 162, 164-6 Penal Code (1860) 162 Penderel Moon 154

306 Courts and Social Transformation in New Democracies

People' s Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL) 167

Pinotti, Judge Public Interest Litigation (PIL) 155-

7, 163, 166-7 Punjab Cycle Riksha, the 158 Punjab National Bank 158 Rajya Sabha 164 Regulation of Rikshaws Act (1975)

158 Sikh 165 Supreme Court 6, 35, 92, 95, 97,

104, 112, 122, 154-8, 160, 162-8, 267-9, 276, 278

inequality 1-2, 24, 37-8, 40, 58, 67, 73, 99, 147, 153, 213-4, 233, 235, 238, 269, 275

inflation 88, 100, 135-6, 199, 236 Inter-American Development Bank

(IADB) 239 Internally Displaced Person (IDP) 228 International Covenant on Economic,

Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) 68, 71-2, 169, 213, 218

International Labour Organization (ILO) 129, 133, 249

International Non-governmental Organisation (NGO) 47, 61, 65-6, 74, 78, 179, 219, 222-3, 168, 272, 275

judges 1-4, 8, 13, 17-8, 20-1, 23-29, 36-

7, 39-40, 43, 47, 50-3, 55, 57, 59, 64, 84, 108-9, 111, 117, 119-20, 127, 129-30, 133, 136-9, 141, 145, 147-8, 150, 154-8, 160-1, 163-4, 166-7, 169, 171-2, 174-7, 179, 186-8, 191-3, 195-6, 204-5, 208-10, 213-5, 217-8, 221-8, 240, 244, 255-62, 264, 268-70, 276-8, 280

judgment 37, 40-2, 44, 52-6, 59, 108-9, 112-4, 118-9, 136, 154, 161, 164, 175, 177

judiciary 6, 13, 16-8, 21, 23-4, 26-8, 36-7, 40 47-8, 50, 61, 63, 68, 73, 111, 119, 124, 129, 138, 147, 154-8, 160-3, 165, 167, 171, 175, 178-9, 186, 194-6, 213,

217, 224-5, 227, 230, 252, 255-6, 259, 263-4, 274, 277-9, 281

jurisprudence 5, 36, 39-40, 52, 56, 83-5, 87, 96, 107, 111-3, 116, 118, 123-4, 131, 148, 155-6, 161, 170, 172, 228, 230, 242-3, 250, 253, 278, 280

jurisprudential resources 51-2, 226 justice 5, 36, 46-8, 84, 96, 107, 109,

111, 119, 122, 128-30, 134, 138, 141, 147, 153-4, 156-7, 160-2, 166-7, 233-4, 241, 248

distributive 25, 111, 209, 185, 191, 194,-5, 204-5, 209, 211

social 2, 62-4, 74, 85, 90, 128, 130, 141, 149-50, 205, 237, 268

Korean Supreme Court 92 Langa, Justice Pius 264, 279 language 62, 76, 85-6, 147, 166, 170-1,

173, 189, 210, 220, 223, 234, 237, 240-1, 256-7, 270-2

Latin America 2, 4, 15, 20, 22, 61-6, 68, 71-4, 169, 172, 180, 229, 236, 238, 251, 255-6, 263, 268, 270, 272, 278-80, 282

law 1, 3, 8, 15, 17-8, 20-1, 24-6, 35, 38-40, 42, 47-8, 50-3, 56, 58-9, 61-5, 68-9, 71-4, 85, 88-91, 107-8, 110-1, 115-6, 120-2, 124-5, 129, 131-6, 138-9, 141-2, 148, 150, 154-8, 161-5, 169-75, 177-8, 181-4, 188-9, 191-4, 196, 201-2, 205, 207-10, 216-9, 221-2, 224-5, 227, 229-32, 233, 235. 237-8, 251-4, 241-2, 244-6, 248, 250-4, 255, 258-9, 262-4, 267, 270-2, 274-7, 279-81

lawyers 7, 25, 48, 58, 63, 72-3, 76, 109, 119, 121, 125, 141, 154, 157, 161, 166-7, 172, 179, 188, 191, 196, 199, 201-5, 207-9, 221-5, 228, 231, 239, 242-3, 255, 258, 262, 267, 278-9

legislation 7, 13, 23, 25, 28, 37, 43, 47, 55-6, 62-3, 75-6, 78, 85, 88, 90, 92, 97, 107, 111, 113-4, 116, 120, 129, 131, 135-6,

Index 307

148, 166, 173, 177, 185, 190-2, 194, 198-200, 205, 209, 214, 217-9, 227, 230, 232, 259, 262, 277

legislature 3, 13, 16, 18, 20, 22-3, 29, 92-3, 154, 162, 166, 172, 175, 179, 261, 274

legitimacy 6, 26, 39, 46, 54-5, 67-9, 72, 76, 90, 129-30, 138-40, 145, 235, 247, 250, 256, 259, 264, 266, 268, 273, 276

liberalism 16, 64-5, 69, 71, 276 market liberalism 93

liberty 15, 17-8, 20, 25, 65, 148, 157-8 liberties 19-20, 67, 75, 147 civil and political liberties 2, 153,

158, 166, 243 liberty of contract 19

Lopes, José Reinaldo de Lima 209, 210 majority 14-15, 18, 20, 22, 62, 67, 86,

91, 96-7, 111-2, 116, 118, 138, 143, 163-5, 187, 198, 201, 209, 213, 216, 219-21, 223-5, 229, 236, 244, 247, 252

Mandela, Nelson 279 Marshall, Justice 13, 18, 20 marxist thought 63-4, 77 Mexico 75, 79, 181, 170, 172, 176, 180-

1, 183-4, 250, 264, 268, 275 Constitution (1814) 22 Constitution (1917) Revolution (1910) 76

Mill, John Stuart 15-6 minority 26, 67, 128, 132, 160, 165, 169,

199, 279 mobilisation 35, 38, 44-6, 48-9, 56, 62,

130, 138-9, 142, 202, 234-5, 248-50, 275

legal 1, 3, 6, 8, 74, 233-5, 237-9, 241-2, 246, 249, 263, 270-4, 278

movement 2, 68-9, 76, 78, 130, 132, 136-7, 141-2, 145-6, 148, 151, 156, 161

social 7, 8, 61, 76, 127, 129-32, 141-2, 145-6, 151, 185-6, 189-90, 202, 234, 237, 246, 250, 272, 275-6, 281

participation 2, 17, 19, 21, 27-29, 38, 69, 128-9, 138, 147, 149, 166, 186-7, 200, 237, 242, 248, 268

see progressive Pathak, Justice 166 pension 38, 85-6, 88, 90, 97, 117, 135,

159, 178, 184, 191, 202, 243, 253

Perón, Juan Domingo 76 Peru 23, 77, 178, 180, 184

Constitution (1933) Social and National Guarantees

Peruvian Tejada Sendero Luminoso 77

Pinochet, General 66 pluralism 17, 19, 47-8, 231

legal 7-8, 142, 234-5, 239, 241, 245, 247-8, 250, 254, 263, 272

pluralist 20-3, 26-7, 128, 141 see conservative

Poland 65, 89-90, 278 Pension Act (1990) 100, 102 Polish Constitution (1952) 90, 100 Polish Constitution (1997) 94 Polish courts 89, 100 Polish pension 98 Polish Tribunal 88-90, 99-100, 102,

104 Solidarity 100

policy 3, 5, 20, 24, 35, 37-9, 42-3, 52, 55-7, 61, 71-2, 74, 78, 83-4, 90, 107, 110, 113-9, 124, 132, 134, 137, 153-4, 158, 165-6, 170, 174, 176, 180, 186-7, 190-2, 194, 196-7, 200, 202-7, 236, 244, 266, 270, 272, 280-1

economic 4, 65, 68, 127, 130-1, 135-40, 276

neo-liberal 130 welfare 83-4, 87, 91

poor 5-7, 35-6, 40, 44-8, 51-2, 55, 57-8, 63, 69, 71, 77, 85, 91, 97, 107-114, 116, 118-120, 125, 154-7, 161, 163, 165, 185-6, 200, 206, 213-7, 219-24, 226-8, 230-2, 233, 235, 256, 267, 276

pro-poor 3, 6-9, 36-8, 40, 110, 113, 118, 260, 268, 270, 275, 278

action 3-4, 26, 38-40, 44, 46, 52-3, 55-6, 64, 92, 94-5, 97,

308 Courts and Social Transformation in New Democracies

111, 113, 117, 120, 129-35, 137, 142, 145, 147, 149, 154-5, 159, 161-2, 164, 171, 174-9, 181, 183, 270, 276

court action 3-4, 8, 110, 116, 120, 264, 270-3, 275, 278-9

judicial activism 1, 8, 234-5, 274 decisions, 274

legal 4, 6, 110 action 3 mobilisation 235

legislation 107, 116 litigation 8, 119, 238, 247 norm changes 5 rights 113, 247 rulings 6, 8, 264

poverty 4, 6, 7, 35-6, 61, 67, 71-3, 84, 86, 95, 123, 147, 154, 214, 216, 219, 225, 229, 235-6, 246, 251, 253, 269, 275, 279

privatization 77, 104 progressive 6, 24, 26, 61-9, 71-4, 77,

101, 128-33, 138, 141, 143-7, 151, 170, 174, 194, 234, 237-8, 243-5, 249-50, 255, 262, 270-1

see participation property 16-19-20, 77, 88, 90-1, 102,

118, 147, 171-2, 176-7, 179-80, 185, 189, 191, 193-4, 200, 205, 208-9, 219, 248, 254, 258, 261, 269-70

race 2, 38, 116, 124, 214, 233, 264, 273 reason 7-8, 14-8, 20, 22, 24, 27, 29, 77,

96-7, 100, 112-3, 119-20, 127, 137, 140, 142-3, 147, 167, 173, 179, 193, 195, 206, 214-6, 220, 225, 227-8, 238, 255-8, 260-1, 267, 274

reasoning 36, 121, 124, 157, 209 legal 5, 192, 194, 202-3, 204-5, 211

recurso de amparo constitucional 177-8, 183, 242, 267

see tutela reform 2, 5, 28, 35-6, 61, 63, 65, 77, 79,

97, 104-5, 150, 158, 167

constitutional 24, 131, 216, 234, 237, 240-2, 244, 246, 248, 266

electoral institutional judicial law state 4,8, 148

regime 19, 22, 36, 61, 64-6, 73, 75-6, 78, 80, 96, 100, 139

military regimes 64-5, 67, 74, 77-8 representation 61, 109-11, 118, 121,

129, 160, 176, 179, 186, 201 repression 64-5, 78 resistance 6, 93, 138, 142-3, 260-1 review 39, 47, 83-5, 88, 92-3, 96, 108,

113, 115-6, 119, 131, 135, 139-40, 162

judicial 18, 23, 28, 92, 128-9, 148, 150, 164, 166, 173-5, 177-8, 184, 186, 244, 272, 277, 279, 281

revolution 63-5, 76, 125, 128, 142, 153, 164, 166, 192, 236-7, 249, 251, 271-2, 278-80

rights 2-6, 8, 13-4, 16, 18-21, 23-5, 27-9, 36, 39-41, 61-2, 65-78, 84-97, 109, 111-8, 121-5, 127-36, 138-43, 145, 147-50, 153-8, 161, 163-7, 169-80, 186, 189-94, 196-8, 199-200-2, 204-6, 213-4, 216, 218-9, 221-2, 226-7, 229-35, 238-51, 253-9, 261-4, 267, 270-81

children 117, 169, 172, 201, 246 civil and political 13, 16, 24, 40, 65-

9, 71-2, 75-6, 91, 115, 128, 132, 140, 173, 185, 189, 214, 225, 229, 237, 243, 247, 250, 256-60, 270, 276

classical 171 freedom from censorship 171 individual 14, 16, 19, 29, 62, 65,

8896, 139, 185, 189, 191, 202, 205, 256

private 15 property 3, 20, 26, 28, 77, 88,

90-1, 171-2, 176, 180, 185, 194, 258, 261, 270

security 14, 70, 96

Index 309

constitutional 88, 93, 95, 113, 128, 134, 149, 173, 177, 219, 269, 281

indigenous 169, 234, 245, 248-50 judiciary 20 labour 132, 147, 149, 178, 218, 225,

230, 243 language 147, 170, 189, 270 revolution 1, 2, 4, 248, 271, 278-9 social 2-3, 5, 7-8, 13, 16-7, 20-1, 23-

7, 29, 35-40, 76, 83-9, 91-7, 107, 113-6, 118-9, 123, 127-32, 134, 137-41, 143, 146-9, 163, 169-80, 185-7, 189-201, 203, 205-7, 210, 213-5, 217-9, 222, 224, 226-8, 255-64, 266-71, 274-80

socio-economic 2-9, 66-9, 71-4, 79, 87, 124, 163, 163, 169-70, 172, 213-4, 217-22, 224-8, 234, 237-8, 240, 242, 249-50, 252, 263, 269-73, 277

to education 93-4, 147, 169-71, 179, 186, 193, 198-201, 210, 226, 273

to food 159, 171, 173, 179 to freedom of expression 243 to healthcare 87, 89, 93, 113, 121,

133-5, 144-7, 151, 169-74, 177, 179, 186, 193, 196-7, 200, 226, 243

to housing 94, 96, 113, 118, 135, 147, 169-71, 173-4, 176, 179-82, 225-6

to legal representation 109-10, 118, 121

to social security 89-90, 113, 115, 169-70, 178

to the situation of vulnerable groups or minorities 169, 239, 245

to work 181 women 169, 245 workers 133, 150, 169-70, 189, 246-

7 Roux, Theunis 5, 57-8, 107, 124-5, 255-

6, 278-9 Russia 99-100

case of Gulag victims 100 Russian Constitutional Court 120 Russian Revolution

Soviet Union 65

Sajó, András 5, 75, 83, 99, 101-2, 105, 150, 255, 258, 267, 279, 281

Scalia, Justice 25 security 70, 89, 95-6, 120, 180, 191,

210, 218, 228, 251-2 social security 61, 66, 69, 70-2, 86-7,

90, 94-6, 113, 115, 134, 169-70, 178, 182, 184

social security system 90, 115, 134, 140, 170, 184

Skaar, Elin 7, 57-8, 124, 213, 229, 238, 258, 263, 279

Slovenia 99 society 1-2, 5, 14, 20-3, 27-8, 35-42, 46-

7, 55-6, 58, 69, 75-7, 86, 90-1, 94-5, 97, 119, 122, 128-9, 131, 138-9, 141-2, 148, 150, 153, 157, 160-2, 166, 170, 173, 185, 191, 194-5, 200-2, 206, 213-4, 232-4, 237-9, 243-5, 247-9, 275-6

multi-ethnic 235, 239, 248 pluri-cultural 239, 248

South Africa 2, 57, 75, 84, 103, 108-9, 115-6, 119-124, 216, 256, 263, 269-70, 272-3, 275-80

apartheid 5, 57, 79, 116-7, 120, 264, 276

socio-economic legacy 5, 116, 120

Appellate Division of the Supreme Court 108

Cape High Court 117-8 Constitution (1993) 108 Constitution (1996) 101, 103, 109,

256, 269, 277 Constitutional Court 35, 103, 107-8,

110, 112, 261, 264, 266, 269, 277-9

Criminal Procedure Act 51 (1977) 111, 121

Legal Aid Board 123 Parliament 117 Pretoria City 116

Council 116 High Court 116

Port Elizabeth Municipality 113-5, 123-4

310 Courts and Social Transformation in New Democracies

Social Assistance Act 59 (1992) 113 South African Human Rights

Commission 112, 114 Supreme Court of Appeal 108 Treatment Action Campaign (TAC)

113-5, 123 Transvaal Provincial Division of the

High Court 109 stability 14-5, 17, 19, 21, 144, 215, 236 state 3-4, 6, 16-9, 21, 25, 38, 46, 51-2,

54-5, 62-3, 65, 68, 71, 73, 85-97, 109-11, 113-7, 119-21, 124, 128-30, 132, 134-42, 147-50, 153-5, 159, 164-7, 170, 172-5, 177-80, 182-3, 185-7, 190, 193-4, 196-8, 200, 202-6, 209-11, 213, 215-8, 222-3, 225-30, 234-7, 239, 242-6, 249-50, 252-5, 258, 260, 262, 269-71, 273, 276-7, 281

Story, Justice 18 strategies 1, 3, 5-8, 36-7, 46-7, 49-50,

53, 57, 61, 74, 78, 110, 120, 130, 132-3, 135-7, 141-3, 145-7, 150, 156, 161, 179, 181, 206, 217, 223, 229, 234-5, 237, 244, 248, 255, 263, 271, 276

legal mobilisation 1, 6-8, 233, 242, 263, 270-2, 274

struggle 65-6, 76, 79, 141-2, 146, 228, 231, 272-4, 276-7, 280

class 132, 248 marginalized people's 35 political 8-9, 132, 142, 146, 234, 272 social 3-4, 8, 132, 142, 147, 195,

234, 272 Sudarshan, R. 6, 103, 153, 167, 228 transformation 20, 36-4, 48, 50, 52-6,

58-9, 61-3, 68, 71-4, 108, 110, 118, 120, 122, 124, 137, 148, 279

performance 36-9, 41-4, 46, 48, 51-2, 55-8

social 1, 3-4, 6-9, 35-44, 48, 50, 56-7, 118, 141-2, 146-7, 153-5, 157, 163, 165, 214-5, 220, 227-8, 233-4, 238-9, 241, 247-51, 253-6, 263, 270, 272, 274-8

tribunal 18, 20, 46, 51, 89, 100, 139, 264, 272

constitutional 8, 102, 137-8, 140, 143, 148-50, 234-5, 238, 241-2, 246, 250

tutela 129, 131-5, 140, 148-50, 177-8, 181, 183-4, 242, 267

see recurso de amparo constitucional o de protección

tyranny 22-3, 75 United Nations 65, 68, 70-2, 229-31

General Assembly 101 UN Committee on Economic, Social

and Cultural Rights 100, 181, 183, 276

UN Committee on the Rights of the Child 172

UN Convention on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

UN Human Development Report 230, 271

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) 230, 251, 271

United Nations World Convenant on Human Rights 67, 86

United States 14, 20, 24, 27, 61, 69-71, 75-6, 78, 83, 94, 175, 191-2, 195, 251, 268, 277

American Founding Fathers 14-5 Congress 17 Constitution 14-5, 17-8, 20, 24-6, 62

republican language (1787) constitutional law 62, 68, 72, 74-6,

175 courts 187, 192, 196 Economic Bill of Rights’ 70 Fourteenth Amendment 17 liberty of contract 17-8 New Deal 20, 25, 69-70, 72, 194-5 rebellion of Shays 24 Supreme Court 17-9, 24, 26, 207,

268 Warren Court 24-5

Unity of Constant Acquisitive Power (UPAC) 136, 144-6 Uprimny Yepes, Rodrigo 5-6, 121, 127,

148, 182, 242 Uruguay 76, 78-9

Index 311

Van-Dúnem, José Octávio Serra 7,

213, 230, 238, 258, 263 victims 7, 45, 48, 66, 91, 100, 140, 162-

3, 171, 176, 179, 281 violence 5, 14, 22, 24, 77, 128, 130, 133,

148, 243, 245, 252, 266, 273 voice 3, 6-7, 36-7, 43-52, 57, 101, 119-

20, 161, 171, 176, 179, 206-7, 217, 220, 226-8, 220, 226, 232, 234-5, 237-40, 245-6, 250, 262-3

institutional 5, 107, 116, 120, 125, 165, 217, 227-8

voicing 42-3, 45

vote 14, 79, 91, 130, 163, 241-2, 252, 257, 277-8

Warren, Earl 24 women 19, 40, 76, 78, 104, 108, 122,

159-60, 162-3, 169, 206, 231, 245, 272-3

workers 19-20, 65, 76, 98, 132-3, 135, 147, 150, 156, 169-70, 173, 184, 189, 200, 206, 211, 218, 246, 248

oclal Transfonna on in ew Democracies Poor?

anal, Public,

from Latin America, Africa, India and Eastern Europe, th ., o COlI s channel for sac; I r n1format lon for ellciuded

'n cant mpOt�ry democracIeS With a focus on SOCial r ghu htlg41tlon

1 0 post·au nori nan r im or In tlle cant at frag i le state control, the contrlbutorl asseu the rol of Jud cl I processes In altenng (or perpetuating) SOCial and economic

lnequahtles and power relations In SOCIety DraWIng on Interd,sc ,plinary e pertlS! In the

fIelds of law. pol ttlcal theory and pol tt lca l Set nee, the chapters add ress theoretical

debates and present empirical case stud ies to eumlOe recent trends J O SOCial r ight!

l it igat Ion.

A tnte�tng volume. whJch bnngs togethH the latest �p on the constItUtional

protection of �lfare rightl A must-read for legal and politlall theorists Interested in Issue as well as ant,-poverty actiV/Sf$ and lawyers

Or eeclle Fabre. London School of EConomiCS, U I(

Rich In rheorer/Cal reflection. empirical � and policy 1ITIP/lCatlOnS. the book reprPSeflts a highJy commeoo.ble contribution to the com� study of democrahz.Jbon, judicUJl

politics and democrattc cttu.nship. Both schol¥s and practffloners w,1I benefit grea IJ from this multi-faceted study.

Or Andr Austria

This book contains detailed analysis of recent e perience In coun tries h re SOCial nd economic interests have bHn enforced through tM courts It s mportM fNdtng 10/

nyane concerned WIth protecting tM b.JSIC needs of the least arN n ged Thomas Pogge. ProfessoMl Researm �Iow, Cent or ApplJ Ph osoph�

and Publl( Etll lts. Australia. The Australian Natlona Un! rstty. Au li . Charles Sturt UnIVerSity, Australia and Onlv rs(ty 0 Me boum . AUstral ia

ThIs impotfant voltJrM focuses on trends In • wide range of key COl.Ultl es where sodal fights ht,gatlOfl has mrie«J recently cJ.wIop«J JOm(' rea' mo tum. ft explores thf! factors behind th� developm«Jts. tracing their orlgms and Institutional traj«t�s. and also consiMrs rhe b�r poIrttca' dynamICS lllVO/ved, rec /zing limitatloru as �I as the potential of thIS approach to SOCIal If)COfpOrat of the poor.

lzM'ence Whiten ad, Fellow t Nuf eld Col lege. Unl rs ity of 0 ford. UI<

I S B N 0 - 7 5 4 6 - 4 7 8 3 - 8

AS H GATE