corrupt cities a guide to cure and prevention

الفساداملدن في

والوقاية للعالج عملي دليل

كليتغارد روبرت أباروا مكلني رونالد باريس ليندزي هـ.

الفساداملدن في

دليل عملي للعالج والوقاية

كليتغارد روبرت أباروا مكلني رونالد باريس ليندزي هـ.

محسن مجد ترجمة:

احلياري ساندرا الترجمة: تدقيق

قائمة احملتويات

مقدمة معهد عّمان للتنمية احلضريةمقدمة معهد البنك الدولي

متهيد

Č 1. خطورة الفسادČ ÝǿǠȑ ɀȽ ǟǽǠƫȿ "ǻǠȆȦȱǟ" ɀȽ Ǡȵ

Č ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȤɅȀȞǩď ȯǠǮȵ

đ ÝȳɀɆȱǟ ǥȁǿǠǣ ǦȱǖȆȵ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǴǤȍǕ ǟǽǠƫē ÝǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ǻɀȾǱ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ ȰȊȦǩ ǟǽǠƫ

2. تطوير االستراتيجيات 13ČĎ ǦɆǝǠȩȿ ǦɆǲɆǩǟȀǪȅǟ ɂȲȝ ȯǠǮȵČĒ ǧǠɆǲɆǩǟȀǪȅɍǟ ȀɅɀȖǩ ǦɆȦɆȭ

Ď. الفساد كنظام 23čĎ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ Ž ǦɅǻǠȎǪȩǟ ǦǣǿǠȪȵ

čĐ ǧǠǣǠȆǵ ǦƹȀǲȭ ǻǠȆȦȱǟčđ ǧǠȅǠɆȆȱǟ ȰɆȲǶǪȱ Ȱȶȝ ǿǠȕǙ

čĔ Ƞȹɀȭ ȠȹɀȽ ɂȲȝ ȰȶȞȱǟ ǿǠȕǙ ȨɆǤȖǩĎč ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ ɂȲȝ ȯǠǮȵ

4. تقييم وضع الفساد 37 ĎĒ ɄȭǿǠȊǪȱǟ ȌɆǺȊǪȱǟ

ĎĒ ÝɄȭǿǠȊǪȱǟ ȌɆǺȊǪȱǟ ɀȽ ǠȵĎē ÝɄȭǿǠȊǪȱǟ ȌɆǺȊǪȱǟ ǒǟȀǱǙ ȸȮƹ ȤɆȭ

ďČ ǦɆȺȦȱǟ ǡǿǠǲǪȱǟȿ ǧǠȅǟǿǼȱǟďĐ ƙȺȕǟɀƫǟȿ ȋǠƪǟ țǠȖȪȱǟ ȫǟȀȉǙ

Ǖ

ɄȲƮ ȨɆǤȖǩ Ļ ɄƫǠȝ ƘȮȦǩ Ļ ǦɆȱɎȪǪȅǟ +Ĕđč đ ďĒ ēĐ ĎĐē ȤǩǠȽ

ȂɆȶǪȲȱ ɄȲǶƫǟ ȜȶǪǲƫǟ ǧǟǿǼȩ ȂɅȂȞǩ +Ĕđč đ ďđ čĔ ČđĐ ȄȭǠȥȷǻǿɉǟ ÛČČČĔČ ȷǠĉȶȝ ÛĔČĐĐ ǡ.ȋ

www.ammaninstitute.org .ȷǠ ĉȶȝ ȰǤǱ ÛČ# ƖǤȵ ÛǠȑǿ ǼɆȉǿ ǼȶƮ țǿǠȉ

ȷǠĉȶȝ ǼȾȞȵ :ȣɎȢȱǟ ȴɆȶȎǩ- ɃǿɀȖȪȱǟ ȸɅǼȱǟ ǒɎȝ :ɄȮɆȥǟȀȢȱǟ ȴɆȶȎǪȱǟ

Ƃȿɉǟ ǦȞǤȖȱǟ .ǦɅȀȒƩǟ ǦɆȶȺǪȲȱ ȷǠ ĉȶȝ ǼȾȞƫ ǦșɀȦƮ ȜɅȁɀǪȱǟȿ ȀȊȺȱǟȿ ǦɆǣȀȞȱǟ ǦƤȀǪȱǟ ȧɀȪǵ ȜɆƤ

ÛɄȖǹ ȷǽǙ ȷȿǻ ȸȵ ȯǠȮȉɉǟ ȸȵ ȰȮȉ Ƀǖǣ ȼǹǠȆȺǪȅǟ ȿǕ ǡǠǪȮȱǟ ǟǾȽ ȸȵ ǒȂǱ ɃǕ ȳǟǼǺǪȅǟ ȁɀƶ ɍ .ǦȵǠƬǟ ȀȊȺȱǟȿ ǧɍǠȪƫǟ Ž ǥȀȎǪǺƫǟ ǧǠȅǠǤǪȩɋǟ ǦȱǠǵ Ž ɍǙ

ǦɆƽǠƬǟ ǦɆȹǻǿɉǟ ǦȮȲȶƫǟǦɆȺȕɀȱǟ ǦǤǪȮƫǟ ǥȀǝǟǻ ɁǼȱ țǟǼɅɋǟ ȴȩǿ

(čċċĔ/Đ/Čēċđ) ɃǕ ȿǕ ǦɆȺȕɀȱǟ ǦǤǪȮƫǟ ǥȀǝǟǻ ɃǕǿ ȸȝ ȤȺȎƫǟ ǟǾȽ ƎȞɅɍȿ ȼȦȺȎȵ ɁɀǪƮ ȸȝ ǦɆȹɀȹǠȪȱǟ ǦɆȱȿǘȆƫǟ ȰȵǠȭ Ȥȱǘƫǟ ȰȶǶǪɅ .

ɁȀǹǕ ǦɆȵɀȮǵ ǦȾǱ

ISBN 978-9957-8646-0-6

Corrupt Cities: A Practical Guide to Cure and Prevention by Robert Klitgaard, Ronald MacLean-Abaroa, and H. Lindsey Parris, Arabic Language Transla-tion Copyright © 2009 by Amman Institute for Urban Development. All Rights Reserved. This Arabic translation of the book is a publication of the Amman Institute for Urban Development, a nonprofit urban think tank. The analyses, conclu-sions, and opinions expresses in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of Amman Institute, or their officers, their direc-tors, or others associated with, or funding their work.

No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner without express written permission, except in the case of brief quotations in critical articles and reviews.

5. تطبيق اإلصالحات 51 ĐČ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ɂȲȝ ǡȀƩǟ ȴɆȚȺǩ

ĐĐ ǼɆȱǟ ȯȿǠȺǪȵ Ž Ɣȱǟ ȼȭǟɀȦȱǟ ȤȖȩ ĐĒ ǦɆǣǠƶǙ Ɂɀȩ Ȝȵ ȤȱǠǶǪȱǟ

Đē ǡǠȪȞȱǟ ȸȵ ǧɎȥɋǟ ǦȥǠȪǭ ȴɆȖƠĐē ƘǤȮȱǟ ȬȶȆȱǟ ɄȲȩ

ĐĔ Ǧǲȑ ǫǟǼǵǙđċ ǦȶȚȹɉǟ ƘɆȢǩ

đď ǠȽǼȑ ȄɆȱȿ ǦɆȕǟȀȩȿƘǤȱǟ Ȝȵ ȰȶȞȱǟđď ŸǠƶǙ Ȁȵǖǣ ǒǼǤȱǟ

đĐ ȂȥǟɀƩǟȿ ǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǟ ɂȲȝ ǼɅǼȊǪȱǟ

6. استنتاجات ومالحظات مفّصلة 71 ĒČ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ɂȲȝ ǦȎǶȦǪȵ ǥȀȚȹ Ēč Ƃȿɉǟ ȁǠǣ ɍ ǦɅǼȲǣ ǦȭȀȞȵ

ĒĎ ȌɆǺȊǪȱǟĒď ǦɆǲɆǩǟȀǪȅɍǟ

ĒĐ ǾɆȦȺǪȱǟ Ēđ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ǧǟɀȖƪ ȌǺȲȵ

ĒĒ ǧǠǵɎȍɋǟ ǦȵǟǻǙ ĒĔ ȂȥǟɀƩǟȿ ǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǟ

ēď ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ Ž ǻǠȆȦȱǟ :امللحقēĐ ǧǟɀȖǹ ȜǣǿǕ ȸȵ ǦȖȆǤȵ ǧǠɅȀǪȊȵ ǦɆȲȶȝ

ēĒ ǥɀȖǹ Ȱȭ ȂĉɆƢ Ɣȱǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ țǟɀȹǕ ēē ǻǠȆȦȲȱ ǦɆǩǟɀƫǟ ȣȿȀȚȱǟ

ēĔ ǥǼȅǠȥ ȷɀȮǩ ȷǕ ȰȶǪƷ Ɣȱǟ ǦȖȊȹɉǟ ɂȲȝ ǧǟȀȉǘȵĔċ ǦɆǱɎȞȱǟ ǧǠȅǠɆȆȱǟ

ĔĐ ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ ɂȲȝ ǦǮɅǼƩǟ ǧǠȅǟǿǼȱǟĔĔ ǥȀȉǠǤƫǟ Ƙȡ ǿǠǭɇǟČċċ ǿǻǠȎƫǟ ǻǼȞǩ

Čċċ ǯǠǲǪǵɍǟ ǧǠɆȱǓČċč ǦɆȵǠǪǹ ǧǠȚǵɎȵ

مالحظات 104

فهرس الكلمات 112

املؤلفون 116

قائمة املربعات

č ȷǼƫǟ ƙǣ ǧȿǠȦǪȱǟ ȯȿɉǟ ȜǣȀƫǟĔ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ȳǼȞȱ ǥǿƎȵ Ƙȡ ǿǟǾȝǕ ǦȞǤȅ ƆǠǮȱǟ ȜǣȀƫǟ

Čđ Ƞȹɀȭ ȠȹɀȽ ǦɆǲɆǩǟȀǪȅǟ Ž ǦɆȆɆǝȀȱǟ Ǣȹǟɀƨǟ ǬȱǠǮȱǟ ȜǣȀƫǟčĒ ǧǠȅǠɆȆȱǟ ȰɆȲǶǪȱ Ȱȶȝ ǿǠȕǙ :ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ǦɅǠȩɀȱǟ ȜǣǟȀȱǟ ȜǣȀƫǟĎċ Ƞȹɀȭ ȠȹɀȽ Ž ȨǤȖƫǟ ǧǠȅǠɆȆȱǟ ȰɆȲƠ Ȱȶȝ ǿǠȕǙ ȄȵǠƪǟ ȜǣȀƫǟ

Ďč ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ ǧǠɆȲȶȝ Ž ǘȕǟɀǪȱǟ ȸȝ țǻȀȱǟ ǦɆȲȶȝ Ž ȨĉǤȖƫǟ ǧǠȅǠɆȆȱǟ ȰɆȲƠ Ȱȶȝ ǿǠȕǙ ȃǻǠȆȱǟ ȜǣȀƫǟďċ ČĔēĐ ÛȁǠǣɍ ǦɅǼȲǣ Ž ɄȭǿǠȊǪȱǟ ȌɆǺȊǪȱǟ ȜǣǠȆȱǟ ȜǣȀƫǟ

ďč ƙɆǱǿǠƪǟ ȸɅǿǠȊǪȆƫǟ ǠɅǟȂȵ ȐȞǣ ȸȵǠǮȱǟ ȜǣȀƫǟďĎ ȂȥǟɀƩǟ ǦȶȚȹǕ ɂȲȝ ǡǿǠǲǪȲȱ ȃǠȅǖȭ ƙȲȵǠȞȲȱ ǥȀȭǾȵ ǯǽɀƴ ȜȅǠǪȱǟ ȜǣȀƫǟ

ďĎ ȂȥǟɀƩǟ ǦȶȚȹɊȱ ǧǠǵɎȍǙ ȴɆȶȎǩ Ž ǥǼȝǠȆȶȲȱ ǦɆȺȥ ǧǠȅǟǿǻ ɂȲȝ ǦȲǮȵǕ ȀȉǠȞȱǟ ȜǣȀƫǟďď "ǻǠȆȦȲȱ ǦɆȲǣǠȪȱǟ ȴɆɆȪǩ"øȱ ȀȎǪƯ ȔȖƯ ȀȊȝ ɃǻǠƩǟ ȜǣȀƫǟďđ ǿɀȱǠȢȺǣ Ž ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǧǠȵǼǹ ȴɆɆȪǩ ǯǽɀƴ ȀȊȝ ƆǠǮȱǟ ȜǣȀƫǟ

Đč ȫǿɀɅɀɆȹ ǦȺɅǼȵ Ž ȃǿǟǼƫǟ ǒǠȺǣ Ž ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮƫ ȰȪǪȆȵ ǢǪȮȵ ȀȊȝ ǬȱǠǮȱǟ ȜǣȀƫǟđČ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ȰɆȲȪǪȱǟ Ž ǼȝǠȆǩ Ǽȩ Ɣȱǟ ǥǼɅǼƨǟ ƙȹǟɀȪȱǟ ȐȞǣ ȀȊȝ ȜǣǟȀȱǟ ȜǣȀƫǟ

đĎ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ǦɅǠȩɀȱǟ Ž ǼȝǠȆɅ ƙȺȕǟɀƫǟ ȰɆȱǻ ȀȊȝ ȄȵǠƪǟ ȜǣȀƫǟđđ ȂȥǟɀƩǟ ǧǠǵɎȍɋ ǦɆȲȶȞȱǟ ǴǝǠȎȺȱǟ ȐȞǣ ȀȊȝ ȃǻǠȆȱǟ ȜǣȀƫǟ

Ēđ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ǦɅǠȩɀȲȱ ǦǵȀǪȪȵ ǧǟɀȖǹ ȀȊȝ ȜǣǠȆȱǟ ȜǣȀƫǟ

امللحق

ēđ ƙɆȵɀȮƩǟ ƙȱȿǘȆȶȲȱ Ȱȶȝ ǿǠȕǙ :ǻǠȆȦȱǟȿ ǒǟȀȊȱǟ ǦɆȲȶȝ ȯȿɉǟ ȜǣȀƫǟ

ĔČ ɄȆȥǠȺǪȱǟ ǯǽɀȶȺȱǟ ȴȖǶǪɅ ǠȵǼȺȝ ƆǠǮȱǟ ȜǣȀƫǟ

ǡ

ǧ

قائمة احملتويات

مقدمة معهــد عمـان

للتنمية احلضرية

ȧȀȊȱǟ ǦȪȖȺȵ Ž Ȭȱǽ ɂȲƟȿ ÛɄȑǠƫǟ ȷȀȪȱǟ Ž țǿǠȆǪȵ ȰȮȊǣ ɀȶȺȱǟȿ ǫǟǼǶǪȅɋǠǣ ȷǼƫǟ ǧǾǹǕ ȴǲǵ ǢȆǵ Û ǠőǟǼɆȪȞǩ Ž ǧȿǠȦǪǩ ı ǦɅȀȒǵ ǦɆȶȭǠǵ Ȱș Ž ȷǼƫǟ Ž ȈɆȞȱǟ ȷǙ .ǼɅǼǶǪȱǠǣ Ȕȅȿɉǟ ..(ǦȺɅǼƫǟ Ƃǟ ǥȀǲƬǟ ) ǠȾɆȱǟ ǥȀǲȾȲȱ ȷǠȮȆȱǟ ȸȵ ǟƘǤȭ ǟǻǼȝ ǡǾǪǱǟ - ƀǟ ... ǠŒǠȮȅ ǦȥǠǮȭȿ ǦȺɅǼƫǟ ǥǿǟǻǙ Ž ȼȾǱǟɀȹ ɃǾȱǟ ɃǼǶǪȱǟ ȷǚȥ ÛǠȺȽ ȸȵȿ .ȷǼƫǟ ǥǿǟǻɋ ǦɆȅǠɆȅ ǦȲɆȅȿ ǦɆȶȭǠƩǟ ȳɀȾȦȵ ǴǤȍǕȿ ɄȊɆȞƫǟ ɁɀǪȆƫǠǣ ɄȪǩȀǩ Ɣȱǟ ǦȥǠȦȊȱǟȿ ǥǼɆȉȀȱǟ ǦɆȶȭǠƩǟ Ƃǟ ȯɀȍɀȱǠǣ ȔǤǩȀȵ ÛǦȹȿɇǟ ȻǾȽ Ž ÛȷǼƫǟ

ǧǠȪɆȞƫǟ ƎȭǕ ǼǵǕ ȀȮȺɅ ȷǕ ȷǠȭ Ƀɉ ȸȮƹ ɍȿ .ȴƬ ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ȜȥǠȺƫǟ ȴȚȝǕ ȨȪƠȿ Û ÛȷǼƫǟ Ž ƙȺȕǟɀȶȲȱ.ȼȱǠȮȉǕ ȜɆȶƛ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ɀȽȿ ɍǕ ÛǟǾȽ ǠȺȥǼȽ ȨɆȪƠ ȳǠȵǕ

ǠȺȭǿǠȊɅȿ .ǦɆǱɎȝ ȿǕ ǦɆȎɆǺȊǩ ǨȹǠȭǕ ǒǟɀȅ ǧǠɅɀǪȆȵ ǥǼȝ ɂȲȝ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ țɀȑɀȵ ǡǠǪȮȱǟ ǟǾȽ ȰȲƷ ȻǾȽ ȴȮȭǿǠȊȹ ǠȹǿȿǼǣ ȸƲȿ .ƁǠȞȱǟ ǟǾȽ Ž ǦȦȲǪƯ țǠȪǣ Ž ȷǼȵ ǥǼȝ ȸȵ ȌȎȪǣ ǦȪȲȞǪȵ ǥǼȝ ǦȲǮȵǖǣ ÛǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȷȿǘȊȱǠǣ ƙȲȵǠȞȱǟ ȸȵ ǥƘǤȭȿ ǦȞȅǟȿ ǥǼȝǠȩ Ƃǟ ȰȎȺȱ (ǦɆǣȀȞȱǟ) ȳɉǟ ǠȺǪȢȲǣ ȌȎȪȱǟȿ ǡǿǠǲǪȱǟ

.ȼȶĉɆȪǩȿ ǠȽǒǟǻǕ ǢȩǟȀǩ Ɣȱǟ ǧǠȾƨǟ ȬȲǩȿ ȷǼƫǟ ǧǟǿǟǻǙȿ

ǦȶȾƫǟ ȣȀȉ ȬȱǾǣ ƙȪȪƮ ÛȰȶȭɍǟ ȼǱɀȱǟ ɂȲȝ ǠȺǣ ǦȕɀȺƫǟ ǧǠȶȾƫǟ ǾɆȦȺǩ Ž ȴȽǠȆȹ ȷǟ Ȱȵɍǟ ǠȹȿǼƷȿ .ȸȕǟɀƫǟȿ ȸȕɀȱǟ ǦȵǼƪ Ǡŏ ǠȺȦȲȭ Ɣȱǟ

ƆǠȞƫǟ ȀȶȝȷǠȶȝ ǼȾȞȵ ǥǿǟǻǙ ȄȲƭ ȄɆǝǿȷǠȶȝ ƙȵǕ

ǫ

نبذة عن معهــد عمـان للتنميــة احلضــريــة

Ž ȂɆȶǪȲȱ ɄƫǠȝ ȂȭȀȶȭ ȰȶȞǩ ǦɆƜǿ Ƙȡ ǦȶȚȺȶȭ čċċē ȳǠȝ ǦɅȀȒƩǟ ǦɆȶȺǪȲȱ ȷǠ ĉȶȝ ǼȾȞȵ Ȅȅǖøǩ ǼȾȞƫǟ ǦȶȾȵ ȳɀȪǩ ȿ .ǠȾɆȱǟ ǒǠȶǪȹɍǟȿ ÛǠőǻǠɆȩ ÛǠőǿǟǻǟ ÛȷǼƫǟ ȔɆȖơ Ȭȱǽ Ž Ǡƞ ÛǦɅȀȒƩǟ ǦɆȶȭǠƩǟ ȯǠƭ .ǰȵǟƎȱǟ ȿ ǧǠȵǼƪǟ ȸȵ ǦȝɀȺǪȵ Ǧȝɀȶƭ Ƙȥɀǩ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ȧɀȦǪȱǟ ȸȵ ɂȲȝ ǦɆȲǶƫǟ ǧǠȞȶǪǲƫǟ ƙȮƢ ɂȲȝ ȂǝǟɀǱ ǥǼȝ ɂȲȝȁǠǵ ɃǾȱǟ ȿ ƃɀȶȊȱǟ ȷǠȶȝ ȔȖƯ ȼȪȪǵ ɃǾȱǟ ƘǤȮȱǟ ǳǠǲȺȱǟ ǼȞǣ ǼȾȞƫǟ ǥȀȮȥ ǨȞǤȹ

ǦɅȀȊǤȱǟǿǻǟɀȮȱǟ ǖȦȭǕ ǼȾȞƫǟ ȸȒǪƷȿ .ɁȀǹǕ ǦɆȹǻǿǕ ȷǼȵ ǥǼȝ ȔɆȖơ ǦȶȾƞ ȳǠɆȪȲȱ ȼȲ ĆȽǕ Ǡư ǦɆƫǠȝ ȴɆȶȎǪȱǟȿ ȔɆȖǺǪȱǟȿ ɄȲǶƫǟ ǻǠȎǪȩɍǟ ÛȳǠȞȱǟ ȰȪȺȱǟ ÛȷǼƫǟ ȔɆȖơ ÛǦɅȀȒƩǟ ǦɆȶȺǪȱǟ ǧɍǠƭ Ž ǦɆȲǶƫǟ

..ǦȺɅǼƫǟȿ ȜȶǪǲƫǟ ɀƲ ȴȾǤǱǟɀǣ ȷǠƹɍǟȿ ÛƘɆȢǪȱǟ ǦɆȹǠȮȵǠǣ ǦȪǮȱǟ ɀȽ ȷǠȶȝ ǼȾȞȵ ǥȀȅǕ ȂɆƹ Ǡȵ ....ɃȀȒƩǟ

:ǠƵ ƙȆɆǝǿ ȸɅǿɀƮ ȯɀǵ ǼȾȞƫǟ ǰȵǟȀǣ ȿ ǧǠȵǼǹ ǿɀǶȶǪǩ

ǧǟǽ ȜɆȑǟɀȵ ǥǼȝ ȯɀǵ ɄƜǿɎȱǟ ȿ ȋǠƪǟ ȿ ȳǠȞȱǟ țǠȖȪȱǟ ȸȵ ǒɎȶȞȲȱ :ǦɅǿǠȊǪȅɍǟ ǧǠȵǼƪǟ :ăɍȿǕ ï .ǦɅȀȒƩǟ ǦɆȶȺǪȱǠǣ ǦȩɎȝ

ɄȲǶƫǟ ȜȶǪǲƫǟ ǦȭǿǠȊȵ ȂɅȂȞǩ ȣǼŏ ǦȦȲǪƯ ǧǠɆȱǠȞȥ ȴɆȚȺǩ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ :ȰȍǟɀǪȱǟ ȿ ǫɀǶǤȱǟ :ƾɆȹǠǭ ï ȀȊȺǣ ǼȾȞƫǟ ȳɀȪɅ Ǡȶȭ .ǦȵǟǼǪȆƫǟ ǦɆȶȺǪȱǟȿ ɃȀȒƩǟ ȔɆȖǺǪȱǟȿ ǦɆȶȭǠƩǟ ȴɆȽǠȦȵ ȨɆȶȞǪȱȿ ǿǟȀȪȱǟ ȜȺȍ Ž ȣǼő ǦȦȲǪƯ ǢɅǿǼǩ ǰȵǟȀǣ ƘȥɀǪǣ ǠȒɅǕȿ .ǦɅȂɆȲƱɍǟ ȿ ǦɆǣȀȞȱǟ ƙǪȢȲȱǠǣ ǧǟǿɀȊȺƫǟ ȿ ǫɀǶǤȱǟ ȜɅȁɀǩ ȿ ǦɆȲǶƫǟ ǧǠȞȵǠƨǟ Ȝȵ ȷȿǠȞǪȱǠǣ ȿ ǦɆȲǶƫǟ ǧǠȆȅǘƫǟ Ž ǦɅȀȊǤȱǟ ǧǠȩǠȖȱǟ ȿ ǧǟǿǼȪȱǟ ȂɅȂȞǩ ȿ ǦɆȶȺǩ Ƃǟ

.ǦɆƫǠȞȱǟȿ ǦɆȶɆȲȩɍǟȿ

ǯ

مقدمة البنك الدولي

ɁɀǪȆƫǟ ɂȲȝ ɄȕǟȀȪƹǼȱǟ ȴȮƩǟ ȯǠȮȉǕȿ ǦȱǒǠȆƫǟȿ ǦɅȂȭȀȵɎȱǟ ɀƲ ȫȀǶǪȱǟ Ž ǼɅǟȂǪȵ ȴǹȁ ȫǠȺȽ ǢɅɀȎǩ ƂǙ ǦǱǠƩǟȿ ǻǠȆȦȲȱ ǦȲǝǠƬǟ ȤɆȱǠȮǪȲȱ Ǵȑǟȿ ȫǟǿǻǙ ȫǠȺȽ ǴǤȍǕ ÛȧǠɆȆȱǟ ǟǾȽ Žȿ .ɄȲǶƫǟ

ǒɀȆȱ ǦȲȍǖǪƫǟ ȏǟȀȝɉǟ ȸȵ ɀȽ ǻǠȆȦȱǟȿ .ȷɀɆȵɀȮƩǟ ȷɀȱȿǘȆƫǟ ǠȾǤȮǩȀɅ Ɣȱǟ ȷɀȹǠȪȲȱ ǦɆȥǠȺƫǟ ȯǠȞȥɉǟ ɁȿǠȉǿȿ ǦȱǠȞȦȱǟ Ƙȡ ǼǝǟɀȞȱǟ ȰɆȎƠ ǧǠȆȅǘȵȿ ɄȵɀȮƩǟ ƙǩȿȀȱǟȿ ǥǠǣǠǶƫǟ Ž ƾǤȱǠȡ ȄȮȞȺɅ ȴȮƩǟ

ȷɀɆȲǶƫǟ ȷɀȱȿǘȆƫǟ ȷɀȮɅ ǠȵǼȺȝ ȸȮȱ .ǦȺɅǼƫǟ ȷǠȮȆȱ ǧǠȵǼƪǟ ƇǼȪǩ ȳǼȝȿ ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ Ž ȧǠȖȺȱǟ ǦȞȅǟȿ ȷǕ ǿǟȀȪȱǟ ȜȺȍ ǦɆȲȶȞȱ ȸȮƹ ÛƙȺȕǟɀƫǟ ȰǤȩ ȸȵ ǦȱǒǠȆȶȲȱ ƙȞȑǠǹ ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ǻǿǟɀƫǠǣ ȣȀȎǪȱǠǣ ȷɀȱɀǺƫǟ

ǳɎȍɋ ǦɆȝȀȥ ǦɆȺȕȿ ǦɆǲɆǩǟȀǪȅǟ ǥȂɆȭǿ ȷɀȮǩ ȷǕ ǦɆȭǿǠȊǪȱǟ ǦɆȲȶȞȲȱ ȸȮƹ ÛȰǣǠȪƫǠǣȿ .ǦɆȭǿǠȊǩ ǴǤ ĆȎǩ.ȷǼƫǟ ȷǠȮȅ ȻǠȥǿ ƙȆƠȿ "ǦȒɅȀƫǟ" ǧǠȆȅǘƫǟ

ǦɅǼɆȲȪǩȿ ǦɆƸǿǠǩ ǧǠȩǠɆȅ ȯȿǠȺǪɅ ȼȹǕ ǬɆǵ ÛǒɂȉǠȺȱǟ ȯǠǲƫǟ ǟǾȽ Ž ǦȶȾȵ ǦƵǠȆȵ ȷǼƫǟ Ž ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ƎǪȞćɅ Ǧȝɀȶƭȿ ǦɆȲȶȝ ăɍɀȲǵ ǡǠǪȮȱǟ ǟǾȽ ȳ ĉǼȪɅ Ûȼǩǟǽ Ǩȩɀȱǟ Ž .ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǻɀǱȿ ɂȲȝ ǦɆǤȲȅ ǦȪɅȀȖǣ ȂȦƠ ǦɆȥǠȪǭȿ ǧɍǠǵ ȷɀȦȱǘƫǟ ȏȀȞɅȿ .ȯǠȞȦȱǟ ɄȲǶƫǟ ȴȮƩǟ ɀƲȿ ȴȮƩǟ ǒɀȅ ȸȝ ƿǼɆȞǣ ƾȪɅȀȕ ȨȊǩ Ɣȱǟ ȂȥǟɀƩǟ ȸȵ ǧǠǵɎȍǙ ƂǙ ȰǹǼȵ Ɂɀȅ ǨȆɆȱ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ȷǕ ɂȲȝ ǼɅǼȊǪȱǟ ȰǱǕ ȸȵ ȰȊȦȱǟȿ ǳǠǲȺȲȱ ǦɆȅǟǿǻ

ǦɆȞȶǪǲƫǟ ǧǠȝɀȶǲƫǟȿ ƙɆȲǶƫǟ ƙǶȲȎȶȲȱ ăɎɆȱǻ ȬȱǾȭ ǡǠǪȮȱǟ ƎǪȞćɅȿ .ȳǠȞȱǟ țǠȖȪȱǟ Ž ȨȶȝǕ ǳɎȍǙȿ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮƫ ǦɆȲȶȝ ǧǠɆǲɆǩǟȀǪȅǟ ǫǟǼǶǪȅǟ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ǥǼȅǠȦȱǟ ǦȶȚȹɉǟ ƘɆȢǩ ɂȲȝ ǦȶȶȎƫǟ

ǦȶȚȹǕȿ ÛǦɆȱǠƫǟ ǧɎɅɀǶǪȱǟ Ȭȱǽ Ž Ǡƞ ÛǦɆȲȶȝ ƾǱɀŒȿ ǧǟȿǻǕ ȏȀȞǪȆɅ ȼȹǕ Ǡȶȭ ÛǦɆȲǶƫǟ ǧǠȆȅǘƫǟ ÛǦɆȎɆǺȊǩ ǧǠȅǟǿǻȿ ÛǒǟȀȊȱǟ ǦɆȲȶȝ ƙȆǶǪȱ ǦȖ ĉȆǤȵ Ǽȝǟɀȩȿ ÛǦȵǠȞȱǟ ǧǠȪȦȺȱǟȿ ǼǝǟɀȞȱǟ ȜǤǪǪȱ ǧǠȵɀȲȞȵ

.ǠȾǪǤȩǟȀȵȿ ǦɆȲǶƫǟ ǧǠɆȹǟȂɆƫǟ ȀɅɀȖǪȱ ǦɆȭǿǠȊǩ ǢɆȱǠȅǕȿ

ǦȞȑǠǹȿ ǦȥǠȦȉȿ ǦȱǠȞȥ ǦȶȚȹǕ ǒǠȺǤȱ ǥȀȮǪǤȵ ȰǤȅ ȀɅɀȖǩ Ž ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȼǱǟɀɅ ɃǾȱǟ ɃǼǶǪȱǟ ȸȶȮɅ ÛɄȲȶȝȿ ɃǿɀȎǩ Ȱȶȝ ǿǠȕǙ ȳǼȪɅȿ ÛǦȶȚȺȵ ǦȪɅȀȖǣ ǧǟǿǠȮǪǣɍǟ ȻǾȽ ƙǣ ǡǠǪȮȱǟ Ȝȶƶȿ .ǦȱǒǠȆȶȲȱ

ǠȺȹǕ Ǡȶȭ .ȁǠǣɍȿ Ƞȹɀȭ ȠȹɀȽ ȰǮȵ ÛǦȦȲǪƯ ȯȿǻ ȸȵ ǦȅɀȶȲȵ ǦȲǮȵǕ ɂȲȝ ƗǤȵ ɄƫǠȝ ǿɀȚȺȵ ƂǙ ǦȥǠȑɋǠǣ ÛǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ ɁɀǪȆȵ ɂȲȝ ǠȽǾɆȦȺǩȿ ǧǠȅǠɆȆȱǟ ȴɆȶȎǪȱ Ȱȶȝ ǿǠȕǙ Ȝȑȿ ǦɆȦɆȭ ɂȲȝ ȼȱɎǹ ȸȵ ȣĉȀȞǪȹ ȸȵ ǼɅȂƫǟ ǟǾȽ ȰȶȞȱǟ ǿǠȕǙ ȂĉȦƷ ȷǕ ȏȀǪȦƫǟ ȸȵ ǬɆǵ Ûǥǿǟǻɋǟ Ž ǦǮɅǼǵ ƘȮȦǩ ǰȽǠȺȵ ƂǙ ǻǠȺǪȅɍǠǣ

.ǦɆȞȶǪǲƫǟ ǧǠȝɀȶǲƫǟȿ ƙȵǠȞȱǟ ƙǶȲȎƫǟ ȸȵ Ȱȭ ƙǣ ȀȮǪǤƫǟ ȰȶȞȱǟȿ ƘȮȦǪȱǟ

ƃȿǼȱǟ ȬȺǤȱǟ ǼȾȞȵ ȷǚȥ ÛǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ǳɎȍɋǟȿ ǦɆȵǠȮƩǟȿ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮƫ ǦɆƫǠȞȱǟ ȼƭǟȀǣ ȸȵ ǒȂǲȭ ƂǙ ȰȎǩ ǰȵǟƎȱǟ ȻǾȽ ȷǕ ȀȭǾćɅȿ .ǦɆȩǟǼȎȵ ǧǟǽȿ ǦȥǠȦȉ ǧǠɅǼȲǣ ǒǠȊȹǙ ǦɆȦɆȭ ȯɀǵ ȃȿǿǼȱǟ ȀȊȺɅȿ ȴĉȲȞǪɅ ǨǶǤȍǕ Ǽȩȿ .ƁǠȞȱǟ ȯɀǵ ȯȿǼȱǟ ǧǟȀȊȝ Ž ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ǒǟǿǼƫǟ ȴȾɆȥ ȸƞ ÛȃǠȺȱǟ ȸȵ ǼɅǟȂǪȵȿ ƘǤȭ ǻǼȝ ƙɅǾɆȦȺǪȱǟ ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟ Ȝȵ ǦȥȀȞƫǟ ȫćǿǠȊǩ ǰŒ ȸȵ ǕȂǲǪɅ ɍ ƿǒȂǱ ȰȞȦȱǠǣ ǡǠǪȮȱǟ Ž ǦȺĉɆǤƫǟ ȰȶȞȱǟ ǢɆȱǠȅǕ ȸȵ ȴȡȀȱǟ ɂȲȝ ȼȹǕ ƃȿǼȱǟ ȬȺǤȱǟ ǼȾȞȵ ǧǟǿȿǻ Ž ƙȭǿǠȊƫǟ ȸȵȿ ǡǠǪȮȱǟ ǟǾȽ ȸȵ ȴȲȞǪȹ .ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ƾǲŒ ǢȲȖǪǩ ǠȾȺȵ ǥǼǵǟȿ Ȱȭ ȷǚȥ ÛǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǠȾȾǱǟɀǩ Ɣȱǟ ǧǠɅǼǶǪȱǟȿ ȰȭǠȊƫǟ ƙǣ Ǵȑǟɀȱǟ ȼǣǠȊǪȱǟ

.ɁȀǹɉ ǦɅǼȲǣ ȸȵ ȏǿɉǟ ɂȲȝ ɄȲȞȦȱǟ Ȝȩǟɀȱǟ ȣɎǪǹǟ Ȼǻ ĉǼƷ ƾȍǠǹ

ȰȮȊǣ ǻǠȞǪǣɍǟ ƾǤȱǠȡ ɃǿȿȀȒȱǟ ȸȵ ȷǚȥ ÛǦȶǝǟǻȿ ǦȅɀȶȲȵ ǰǝǠǪȹ ƂǙ ȰȍɀǪȱǟ ȰǱǕ ȸȵ ȼȹǕ ȴȲȞǪȹ ǠȺȹǕ Ǡȶȭ ƙȺȕǟɀƫǟ ǧɀȍȿ ǦɅɀȪȱǟ ǦɆȅǠɆȆȱǟ ǥǻǟǿɋǟ ȁƎǩ ÛȧǠɆȆȱǟ ǟǾȽ Žȿ .ȰȶȞȲȱ ǦɅǼɆȲȪǪȱǟ ȧȀȖȱǟ ȸȝ ǒɃȀǱ

ȷǠȭ ǬɆǵȿ .ǳǠǲȺȲȱ ǦɅǿɀƮ ȀȍǠȺȞȭ ǦɆȞȩǟɀȱǟ ɁǼƫǟ ǦȲɅɀȕ ǾɆȦȺǪȱǟ ǧǠɆǲɆǩǟȀǪȅǟȿ ȴǝɎƫǟ ƗȦȱǟ ȴȝǼȱǟȿ ǰȵǟƎȱ ȀɅɀȖǩ Ȝȵ) ǥƘȺǪȆȵ ǦȥȀȞȵ :ǦǪȥɍ ǰǝǠǪȹ Ȝȩɀǩ ȷǠȮȵɋǠǣ ȷǚȥ ÛǦȦȲǪǺƫǟ ȰȵǟɀȞȱǟ ƙǣ ȰȵǠȮǩ ȫǠȺȽ

ǥǻǠɆȩȿ ÛɄȝǠȶƨǟ ȫȀǶǪȱǟ ȣǼŏ ǧǠȦȱǠƠ ǒǠȺǣȿ Û(ǿǠȕǙ Ȱȭ Ž ǦȪȶȞȵ ǦɆǤɅȀƟ ƙȽǟȀǣ ƂǙ ǻǠȺǪȅɍǠǣ ȰȶȞȱǟ ǳɎȍɋ Ǧǵɀȶȕ ǰȵǟȀǣ ǦȵǟǻǙȿ ǾɆȦȺǩ ɂȲȝ ȰȶȞǩ Ɣȱǟ ǧǠɅǼȲǤȲȱ ȸȮƹ .ɄȲǶƫǟ ɁɀǪȆƫǟ ɂȲȝ ǦȥǠȦȉ ǦɆȅǠɆȅ ǠőǠȭǠƮ ȴǪɆȱ ǦɆȱǠǮƫǟ ǧǠȅǿǠȶȶȲȱ ǯǽǠƴ ƂǙ ȯĉɀǶǪȱǟȿ ÛǦɅȀȊǤȱǟȿ ǦɆȱǠƫǟ ǻǿǟɀƫǟ ǡǟǾǪǱǟ ȜȩɀǪǩ ȷǕ ȴȮƩǟ ȴȚȹ

.ƁǠȞȱǟ ǒǠƲǕ Ɠȉ Ž

ȷǠȶȥȿǠȭ ȰɆȹǟǻ ɄȆɆǝǿ ȀɅǼȵǦɆȱǠƫǟȿ ȴɆȚȺǪȱǟȿ ǦɆȶȭǠƩǟ ȴȆȩƃȿǼȱǟ ȬȺǤȱǟ ǼȾȞȵ

مقدمة البنك الدولي

ǳ

Ƿ

تقدمي

ȃǠȺȱǟ ǦȪǭ ȁȂȞǩȿ ÛǧǠȵǼƪǟ ƇǼȪǩ ǦɆȲȶȝ ƙȆƠȿ ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ǽǝǟɀȝ ǥǻǠɅȁ Ž ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ǼȝǠȆǩ ƙȺȕǟɀƫǟ ǥǼȝǠȆƫ ȴȶȎȵ ǡǠǪȮȱǟ ǟǾȽ .ǧǠǣǠǺǪȹɍǟ Ž ȁɀȦȱǟ ɂȲȝ ƙǶȉȀƫǟ ǼȝǠȆǩȿ ÛȴȾǪȭǿǠȊȵȿ

ǦȝȿȀȊƫǟ Ƙȡȿ ǥǼȅǠȦȱǟ ǧǠɆȭɀȲȆȱǟ ȸȵ ǦȦȲǪǺƫǟ ȯǠȮȉɉǟ ȌɆǺȊǩ ɂȲȝ ȳǠȞȱǟ țǠȖȪȱǟ Ž ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟȿ ȸȵ ȰɆȲȩ ǻǼȞȱ ɃǻȀȦȱǟ ȓǠȊȺȱǟ ȸȵ ăɍǼǣ ȴȚȺƫǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ɂȲȝ ȂȭȀɅ ɀȽȿ ÛǠȾǪǶȥǠȮȵȿ ǠȾɆȥ ȨɆȪǶǪȱǟȿ ȰȮȊǣ ȂȭȀǩ Ɣȱǟ ǧɎȶƩǟ ȸȵ ăɍǼǣ ǦɆǝǠȩɀȱǟ ƘǣǟǼǪȱǟ ɂȲȝ ǻǼȊɅȿ ÛȷɀȹǠȪȱǟ ȷɀȩȀƸ ȸɅǾȱǟ ȋǠǺȉɉǟ

ÛǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȯɀǵ ǦɆȦȍɀȱǟ ǫɀǶǤȱǟ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ ȸȵ ȄȮȞȱǟ ɂȲȝȿ .ɄȩɎǹɉǟ Șȝɀȱǟ ȿǕ ǡǠȪȞȱǟ ɂȲȝ ɄȅǠȅǕ.ȷǖȊȱǟ ǟǾȽ Ž ǦɆȲȶȞȱǟ ǧǟɀȖƪǟ ɂȲȝ ǡǠǪȮȱǟ ǟǾȽ ȂȭȀɅ

ȜɆȑǟɀƫǟ ȸȵ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȷɀȭ ȸȵ ȴȡȀȱǟ ɂȲȞȥ ÛǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮƫ ǦǶǱǠȹ ǧǠɆǲɆǩǟȀǪȅɍ ǦȲǮȵǕ ǡǠǪȮȱǟ ȳ ĉǼȪɅ ȰȮȊǣ ǦǣɀȆƮ ǦɆǲɆǩǟȀǪȅǟ ǢȲȖǪǩ ȼǪǶȥǠȮȵ ȷǕ ĉɍǙ ÛǦɆȩɎǹɉǟ ȀȝǠȊƫǟȿ ǦɅɀȪȱǟ ǒǟǿɇǟ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ ƘǮǩ Ɣȱǟ ǟǾȽ ɂȲȝȿ ÛǠőǿǟǻǙ ǯɀŒ ȿǕ ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǧǠȅǠɆȅ Ž ȀǹǓ ɄȆɆǝǿ ƘɆȢǩ ɃǕ ȷǖȉ ǠŒǖȉ ȤȕǟɀȞȱǟ ȸȝ ǼɆȞǣ ɁĉǻǕ ɀȱ ȷɀȮɆȱ ȷǠȭ Ǡȵ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȷǖǣ ȯɀȪȱǟȿ ǥǻǼȊǪƫǟ ǦɆȹɀȹǠȪȱǟ ǧǠȝƕȱǟȿ Șȝɀȱǟ ɁĉǼȞǪǩ ȷǕ ǦɆǲɆǩǟȀǪȅɍǟ.ǥǼɅǼǱ ǦȞǱǟȀȵ ǧǠɅɀǪȆȵȿ ǦȶȚȹǕȿ ƙȹǟɀȩ ǫǟǼǶǪȅǟ ɀƲ ȰɆƫǟ ȁȿǠǲǪǩ ȷǕȿ ÛȼǩǠǤǱǟȿ ǠȺȵ Ǽǵǟȿ Ȱȭ

ǦɆȅǠɆȆȱǟ ǥɍǠǤȵɎȱǠǣ ȤȎǪǩ Ǽȩ Ɣȱǟ ǦǤȞȎȱǟ ǧǠȩǠɆȆȱǟ Ž ǾɆȦȺǪȱǟ ȯɀǵ ǧǠǵǟȀǪȩǟ ǡǠǪȮȱǟ ȳ ĉǼȪɅ Ǡȶȭ ǼɅǼȞȱǟ ɂȲȝ ƾȒɅǕ ǡǠǪȮȱǟ ȰȶǪȊɅȿ .ƙȺȕǟɀƫǟ ȴȝǻ ǼȊǵ ǼȞǣ ȴǪɅ Ɓ ǬɆǵȿ ɄȕǟȀȩȿƘǤȱǟ ǿɀȎȪȱǟȿ ƂǙ ǥǿǠȉɋǟ Ǣƶ ȸȮȱ ÛǒǟǿǼƫǟȿ ǧǠȅǠɆȆȱǟ ɄȞȑǟȿ ȂȦƠ ȷǕ Ȱȵǖȹ Ɣȱǟ ȰȶȞȱǟȿ ȰɆȲǶǪȲȱ Ȁȕɉǟ ȸȵ

ǿǠǤȮȱǟ ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟȿ ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȄȱǠƭ ǒǠȒȝǕȿ ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǒǠȅǗǿ ɂȲȝ ƘȊǩ ǠŒǕ ɄȝĉǼǩ ɍ Ȁȕɉǟ ȻǾȽ ȷǕ ȿǕ ǠƬǠǹǻǙ ȴȾɆȲȝ Ɣȱǟ ǦȶȚȹɉǟ ȿǕ ǠȽƘɆȢǩ ȴȾɆȲȝ Ɣȱǟ ǧǠȅǠɆȆȱǟ ȿǕ ǠȽǽǠơǟ ȴȾɆȲȝ Ɣȱǟ ǧǟɀȖƪǠǣ ǠȾɆȥ .ǦɅǟǼǤȱǟ Ž ǠȾȞȵ ȰȵǠȞǪȱǟ ȴȾɆȲȝ Ɣȱǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȯǠȮȉǕ Ɠǵ ȿǕ ȴȾȲȎȥ ȿǕ ȴȾȺɆɆȞǩ ȴȾɆȲȝ ȸɅǾȱǟ ȋǠǺȉɉǟ Ǣƶ Ȱǣ ÛȤȩǟɀƫǟȿ țǠȑȿɉǟ ǦȥǠȭ Ž ǠȾȪɆǤȖǩ ȸȮƹ ǦȦȍȿ Ȱ ĉȮȊǩ ɍ ǥǿɀȭǾƫǟ ǦȲǮȵɉǟȿ ǧǟǻǠȉǿɋǟȿ

.ǥǼǵ ɂȲȝ Ȝȑȿ Ȱȭ ǦɆȍɀȎǹ Ȝȵ ȴǲȆȺǩ ǬɆƜ ǠȽƘɆȢǩȿ ǠȾȦɆɆȮǩ

Ɠǵ ȿǕ ǻǠȆȦȲȱ ȼǩǠȉǠȪȹ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ Ž ǥǕȀǱ ȀǮȭǕ ȼǩǟǽ Ǩȩɀȱǟ Žȿ ƾȞȑǟɀǩ ȀǮȭǕ ǡǠǪȮȱǟ ȷǕ ǒǟȀȪȱǟ Ǽƶ Ǽȩȿ ǥǿǟǻɌȱ ǦɆȲȶȞȱǟ ȰǝǠȆƫǟȿ ǧǠȅǠɆȆȱǟ ȷǕȿ ÛƾȖȖǹ ȳĉǼȪɅ ɍ ȼȹǕ ȣȀǪȞɅ Ȝȑǟɀǩ ȰȮǣȿ ɀȾȥ ÛǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǥǿǟǻɋ Ǩȩɀȱǟ Žȿ .ɁȀǹǕ Ž ǴǲȺɅ ɍ Ǽȩ ǦȺɆȞȵ ǦɅǼȲǣ Ž ǴǲȺɅ Ǽȩ Ǡȵ ȷǕȿ ÛǦȲȶǪǶƫǟ ȳɀǲƬǟ ȓɀȖǹ ĉǼƠȿ ǻǼƠ

ɄȉǠƠȿ ǼɅǼǱ ɃǻǠȎǪȩǟ ǿɀȚȺȵ ȸȵ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ Ž ȀȚȺȱǟ ǒǟȀȪȱǟ ȸȵ ȼǤȲȕ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ƾǞɅȀǱ ȷɀȮɅ Ǽȩ Ûȼǩǟǽ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ ȼȲȦȢćǩ ǠȶɆȥ ı ɄȲɆȎȦǩ Ƙȡ ȳǠȝ ȰȮȊǣ ı ǡǠǪȮȱǟ ȀȚȺɅȿ .ǻǠǪȞƫǟ ɄȩɎǹɉǟ ǿɀȚȺƫǟ ȫǟǽ ƾǪȩǘȵ ǠȺǲŒ Ž ǼȶǪȞȹ ǠȺȹǕ Ǡȶȭ .ǥǼȅǠȦȱǟ ǧǠȩǠɆȆȱǟ Ž Ɠǵ ǥǼɆǱ ǿɀȵǕ ȨɆȪƠ ǯɀŒ ɃǕ Ûǥǿǟǻɋǟ ȯɀǵ ǫɀǶǤȱǟ

.ȴȾȝǟǼǣǙ ǾǶȉ Ž ǡǠǪȮȱǟ ȸȵ ǥǻǠȦǪȅɍǟ ɂȲȝ ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ ɄȦșɀȵ ǥǿǼȩ ɂȲȝ

ȰȢȊɅ ȷǕ Ǣƶ ɃǾȱǟ ǼɆǵɀȱǟ Ȁȵɉǟ ȄɆȱ ɀȾȥ ÛǢȅǠȺƫǟ ȼȶǲǵ Ž ǻǠȆȦȱǟ Ȝȑȿ ǡǠǪȮȱǟ Ž ǠȺȱȿǠǵ Ǽȩȿ Ǩȩɀȱǟ Ž ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǠȥ ÛȴȾȲȢȊǩ ȷǕ Ǣƶ Ɣȱǟ ǿɀȵɉǟ ȴȽǕ Ɠǵ ɍȿ ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ǿǠǤȮȱǟ ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟ ȷǠȽǽǕ ÛƙȺȕǟɀƫǟ ƙȮƢȿ ÛǧǠȵǼƪǟ ƇǼȪǩ ǠȾɆȲȝ ǬɆǵ ÛȣǟǼȽɉǟ ȸȵ ǦȞȅǟȿ Ǧȝɀȶƭ ɄĉǤȲǩ ȷǕ ǠȾɆȲȝ ȀȑǠƩǟ Ž ı ǦȲɆǶǪȆȵ ǨȹǠȭ Ȱǣ ı ǥǻɀȾȞȵ ǨȹǠȭ Ǡȵ ȷȿǠȞǩ ǧǠȩɎȝ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ȋǠƪǟ țǠȖȪȱǟ Ȝȵ ȰȶȞȱǟȿ

.ǥɀȩ ȀǮȭǕ ǦɅǻǠȎǪȩǟ ȂȭǟȀȵ ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȰȞǱ Ž ȰǮȶǪɅ ȤȲǪƯ ȣǼȽ ǠƬ ǢȱǠȢȱǟ Ž ǧǠȩɎȝ ÛǦȪǣǠȅ ǦȲǵȀȵ Ǡȵȿ .Ȝȅȿɉǟ ȣǟǼȽɉǟ ȬȲǩ ȨɆȪǶǪȱ ǦȲɆȅȿ ȷɀȮǩ ȷǕ ǦǶɆǶȎȱǟ ȧȀȖȱǠǣ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦȾǱǟɀƫ ȸȮƹ ȸȮȱ

ȬȱǾȥ ÛǦɆȕǟȀȩȿƘǤȱǟȿ ƙȹǟɀȪȱǟȿ ȔǣǟɀȒȱǟ ȸȵ ǼɅȂƫǟ ȀɅɀȖǩ ɂȲȝ ǻǼȊɅ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮƫ ƾǲŒ ȄɆȱ ȼǵȀǪȪȹ .ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ƿǿǾƟ ȀǮȭǕ ȿǕ ǥǼɅǼǱ ăɍǠȮȉǕ ǧɍǠƩǟ ȐȞǣ Ž ǼĉȱɀɅȿ Ȱǣ Ûǥǿǟǻɋǟ ǦɆȲȶȝ ȰȊɅ ȷǕ ȼȹǖȉ ȸȵ ǧǠǵɎȍǙ ǒǟȀǱǙȿ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǧǠȵǼƪǟ ǦȲȮɆȽ ǥǻǠȝǙ ɀȽ ı ȴȚȺƫǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǧɍǠǵ Ž ǦȍǠǹ ı ȼǣ ɃǻǠȺȹ Ǡȵ ǠƬȿǠȺǪɅ Ɣȱǟ ǦɆȆɆǝȀȱǟ ȜɆȑǟɀƫǟ ȸȵȿ .ǦɆȱǠȞȥ ȀǮȭǕ ǥǼɅǼǱ țǻǟȿǿȿ Ȃȥǟɀǵ ǿĉɀȖǩȿ ǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǟ ȸ ĉȆƠ ǦɆȆȅǘȵ ǒǠȪǤȱǟ ɂȲȝ ȀȎǪȪǩ ɍ ȜȅȿǕ ǧǠɅǠȡ ȨɆȪƠ ȁȂȞǩ ȷǕ ȸȮƹ ǦǶɆǶȎȱǟ ȧȀȖȱǠǣ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ȷǕ ǡǠǪȮȱǟ

.ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟȿ ȸȕǟɀƫǟ ƙǣ ǦȩɎȞȲȱ ȰɆȮȊǩ ǥǻǠȝǙ ɂȲȝ ɃɀȖȺǩ Ȱǣ ÛƃǠƫǟ

ƾȞȵǠǱ ȷɀȮɅ ȷǕ ƂǙ ɂȞȆɅ ɍ ȼȺȮȱ ÛǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ Ž ǦɆȲȶȝȿ ǦɅȀȚȹ ǧǠƵǠȆȵ ȸȵ ǡǠǪȮȱǟ ɄȪǪȆɅȿ ƁǠȞȱǟ ȯɀǵ ǦȦȲǪǺƫǟ ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȼǩȂƱǕ Ǡȵ ȜɆȶƟ ɃɀȺɅ ɍȿ Ûțɀȑɀƫǟ ȯɀǵ ǧǠȵɀȲȞȵ ȸȵ ȀȥɀǪȵ ɀȽ Ǡȵ ȰȮȱ ȁǠǣɍȿ ɄȑǠƫǟ ȷȀȪȱǟ ȸȵ ǧǠȺɆȞǤȆȱǟ Ž Ƞȹɀȭ ǰȹɀȽ) ǠȶȾȲɆȲǶǪǣ ǠȺȶȩ Ɣȱǟ ǦȅǟǿǼȱǟ ƔȱǠǵ Ɠǵ .ȻȂǲȺǩ Ɓ ȿǕ ǠƬ ǠŒǕ ǼȪǪȞȹ ɍȿ ǠȺȽ ǦɅȀǶȅ ǠȎȝ ȳǼȪȹ ɍ .ȰȵǠȭ ȰɆȎȦǪǣ ǠȶȾȵ ĉǼȪȹ Ɓ (ɄȑǠƫǟ ȷȀȪȱǟ ȸȵ ǧǠȺɆȹǠȶǮȱǟ Ž ɂȲȝ ȯȿǼȱǟ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ Ž ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟ ǡǠǪȮȱǟ ǠȾȑȀȞɅ Ɣȱǟ ǯɀȾȺȱǟ ǧǼȝǠȅ ǼȪȥ ÛȬȱǽ Ȝȵ .ăɎȍǕ ǻɀǱȿ ǦɆȅǠɆȅȿ ǦɅǿǟǻǙ ǧǠȩǠɆȅ Ž ǧǠɆǲɆǩǟȀǪȅɍǟ ȬȲǩ ȨɆǤȖǩȿ ȼȺȵ ǼǶȲȱ ǧǠɆǲɆǩǟȀǪȅǟ ȴɆȶȎǩȿ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȰɆȲƠ ȸȵ ȸȮȶǪȹ Ɓ ɀȱ Ɠǵ ÛǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ǼƩǟ ȸȮƹ .ǦɆȱǗǠȦǩ ǠȾȵ ĉǼȪȹ Ɣȱǟ ǦȱǠȅȀȱǟ .ȷǠɆǵɉǟ ȐȞǣ Ž ǦɆǩǟɀȵ Ƙȡ

.ƃǠǮƫǟ Ƙȡ ƁǠȞȱǟ ǟǾȽ Ž ȰȵǠȮȱǠǣ ȼɆȲȝ ǒǠȒȪȱǟ

تقدمي

ǻ

ǽ

الفصل األول

1الفصل

خطورة الفساد

ما هو "الفساد" وملاذا هو ضار؟

تعريف الفساد

ɂȲȝ .ȋǠǹ ȰȮȊǣ ȼȱ ǦȑȀȝ ȿǼǤǩ ƁǠȞȱǟ ȯɀǵ ǦɆȲǶƫǟ ǧǠȵɀȮƩǟ ȷǕ ĉɍǙ ÛǦɆƫǠȝ ǦȲȮȊȵ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȷǕ Ȝȵ Ž ȴɆȱǠȩɉǟ ǧǠȵɀȮǵ Ž ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟ ǻǼȝ ȷǕ ȸȵ ȴȡȀȱǟ ɂȲȝ ȼȹǕ ǧǟȀɅǼȪǪȱǟ ɁǼǵǙ ƘȊǩ ÛȯǠǮƫǟ ȰɆǤȅ

ǠȾɆȥ ǠȾȺȝ ȠĉȲǤƫǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǧɍǠǵ ȷǕ ĉɍǙ ÛǦɆȺȕɀȱǟ ǦȵɀȮƩǟ Ž ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟ ǻǼȝ ȣǠȞȑǕ ǦǭɎǭ ƂǙ ȰȎɅ ȷǠǣǠɆȱǟ Žȿ Č.ǦɆȺȕɀȱǟ ǦȵɀȮƩǟ ȸȵ ǧǟȀȵ Ȝǣǿǖǣ ȀǮȭǕ ȯǠȪǪȝɎȱ ȷɀȑȀȞǪɅ ȸɅǾȱǟ ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟȿ ǥȀȵ ǥȀȊȝ ȄȶƝ ȀǮȭǕ Ǡȵ ǥǻǠȝ č.ǧǟǿɍȿǼȱǟ ƙɅɎȵ ǧǠǞȵ ƂǙ ȃǟǿǼƫǟ ǒǠȺǣ Ž ȨǣǠȆȱǟ Ž ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦȦȲȭ ǨȲȍȿ ÛȫǿɀɅɀɆȹ ǦȺɅǼȵ ǻǼȞǪǣ ȴȾǪȱǟ ǻǼȞǪǩȿ ÛǦȍǠƪǟ ǡɀɆǱ Ž ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ȯǟɀȵɉǟ ǿǟǿǻǚǣ Ȱǣ ǥǿǟǻɋǟ ǒɀȆǣ ȔȪȥ ȄɆȱ ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȴȾǪćǩ

.ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǧǠȖȲȆȱǟ ǦȖȊȹǕ

.ǻȿǼǶƫǟ ȰǹǼȱǟ Ƀȿǽ ȸȭǠȆȵ ȜɅȁɀǩ ǒɀȅ ƂǙ ɁȿǠȉȀȱǟ Ƀǻǘǩ .Č ɂȲȝ ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǻɀȪȝ ǦȱǠǵǙ ƂǙ ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ ɀȦșɀȵ ǠȾɆȲȝ ȰȎƷ Ɣȱǟ ǦɆǤȹǠƨǟ ǧɍɀȶȞȱǟ Ƀǻǘǩ .č

.ǠȾȪǶǪȆǩ ɍ ǧǠȭȀȉ .ɁȿǠȉǿ ȰǣǠȪȵ ȴǝǟȀƨǟ ȸȝ ƾȹǠɆǵǕ ǦȕȀȊȱǟ Ȁǝǟȿǻ ɂȑǠȢǪǩ .Ď.ǦȍǠǹ ǧǠɅǠȢȱ ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ǧǠȮȲǪȶƫǟ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ɀȱȿǘȆȵ ȳǼǺǪȆɅ .ď

ǠȽǗǟȀȉȿ ÛǦɆȲȶȞȱǟ ȜɅȀȆǪȱ ȯǠƫǟ Ȝȥǻ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ȌɆǹǟȀǩȿ ǴɅǿǠȎǩ ɂȲȝ ȯɀȎƩǟ ȰɆȾȆǩ ȴǪɅ .Đ.ɁȿǠȉǿ ȰǣǠȪȵ ƾȹǠɆǵǕ

ɃǻǘɅ Ǡư ÛǠȽƘȡ ȿǕ ǦǶȎȱǟ ȿǕ ǦȵɎȆȱǟ Ǽȝǟɀȩ ȧȀǹ ȸȵ ɁȿǠȉȀȱǟ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ȃǠȺȱǟ ȸ ĉȮȶǪɅ .đ.ǦȶɆǹȿ ǦɆȝǠȶǪǱǟ ȀȕǠƯ ƂǙ

.ǦɆȹɀȹǠȩ Ƙȡ ǦɆǤȹǠǱ ǧɍɀȶȝ ƇǼȪǩ ȷȿǻ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǧǠȵǼǹ ȸȵ ǥǻǠȦǪȅɍǟ ƾȹǠɆǵǕ ǿ ĉǾȞǪɅ .Ē ǢǝǟȀȒȱǟ ɄȞȥǟǻ Ȝȵ ǘȕǟɀǪȱǟ ı ƎȭǕ ǦǱǿǼǣ ı ȿǕ ƙȺȕǟɀƫǟ ȁǟȂǪǣǠǣ ƾȹǠɆǵǕ ǢǝǟȀȒȱǟ ǥǠǤǱ ȳɀȪɅ .ē

.ɁȿǠȉǿ ȰǣǠȪȵ ǢǝǟȀȒȱǟ Ȝȥǻ ȸȵ ǡȀȾǪȱǟ ɂȲȝ ȴȾȒɅȀƠ ȰǱǕ ȸȵ .ǻǠȆȦȱǠǣ ȨȕǠȺƫǟ ȴɆȚȺǩ ǧǟǿǟȀȩ ȀǭǖǪǩ .Ĕ

ȯɀǵ ǦɆȲǶƫǟ ǧǠȵɀȮƩǟ Ž ǥǻɀǱɀƫǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȯǠȮȉǕ ȜɆƤ ɄȖȢɅ ɍ ȻɎȝǕ ǻǿȿ Ǡȶȥ ÛȬȱǽ ƂǙ Ǡȵȿ ....ƁǠȞȱǟ

1

خطورة الفسادخطورة الفساد

التأخيرات في املدينةاحلصول على

تصاريح البناء/ باألشهر

مدة البناء/ باألشهر

تكلفة البناء/ بالدوالر

األمريكي لكل م2

نسبة سعر املنزل إلى

الدخل أ

الرحلة للعمل/ بالدقائق

السكن العشوائي

)%(ب

ƙǲɆǣ24179014.8253

Ǡǩɀȡɀǣ3661716.5908

ȳɎȆȱǟ ǿǟǻ3628671.95051

Ƞȹɀȭ ǰȹɀȽ2306417.4453

ȯɀǤȺȖȅǙ2161105.0403

ǠǩǿǠȭǠǱ282653.54051

ȟƎȆȹǠȽɀǱ2421921.75922

ɄȊǩǟǿǠȭȀȥɀǪȵ Ƙȡ12871.9ȀȥɀǪȵ Ƙȡ44

ȷɀǪȆȢȺɆȭ6121574.96033

ȷǼȺȱ5205607.2300

ǼɅǿǼȵ8185103.7330

ɎɆȹǠȵ3631482.6306

ȷǿɀǤȲɆȵ3633833.9250

ɄƬǻɀɆȹ3624947.75917

ȄɅǿǠǣ289904.2400

ȿƘȹǠǱ Ƀǻ ɀɅǿ6182142.310716

ȯɀǞɆȅ20186179.3375

ǥǿɀȥǠȢȺȅ297492.8301

ɀɆȭɀȕ8122,60411.6400

ɀǪȹȿǿɀǩ3066084.2260

ǦȶȍǠȞȱǟ ȸȖȺȉǟȿ3645003.9290

ȜǣȀȵ ȀǪȵ :čȳ :ǧǠȚǵɎȵ.ɃɀȺȆȱǟ ȰǹǼȱǟ ȔȅɀǪƫ ȤȝǠȒȶȭ ƕƫǟ ȀȞȅ ȔȅɀǪȵ (Ǖ

.ǦɆȹɀȹǠȩ Ƙȡ ǦȪɅȀȖǣ ɄȑǟǿǕ ȰȢȊǩ Ɣȱǟ ȸȭǠȆƫǟ țɀȶƭ ȸȵ ǦɅɀǞƫǟ ǦǤȆȺȱǟ (ǡ ìThe Economist, ìA Survey of Cities :ǿǼȎƫǟ

.ƃȿǼȱǟ ȬȺǤȲȱ ǥǿɀȊȺȵ Ƙȡ ǧǠȹǠɆǣ ƂǙ ǥǿǠȉǚǣ Û8 .ȋ Û1995 ɀɆȱɀɅ /ȁɀƢ 29

التأخيرات في املدينةاحلصول على

تصاريح البناء/ باألشهر

مدة البناء/ باألشهر

تكلفة البناء/ بالدوالر

األمريكي لكل م2

نسبة سعر املنزل إلى

الدخل أ

الرحلة للعمل/ بالدقائق

السكن العشوائي

)%(ب

ȀǝǟȂƨǟ2650011.7304

ȫɀȮȹǠǣ1151564.1913

ƎǪȞćɅ ȿ .ǦɆȎǺȉ ȜȥǠȺȵ ȨɆȪƠ ȰǱǕ ȸȵ ǢȎȺƫǟ ȳǟǼǺǪȅǟ ǥǒǠȅǙ ɀȽ ǠȾȞȅȿǕ ÛǥǼɅǼȝ ǧǠȦɅȀȞǩ ǻǠȆȦȲȱȿ ȿǕ ǦȵǠȝ ǨȹǠȭ ǒǟɀȅ ÛǠȵ ǦȆȅǘȵ ȸȝ ǦǣǠɆȹ ȣĉȀȎǪȲȱ ǦȖȲȅ ȌǺȊȱǟ ǠƬɎǹ ȸȵ ǴȺȶćɅ ǦȹǠȵǕ ǢȎȺƫǟ

ǠȾǶȺƹ Ɣȱǟ ǦȖȲȆȱǟ ȯɎȢǪȅǟ ȿǕ ǦȵǼǹ ȰǣǠȪȵ țȿȀȊȵ Ƙȡ ȠȲǤȵ ǢȲȕ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ƗȞɅȿ .ǦɆƜǿ Ƙȡ ȿǕ ǦȍǠǹ ȳǠɆȪȱǟ ȸȝ țǠȺǪȵɍǟ ȿǕ ǦȺĉɆȞȵ ǿɀȵǖǣ ȳǠɆȪȱǟ ƾȒɅǕ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ƗȞɅ Ǽȩȿ .ǦȝȿȀȊȵ Ƙȡ ȣǟǼȽǕ ȨɆȪǶǪȱ ǢȎȺƫǟ ȿǕ (ȃɎǪǹɍǟ ȰǮȵ) ǦȆȅǘƫǟ Ž ƾɆȲǹǟǻ ȷɀȮɅ Ǽȩȿ .ǦɆȹɀȹǠȩ Ƙȡ ȿǕ ǦɆȹɀȹǠȩ ǦȖȊȹǕ ɂȲȝ ȰȶǪȊɅȿ ÛǠŏ

ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȷǕ Ȝȵȿ ÛƿǼǱ ǦȝɀȺǪȶȥ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ǥǻǼȞǪƫǟ ȯǠȮȉɉǟ ɂȲȝ ǦǤǩȀǪƫǟ ǿǠǭǓ ǠȵǕ .(ȁǟȂǪǣɍǟ ȰǮȵ) ƾɆǱǿǠǹĎ.ǥǟȿǠȆȵ ȳǼȝȿ ȴȲșȿ ȰȶȞȱǟ Ž ǦɆȲȝǠȥ ȳǼȝ ƂǙ ɃǻǘɅ ǥǻǠȞȱǟ Ž ȼȹǕ ĉɍǙ ÛǦɆȝǠȶǪǱǟ ȜȥǠȺȵ Ȱȶǲƫǟ Ž ȨȪƷ Ǽȩ

Ǡȵ ȼȺȵȿ ÛǦɆȎǺȊȱǟ ȴȾǪȦȎǣ ȷɀȦșɀȵ ȼǣ ȳɀȪɅ ɃǻȀȥ ɀȽ Ǡȵ ȼȺȶȥ ÛȼȱǠȮȉǕȿ ȼȶǲǵ Ž ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǧȿǠȦǪɅȿ ȼȺȵȿ ÛɁȿǠȉǿ ɂȲȝ ȯɀȎǶȲȱ ǦȖȲȆȲȱ ǠȽǿǠȮǪǵǟ ȯɎȢǪȅǟ ȯȿǠƠ ǥƘȢȍ ǧǠȝɀȶǲȶȭ ȷɀȦșɀƫǟ ȼǣ ȳɀȪɅ ȼǤȊɅ ɃǾȱǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȯǠȮȉǕ ǼǵǕ ƙǣ ȂɆɆȶǪȱǠǣ ƿȀǹǘȵ ȷǠȦȱǘȵ ȳǠȩ Ǽȩȿ .ƾȶȚȺȵ ăɎȮȉ ȤȅɊȱ ǾǹǖɅ Ǡȵ ȬȲǩ ǼɅǼƠ ǠƬɎǹ ȸȵ ȴǪɅ Ɣȱǟ ǼȝǟɀȪȲȱ ȰɆȖȞǩ ȸȝ ǥǿǠǤȝ ɀȽ ȀǹǓȿ ÛǦɆȑǠɅȀȱǟ ǧǠȆȥǠȺƫǟ Ž ǦȦȱǠǺƫǟ

ȰȵǠȭ ȰȮȊǣ ǦɆȑǠɅȀȱǟ ǧǠȆȥǠȺƫǟ ǿǠɆŒǟ ƂǙ ɃǻǘɅ ƆǠǮȱǟ țɀȺȱǟ ȷǕ ȷǠȦȱǘƫǟ ɁȀɅȿ ÛǠȾȪɆǤȖǩȿ ǧǠȦȱǠǺƫǟ ȸȵ țɀȺȱǟ ǟǾȽ ɀǤȵǠȭȿǕ ɀȺɅǿɀȵ ȄɅɀȱ ɀȝǼɅȿ .ȔȆǣǕ ȻƘǭǖǩ ȷɀȮɅ ɃǾȱǟ ȯȿɉǟ țɀȺȱǟ ȸȵ ȄȮȞȱǟ ɂȲȝ ɂȲȝ ȷǠȵǻɋǠǣ ȼȹǿǠȪɅȿ "ɃɀȹǠǮȱǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ"øǣ ȸȱǿǠȥ ǧȀǣƘȽ ȻɀȝǼɅ ƙǵ Ž Û"ȓȀȦƫǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ"øǣ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ

ď.ȯɀǶȮȱǟ

ǟǾȽȿ ÛƾȭǠǪȥ ǴǤȎɅ ǦȱǠƩǟ ȻǾȽ ȰȎɅ ǠȵǼȺȝ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȷǚȥ ÛǦȵǼǺǪȆƫǟ ǧǠǶȲȖȎƫǟ ǨȹǠȭ ǠȶȾȵ ȸȮȱ ȼɅɀȊǩ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ǦɅǻǠȎǪȩǟ ǦȦȲȭ ȴȚȺƫǟ ǻǠȆȦȲȱȿ .ƁǠȞȱǟ ȯɀǵ ȷǼƫǟ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ Ž ȯǠƩǟ ɀȽ ȤȅɊȱ

ȜɅȁɀǩ ǥǻǠȝǙ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ǦɆȝǠȶǪǱǟ ǦȦȲȭȿ ÛǧǠȆȅǘƫǟ ȐɅɀȪǩ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ǦɆȅǠɆȅ ǦȦȲȭȿ ÛȂȥǟɀƩǟ ǦȶȚȹǕ Ȃȥǟɀǵȿ ȷɀȹǠȪȱǟ ȴȮ ćǵȿ ǦɆȮȲƫǟ ȧɀȪǵ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȏĉɀȪɅ ǠȵǼȺȝȿ .ǠŒɀȪǶǪȆɅ ɍ ȸȵ ſǠȎȱ ǦȖȲȆȱǟȿ ǥȿȀǮȱǟ ĉɍǙ ÛȯȿǼȱǟ ȜɆƤ Ž ǻɀǱɀȵ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȷǕ Ȝȵȿ .ȰȲȊȱǠǣ ǦɅǻǠȎǪȩɍǟȿ ǦɆȅǠɆȆȱǟ ǦɆȶȺǪȱǟ ǡǠȎǩ ÛǿǠȶǮǪȅɍǟ Ȃȥǟɀǵȿ ȷɀȹǠȪȱǟ ȴȮ ćǵȿ ǦɆȮȲƫǟ ȧɀȪǵ ȏĉɀȪɅ ȼȹǕ ǬɆǵ ÛǥƘȪȦȱǟ ȯȿǼȱǟ ɂȲȝ ƎȭǕ ǥǻǠȞȱǟ Ž ȻǿȀȑ ȷǕ

.ǿǠȶǮǪȅɍǟ

املربع األول – التفاوت بني املدن

ƂǙ ƘȊɅ ǠȾȒȞǣ ȸȮȱ ÛǠɆȥǟȀȢƨǟȿ ǷǠȺƫǟ Ž ǧǠȥɎǪǹɍǟ ȄȮȞǩ Ȭȉ ɍ ƃǠǪȱǟ ȯȿǼƨǟ Ž ǧǠǩȿǠȦǪȱǟ ȐȞǣ.ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǫȿǼǵ ȋȀȥ Ž ǧǠȥɎǪǹǟ

23


ȀǹǓ ǡȂǵ ȸȵ ǥǼɅǼƨǟ ǥǿǟǻɋǟ ǨȹǠȭȿ ÛɀǪȲȱ ǧȀĉɆȢǩ Ǽȩ Ɨȕɀȱǟ ɁɀǪȆƫǟ ɂȲȝ ǦɆȦɆȱɀǤȱǟ ǦȵɀȮƩǟ ǨȹǠȭ ȷǠȭ Ǡȶȭ ÛǦɆȺȕɀȱǟ ǦȵɀȮƩǟ ȸȵ ȴȝǻ ɂȲȝ ȯɀȎƩǟ ɂȲȝ ǼȶǪȝǕ ȸȭǕ Ɓ ǟǾȱ ÛȼɆȱǙ ɄȶǪȹǕ ɃǾȱǟ ǡȂƩǟƘȡ .ȴȾȶȝǼǩ ǦɆȺȕɀȱǟ ǦȺɅȂƪǟ ǨȹǠȭȿ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǒǠȅǗǿ ȸĉɆȞɅ ȄɆǝȀȱǟ ȷǠȭ ǠȵǼȺȝ ǢɅȀȪȱǟ ɄȑǠƫǟ Ž ƿǻɀȾȞȵ

ƙȝɀǤȅǕ ȯɎǹ ĉɄȲȝ ȷǕ ƾȒɅǕ ǨȥȀȝȿ .ƾɆȱǠȵ ǠȾȆȦȹ ȸȝ ǦȱȿǘȆȵ ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȷǠȭ ÛǥǼɅǼƨǟ ƙȹǟɀȪȱǟ ȰȞȦǣȿ ǒȂǱ Ž ǻɀȞɅ Ȭȱǽ ȷǠȭȿ !ȁǠǣɍ ǦɅǼȲǤȱ ǦɅȀȾȊȱǟ ǼǝǟɀȞȱǟ țɀȶƭ ȸȵ ĕČčċ ƃǟɀǵ ƂǙ ȰȎǩ Ǣǩǟȿǿ ƙȵǖǩ ǻɀȞɅ ȷǠȭ ÛƎȭɉǟ ȷɀȮɅ Ǽȩȿ ÛȀǹɇǟ ǒȂƨǟ ȸȮȱȿ ÛƃǟǿǼȦȱǟ ȴȝǼȱǟ Ž ǧǟƘɆȢǪȱǟȿ ǴȵǠƨǟ ȴǺȒǪȱǟ ƂǙ ȼȺȵ

.ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ƂǙ

ȰȽȀǪȱǟ ǦǱǿǻ ǨȲȍȿ ǼȪȥ .ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ǦȝȿȀȊȵ Ƙȡ ǧǠȥĉȀȎǩ ǻɀǱȿ ɂȲȝ ǧǠȵɎȞȱǟ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ ǧǼǱȿ ǬɆǵ ȸȵ ǒǠȪǤȱǟ ȷɀȱȿǠƷ ȜɆȶƨǟ ȷǠȭȿ ÛǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ǦȖȲȆȱǟ ǿǠɆŒǟ ƂǙ ƾǤɅȀȪǩ ɁǻǕ ɁɀǪȆȵ ƂǙ ɄȆȅǘƫǟ ǧɍɀȶȞȱǟȿ ȁǟȂǪǣɍǟ ȸȵ ǳȿǟȀǪǩ ǢɆȱǠȅǕ ȷɀȞǤǪɅ ǢǝǟȀȒȱǟ ǥǠǤǱ ȷǠȭ .ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ɂȊȦǩ ǟǾȱ ÛȰǹǼȱǟ ǼɆȱɀǩ ǧǠɆȲȶȞȱ ȋǠǹ ȰȮȊǣ ǦȑȀȝ ǧǠȦȪȆƫǟ ǦǤɅȀȑ ǨȹǠȭȿ ÛɁȿǠȉǿ ȰǣǠȪȵ ȰȩǕ ǢǝǟȀȑ ɂȲȝ ȯɀȎƩǟ ƂǙ ǒǟȀǱǙ ɃǿȿȀȒȱǟ ȸȵ ȷǠȭ ÛǴȵǠƨǟ ȴǺȒǪȱǟ Ȝȶȥ .ȸɅǼȅǠȦȱǟ ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟȿ ǢǝǟȀȒȱǟ ɄȞȥǟǻ ƙǣ ǘȕǟɀǪȱǟ

ȯɀǵ ȴȾȞȵ "ȏȿǠȦǪȱǟ"ȿ ƙȮȱǠƫǟ ǦȲǣǠȪȵȿ ǯȿȀǺȲȱ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ɄȦșɀȵ ȸȵ ȨɅȀȥ ȰɆȮȊǩ Źȿ ÛǼɅǼǱ ƙȶơ ǦǲɆǪȺȱǟ ǨȹǠȭȿ .ǦɆȲȞȦȱǟ ǦȶɆȪȱǟ ȸȵ ƘǮȮǣ ȰȩǕ ǠȾȺȮȱ ƙȦșɀƫǟȿ ƙȮȱǠƫǟ ȸȵ ăɎȭ ǢȅǠȺǩ ȴőǠȮȲǪȶƫ ǦȶɆȩ ÛɁȿǠȉǿ ɂȲȝ ȷɀȦșɀƫǟ ȰȎǵȿ ÛǢǝǟȀȑ ȸȵ ȼȹɀȞȥǼɅ ǠȶɆȥ ı ȴȾȺȵ ǒǠɆȺȡɉǟ ǦȍǠǹ ı ȷɀȮȱǠƫǟ Ȁĉȥȿ ȷǕ

.ǻǿǟɀƫǟ ȸȵ ƅǻɉǟ ǼƩǟ ƂǙ Ɠǵ ȀȪǪȦǩ ǠŒɉ ǧǠȵǼƪǟ ƇǼȪǩ ȸȝ ǥȂǱǠȝ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǨǶǤȍǕȿ

ǠŒǕ ǬɆǵ ÛǒǠȺǤȱǟ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǠǣ ȳɀȪǩ ɍ ǦȶǺȑ "ǧǟǒǠȊȹǙ ǦȭȀȉ" ȸȝ ǥǿǠǤȝ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǨȹǠȭ ÛȀȵɉǟ Ȝȩǟȿ Žȿ ȷɀȲȎƷ ȰȵǠȝ ȣɍǓ ǦȞǣǿǕ ƂǙ ǦȥǠȑɋǠǣ ÛǒǠȺǤȱǟ ǧǟǼȞȵ țǟɀȹǕ ǦȥǠȭȿ ǧǠȺǵǠȊȱǟȿ ǧǟǿǟĉȀƨǟ ȬȲƢ ǨȹǠȭ

ɂȲȝ ȨǤȖȺɅ ȼǩǟǽ Ȁȵɉǟȿ .ƾɆȵɀɅ ǧǠȝǠȅ Đ ȼȱǼȞȵ Ǡƞ ĉɍǙ ȰȶȞȲȱ ȷȿȀȒƷ ɍ ǦǪǣǠǭ ǦɆȹǼǪȵ Ǣǩǟȿǿ ɂȲȝ ǦȞȦǩȀƫǟ ȯǠƫǟ ȃǕǿ ǦȦȲȮǣ ǦȹǿǠȪȵ ǠȾǪɆȲȝǠȥ ȰĉȲȩ ɃǾȱǟ Ȁȵɉǟ ÛǧǟȀǪȦȱǟ ȄȦȺȱ ȳǼǺǪȆćǩ ǨȹǠȭ Ɣȱǟ ǧǟǼȞƫǟ ǧȀȮȥ .ɄȞɆǤȕ Ƙȡ ȰȮȊǣ ȜȦǩȀȵ ǿǠɆȢȱǟ ȜȖȩȿ ǨɅȂȱǟȿ ƙȱȿȁǠȢȱǟ ȳǟǼǺǪȅǟ ȷǕ ƾȒɅǕ ǧǼǱȿ ƗȮȱ .ǠƬ

ǧǟǿǠȕǙ ȜɆǣ ȴǪɅ ȷǠȭ .ǥȂɆǱȿ ǥȀǪȥ ǼȞǣ ɄȭɀȮȉ ǧǼ ĉȭǖǩ ȤȅɊȱȿ ÛǒǟǻɀȆȱǟ ȧɀȆȱǟ Ž țǠǤćǩ ǨȹǠȭ ǠŒǕ ȰǣǠȪƫǟ Žȿ ÛȸȶǮȱǟ ǦȚȽǠǣ ı ǿɎɆǣȀǩǠȭ ǧǟǼȞȵ ȜȖȩȿ ǧǠǺȒȵȿ ǻɀȩɀȱǟ ȸȩǠƮ ȰǮȵ ı ǿǠɆȡ ȜȖȩȿ ǥǼɅǼǱ

.ǦƩǠȍ Ƙȡȿ ǦȲȶȞǪȆȵ ȜȖȪǣ ǦȺɅǼƫǟ ǧǟǼȞȵ ȜȖȩ "ȯǟǼǤǪȅǟ" ȴǪɅ

ȰȶƠ ȿǕ ǦɆǝǠȺǱ ǧǠȪɆȪƠ ǦɅǕ ɃȀƟ ȸȮǩ Ɓ "ǦȦɆȖȱ ǦȕȀȉ" ɄȽȿ ÛǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǦȕȀȉ ȫǠȺȽ ȷǠȭ ÛƿƘǹǕȿ ÛǦȥǠȚȺȱǟ ȸȵ ȨȪǶǪȲȱ ȧǟɀȅɉǟ ȈɆǪȦǩȿ ÛɄƧȀȱǟ Ƙȡ țǠȖȪȱǟ ȴɆȚȺǩ ȸȝ ǦȱȿǘȆȵ ǨȹǠȭ Ȱǣ ÛǦǶȲȅǕ

ȷǠȭ ǬɆǵ ÛǻǠȆȦȲȱ ƿǿǼȎȵ ƾȒɅǕ ǦȕȀȊȱǟ ȻǾȽ ǨȹǠȭ Ǽȩȿ .ǦȺɅǼƫǟ Ž ǿǠǲǪȱǟ ƙǣ ȳǠȚȺȱǟ ɂȲȝ ǦȚȥǠǶƫǟȿ.ǦɆȹɀȹǠȩ Ƙȡ ɁȀǹǕȿ ǦɆȹɀȹǠȩ ǦȖȊȹǖǣ ȳǠɆȪȱǠǣ ȴƬ ǳǠȶȆȱǟ ȰǣǠȪȵ ǿǠǲǪȱǟ ȷȿȂǪǤɅ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǦȕȀȉ ȯǠǱǿ

مثال

ɂĉȱɀǩ ǠȵǼȺȝ ǟȿǿǠǣǕ ƙȲȮȵ ǼȱǠȹȿǿ ǠȾȾǱǟȿ Ɣȱǟ ȬȲǪȭ ǦǤȞȍ Ȥȩǟɀȵ ȷɀȾǱǟɀɅ ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ ƃȿǘȆȵ ȸȵ ǦȲȩ ÛɁȀǹǕ ȯȿǻ Ž ƙȱȿǘȆƫ ǫǟǼǵɊȱ ȼǩǠɅǟȿǿ ǠȺȲȪȹ ǠȵǼȺȝ ǠȺȺȮȱ .ǠɆȦɆȱɀǣ Ž ȁǠǣɍ ǦȺɅǼȵ ǦɅǼȲǣ ȄɆǝǿ ǢȎȺȵ

.ȁǠǣɍ ǦɅǼȲǣ ȄɆǝǿ ȼȺȝ ǫǼǶǪɅ Ǡƞ ǦȥȀȞȵ ȸȝ ĉȴȺǩ ǧǠȵǠȆǪǣǠǣ ȷɀȞȶǪȆƫǟ ĉǻǿ

ȸȝ ǢȎȺƫǟ ǟǾȽ ƂǙ ȰȎɅ ȁǠǣɍ ǦȺɅǼƫ ǦɅǼȲǣ ȄɆǝǿ ȯȿǖȭ ǦɆȹɀȹǠȪȱǟ ƙȶɆȱǟ ǨɅĉǻǕ ÛČĔēĐ ȯɀȲɅǕ ČĎ Ž ɁǼȵ ƿǼǣǕ ȰɆơǕ Ɓ ƗȺȮȱ ÛǦǤȞȍ ǦȶȾȵ ǦȾǱǟɀȵ Ž ƗȹǕ ȣȀȝǕ ǨȺȭ .ČĔďē ȳǠȝ ǾȺȵ ǡǠǺǪȹɍǟ ȨɅȀȕ ÛȀȾȊȱǟ ȀǹǓ Ɠǵ ȈɆȝɉ ȯǠƫǟ ƗȑȀȪɅ ȸȵ ǼǱǕ ȷǕ ĉɄȲȝ ȷǕ ǥȂɆǱȿ ǥȀǪȥ ǼȞǣ ǨȦȊǪȭǟ .Ȝȑɀȱǟ ǦǣɀȞȍ ȰɆǶǪȆƫǟ ȸȵ ȷǕ ǧǼǱȿ Ȱǣ ÛǢȆǶȥ Ȭȱǽ ȄɆȱ .ȔȪȥ ƾɆȮɅȀȵǕ ƿǿɍȿǻ ďĐ ȯǻǠȞɅ ȷǠȭ ǼɅǼƨǟ ƑǩǟȀȥ ǨǤȭǿ ÛȳɀɆȱǟ Ȭȱǽ ǦɅǠŒ Ž .Ɨȵ ȰȩǕ Ǣǩǟȿǿ ȷɀȑǠȪǪɆȅ ȴŒɉ ɄȞȵ ǥȀȉǠǤȵ ȰȶȞȲȱ ƙȦșɀȵ ƙɆȞǩ ĉɄȲȝ ȯǖȅǕ ǠȹǕȿ ƃȂøȺȵ ƂǙ ǻɀȝɉ ı ČĔĒē ȳǠȝ ȸȵ ǦȮȱǠȾǪȵ ɄȝǠǣǿ Ȝȥǻ ǥǿǠɆȅ ɄȽȿ ı ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȄɆǝǿ ǥǿǠɆȅ

.ȼȲǪǵǕ ŸǠǺǪȹǟ ǢȎȺȵ ȯȿǕ ȸȵ ǦȱǠȪǪȅɍǠǣ ĉɍǙ ȼȺȵ ǡȿȀƬǟ ɄȲȝ ȰɆǶǪȆɅ Ǹȥ Ž ǨȞȩȿ Ǽȩ ǨȺȭ ȷǙ ɄȆȦȹ

ȰȵǠȞǪȱǟ ǢȞȎɅ ǠȾȾǱǟȿǕ ǨȺȭ Ɣȱǟ ǦȱǠƩǠȥ ÛɃǿǾǱ ƘɆȢǩ ǫǟǼǵǙ ɃǿȿȀȒȱǟ ȸȵ ȷǕ ǥȀȮȥ ȷǠȭ ƆǾȪȹǕ Ǡȵ ƂǙ ȀȖȑǟ Ǽȩ ȷǠȭ ȨǣǠȆȱǟ ǠȾȆɆǝǿȿ ÛǠȾǪȥȀȝ ǦɅǻǠȎǪȩǟ ǦȵȁǕ ǕɀȅǕ Ž ȀƢ ȯǟȂǩ Ǡȵ ǨȹǠȭ ǠɆȦɆȱɀǤȥ ÛǠȾȞȵ

ȷǠȭ ȼȹǕ Ȝȵȿ .ǠȶȾɆȲȭ ȿǕ ȃǠȺȱǟ ȿǕ ȈɆƨǟ ǼɅ ɂȲȝ ƾȶȡȀȵ ȼȭȀǪȱ ƾɅǻǠȦǩ ȼǪɅɍȿ ǦɅǠŒ ȰǤȩ ȼǤȎȺȵ ȸȝ ɄȲǺǪȱǟ ǦǤȆȹ ƂǙ Ȱȍȿ Ǽȩ ȴǺȒǪȱǟ ȷǠȭ ÛǡǓ Žȿ .ɃǻǠȎǪȩɍǟ ǿǠɆŒɎȱ ɃǼȎǪȱǟ ȸȵ ȸȮȶǪɅ Ɓ ȼȹǕ ĉɍǙ ÛƾȩǻǠȍ

.ĕďċċċċ ǨȲȍȿ ǦɅɀȺȅ

ɄȝǠǣȀȱǟ ȜȥǼȱǟ ǥǿǠɆȅ ǨȲȖȞǩ .ǧǠǵɎȍɋǟ ǕǼǣǕ ȸɅǕ ȸȵ Ȁ ĉȮȥǕ ǠȹǕȿ ƑǪȮȵ ƂǙ ƃǠǪȱǟ ȳɀɆȱǟ Ž ǧǼȝ ÛǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ƖǤȵ ȳǠȵǕ ǥǿǠɆȆȱǟ ȤȩȿǕ ǨȺȭ ǠȵǼȺȝȿ .ǦȍǠƪǟ źǿǠɆȆǣ ȰȶȞȱǟ ƂǙ ǡǠȽǾȱǟ ƂǙ ǧǿȀȖȑǟȿ ǨȶȲȝȿ .ȀȚȺȲȱ Ǩȥɍ ȰȮȊǣ ȷǠǪȽǿǠȥ ȷǠǩǿǠɆȅ ǧȁȀǣ ÛǦɆȝǟǼǪƫǟ ǧǟǿǠɆȆȱǟ ȜɆƤ ƙǣ ȸȵ ȷǕ ǨȚǵɍ ƙȵɉ ı ǦȽǿǠȥ ǥǿǠɆȅ ǨȹǠȭȿ ı ɁȀǹɉǟȿ ÛǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ȰȶȞɅ ƑȺǱǕ ƘǤƪ ǨȹǠȭ ǠƵǟǼǵǙ ȷǕ ƾȪǵɍ

.ǻǿǟɀƫǟ ȬȲǩ ȼȺȵ ǨǩǕ ɃǾȱǟ ȷǠȮƫǟ ȯɀǵ ǦǶƫ ȯȿǕ ɂȲȝ ǨȲȎǵ ȫǠȺȽȿ .ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȧȿǼȺȍ

ɂȲȝ ƿǻǠǪȞȵ ȷǠȭ ȼȹǕ ƾȪǵɍ ǨȶȲȝ Ǽȩȿ Û ĉȷǼǪȵ ǢǩǟȀǣ ǦȆȵǠƪǟ ǦǱǿǼȱǟ ȸȵ ƾȦșɀȵ ȧȿǼȺȎȱǟ ƙȵǕ ȷǠȭ ȷǠȭ ȼȹǙ Ȱǣ ÛȼǝǟȀǭ ǒǠȦǹǙ ȯȿǠƷ ȸȮɅ Ɓȿ ÛțɀǤȅɉǟ Ž ǥȀȵ ȸȵ ȀǮȭǕ ȰȶȞȱǟ ƂǙ ǠȾɆȥ źǖɅ Ɣȱǟ ǥǿǠɆȆȱǟ ƘɆȢǩ

ǥǼǝǠȥ ȰǣǠȪȵ ı ȼȺȝ ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟ ƙȦșɀƫǟ ȐȞǣ ȴȾɆȥ ȸƞ ı ȸɅȁɀȞƫǟ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ɄȦșɀȵ ȏǟȀȩǙ ɂȲȝ ƿǻǠǪȞȵ."ǦȆȥǠȺȵ" ǦǤȆȺǣ ǦɆȝɀǤȅǕ

țǠȖȪȱǟ Ž ȰȶȞȱǟ ɂȲȝ ƿǻǠǪȞȵ ǨȺȭ Ɔɀȭȿ .ǦȱȂȞȱǠǣ ȨɆȶȝ ǿɀȞȉ ƗǣǠǪȹǟ ÛƑǪȮȵ Ž ǠȹǕȿ Ȩǵɍ Ǩȩȿ Ž .ȨɅȀȥ Ȝȵ ȰȶȞȱǟ ɂȲȝ ƿǻǠǪȞȵ ǨȺȭ ǼȪȥ ı Ǡȵ ƾȝɀȹ ǥƘǤȭ ȸɅǼȞǩ ǧǠȭȀȉ ȀɅǻǕ ǨȺȭ ǬɆǵ ı ȋǠƪǟ

ȴőǼǱȿ ȸɅǾȱǟ ȋǠǺȉɉǟ ȜɆƤȿ ÛȨɅȀȦȱǟ ȼǤȊɅ ǒɄȉ ɃǕ ȫǠȺȽ ȸȮɅ Ɓ ÛǼɅǼƨǟ ǢǺǪȺƫǟ ɄȞȩɀȵ Ž ȸȮȱ ƿǿɍȿǻ Ďċ ƃǟɀǵ ȷǠȭ ƙɆȺȦȱǟ ƙȦșɀƫǟ Ǣǩǟȿǿ ȯǼȞȶȥ .ȳǠȖǵ ȸȵ ǠƱ ȸȶȭ ı ȷɀȥȀȎǪɅ ǟɀȹǠȭȿ ı ǟȿǼǣ ȸȮɅ Ɓ ȷǙȿ ÛȷǠȮƫǟ ȴȞɅ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȷǠȭ ǼȪȱ .ǦȲɅǼǣ Ȱǹǻ ǿǻǠȎȵ ȸȝ ȷɀǮǶǤɅ ǟɀȹǠȭ ȴȾȺȵ ƘǮȮȱǟȿ ÛƾɆȮɅȀȵǕ

.ȧȿǼȺȎȱǟ ƙȵǕ ǼȺȝ ǻɀǱɀƫǟ ȴǲƩǠǣ ƾȶǝǟǻ

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ǥǼɅǼǱ ǧǠɅȀǵ ȼȞȵ ǢȲǱ ɄȅǠɆȆȱǟ ǳǠǪȦȹɍǟ ȷɉ ǻǠȆȦȱǠǣ ƾɆȝȿ ȀǮȭǕ ǠȺǶǤȍǕ Ǡƞǿ ȿǕ ."ǦȶɆȲȅ" Ǡȵ ƾȝɀȹ ǦȥǠǶȎǣ ȰǤȩ Ƀǽ ȸȵ ȀǮȭǕ ȜǪȶǪǩ ǨǶǤȍǕ ȯȿǼȱǟ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǠȥ .ȼȺȵ ɁɀȮȊȱǟȿ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȨɆǭɀǩ ɂȲȝ ǼȝǠȆǩ Ǡƞǿ Ɣȱǟ țǟɀȹɉǟ Ɠǵ ÛȰȾȅǕ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȝ ȠɆȲǤǪȱǟ ȷɎȞƶ ȷǟȀȵɉǟ ȷǟǾȽȿ ÛǧǠȵɀȲȞȶȲȱ ƃȿǻ ȰȩǠȺǩȿ ǥȀǵ

.ȨǣǠȆȱǟ Ž ǥǻɀǱɀȵ ǨȹǠȭ

ȿǕ ƾǵǠǪȦȹǟ ȀǮȭɉǟ ȧǟɀȅɉǟ ȸ ĉȮƢ ȳǼȞȱ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ɂȲȝ ǦȶǝɎȱǠǣ ȷɀȪȲɅ ȃǠȺȱǟ ȷǕ ɁȀǹɉǟ ǧɍǠȶǪǵɍǟ ȸȵȿ ǧǠǵɎȍɋǟ ȬȲǩ ȷǖǣ ȣǟȀǪȝɍǟ ǢȺǲǪȱ Ȭȱǽȿ ÛǠȾȺȵ ǧǠȞȩɀǪȱǟ ȨɆȪƠ ȸȵ ǼȞǣ ǦɆȕǟȀȪƹǼȱǟ ǧǠǵɎȍɋǟ ǠȾȩɀȆɅ Ɣȱǟ ǦȞɅǿǾȱǟ ɀȽ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȷǕ ȐȞǤȱǟ ɁȀɅȿ .ǧǠȩǠɆȆȱǟ ǦȥǠȭ Ž ǳǠǲȺȱǟ ɁɀǪȆȵ ȄȦȹ ȨȪƠ ɍ Ǽȩ ƃȿǼȱǟ ȬȺǤȱǟ ȷǕ ƂǙ ȷȿƘȊɅ ǬɆǵ ÛƾȪǣǠȅ ǦɆȝɀɆȊȱǟ ȯȿǼȱǟ Ž ǠȾȲȊȥ ǢȪȝ ǦɆȱǠƧǕȀȱǟ ȸȝ ȷɀȞȥǟǼƫǟ ȰȾȅɉǟ ȸȵ ȷɉ ȨǣǠȆȱǟ Ž Ȭȱǽ ǟǼȹǠȝ ȷǕ ǼȞǣ ǦɆȒȪȭ ǥǖǲȥ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǠɆĉȺǤǩ Ǽȩ ƃȿǼȱǟ ǼȪȺȱǟ ȧȿǼȺȍȿ

ȬȲǩ ǦǶȍ Ž ȬɆȮȊǪȱǟ ȸȵ ăɍǼǣ ǼȅǠȥ ȰȮȊǣ ƙǪȆȅǘƫǟ ƙǩǠȽ ǧǠɆǲɆǩǟȀǪȅǟ ȴȽǾɆȦȺǪȱ ȸɅȀǹɇǟ ǻǠȪǪȹǟ.ǧǠɆǲɆǩǟȀǪȅɍǟ

ȷɀȮǩ Ǽȩȿ ǦǶɆǶȉ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȯɀǵ ǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǠȥ ÛȷǠȎȪȹ ȿǕ ǻǠɅǻȁǟ Ž ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȷǠȭ ȷǙ Ǡȵ ȃǠɆȩ ǢȞȎȱǟ ȸȵ Ǽȩ ȯȿǼȱǟ ɁǼǵǙ ȷɀȮǩ Ǽȩ ÛǥɀȉȀȱǟ ǸɅǿǠǩ ȯɀǵ ȴȾƫǟ ȼǣǠǪȭ Ž ȷǠȹɀȹ .ǧ ȷɀǱ ȸĉɆǣ Ǡȶȭȿ .ǦȲƍȲȒȵ

ȸȵ ȰȩǕ ǠȾɆȥ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǤȆȹ ȸȮȱ ÛɁȀǹǕ Ǧȱȿǻ ȸȵ ǒǠȒȪȱǟ ƂǙ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǠɅǠȒȩ ȸȵ ƎȭǕ ǻǼȝ ǦȱǠǵǙ ǧǼȾȉđ.ɁɀȩǕ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ɂȲȝ ǠőǟǿǼȩȿ ǠőǻǟǿǙ ȷǕ ɀȽ ȔɆȆǣ ǢǤȆȱ Ȭȱǽȿ ÛǦȱȿǼȱǟ ȬȲǩ

ȷǟƘȢǪɅ ȷǼƫǟ ǥǿǟǻǙ ǡɀȲȅǕȿ ǦɆȝɀȹ ȷǕ ɁȀɅ ȸȵ ȫǠȺȽ ÝǻǠɅǻȁǟ Ž ɀȽ ȰȽ ÝȷǼƫǟ Ž ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȝ ǟǽǠȵ ȸȮȱ ȌǺȲɅȿ .ǻǠȆȦȲȱ ǥǼɅǼǱ ǧǟǒǟȀȡǙ Ȱ ĉȮȊǩ ȼǩǟǽ Ǩȩɀȱǟ Ž ǠȾȺȮȱ ÛȰȒȥǕ ǦɆȶȭǠǵ ȴȚȹ ɂȲȝ ɃɀȖȺǩ ȧȀȖǣ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ" ȷǕ ƂǙ ȀɅȀȪǪȱǟ ƘȊɅ ǬɆǵ ÛǧǟƘɆȢǪȱǟ ȬȲǩ ǠɆȹǠȖɅȀǣ Ž ȨɆȩǼǪȱǟ ǦǞɆȽ ȸȝ ƾǮɅǼǵ ǿǼȍ ȀɅȀȪǩ ǥǼɆȪƫǟ ǦɆȱǠƫǟ ǦȶȚȹɉǟȿ ǦɅȂȭȀƫǟ ǦǣǠȩȀȱǟ ȸȝ ƿǼɆȞǣ ǨƢ ǦɆȲǶƫǟ ǦȵɀȮƩǟ Ž ƿȀǹǘȵ ǧȀǱ Ɣȱǟ ǧǟƘɆȢǪȱǟ

Ē".ǻǠȆȦȱǟȿ ȯǠɆǪǵɍǟ ȋȀȥ ȸȵ ǧǻǟȁȿ

ƾȵǠȝ ǥȀȊȝ ǦȆȶƪǟ ȯɎǺȥ .ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ȱȶȝ Ž ƙɅɀȩ ƙȖƴ ǦɆȕǟȀȪƹǼȱǟȿ ǦɅǿǟǻɋǟ ǦɅȂȭȀȵɎȱǟ ƎǪȞćǩȿ ǿɀȽǼǩ ȸȵ ǠȾȺȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ ƅǠȝ Ûȼǩǟǽ Ǩȩɀȱǟ Žȿ ÛǠőǠɆȱȿǘȆȵ ǼɅȂǩ ȷǕ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǧǠȵɀȮƩǟ ȸȵ ǢȲ ćȕ ÛǦɆȑǠƫǟ

Ž ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ȨȲȪȱǟ ɂȵǠȺǩ ÛǡǠǤȅɉǟ ȻǾƬȿ .ǦɆȵǠȺȱǟ ȯȿǼȱǟ Ž ǦȍǠǹ ÛƙȱȿǘȆȶȲȱ ǦɆȲȞȦȱǟ ǿɀǱɉǟ Ž Ɣȱǟ ȣǟǼȽɉǟ ȜɆƤ ȌɆǺȲǩ ȸȮƹ" ȼȹǕ ɀȢɅǿȿǕ ɀɅǻȿɎȭ ɄȲɆȊǪȱǟ ǧǠȅǠɆȆȱǟ ȰȲƮ ƘȊɅȿ .ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǦɆȱǠȞȥȿ ǥǒǠȦȭ ǥǻǠɅȁȿ ÛǠȾȲȶȝ Ž ǦɆȕǟȀȪƹǼȱǟȿ ǠȾǪɆȝȿȀȊȵ ǥǻǠɅȁ) ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ țǠȖȩ ǳɎȍɋ ǨȞȑćȿ

ē".ǦȱǒǠȆƫǟ ȂɅȂȞǩ :Ȝȅȿɉǟ ȣǼƬǟ ǟǾȽ ȸȵ ƿǒȂǱ ǠȽǿǠǤǪȝǠǣ (ǠȾɆȥ ƙȺȕǟɀƫǟ ǦȭǿǠȊȵ ǥǻǠɅȁȿ ÛǠőǠȵǼǹ

ăɍɀǤȩ ȀǮȭǕ ǴǤȎɅ ǠȵǼȺȝ ǻǠȆȦȲȱ ĉȰȩǕ ȯɀǤȩ ǿǠȾșǙ ƂǙ ȰɆƹ ȜȶǪǲƫǟ ȷǙ ȯɀȪǩ ǦɆȑȀȥ ȸȝ ȷǠȹɀȹ ǫǼƠȿ ǦȩɀǤȆȵ Ƙȡ ǦȪǵɎȵ ȸȵ ɁȀǱ Ǡȵ ȷǕ ƂǙ ƘȊɅ ǬɆǵĔÛȰȵǠȮȱǠǣ ǠȾɆȲȝ ȧǻǠȎɅ Ɓ ȼȺȮȱ ÛɄȆȺƨǟ ȫɀȲȆȲȱ Ž ȧɀǤȆȵ Ƙȡ ǿĉȀƠ ǼȞǣ Ź ȸɅȀȊȞȱǟ ȷȀȪȱǟ ȸȵ ǧǠȺɆȞǤȆȱǟ ǼȪȝ ȰǝǟȿǕ Ȝȵ ǥǼǶǪƫǟ ǧǠɅɍɀȱǟ Ž ǻǠȆȦȲȱ

Čċ.ǦɆȆȺƨǟ ǧǠɆȭɀȲȆȱǟȿ ǧǠȽǠƟɍǟ

ǥǼɆȞǣ ǧǟǿǠȆȵ ƂǙ ǻɀȪɅ Ǽȩ "Ýȷɇǟ ǦȶȾȵ ǦȱǖȆȵ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǴǤȍǕ ǟǽǠƫ" ȯǟǘȆȱǟ ȷǚȥ ÛȷǠȹɀȹ ǥȀȮȥ ȸĉɆǤǩ Ǡȶȭȿ ǠȺɆȲȝ ƘɆȢǩ ȼȹǚȥ ÛǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ɄȵǠȺǪƫǟ ƃǠƩǟ ȨȲȪȱǟ ǒǟǿȿ ǡǠǤȅɉǟ ǨȹǠȭ ǠȶȾȵȿ .ǦɆȲȶȞȱǟ ǧǠǱɎȞȱǟ ȸȝ ƿǼǱ ȸȵ ƃǠƩǟ ǠȺȪȲȩ ȷȀȪȹ ȷǕ ǠȺɆȲȝ ȸȮȱ .ǦɆȅǠɆȆȱǟȿ ǦɅǻǠȎǪȩɍǟ ǦɆȶȺǪȱǟ ǻǼȾɅ ǦȕǠȆǣ ȰȮǣ ǻǠȆȦȱǠȥ Ûȼǣ ǢɆǵȀǪȱǟ.ȼȱ ɃĉǼȎǪȱǟ ȰǱǕ ȸȵ ȫȀǪȊƫǟ ȰȶȞȱǟ ǦɆȦɆȭ ȯɀǵ ǦɆȲȶȝȿ ƾȝǟǼǣǙ ȀǮȭǕ ƘȮȦǩȿ ȻȀȽǟɀȚȱ ȨȶȝǕ ȰɆȲǶǪǣ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ

ȸȆƩȿ ı ȼȺȮȱ ÛǦȱǠȪǪȅɍǠǣ ǦȲɆȲȩ ǥȀǪȦȱ ǟȿǿǠǣǕ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȄɆǝǿ ȀȮȥ ÛǦȶǺȑ ȰȭǠȊȵ ȸȵ ȼȾǱǟȿ Ǡƫ ƿȀȚȹ ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǥǻǠȩ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ ȸȮȱ .ȰȭǠȊƫǟ ȬȲǩ ǦƨǠȞƫ ǦɅɀȩ ǧǟɀȖǹ Ǿơǟ Ȱǣ ÛȰȞȦɅ Ɓ ı ȁǠǣɍ ǦȺɅǼȵ Șǵ ǻǻȀǪȱǟ ǟǾȽ ǒǠǱ ÛǧɍǠƩǟ ȐȞǣ Žȿ .ǻǠȆȦȲȱ ɃǼȎǪȱǟ ǦȱǖȆȵ ǟɀǤȺƟ ƁǠȞȱǟ ȯɀǵ ɁȀǹǕ ȷǼȵȿ ǠɆȦɆȱɀǣ Ž ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȄȱǠǲƫǟ ǒǠȒȝǕȿ ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǒǠȅǗǿ ǢȺƟ ÛɁȀǹǕ ǧɍǠǵ Ž ȸȮȱ ÛǻǠȆȦȱǟ Ž ǦȭǿǠȊƫǟ ǢǤȆǣ ȐȞǣ ȨȪǵ ƙǵ Ž ÛƙǤǹǠȺȱǟ ȸȵ ȔȢȒȱǟ ȸȵ ȰɆȲȪǣ ȀȞȉ ǥǻǠȪȱǟ ȐȞǤȥ ÛɁȀǹǕ ǡǠǤȅɉ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦȱǖȆȵ

ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ɂȲȝ ȂɆȭȀǪȱǟ Ž ǦǤȡǿ ȷɀɆȲǶƫǟ ǥǻǠȪȱǟ ĈǼǤćɅ Ɓ ÛɁȀǹǕ ǧɍǠǵ Žȿ .ǥǼǝǠȦȱǟ ȸȵ ƾȝɀȹ ƙɆȲǶƫǟ ǥǻǠȪȱǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȶȥ ."ǻǠȆȦȱǟ" Ǧȶȍɀǣ ȴőǿǟǻǙ ǸɆȖȲǩ ƂǙ ɃǻǘɅ Ǽȩ ƑȆȹ ǳǠǲȺȱ ȴȾȪɆȪƠ ȷǕ ȸȵ ƾȥɀǹ

.ȼɆȲȝ ȳɀǲȾȲȱ ǦɅɀȩ ǥƘǹǽ ȳɀȎƪǟ ǴȺƹ ɃǾȱǟ Ȁȵɉǟ ÛǼȅǠȥ ȌǺȊȱǟ ȷǖǣ ƾȹǠɆǵǕ Ʉǵɀǩ

ȤɆȭ" :ȷɀȱǖȆɅȿ ÛǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮƫ ǒɄȉ Ȱȶȝ ȴȾȺȮƹ ɍ ȼȹǕ ǦȕǠȆǤǣ ǥǻǠȪȱǟ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ ȸȚɅ Ǡƞǿ ÛƿƘǹǕȿ ǦɆȱǠǪȱǟ ǧǠǶȦȎȱǟ Ž ȯȿǠǶȺȅ ÛȬȱǾȱ "ÝǦǤȞȎȱǟ ȰǝǠȆƫǟ ȸȵ țɀȺȱǟ ǟǾȽ Ȝȵ ȰȵǠȞǪȱǠǣ ǒǼǤȱǟ ǒȀȶȲȱ ȸȮƹ

.ȯǟǘȆȱǟ ǟǾȽ ɂȲȝ ǧǠǣǠǱɋǟ ȐȞǣ ƇǼȪǩ

ǧǠǣǠǺǪȹɍǟ Ž ǦɆȆɆǝǿ ǦȱǖȆȶȭ ǳȿȀȖȵ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȷǕ ǬɆǵ ÛƘȢǪǩ ǧǕǼǣ ǧǠȽǠƟɍǟ ȷǕ ȳɀɆȱǟ ȰǝɍǼȱǟ ƘȊǩȿ ǠȾɆȥ ȜȶȆȹ ȷǕ ȸȮȶƫǟ ȸȵ ǠȺȭ Ɣȱǟ ȳǠɅɉǟ ȬȲǩ Ǩĉȱȿ ǼȪȱ ÛȿǼǤɅ Ǡȵ ɂȲȝ .ƁǠȞȱǟ ȯɀǵ ǦɆȺȕɀȱǟȿ ǦɆȲǶƫǟ

Ž ȸȮȱ ÛȧȀȅǕ ǠȹǕ ÛȴȞȹ" :ȼǣǠǺǪȹǟ ǥǻǠȝǙ ǦȲƥ ȯɎǹ ȰɅȁǟƎȱǟ Ž ǦɅǼȲǣ ȄɆǝǿ ǠƬǠȩ Ɣȱǟ ȬȲǩ ȰǮȵ ǧǠȶȲȭ".ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ȜɅǿǠȊƫǟ ȁǠƱǙ ȴǪɅ ǦɅǠȾȺȱǟ

ملاذا أصبح الفساد مسألة بارزة اليوم؟

Ź ȸȮȱ ÛǢǤȆȱǠǣ ȸȾȮǪȱǟ ǢȞȎȱǟ ȸȵ ÝǟǽǠƫ ȸȮȱȿ .ƁǠȞȱǟ ȯɀǵ ǦɅɀȱȿǕ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ǨǶǤȍǕ ǼȪȱ ƂǙ ɁǻǕ ɃǾȱǟ Ȁȵɉǟ ÛȀǮȭǖȥ ȀǮȭǕ ǒɀȆɅ ǴǤȍǕ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȷǕ ǠƬȿǕ .Ȭȱǽ ɂȲȝ ǧǟƘȆȦǪȱǟ ȸȵ ǻǼȝ ƇǼȪǩ ȸȵ ÝǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǥǼǵ ǥǻǠɅȁ ǒǟǿȿ ǢǤȆȱǟ Ǡȵ ȸȮȱ .ȼǪǶȥǠȮȵ ɂȲȝ ǼɅǼǱ ɄȅǠɆȅ ȴɆȶȎǩȿ ƑȞȉ ǢȒȡ

ȧɀǤȆȵ Ƙȡ ȰȮȊǣ ǦȑȀȝ ȃǠȺȱǟ ǨȲȞǱ Ɣȱǟ ǦɆȱȿǼȱǟ ǧɍǠȎǩɍǟȿ ǥǿǠǲǪȱǟ Ž ǦȞɅȀȆȱǟ ǥǻǠɅȂȱǟ Ȭȱǽ ǡǠǤȅǕ ǦɅǠȝǼȱǟ ȷǕ ǠɆǱɀȱɀȺȮǪȱǟȿ ȳɀȲȞȲȱ ǦɆȮȲƫǟ ȯǠǤɆȹ ǦɆƹǻǠȭǕ ȸȵ ƃǟȿǠɆȡ ȫǠǤɅǻ ǼȪǪȞɅȿ .ǦɅǻǠȎǪȩɍǟ ǧǟǒǟȀȡɌȱ ȫɀȲȆȲȱ ǒɀǲȲȱǟ ǥǿȿȀȒǣ ƿǿɀȞȉ ǨȪȲǹ ȴǺȒǪȱǟ ǠŏǠȍǕ Ɣȱǟ ǢǩǟȿȀȱǟ ȷǕȿ ÛƿǼɅǼǱ ƾǤȲȕ ǠȪȲǹ ȷɎȝɋǟȿ Ɣȱǟ ǦɅǻǠȎǪȩɍǟȿ ǦɆȕǟȀȪƹǼȱǟ ǧǠǵɎȍɋǟ Ž ȸȶȮɅ ǢǤȆȱǟ ȷǕ ƂǙ ɁȀǹǕ ȀȚȹ ǦȾǱȿ ƘȊǩȿ Đ.ǼȅǠȦȱǟ ǳǠǪȦȹɍǟ ǧǠȅǠɆȅȿ ǦɆȅǠɆȆȱǟ ǦȆȥǠȺƫǟ ȷǕ ȃǠȺȱǟ ȴȚȞȵ ȜȩɀǪɅ ÛȰɅɀȖȱǟ ɁǼƫǟ ɂȲȞȥ .ƁǠȞȱǟ ȯɀǵ ǧȀȊǪȹǟ

ȸȮȱȿ .ǦȖȲȆȱǟ ǿǠȮǪǵɍ ǦɆȕǠǤǪȝɍǟ ǦȅǿǠȶƫǟ ȸȵ ǼƩǟ ƂǙ ȰɆƹ ǠȶȾɆȲȭ ȷɉ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ȰȲȪǪȅ ɃǻǠȎǪȩɍǟ ƾȍȀȥ ǠǪȪȲǹ Ǽȩ ǦɆȕǟȀȪƹǼȱǟ ǦȆȥǠȺƫǟȿ ǥǼɅǼƨǟ ǦɅǻǠȎǪȩɍǟ ǦȆȥǠȺƫǟ ȸȵ Ȱȭ ȷɀȮǩ Ǽȩ ÛƘȎȪȱǟ ɁǼƫǟ ɂȲȝ ƂǙ ɃǻǘɅ ɃǾȱǟ Ȁȵɉǟ ÛǦǤȞȲȱ ǥǻɀȾȞƫǟ ǼȝǟɀȪȱǟ Ž ȜɅȀȅ ƘɆȢǩ ȸȵ ȼȹǠǭǼƠ Ǡȵ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǫȿǼƩ

ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǫǼƷ ÛǧɍǠƩǟ ȸȵ ƘǮȭ Žȿ .ǦȶȚȹɉǟȿ ǼȝǟɀȪȲȱ ɄȲȞȥ ȨɆǤȖǩ ȷȿǻ ȓɀǤȒƫǟ Ƙȡ ǷǠȺƫǟ ȸȵ țɀȹ ƂǙ ɃǻǘɅ ɍ ɃǾȱǟ Ȁȵɉǟ ÛǦǣȀȖȒȵ ǧǠȆȅǘȵ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ǧǠȅǠɆȆȱǟ ɂȲȝ ǦɆǶȍ ǧǟƘɆȢǩ ȨɆǤȖǩ ǢǤȆǣ

.ǠƬɎȢǪȅǟ ȷǠȭ Ƀɉ ȸȮƹ ȷǼȵȿ ɄȅǠɆȅ ǿǠƟǟȿ ǦɆȲǹǟǻ ǧǠȪȦȍ ƂǙ Ȱǣ ÛǦȱǻǠȞȱǟ ǦȆȥǠȺƫǟ

ȫǟǿǻǙ Ž Ǧȩǻ ȀǮȭǕ ǠȺǶǤȍǕ ǠƞȀȥ Ûȼȱ ǠȺȲ ĉȶƠȿ ȼǣ ǠȺɆȝȿ ɁǼȵ Ȱǣ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȴǲǵ ȄɆȱ ȀĉɆȢǩ Ǡȵ ȷǕ ȸȮȶƫǟ ȸȵȿ ǥǻǼȞǪƫǟ ǡǟȂǵɉǟ ǦȅǠɆȅȿ ǦɅǻǠȎǪȩɍǟ ǧǠȅǠɆȆȱǟ ǨǶǤȍǕȿ ǥǻǿǠǤȱǟ ǡȀƩǟ ǧǼƦ ȷǕ ǼȞǣ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȤɆȱǠȮǩ

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املربع الثاني – سبعة أعذار غير مبررة لعدم مكافحة الفساد

ɍ .ǥǼǶǪƫǟ ǧǠɅɍɀȱǟȿ ǟǼȺȱɀȽȿ ȷǠǣǠɆȱǟ Ž ǻɀǱɀȵ ȼȹǙ .ȷǠȮȵ Ȱȭ Ž ǻɀǱɀȵ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ" :العذر األول ǥǻɀǱɀȵ ȏǟȀȵɉǠȥ ÛȯǠǮƫǟ ȰɆǤȅ ɂȲȝ ǦǶȎȱǟ ǾǹǖȺȱ ȸȮȱ ".ǟǾȾȭ ǿĉǾǲǪȵ ȀȵǕ ȯɀǵ ǒɄȉ ɃǕ Ȱȶȝ ǠȺȺȮƹ

ǠȾȺȵ ǦɅǠȩɀȱǟ ǻɀȾǱ ȣǠȪɅǙ Ǣƶ ȼȹǕ ƗȞɅ Ȭȱǽ ȷǙ ȯɀȪɅ ȸȵ ǼǱɀɅ ɍ ÛȬȱǽ Ȝȵ ÛƾȒɅǕ ȷǠȮȵ Ȱȭ Ž ƘǣǟǼǪȱǟȿ ÛƘǤȭ ȰȮȊǣ ǧȿǠȦǪǩ ȼȱǠȮȉǕȿ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǧǠɅɀǪȆȵ ȷǚȥ ÛȏǟȀȵɉǟ Ȝȵ ȯǠƩǟ ɀȽ Ǡȶȭȿ .ǠȾǪƨǠȞȵȿ

.ƾȩȀȥ ǫǼǶćǩ ǦɆǱɎȞȱǟȿ ǦɆǝǠȩɀȱǟ

ǒɄȊǣ ȳǠɆȪȱǟ ǠȺȺȮƹ ɍȿ ÛǦɅȀȊǤȱǟ ǦȞɆǤȖȱǟ ȸȵ ǒȂǱ ÛǦǞɆȖƪǠȭ ɀȾȥ .ƿǻɀǱɀȵ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȷǠȭ ǠƫǠȖȱ" :العذر الثاني ǢȮǩȀȹ ƾȞɆƤ ǠȺȹǕ ƗȞɅ ɍ ǦǞɆȖƪǟ ǻɀǱȿ ȷɉ ÛǒɂȕǠǹ ǯǠǪȺǪȅɍǟ ȸȮȱ ÛǦǶɆǶȍ ǦȚǵɎƫǟ ÛǦɆȹǠǭ ǥȀȵ ".ȼȱǠɆǵ

ɀȱ Ɠǵ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǫȿǼǵ ȋȀȥ ȸȵ ǼƩǟ ǠȺȺȮƹ ȰȞȦȱǠǣȿ .ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ɂȲȝ ȨǤȖȺɅ ȼȆȦȹ Ȁȵɉǟȿ ÛǠȾȆȦȹ ǦǱǿǼȱǠǣ ǠɅǠȖƪǟ.Ǧȶǝǟǻ ȼȱ Ǧȝƕȱǟ ǨȹǠȭ

ȐȞǣ Ž ǠȾȺȮȱ ǦǲȝȂȵ ǠȽǼƱ ǧǠȥȀȎǩ ȫǠȺȾȥ .ɁȀǹɉ ǦȥǠȪǭ ȸȵ ȤȲǪƸȿ ȴȾǤȵ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȳɀȾȦȵ" :العذر الثالث ȷǠȹɀȹ .ǧ ȷɀǱ ǡǠǪȭ ȸĉɆǤɅ Ǡȶȭ ı ȸȮȱȿ ".ǦɆȥǠȪǭ ǦɆȱǠɅƎȵǙ ȸȝ ĉȴȺǩ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ȷǙ .ǥǼȅǠȥ ƎǪȞćǩ ɍ ǧǠȥǠȪǮȱǟ ȷǕ ƂǙ ǦɆǱɀȱɀǣȿȀǮȹɉǟ ǧǠȅǟǿǼȱǟ ƘȊǩȿ .ǥɀȉȀȱǟ ȰĉǤȪǪǩ ǦȥǠȪǭ ǦɅǕ ǼǱɀǩ ɍ ȼȹǕ ɀȽ ȜȩǟɀȱǠȥ ı ǥɀȉȀȱǟ ǸɅǿǠǩ ȯɀǵ Ɣȱǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȯǠȮȉǕ ȷǕ Ǡȶȭ .ɁȿǠȉȀȱǟ ȷɀȺɅǼɅ ȴŒǕȿ ǥɀȉǿȿ ǦɅǼȽ ƙǣ ȂɆɆȶǪȱǟ ɂȲȝ ƾȵǠƢ ȷȿǿǻǠȩ ƙɆȲǶƫǟ ȷǠȮȆȱǟ

.ƁǠȞȱǟ ȷǼȵ ȜɆƤ Ž ȷɀȹǠȪȲȱ ǦȦȱǠƯ ƎǪȞćǩ ǡǠǪȮȱǟ ǟǾȽ ǠȾɆȥ ȀȚȺɅ

ȴǪɅ ȷǕ ȬȱǾȱ ȸȮƹ ɍȿ ÛȴɆȪȱǟȿ ǧǠȽǠƟɍǟ Ž ăɎȵǠȭ ƿƘɆȢǩ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ǠȺȞȶǪƭ ƘȾȖǩ ǢȲȖǪɅ":العذر الرابع ȿǕ Ǧȱȿǻ ÛǦȲȵǠȞȱǟ ǦȪǤȖȲȱ ǦɆȪɆȪǵ ǥǿɀǭ ÛȴɆȲȞǪȱǟȿ ǦɆǣȀǪȱǟ ȸȵ ȳǠȝ ǦǞȵ :ȯǟǼǲȲȱ ƙȱǠɆƫǟ ȬǞȱȿǕ ǿǠɆǪǹǟ] ... ǼȞǣ ĉɍǙ

Șȝɀȱǟ ǧɎƥ Ȱǲȅ ȷǙ ".ǥǼǝǠȥ Ɏǣ ȷɀȮɆȅ Ȭȱǽ ȷȿǻ ǒɄȉ ɃǕȿ .[Ȭȱǽ ƂǙ Ǡȵȿ ÛǦɆȵɎȅǙ ȿǕ ǦɆǶɆȆȵ ǥɀǶȍ ȰǮȵ ȴɆȶȎǩ ȷǕ ɄȽ Ƃȿɉǟ ÛȨȖȺƫǟ ƂǙ ǡȀȩǕ ȷǠǪȖȪȹ ȫǠȺȽ ȷǚȥ ÛȷǼƫǟ ǒǟǿǼƫ ǦǤȆȺȱǠǣȿ .ǦȞǲȊȵ Ƙȡ ɄȩɎǹɉǟ

ǻǠƶǙȿ ÛǧǟȀȢǮȱǟ ǼȆȱ ȧȀȕ ȫǠȺȽ ǒǠȺǭɉǟ ȻǾȽ Ž ȼȹǕ ǦɆȹǠǮȱǟȿ ÛȴȾȲȶȝ ȧǠȖȹ ȧɀȦɅ ǦȲǝǠƬǟ ǦɆȝǠȶǪǱɍǟ ǧǟƘɆȢǪȱǟ ȻǾȽ.ǦǤȞȲȱǟ Ǽȝǟɀȩ ƙȆƠȿ ÛǦȆȥǠȺƫǟȿ ǦȱǒǠȆƫǟ ȂɅȂȞǩȿ Ûțǻǟȿǿȿ Ȃȥǟɀǵ

ǧɎǲȞȱ ȴɆǶȊǪȱǟ ǨɅȁ ȰǮȵ ɀȾȥ .ȯȿǼȱǟ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ Ž ȧɎȕɋǟ ɂȲȝ ƿǿǠȑ ȄɆȱ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ" :العذر اخلامس ǦɅȀȚȺȱǟ ǧǠȅǟǿǼȱǟ ȸȮȱ ÛǥǻɀǱɀȵ ǥǼȅǠȦȱǟ Ǧȹȁǟɀƫǟ ȰȵǟɀȞȱǠȥ ÛǴɆǶȍ ".ɄȅǠɆȆȱǟ ȳǠȚȺȲȱ ȠȶȎȱǟȿ ÛǻǠȎǪȩɍǟ

ȷǖǣ ǦȱǻǠǲƫǠȥ .ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ȰȩǕ ǢȆȹ ɂȲȝ ɃɀǪƠ Ɣȱǟ Ǧȹȁǟɀƫǟ Ȱȵǟɀȝ ȸȵ ɁɀǪȆȵ ƅǻǕ ǠŒǕ ƂǙ ƘȊǩ ǦɆǤɅȀǲǪȱǟȿ.ȳǠȝ ȰȮȊǣ ǥǻɀȶƮ ƿǿɀȵǕ ǠȽǿǠǤǪȝɍ Ǧǲǵ ȄɆȱ ǦȺĉɆȞȵ ǦȶȚȹǕ Ž ǦȦɆșȿ ǥǼȅǠȦȱǟ ǧǠȞȥǼȲȱ

ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȷǠȭ ȷǙ ȿǕ ƿǼȅǠȥ ǥǻǠɆȪȱǟ Ž ǥǕȀƫǟ ȿǕ ȰǱȀȱǟ ȷǠȭ ȷǙ ȼǣ ȳǠɆȪȱǟ ȸȮƹ Ǡȵ ǼǱɀɅ ɍ":العذر السادس ǥȀȽǠș ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȷǠȭ ȷǙȿ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȝ ǥǻǠȪȱǟ ȜȥȀǩ ȷǙ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ǻɀȾƨ ȰȒȥɉǟ ȸȵ ȷɀȮɆȅ ÛȰȞȦȱǠǣ ".ƾȶȚȺȵ

ɂȲȝ ȯɀȎƩǟ ȋȀȥ ȰɆȲȪǩ ƂǙ ɃǻǘɅ ǦȶȚȹɉǟ ƙȆƠ ȷǕ ƂǙ ƘȊǩ ǳǠǲȺȱǟ ȌȎȩ ȸȮȱ ÛƾȺɆǩȿǿ ȄɆȱȿ ǦɆȑȀȝ.ȴȚȺƫǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ȰɆȲȪǪȱǟ ȷǠȮȵɋǠǣ ȷǕȿ ÛǦɆȅǠɆȆȱǟ ǧǠȖȲȆȱǟ Ɠǵ ÛȜɆȶƨǟ ƙǣ ǥǼȅǠȥ ǢȅǠȮȵ

ǡǟȂǵɉǟ ǥǻǼȞǪȵ ǧǠɆȕǟȀȪƹǼȱǟȿ ǥȀƩǟ ȧǟɀȅɉǟ ǻɀǱɀǤȥ ÛǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ȨȲȪȱǟ ƾɅǿȿȀȑ ȄɆȱ" :العذر السابع ȸȵ ȰȲȪɅ Ǡư ÛǦȱǒǠȆƫǟȿ ǦȆȥǠȺƫǟ ȂɅȂȞǩ ɂȲȝ ȧǟɀȅɉǟȿ ǦɆȕǟȀȪƹǼȱǟ ǼȝǠȆǩ ÛȰȞȦȱǠǣ ".ǰɅǿǼǪȱǠǣ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ɄȦǪǺɆȅ

ƾȺȵȂȵ ƿǼɅǼő Ȱ ĉȮȊɅ ǥȀȪǪȆƫǟ ǧǠɆȕǟȀȪƹǼȱǟ Ž ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȷǕ Ǡȶȭ .ǦɆȱǠȪǪȹɍǟ ȰǵǟȀƫǟ Ž ǻǟǻȂɅ Ǽȩ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȮȱ ÛǻǠȆȦȱǟ.(ǦȱǟǼȞȱǟ ȰǮȵ) ǦȱȿǼȱǟ ɂȲȝ ȀȮǵ ȃǠȅɉǠǣ ɄȽ Ɣȱǟ ÛǦȵǠȞȱǟ ǧǠȵǼƪǟȿ ȜȥǠȺƫǟ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ Ƙȥɀǩ ǦɆȲȶȞȱ

ملاذا تفشل الكثير من جهود مكافحة الفساد؟

ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ǼƩǟ ǻɀȾǱ ƓǶȥ .ƿȀ ĉȊǤȵ ƁǠȞȱǟ ȯɀǵ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ǧɎƥ ǸɅǿǠǩ ȸȮɅ Ɓ ÛȤȅɉǟ Ȝȵ ȰǮȵ ɁȀǹɉǟ ǧǠȆȅǘƫǟȿ ǧǟǿǟȁɀȱǟ Ž ı Ɨȕɀȱǟȿ ɄȲǶƫǟ ȸɅɀǪȆƫǟ ɂȲȝ ǥƘǤȭ ǦɆȵɎȝǙ ǦɆȖȢǪǣ ɂȚƠ Ɣȱǟ

.ȯǠȵɈȱ ǦǤĉɆƯ ǨȹǠȭ ÛǦɅǠȾȺȱǟ Žȿ ȜǱǟȀǪȱǟȿ ǘ ĉȮȲǪȱǟ ƂǙ ȰɆƢ ǨȹǠȭ ı ǦȕȀȊȱǟ

ǼǵǕ ȷǕ ȣǠȊǪȭǟ ȯǠǮƫǟ ȰɆǤȅ ɂȲȝ ȴǪɅ ȷǖȭ ÛǦǶɆȒȥ ǫǼƠ :ɄȲɅ Ǡȵ ǻɀȾƨǟ ȻǾƬ ǥǻɀȾȞƫǟ ȓǠƴɉǟ ȸȵȿ ǰȵǟȀǣ ȷǕ ȿǕ ÛȴȚǪȺȵ ȰȮȊǣ ƙȵȀǲƫǟ Ȝȵ ǖȕǟɀǪǩ ǦȕȀȊȱǟ ȷǕ ȿǕ Ûǥɀȉǿ ȰǤȩ Ǽȩ ɃǼȲǤȱǟ ȄȲǲƫǟ ǒǠȒȝǕ Ž ƙȎȩǠȺƫǟ ȷǕ ȿǕ ÛǦɆǤȹǠƨǟ ǧɍɀȶȞȱǟȿ ȯǠɆǪǵɍǟ ǢǤȆǣ ǦȶǺȒǪȵ ȤɆȱǠȮǩ ɂȲȝ ɃɀǪƠ ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ȯǠȢȉɉǟ

.ǿǠȞȅɉǟ ǟɀȶ ĉǺȒɅȿ ǦȆȥǠȺƫǟ ȸȵ ǟȿ ĉǼǶɆȱ ǘȕǟɀǩ ǦȪȲǵ ǟɀȲ ĉȮȉ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȜɅǿǠȊƫǟ ǧǟǒǠȖȝ

ȴȾǝǠɆǪȅǟ ȸȝ ȷɀɆȅǠɆȆȱǟ ȀĉǤȞɅȿ ÛǿǠȮȺǪȅɍǠǣ ǦȥǠǶȎȱǟ ǕǼǤǩȿ ÛȃǠȺȱǟ ǢȒȡ ȀǲȦǪɅ ÛǦǶɆȒȦȱǟ ǿǠȊǪȹǟ Ȝȵ Ǡȵ ǥǻǠȝ Ɣȱǟ ǠőǠɆȍɀǩ ǦȺǲȲȱǟ ȳ ĉǼȪǩ ÛȀȾȉǕ ǦǪȅ ǼȞǣ .ȨɆȪƠ ǦȺƨ ȰɆȮȊǩ ȴǪɆȥ ÛǦȵȁǠǵ ǧǟɀȖƝ ȷɀǤȱǠȖɅȿ .ȫɀȲȆȲȱ ǼɅǼǱ ȧǠǮɆȵȿ ÛȨɆǤȖǪȱǟȿ ȨɆȪǶǪȲȱ ƎȭǕ ǧǠȹȁǟɀȵȿ ÛȣǟȀȉɋǟ ǧǠɅɀǪȆȵ ȸȵ ǼɅȂƫǟ ɂȲȝ ȰȶǪȊǩ ǦɆƵǕ ȷɀɆȅǠɆȆȱǟ ȿǕ ǦȥǠǶȎȱǟ ƃɀǩ ɍ ǟǾȱ ÛǕǼȽ Ǽȩ ȃǠȺȱǟ ǢȒȡ ȷɀȮɅ ÛȬȲǩ ǦǪȆȱǟ ȀȾȉɉǟ ȯɎǹ ȸȮȱ ǦȦȲȮȵ ǥǻǠȞȱǟ Ž ȷɀȮǩ ǧǠɆȍɀǪȱǟ ȷǕ ƂǙ ȼȺȵ ǒȂǱ Ž Ȭȱǽ ǻɀȞɅ ÛƙȦȎȺȵ ȷɀȮȹ ɄȮȱ ȸȮȱ .ǧǠɆȍɀǪȲȱ

.ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ǦɆȪɆȪƩǟ ǦɅǠȩɀȱǟ ȸȵ ȰɆȲȪȱǟ ƂǙ ĉɍǙ Ƀǻǘǩ ɍȿ ǦɅǠȢȲȱ

ɂȲȝ ǦɆȺȞƫǟ ǦȆȅǘƫǟ Ž ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǧǠɅɀǪȆȵ ȏǠȦƳǟ ƂǙ țɀȑɀƫǠǣ ȳǠȶǪȽɍǟ ǼɅǟȂǩ ɃǻǘɅ ȷǕ ȸȮȶƫǟ ȸȵȿ ǧǟǿȿǻ ȀȾȚǩ ÛȬȱǾȱ ǦǲɆǪȹ .ȼǪȆȅǖȵȿ ȳǠȶǪȽɍǟ Ȭȱǽ ɂȲȝ ǦȚȥǠǶƫǟ ǢȞȎȱǟ ȸȵ ȸȮȱ ÛƘȎȪȱǟ ɁǼƫǟ

ČČ.ǥȀǪȥ ǼȞǣ ȀȾȚɅȿ ǻɀȞɅ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȮȱ ÛǧǠȺɆȆƠ ǫǼƠ Ǽȩ ÛǧǠȵȁɉǟ ǼȞǤȥ ÛǳɎȍɋǟ ȸȵ ǦȞȖȪǪȵ

.ȯȿǼȱǟ ȴȚȞȵ Ž ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮƫ Ÿɀȱ ǼǱɀɅ ɍ ȼȹǕ ČčǥȀȵ ǧǟǽ ƆɀɅȂǩǙ ɃǠǪɆȵǕ țǠȶǪǱɍǟ ƁǠȝ Ȁȭǽ Ǧȝɀȶƭ ȀǭǖǪǩ ƙǵ ÛǦɅǾǵɉǟ ȿǕ ǠɅɀȎȱǟ ǡɀǤǵ ȿǕ ȀȮȆȱǟ ȰǮȵ ǿɀȵǖǣ ǦȖǤǩȀƫǟ ȣȿȀȚȱǟ ȸȵ ȄȮȞȱǟ ɂȲȞȥ

ȸȵ ƘǤȭ ǻǼȝ ɂȲȝ ǥǻǠȞȱǟ Ž țȁɀǪǩ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȤɆȱǠȮǩ ȷǚȥ ÛǧǠȅǠɆȆȱǟ Ž ƘȢǪȱǠǣ ȋǠǹ ȰȮȊǣ ǦȺĉɆȞȵ ȔȢȑ ÛƾȒɅǕ ǿǠȊǪȹɍǟ ǦȞȅǟȿ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ǠɅǟȂȵ ȷɉȿ .ǢǝǟȀȒȱǟ ɄȞȥǟǻ ǥǻǠȞȱǟ Ž ȷɀȹɀȮɅ ȸɅǾȱǟ ÛȋǠǺȉɉǟ

.ǦȱǠȞȥ ȔȢȑ Ǧȝɀȶƭ ǦȵǟǻǙ ȿ ǼȊǵ ǢȞȎȱǟ ȸȵ ȷǕ ȜȩɀǪɅ ɄȝǠȶƨǟ ȫĉȀǶǪȱǟ ȨȖȺȵ ȷǚȥ

ȷǕ ɂȲȝ ǦȞ ĉǲȊƫǟ ǿǻǟɀǤȱǟ ȸȵ ƎǪȞǩ ƙȱȀǣ Ž ČĔĔĎ ȳǠȝ ǨȆȅǖǩ Ɣȱǟ ǦɆȱȿǼȱǟ ǦɆȥǠȦȊȱǟ ǦȶȚȺȵ ǒǠȊȹǙ ȷǙ Ž ȨȪƠ ȷǕ ǦȶȚȺƫǟ Ȱȵǖǩȿ .ƿǼȲǣ ƙȞǣǿǕ Ž țȿȀȥ ȷɇǟ ǠƬ ǴǤȍǕ ǼȪȱȿ ČĎ .Ǽǣɉǟ ƂǙ ȳȿǼɅ ȸȱ ȜĉȩɀǪȱǟ ǟǾȽ ǦɆȦɆȭ ȷǚȥ ÛĆǠȪǵɍ ɁȀȺȅ Ǡȶȭȿ .ȷǠȆȹɋǟ ȧɀȪǵ ȯǠƭ Ž ǦɆȱȿǼȱǟ ɀȦȞȱǟ ǦȶȚȺȵ ȼǪȪȪǵ Ǡȵ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȯǠƭ

ǧɎƥ Ž ǦɆǲɆǩǟȀǪȅɍǟ ǧǠȵǠȶǪȽɍǟ ȁȀǣǕ ȸȵ ǼȞǩ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ɂȲȝ ǡȀƩǟ Ž ǦɆǤȞȊȱǟ ǦȭǿǠȊƫǟ ǦȵǟǻǙȿ ǼȊǵ.ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ

ƆɀȹǠȪȱǟ ǰȾȺȱǟ ɂȲȝ ǠȽǠĉȺǤǪǩ Ɣȱǟ ǯɀȾȺȱǟ Ž ȀȎǪȪǩ ǠŒɉ ȰȊȦǩ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ǻɀȾǱ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ ȷǕ ȀȭǾćɅȿ ȃǠȶƜ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ǻɀȾǱ ǒǟǿȿ ɄȞȆȱǟ ȴǪɅ ɍ ƾȹǠɆǵǕȿ .ǦɆȩɎǹɉǟ Ǣȹǟɀƨǟ ǦǤȕǠƯ ɂȲȝ ǼȶǪȞǩ ȿǕ

ǠȾȆȦȹ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ǻɀȾǱ ǴǤȎǩ ɁȀǹǕ ƾȹǠɆǵǕȿ .ƆǠǮȱǟ ȜǣȀƫǟ Ž ǦȺĉɆǤƫǟ ǦȞǤȆȱǟ ǿǟǾȝɉǟ ǢǤȆǣ ɄȪɆȪǵ.ǠȾǪȞƧ ȼɅɀȊǩ ȿǕ ǦȑǿǠȞƫǟ ȸǲȅ ǠȾȥǼȽ ǥǼȅǠȥ

ǠȺȺȮƹ Ɣȱǟ ǿɀȵɉǟ ȸȵȿ .ǠȾȺȵ ȴĉȲȞǪȱǟ ǠȺȺȮƹ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮƫ ǦǶǱǠȹ ǧǟǿǻǠǤȵ ȫǠȺȽ ÛȘƩǟ ȸȆƩ ȸȮȱ.ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ǦɅǠȩɀȲȱ ǦɆǲɆǩǟȀǪȅǟ ǻɀǱȿ ɀȽ ǳǠǲȺȱǟ ǿǟȀȅǕ ǼǵǕ ȷǕ ɀȽ ǠȾȶĉȲȞǩ

89

الفصل الثاني

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تطوير االستراتيجيات

:ǡǠǪȮȱǟ ǟǾȽ ǠȾȊȩǠȺɅ Ɣȱǟ ǦɆȆɆǝȀȱǟ ȓǠȪȺȱǟ ȸȵ ǥǼǵǟȿ ɂȲȝ Ƞȹɀȭ ȠȹɀȽ Ž ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ǻɀȾǱ ȰĉȱǼǩ ȠȹɀȽ ɄȦȥ .ȷǼƫǟ ǥǿǟǻǙ ǳɎȍɋ ƾɆȾɆǱɀǩ ǕǼǤȵ Ȱǣ ÛǠőǟǽ ǼƜ ǦɅǠȡ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ȷɀȮǩ ȷǕ Ǣƶ ɍ

ǦɆȲȶȝ ǬɅǼǶǪȱ ǦȲɆȅȿ ƂǙ ı ǦȕȀȊȱǟ ǦɅȀɅǼȵ Ž ǦȍǠǹ ı ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǫǠǮǪǱɍ ǥȂɆư ǥǿǻǠǤȵ ǨȱĉɀƠ ÛȠȹɀȭ.ȴȾǪȺɅǼȵ ȷȿǘȉ ǥǿǟǻǙ Ž ǦȭǿǠȊƫǟ ȸȵ ƙȺȕǟɀƫǟ ƙȮƢȿ ǧǠȵǼƪǟ ƇǼȪǩ

ǦȶȚȹɉǟ žǠȞǩ ȷǕ ǦȵǟǼǪȆƫǟ ǧǠɆǲɆǩǟȀǪȅɍǟ ɂȲȝ ȷǕ ÛƂȿɉǟ :ƙɅȀǹǕ ƙǪȖȪȹ ɂȲȝ ǦȱǠƩǟ ȻǾȽ ȰĉȱǼǩ Ǡȶȭ.ǡǠȪȞȱǟ ȸȵ ǧɎȥɋǟȿ ȳǗǠȊǪȱǟ ǦȥǠȪǭ ȼǪɆȶȆǩ ȸȮƹ Ǡĉư ȌȲǺǪȱǟ ȷǠȮȵɋǠǣ ȷǕ ÛǦɆȹǠǮȱǟȿ ÛǥǼȅǠȦȱǟ

ŸȀȾȵ Ȝȵ ƘǤȭ ȰȮȊǣ ǦȕǿɀǪȵ Ƞȹɀȭ ȠȹɀȽ ǦȕȀȉ ǨȹǠȭ ÛȸɅȀȊȞȱǟ ȷȀȪȱǟ ȸȵ ǧǠȺɆȞǤȆȱǟ ȜȲȖȵ Ž Ǽȩȿ .ǠőǠɆȲȶȝ ȸȝ ɂȑǠȢǪǪȱ ǦȕȀȊȲȱ ȜȥǼǩ ǠȾȞɆƤ ǨȹǠȭ Ɣȱǟ ÛǥǿǠȝǼȱǟ ǧǠȪȲǵȿ ǿǠȶȪȱǟ ǿǠȭȿǕȿ ǧǟǿǼǺƫǟ ǦȞȕǠȪȵ Ž ÛȯǠǮƫǟ ȰɆǤȅ ɂȲȝ .ǥǼȅǠȦȱǟ ǢȅǠȮƫǟ ȜɅȁɀǩȿ Ȝȶƨ ǦȍǠƪǟ ǠőǠǣǠȎȝ ȰɆȮȊǪǣ ǦȕȀȊȱǟ ǨȵǠȩ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ǧǟǿǼǺƫǟ ɄǱĉȿȀȵȿ ǿǠȭȿǕ ȸȵ ȯǠƫǟ ȜȶƟ ǦȕȀȊȱǟ ǧǠǣǠȎȝ ɁǼǵǙ ǨȹǠȭ ÛǦɆǣȀȢȱǟ ȷɀȱȿǠȭ

ǟɀȹǠȮȥ ÛƾǤȎȺȵ ɂȲȝɉǟ ǦȕȀȊȱǟ ȯǠǱǿ ǠȵǕ .ǦȖȅɀǪƫǟ ǢǩȀȱǟ ȸȵ ǦȕȀȉ ȓǠǤȑ ƂǙ ȯǠƫǟ ȰȎɅ Ż ȸȵȿ ȔɆȅȿ ȜɅȁɀǪȱ ǥǼȪȞȵ ǦȖǹ ǦȕȀȊȱǟ ǦǣǠȎȝ ǧǿĉɀȕ Ǽȩȿ .ǧǠɆȲȶȞȱǟ ȬȲǩ ȸȝ ɄȑǠȢǪȱǟ ȰǣǠȪȵ ȯǠƫǟ ɂȲȝ ȷɀȲȎƷ ǧɍǠƩǟ ȐȞǣ Žȿ ı ȫɀȺǣ ǦǪȆȱ ǧǠȞȥǻȿ ƙǤȅǠƮ ȸȶȒǪǩ ÛǠȽǠȪȲǪǩ ǨȹǠȭ Ɣȱǟ ǥǼȅǠȦȱǟ ǧǠȞȥǼȱǟ ǥǿǟǻǙȿ ȷɀȭǿǠȊɅ ǦɆȹǼǪƫǟ ǢǩȀȱǟ ȿȿǽ ǦȕȀȊȱǟ ȯǠǱǿ ȷǠȭ ÛȬȱǽ ƂǙ ǦȥǠȑɋǠǣ .ǦɆǤȺǱǕ ȫɀȺǣ ƂǙ ȯǟɀȵɉǟ ȰɅɀƠ ı ɃǠȊȱǟ ǧɎƮ ȸȵ ȯǠƫǟ ȷȿȂǪǤɅ ǦȕȀȊȱǟ ȯǠǱǿ ȷǠȭȿ ÛǦɅǿɀȥ ɁȿǠȉǿ ȰǣǠȪȵ ƘȆȱǟ ǧǠȦȱǠǺƞ ǢȝɎǪȱǟ Ž ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ǢǪȮȵ ȷǠȭȿ ǥǿǟǼǲȲȱ ǦɆȲǹǟǼȱǟ ǦȶȚȹɉǟ Ž ȰȢȲȢǩ Ǽȩ ȷǠȭ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȷǙ Ɠǵ ÛțǿǠȊȱǟ Ž ǦȝǠǤȱǟȿ

.ƿǼȅǠȥ ȼǩǟǽ Ǽǵ Ž ǦȕȀȊȱǟ ǥȀǝǟǻ Ž ɄȲǹǟǼȱǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ

ǿǠȊǪȹǟ ȯɀǵ ǦȪȝǠȍ ǦȱǻǕ ȸȝ ǠȽȀǭǙ ȤȊȮȱǟ Ź ÛǥƘǤȭ ǦȞǱǟȀȵ ǦǞɆȽ ȰɆȮȊǪǣ ǼɅǼƨǟ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȄɆǝǿ ȂȝȿǕ Ǡȵ ƾǤȱǠȡ ǥȀȽǠș ȰĉǮƹ ȼȹɉ ĆɍɀȖȵ ǦǞɆƬǟ Ȥȍȿ ǯǟǿǻǙ ȷǖȊȱǟ ǟǾȽ Ž ȀɅǼƨǟ ȸȵȿ .ɄȆȅǘƫǟ ȯɎǪȝɍǟ ǟǾȽ

.ȴȚȺƫǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ɄȽȿ Ûțɀȑɀƫǟ ǟǾŏ ǦȲȍ ǧǟǽ ǠȾȺȮȱ ǠȾȺȝ ɄȑǠȢǪȱǟ ȴǪɅ

ǦȕȀȊȱǟ ȯǠǱǿ ȸȵ ǦȲȵǠȭ Ǧȝɀȶƭ ȓǿɀǪǩ ǠȵǼȺȝ ɃǕ Û"ȴȚȺƫǟ" ǻǠȆȦȱǠǣ ...Ȥ ĆȍɀɅ Ǡȵ ɀȽ ȯǠȮȉɉǟ ǕɀȅǕ ȁǟȂǪǣǟ ɀȾȥ ÛɄȪɆȪƩǟ ȻǠȺȞƞ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ƘǮȮǣ ǕɀȅǕ "Ȝȶƨǟ" ȷɀȮɅ ÛǥǻǠȞȱǟ Žȿ ...ȼȞɅȁɀǩȿ ȯǠƫǟ ȜƤ Ž

...ǧǠǣǠȎȞȱǟ ȯǠǱǿ ǼɅ ɂȲȝ ȤȺȞȱǠǣ ǦȺȖǤȵ ǧǟǼɅǼő ȼȪȥǟȀǩ Ǵȑǟȿ

13

تطوير االستراتيجياتتطوير االستراتيجيات

ǴǲȺǩ ɍ ǥǻɀȾȞƫǟ ȯɀȲƩǟ ȷǚȥ ƾȶȚȺȵ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȷɀȮɅ ǠȵǼȺȞȥ ÛǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȀȶǪȅǟ ÛȼȲȭ Ȭȱǽ ȸȵ ȴȡȀȱǟ ɂȲȝ ȸȮȱ ǧǠɅɀǪȆȵ ȸȵ ǼɅȂƫǟ ǫǟǼǶǪȅǟȿ ǦȶȚȹɉǟ ȸȵ ǼɅȂƫǟ ȀɅɀȖǪȱ ǻǠǪȞƫǟ ȰȞȦȱǟ ǻǿ źǖɅ Ǽȩ ÛȜȩǟɀȱǟ Žȿ .ǥǻǠȞȱǟ Ž ȸȝ ȂǣɀȮɆǱ .ǡ ȄȶɆǱȿ ɀȮɅǿǠɆȮɆȹǕ ȬȹǟȀȥ ȯǠȩ Ǡȶȭ ÛƁǠȞȱǟ ȯȿǻ ƖȡǕ Ž Ɠǵ ǦɆȆȮȝ ǰǝǠǪȺǣ ȣǟȀȉɋǟ

Ď.ȫǿɀɅɀɆȹ

ɂĉȺǤǩ Ȱǣ ÛǥǻǠǪȞƫǟ ȳɀǲƬǟ ȓɀȖǹ ȁɀȾɆȲȭǠȵ Ƀǿɀȵ ǼɅǼƨǟ Ƞȹɀȭ ȠȹɀȽ ȴȭǠǵ ȜǤĉǪɅ Ɓ ÛȘƩǟ ȸȆƩ ǨƠ ǨȹǠȭ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮƫ ǦȲȪǪȆƫǟ ǦǞɆƬǠǣ ɂȝǼǩ ǥǼɅǼǱ ǦǞɆȽ Ȅ ĉȅǕ ǬɆǵ ÛǦǞɅȀǱ ǥǼɅǼǱ ǦɆǲɆǩǟȀǪȅǟ ÛǦɅɀȩ ȨɆȪƠ ǧǟǿǼȪǣ ȜǪȶǪǩ ǦǞɆƬǟ ǨȹǠȭ .ǦȕȀȊȲȱ ȜǣǠǪȱǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ǢǪȮȵ ɂȢȱǕȿ ǥȀȉǠǤȵ ȼǩȀȵǙ

.ƙȺȕǟɀƫǟ ǦȭǿǠȊȵȿ ǦɅǠȩɀȱǟ ɂȲȝ ǦɅǟǼǤȱǟ ȸȵ ǧȂȭǿ ǠȾȺȮȱ

:ȳǠȆȩǕ ǦǭɎǭ ɂȲȝ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮƫ ǦȲȪǪȆƫǟ ǦǞɆƬǟ ǨȲȶǪȉǟ Ǽȩȿ.ǧǠȪɆȪǶǪȱǟ ȸȝ ăɍȿǘȆȵ ȷǠȭ ɃǾȱǟ ÛǧǠɆȲȶȞȱǟ ȴȆȩ .Č

ǦȦȲǪǺƫǟ ǧǠȆȅǘƫǟ ǦɆȲǣǠȩ ɁǼȵ ȴɆɆȪǩ ȸȝ ăɍȿǘȆȵ ȷǠȭ ɃǾȱǟ ÛǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ǦɅǠȩɀȱǟ ȴȆȩ .č.ǦɆǱɎȝ ƘǣǟǼǩ ǽǠơǟ Ž ǠőǼȝǠȆȵȿ ǻǠȆȦȲȱ

ǦǶȥǠȮȵ Ž Ƞȹɀȭ ȠȹɀȽ ȷǠȮȅ ȫǟȀȉǙ ȸȝ ăɍȿǘȆȵ ȷǠȭ ɃǾȱǟ ÛȜȶǪǲƫǟ ǧǠȩɎȝ ȴȆȩ .Ď.ǻǠȆȦȱǟ

ȷǚȥ ÛɁȀǹǕ ǳǠƱ ȌȎȩ ȸĉɆǤǩ Ǡȶȭȿ .ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦȥǠȪǭ ȴɆȖƠ ƂǙ ǦǱǠƩǟ ǦǞɆƬǟ ǦɆǲɆǩǟȀǪȅǟ ǨȭǿǻǕ ǼȪȱ Ž ƙȕǿɀǪƫǟ ǦǤȩǠȞȵȿ ǦȪǵɎȵ ɃǕ Û"ƘǤȮȱǟ ȬȶȆȱǟ ɄȲȩ" ȴȚȺƫǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ Ž ǦȶȾƫǟ ǧǟɀȖƪǟ ȸȵ ǡȀȽ ȨǣǠȅ ǦȕȀȉ ȄɆǝȀȱ ǢȲǱ ȀȵǕ ǿǟǼȎǪȅǟ Ž Ƞȹɀȭ ȠȹɀȽ ǨǶƱ Ǽȩȿ .ǠɆȲȞȱǟ ǢȍǠȺƫǟ Ž ǻǠȆȦȱǟ

Ǽȝǟɀȩ ȀĉɆȢǪǣ ȻǻǟǻȀǪȅǟ ǦɆȲȶȝ ǨȹǽǓ Ǽȩȿ .ǦȝȿȀȊȵ Ƙȡ ȧȀȖǣ ǠȾɆȲȝ ȰȎǵ ǥȿȀǮǣ ȴĉȞȺǪɅ ȷǠȭȿ ǟȀǪȲƱǙ ƂǙ.ȯǠȞȥǖǣ ȴĉȝǼćɆȅ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ǼƩǟ ȯɀǵ ȰɆȶƨǟ ȳɎȮȱǟ ȷǕȿ ÛǦǤȞȲȱǟ

ǒǟƎǹȿ ǦȶȚȹǕ ɀȲȲƮȿ ǥǿǟǻǙ ǒǟƎǹ ȴȾɆȥ ȸƞ ÛƾȎǪƯ ƙǪȅȿ ǦȆƦ ƙɆȞǪǣ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ǦɅǠȩɀȱǟ ȴȆȩ ȳǠȩ ȷǠȭ ÛȴȆȪȱǟ ƃȿǘȆȵ ǼǵǕ ǢȆƜȿ .ȷɀɅǿǠȶȞȵ ȷɀȅǼȺȾȵȿ ȷɀȅǼȺȾȵȿ ȷɀȵǠƮȿ ȷɀǤȅǠƮȿ ȀǩɀɆǤȶȭ

:ȴȆȪȱǟ

ȳɀȪȹ ȸƲȿ .ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ȨȥǟȀƫǟȿ ǦȵɀȮƩǟ Ž ǧǟǒǟȀǱɋǟȿ ǧǠȅǿǠȶƫǟ ɂȲȝ ǦȎǶȦǪȵ ǥȀȚȹ ǒǠȪȱǙ ȸȝ ăɍȿǘȆȵ ǦȱǟȁǙ ȣǼŏ ǧǠȅǠɆȆȱǟȿ ȰȶȞȱǟ ǯɀŒȿ ǢɆȱǠȅɉǟȿ ǦȶȚȹɊȱ ƙȪɆȩǻ ȰɆȲƠȿ ȌǶȥ ǒǟȀǱǙ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ȬȱǾǣ ƂǙ Ƀǻǘǩ Ɣȱǟ ǥǼɆȦƫǟ Ƙȡȿ ǦȶȾǤƫǟ ǧǠȅǿǠȶƫǟȿ ǦǤȞȎȱǟȿ ǦǲȝȂƫǟ ǧǟǒǟȀǱɋǟȿ ȨɆǤȖǪȲȱ ǦȲǣǠȪȱǟ Ƙȡ ƙȹǟɀȪȱǟ

.ƿǾǤƮ ȿǕ ƾȺȮư Ȭȱǽ ȷɀȮɅ ǠȵǼȺȝ ǠȾȖɆȆǤǩ ȿǕ ÛǻǠȆȦȱǟ

"ǧǠȮȲǪȶȶȲȱ" ǦɆȹǠǮȱǟȿ ÛƙȲȵǠȞȱǟ ȤǝǠșȿȿ ǧǠȵǼƪǟ ȸȝ ǦȱȿǘȆȵ "ȃǠȺȲȱ" ǥǼǵǟȿ ÛƙǪǤȞȉ ȴȆȪȱǟ ǖȊȹǕ Ǽȩȿ Ȝȵ ǠȾǪȩɎȝ ǨȺǣȿ Ûǒǟɀȑɉǟ ȸȝ ƿǼɆȞǣ ȰȶȞȲȱ ǦǞɆƬǟ ǨȞȅ .Ʉȑǟǿɉǟȿ ƆǠǤƫǟȿ ǻɀȪȞȱǟ ȸȝ ǦȱȿǘȆȵ

Žȿ .ǻɀȾǱ ȸȵ ȼǣ ȳɀȪǩ Ǡȵ ɂȲȝ ȰȒȦȱǟ ǧǠȆȅǘƫǟ Ǿǹǖǩ ȷǕ ȃǠȅǕ ɂȲȝ ǦȦȲǪǺƫǟ ǦɆȵɀȮƩǟ ǧǠȆȅǘƫǟ ǼȞǣ ǦȵȁɎȱǟ ǧǟƘɆȢǪȱǟ ǒǟȀǱǙ ȴǪɅ Ɓ ȿǕ ÛǦǞɆƬǟ ǥǼȝǠȆƞ ǠȾȝǠȑȿǕ ȰɆȲƠ Ž ǦǤȡǟǿ ǧǠȆȅǘƫǟ ȸȮǩ Ɓ ȯǠǵ

ǧǟɀȖǹ ǽǠơǟȿ ǦȆȅǘƫǟ Ȥȩɀȵ ȸȝ ȷɎȝɋǟȿ ȴȭǠƩǟ ǢȒȡ ȷǠȭ ƗȶȒȱǟ ǼɅǼȾǪȱǟ ȷǚȥ ÛȰɆȲǶǪȱǟ ǧǠɆȲȶȝ

ȸȵ ǻǼȝ Ȝȵ ȰȵǠȞǪȱǟ Ž ȴȾǪǤȡǿȿ ȴȾȅǠƥ ǦȕȀȊȱǟ ȯǠǱǿ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ ǼȪȥ ǦȕǠȆǣ ȰȮǣ ÛȯǠȪɅ Ǡȵ ǢȆǵ ȴȾƹǼȪǩ ȸȵ ăɍǼǣ ȴǝǟȀƨǟ ɄȮǤǩȀȵ ɂȲȝ "ȷɀȖȢȒɅ" ȸɅǾȱǟ ȣɀȦȍ ƂǙ ǟɀȶȒȹǟȿ "ǦɆȝǠȶǪǱɍǟ" ȴǝǟȀƨǟ

...ǦȶȭǠǶȶȲȱ

ɄȶȚȺȵ ȰǤȩ ȸȵ ȯɀǤȪȵ Ƙȡ ɃǻȀȥ ȃǠȅǕ ɂȲȝ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȷǙȿ "ȴȚȺȵ" ȼȶȚȞȵ Ž ǦȕȀȊȱǟ ǻǠȆȥ ȷǙ ȯǠȪɅȿ Ž ȷɀȝǿǠǣ ȷɀȶȚȺƫǟȿ .ȻǼǵȿ ȰȶȞɅ ȌǺȉ ɃǕ Ȝȵ ȰȵǠȞǪȱǟ ȴǪɅ ȷǠȭ ÛȰȞȦȱǠǣȿ .ǦȕȀȊȱǟ "ǧǠǣǠȎȝ"

Ǽȩȿ .ǢǱǟɀȱǠǣ ȴȾȅǠȆǵǙ ɁǼȵ ǦȥȀȞƫ ǦȕȀȊȱǟ ǧǟɀȪǣ ǻǼƨǟ ƙȪǶǪȲƫǟ ǿǠǤǪǹǟ ȴǪɅ ǬɆǵ ÛɄȆȦȺȱǟ ȰɆȲǶǪȱǟ ȴȪɅ Ɓ ȯǠǵ Žȿ ...ƀǙ ÛȴȾǤǩǠȮȵ ɂȲȝ ȯǠƫǟ ȸȵ ȠȱǠǤȵ Ȝȑȿ ȴǪɅ ȷǖȭ ÛǥǻǼȞǪȵ ăɍǠȮȉǕ ǧǟǿǠǤǪǹɍǟ Ǿǹǖǩ ȠɆȲǤǪȱǟ ȸȵ ƾȦǝǠǹ ǴǤȎɅȿ ȼǪȵǼǹ ǥǼȵ ǦɆȪǤȱ ȼȖɅǿɀǩ ȴǪɅ ÛțɀȺȱǟ ȻǾȽ ȸȵ ǦȭȀǵ ȯȿǕ ȸȝ ȠɆȲǤǪȱǠǣ ɄȕȀȊȱǟ

...ƾȪǵɍ ȼɆȲȝ ĉȀƢ ȷǕ ȸȮƹ ǥǼȅǠȥ ǧǠȕǠȊȹ ǦɅǕ ȸȝ

:Ƞȹɀȭ ȠȹɀȽ Ž ǦȱɀȪȵ ȫǠȺȽ.ǠȺɆȱǙ ȴȒȹǠȥ ÛǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȜȹǠƢ ɍ ǨȺȭ ȷǙ :ɃǕ Û"ǦȲȥǠƩǟ Ǣȭǿǟ" .Č

.ȰǹǼǪǩ ɍ ȸȮȱ ÛǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȜȹǠƢ ǨȺȭ ȷǙ ȃǖǣ ɍ :ɃǕ Û"ǦȲȥǠƩǟ ǢȹǠƛ Ȑȭǿǟ" .č "ǦȲȥǠƩǟ" ȬȆȽǼǪȅ ÛǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȝ ȠɆȲǤǪȱǟ ǨȱȿǠǵ ȷǙ :ɃǕ Û"ǦȲȥǠƩǟ ȳǠȵǕ ȤȪǩ ȷǕ ȫǠɅǙ" .Ď

.Ǡȵ ǦȪɅȀȖǣ ȬȺȵ ȴȪǪȺȺȅ .ȬȲȶȝ ȀȵǼǪɆȅ ȿǕ ȰǪȪȱǟ Ɠǵ ȿǕ ǦǣǠȍɌȱ ȏȀȞǪǪȅȿ

ÛȳɎȮȱǟ ȸȵ țɀȺȱǟ ǟǾȽ ȷɀȞȶȆɅ ǠȵǼȺȝ ƙȾɅƕȱǟ ȸȆȱǟ ǿǠȢȍ ǦȕȀȊȱǟ ȓǠǤȑ ȰȞȥ ǻǿ ȰĉɆơ ȰȾȆȱǟ ȸȵȿ Č.Ȁȵɉǟ Ž ȷɀȲǹǼǪɅ ɍ ȿǕ "ǦȲȥǠƩǟ" ƂǙ ȷɀȶȒȺɅ ǠȵǙ ȴŒǚȥ

ȠȹɀȽ ȼɆȥ ȏȀȞǪǩ ǨȹǠȭ Ǩȩȿ Ž ǠȽȀȅǖǣ ǦȵɀȮƩǟ Ž ǦȪǮȱǟ ȳǼȝ ȸȵ ƾǹǠȺȵ ȜɆȊɅ ǦȕȀȊȱǟ ǻǠȆȥ ȷǠȭ .ǦɆȭǿǠȊǩȿ ǦɆȕǟȀȪƹǻ ȀǮȭǕ ǦȵɀȮƜ ƙǤȱǠȖƫǟ ǡǠǤȊȱǟ ƙɆȺȾƫǟ ȸȵ "ǥǼɅǼǱ ǦȪǤȕ" ȸȵ ǧǠȕɀȢȑ ƂǙ Ƞȹɀȭ Ȭȱǽ ȀǭǙ ɂȲȝ ǧȀǭǖǩ Ǽȩȿ .ɁȀǹǕ ǦɆȵɀȮǵ ǧǠȆȅǘȵ Ž ǻǠȆȦȱǟ Ʉ ĉȊȦǩ Ž ȴȽǠȅ ǦȕȀȊȱǟ ǻǠȆȥ ȷǕ Ǡȶȭ Ž Ƞȹɀȭ ȠȹɀȽ ȸȝ ǿǠǤǹɉǟ ȸȵ ĕĒċ ȷǕ ǧǠȅǟǿǼȱǟ ɁǼǵǙ ǧȀȾșǕ ǬɆǵ ÛǦɆȱȿǼȱǟ Ƞȹɀȭ ȠȹɀȽ ǦȞƧ

ȯĉɀƠ ȯǠȶǪǵǟ ȸȵ ȣĉɀơ ȁȀǣ ÛǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǻǠɅǻȁǟ Ȝȵȿ č.ǥǼȅǠȦȱǟ ǧǠȅǿǠȶƫǠǣ ȨȲȞǪǩ ǨȹǠȭ ǦɆȹǠȖɅƎȱǟ ǦȥǠǶȎȱǟ.ɁȀǹǕ ȸȭǠȵǕ ƂǙ ȀǮȭǖȥ ȀǮȭǕ ǥǿǠǲǪȱǟȿ ǧǟǿǠȶǮǪȅɍǟ

ǼȪȥ .ƾȒɅǕ ƿǼɅǼǱ ȼǣ ȳǠȶǪȽɍǟ ȸȮɅ Ɓȿ ÛǥǼɅǼǱ ǥȀȽǠș ȸȮɅ Ɓ Ȭȉ Ɏǣ ȼȺȮȱ ÛǻǠɅǻȁǟ Ž ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȷǠȭ ȼǪɆȶȆǩ ȸȮƹ Ǡȵ ɂȲȝ ǠȾȞɆƤ ǧȂ ĉȭǿ ÛǦȕȀȊȱǟ ǻǠȆȦȱ ɃǼȎǪȲȱ ǥƘǮȭ ǧɍȿǠƮ ȨǣǠȆȱǟ Ž ȫǠȺȽ ȷǠȭ

ÛǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ǢǪȮƫ ǦȖȲȆȱǟȿ ǻǿǟɀƫǟ ȸȵ ǼɅȂƫǟ ǴȺȵȿ ÛǦȵǟȀȍ ȀǮȭǕ ƙȹǟɀȩ Ȝȑȿ :"ǥǻɀȾȞƫǟ ȯɀȲƩǟ" ȸȵ ȨȪǶǪȱǠǣ ǧǠȖȲȆȲȱ ǳǠȶȆȱǟ Ź ȸȵȂȱǟ ȸȵ ǥȀǪȥ ǼȞǣ ÛȯǠǮƫǟ ȰɆǤȅ ɂȲȝ .ǧǠȪɆȪǶǪȱǟ ɂȲȝ ȂɆȭȀǪȱǟȿ

ƾȪǵɍȿ ÛǦȺĉɆȞȵ ǻǠȆȥ ǦȱǠǵ Ž ȨɆȪǶǪȱǟ ǦɆȲȶȝ ȸȵ ǒȂǲȭ ǦɅǟǼǤȱǟ Ž ƙɆȵɀȮƩǟ ƙȦșɀȶȲȱ ǦɆȮȺǤȱǟ ǧǠǣǠȆƩǟ .ɄȞɆǤȖȱǟ ǼƩǟ ȧɀȦɅ "ǦɆȱǠƫǟ ǻǿǟɀƫǠǣ ȼȶȮƠ"ȿ ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟ Ǽǵɉ "ɄȊɆȞƫǟ ɁɀǪȆƫǟ" ȷǕ ƎǪȞćɅ ȷǠȭ ǠȵǼȺȝ ."ȻƘȆȦǩ ȸȮƹ ɍ ɃǾȱǟ ǒǟȀǮȱǟ" ȃǠȅǕ ɂȲȝ ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟ ǒɍǘȽ ȰȎȦǣ ǳǠȶȆȱǟ ɄȽ ǦɆȱǠǪȱǟ ǥɀȖƪǟ ǨȹǠȭȿ

ǴǤȍǕ ǬɆƜ ÛǧǠǤǭɋǟ ǦɆȱȿǘȆȵ ɂȲȝ Ȃ ĉȭȀǪȱ ǠɅǠȒȪȱǟ ȬȲǩ Ž ǦɆȱǠǪȱǟ ǥɀȖƪǟ ǧȀĉɆȢǩ ÛȬȱǽ ǴǲȺɅ Ɓ ǠȵǼȺȝȿ Ȝȶƛ ȼȱĉɀơ ǥǼɅǼǱ ǧǠɆǵɎȍ ɂȲȝ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ǢǪȮȵ ȰȎǵ Ǡȶȭ ÛȴőǒǟȀǣ ǧǠǤǭǙ ƙȶȾǪƫǟ ɂȲȝ

.ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟ ǥǠɆǵ Ȕƴȿ ǻǠȆȦȱǠǣ ȴȝǟȂȵ Ž ȨɆȪǶǪȲȱ ɁǼƫǟ ǦȲɅɀȕ ǧǟǿǠǤǺǪȅǟȿ ǧǠȵɀȲȞȵ

1415


ǦȝǠǲȉ ǥǻǠɆȩȿ ǦɅǠȺȞǣ ȴȽǿǠɆǪǹǟ ȴǪɅ ƙǣɀȽɀȵ ƙȦșɀƞ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮƫ ǦȲȪǪȆȵ ǥǼɅǼǱ ǦȆȅǘȵ ǒǠȊȹǙ .č ȀȭǾćɅȿ .ǠȾǪǤȩǟȀȵȿ ǦȆȅǘƫǟ ȼɆǱɀǪȱ ǦɆȞȶǪƭ ȣǟȀȉǙ ȄȱǠƭ ǦȆƦ ǒǠȊȹǙȿ ÛǦɅɀȩ ǦɆȲǹǟǻ ǦǣǠȩǿ ǦȶȚȹǕȿ

.ǦɆȩǟǼȎƫǟ ȷǠȺȶȒǩ ƙǩɀȖƪǟ ƙǩǠȽ ȷǕ

."ƘǤȮȱǟ ȬȶȆȱǟ ɄȲȩ" ȯɎǹ ȸȵ Ȝȩǟɀȱǟ Ȁȵɉǟ ȰĉǤȪǩȿ ȳǗǠȊǪȱǟ ǦȥǠȪǭ ȴɆȖƠ .Ď

ǼƩǟ ɂȲȝ ȰȶȞȱǟȿ ÛǦȵɀȮƩǟ ȤǝǠșɀȱ ȴȚȺȵ ȰɆȲƠ ǒǟȀǱǙ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ǦɅǠȩɀȱǟ ɂȲȝ ǼɅǼȊǪȱǟ ǠȺɆȲȝ Ż ȸȵ .ď .ǦȱǒǠȆƫǟ ȂɅȂȞǩȿ ÛǥǻǼƮ ǦȶȚȹǕ ȸȶȑ ǠȽƘȕǖǩȿ ȣȀȎǪȱǟ ǦɅȀǵ ǻȿǼǵ ǳǠȒɅǙȿ ÛǿǠȮǪǵɍǟ ǦȖȲȅ ȸȵ Ǩȩɀȱǟ Žȿ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ Ž ȴȽǠȆɅ Ȭȱǽ ȷɉ ÛǠȽǼȑ ȄɆȱȿ ǦɆȵɀȮƩǟ ǧǠȆȅǘƫǟ Ȝȵ ȰȶȞȱǟ ǠȺɆȲȝȿ

.ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ǧǠȵǼƪǟ ƇǼȪǩ ǦɆȲȶȝ Ž ǦɅǿǾǱ ǧǟƘɆȢǩ ǒǟȀǱǙ ȸȵ ȸ ĉȮƹ ȼǩǟǽ

ȯɀǵ ȴȾȺȵ ǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǟ ɄĉȪȲǪȱ ǥǼɅǼǱ ȰǤȅ ǻǠƶǙ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ɂȲȝ ǡȀƩǟ Ž ƙȺȕǟɀƫǟ ǼȊǵ .Đ ȸȵ ȸ ĉȮƹ ȼǩǟǽ Ǩȩɀȱǟ Žȿ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ Ž ȴȽǠȆɅ Ȭȱǽ ȷɉ ÛȻǿǠȒȵ ȯɀǵ ȴȾȦɆȪǮǩȿ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ

.ƙȺȕǟɀƫǟ ȴȝǻȿ ǦȭǿǠȊȵ ɁɀǪȆȵ ɂȲȝ ǦɅǿǾǱ ǧǟƘɆȢǩ ǫǟǼǵǙ

ƂǙ ǦȥǠȑɋǠǣ .ǦɅǿǾǱ ǧǟƘɆȢǩȿ ƾȶȚȺȵ ƾǲŒ ǢȲȖǪɅ ȴȚȺƫǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȷǕ ȴȾȦȹ ȷǕ ǠȺɆȲȝ ÛǦȲȎǶƫǟ Ž .đ.ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ȳǠȝ ǳɎȍǙ ǒǟȀǱɋ ǦȎȺȵ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ȷɀȮǩ ȷǕ ȸȮƹ ÛȬȱǽ

كيفية تطوير االستراتيجيات

ɀȽ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ǧɎƥ ȌȪȺɅ Ǡȵ ȷɀȮɅ ǥǻǠȞȱǟ Ž ȸȮȱ ÛƾɆȾɅǼǣ ƿȀȵǕ ǦɆǲɆǩǟȀǪȅǟ ƂǙ ǦǱǠƩǟ ȿǼǤǩ Ǽȩ ȌǺȉ ȼǣ ȳɀȪɅ ȰȞȥ ȿǕ ȀǣǠȝ ǽǠȉ ǫǼǵ ǻȀƭ ȼȹǕ ɂȲȝ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ƂǙ ȀȚȺȱǟ Ǣƶ ɍ ǬɆǵ ÛȬȱǽ ȔǤȒȱǠǣ

ǥǻǿǠȖȵ ȸȵ ăɍǼǣ ǧǠȅǠɆȆȱǟȿ ǦȶȚȹɉǟ ƘɆȢǩ Ž ǳɎȍɋǟ ǧǠɆȲȶȝ ǳǠƱ ǒǟǿȿ ȀȆȱǟ ȸȶȮɅȿ .ȯǠǪƮ ȫǠȺȽ ȷǠȭ Ɠȶȥ .ɄȩɎǹǕ ǳɎȍǙ ƂǙ ǥɀȝǼȱǟ ȿǕ ǥǼɅǼǱ ǦȶȚȹǕȿ ƙȹǟɀȩ ǦȥǠȑǙ ȿǕ ȴȾȺɆȞǣ ƙǤȹǾȵ ȋǠǺȉǕ .ƿǻǠȆȥ ǼǲȺȅ ǥǻǠȞȱǟ Ž ǠȺȹǚȥ ÛǦȱǒǠȆȵ ȷȿǻ ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟ ɁǼȱ ȣĉȀȎǩ ǦɅȀǵ ȼɆȱǙ ƾȥǠȒȵ ǿǠȮǪǵɍǟ ȸȵ ǰɅȂȵ ǠȵǼȺȝȿ ÛȂɆȶǪƫǟ ǒǟǻɉǟ ɂȲȝ Ȃȥǟɀǵ ȿǕ ǧǔȥǠȮȵ ȷȿǻ ǦɆȹǼǪȵ Ǣǩǟȿǿ ɂȲȝ ȷɀȵǠȞȱǟ ȷɀȱȿǘȆƫǟ ȰȎƷ ǠȵǼȺȝȿ

ȷɀȮǪȱȿ .ȀȽǻȂɅ ȷǕ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ȜȩɀǪȹ ȷǕ ǠȺɆȲȝ ȷǚȥ ÛǫȿǼƩǟ ǿǻǠȹȿ ƾȖɆȆǣ ȸɅǼȅǠȦȲȱ ǡǠȪȞȱǟ ȷɀȮɅ.ȳǠȚȺȱǟ Ž ȰȭǠȊƫǟ ȻǾȽ žǠȞǩ ȷǕ ǠȾɆȲȝ ȷǚȥ ÛǦǶǱǠȹ ǧǠǵɎȍɋǟ

ǥǼɅǼǱ ǧǠɆǲɆǩǟȀǪȅǟ ȿǕ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ Ǽȑ ǧɎƥ ȸȝ ǬɅǼǶȲȱ Ɠǵ ǢǤȅ ǼǱɀɅ ɍ ȼȹǕ ɁȀɅ ȐȞǤȱǟ ȸȮȱ ɁǼǵǙ ȄɆǝǿ ǢǝǠȹ Ȱȅǟǿ Ǽȩȿ .ǠőǠǤǱǟɀǣ ǦȵɀȮƩǟ ȳɀȪǩ ȷǕ ɀȽ ǡɀȲȖƫǟ ǼɆǵɀȱǟ Ȁȵɉǟ ȷǕȿ ÛȻǼȑ

ǧǠȵɀȮƩǟ Ȝȵ ǦȲȮȊƫǟ ȷǕ ɁȀɅ ɀȽȿ ÛȀȵɉǟ ǟǾȽ ȋɀȎƝ ǡǠǪȮȱǟ ǟǾƬ ɄȆɆǝȀȱǟ Ȥȱǘƫǟ ǦɆȱȿǼȱǟ ǧǠȆȅǘƫǟ.ǼȞǣ ǠȽǾĉȦȺǩ Ɓȿ ǠȾǪȞȖȩ Ɣȱǟ ǻɀȝɀȱǟ ǾĉȦȺǩ ȷǕ Ȱǣ ÛǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȯǠɆǵ ȼǣ ȳǠɆȪȱǟ ǠȾɆȲȝ Ǡȵ ȣȀȞǩ ȷǕ ȄɆȱ ǦɆȪɅȀȥɋǟ

ȰɆǤȅ ɂȲȞȥ .ǥǠɆƩǟ Ž ɁȀǹǕ ǢȹǟɀǱ Ž ɁǼȍ ȼȱ ǼƱ ǠȺȹǕ Ǡȶȭ ÛǦǶȎȱǟ ȸȵ ǒɄȉ ǟǾȽ ȰȞȦȱǟ ǻǿ Ž ÛǡɀȲȖƫǟ ȼǱɀȱǟ ɂȲȝ ȴőǠɆȱȿǘȆȵ ǠȾɆȥ ƙȲȵǠȞȱǟ ȜɆƤ ɁĉǻǕ ȷǙ ƎȭǕ ƾǵǠǣǿǕ ǧǠȭȀȊȱǟ ȨȪǶǪȅ ÛȯǠǮƫǟ ȀǮȭǕ ǠȺɆȞȅȿ ǠȺɅǼȱ Ȩȶȝɉǟ ǦɆȩɎǹɉǟ ǼȝǟɀȪȱǠǣ ǠȺȆȦȹǕ Ȁ ĉȭǾȹ ǠȺɆȪǣ ȷǙ ȋǠǺȉǖȭ ȰȒȥǕ ƾȞɆƤ ȷɀȮȺȅȿ

.ǠȽǠȒǪȪƞ ȰȶȞȲȱ

ǧǠȆȅǘƫǟȿ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ǦɅǠȩɀȱǟ ȴȆȩ ȳǠȩ ǼȪȥ ÛǼɅǼȾǪȱǟ ǾɆȦȺǪȱ ǦǱǠǵ ȫǠȺȽ ȸȮɅ Ɓ ȸȮȱ ÛǠȽǼȑ ǦȵȁǠǵ ǦȶȚȹǕȿ ÛǦȶȚȺȵ Ƙȡ ȿǕ ǦȕȀȦȵ ȣĉȀȎǩ ǦɅȀƜ ȷɀȱȿǘȆƫǟ ǠȾɆȥ ȜǪȶǪɅ Ɣȱǟ ǧɍǠǲƫǟ ǼɅǼǶǪǣ ǦɆȵɀȮƩǟ

ǦǞɆƬǟ ǨȦȍȿ ÛČĔĒĐ ȳǠȞȱ ɃɀȺȆȱǟ ǠȽȀɅȀȪǩ Žȿ .ǠȾȪɆǤȖǩ ȴǪɅ ɍ Ɣȱǟ ǼȝǟɀȪȱǟȿ ǦȶȚȹɉǟȿ ÛǦȦɆȞȒȱǟ ǦǣǠȩȀȱǟ ǿĉƎȵ ƘǤȞǩ Ž "ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ǥǿǟǻɋǟ Ž ƾȵǠƢ ǼɅǼǱ ȳɀȾȦȵ" ȼȹǖǣ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ǦɅǠȩɀȱǟ ȴȆȩ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮƫ ǦȲȪǪȆƫǟ ǦȵɀȮƩǟ ɁǼȱ ǴǤȍǕ ǼȪȥ ÛǻǠȆȦȱǟ ɂȲȝ ǥȀȖɆȆȱǟ ǻȀƭ ǰǝǠǪȺȱǟ ǧĉǼȞǩ Ǽȩȿ .ȴȆȪȱǟ ǒǟǻǖǣ ȀǺȦȱǠǣ ǿɀȞȊȲȱ

.ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ǧǠȵǼƪǟ ƇǼȪǩ ǦɆȲȶȝ ǳɎȍɋ ǥǼɅǼǱ ǥǟǻǕ ȷɇǟ

ȯɎǹ ȸȵ Ȭȱǽ Ź Ǽȩȿ ÛƙȺȕǟɀƫǟ ȴȝǻȿ ǦȭǿǠȊȵ ǼȊƩ ǦɆǲɆǩǟȀǪȅǟ ǦȲɆȅȿ ȬȱǾȭ ǦǞɆƬǟ ǨȲ ĉȮȉȿ:ƙǪȪɅȀȕ

ɂȲȝ ȷǠǲȲȱǟ ǨȲȶǪȉǟ .ȼǪǤȩǟȀȵȿ ǦǞɆƬǟ Ȱȶȝ ǻǠȉǿɋ ǦɆȞȶǪƭ ǦɅǿǠȊǪȅǟ ȷǠƨ ȄƦ ȰɆȮȊǩ Ź ÛƂȿɉǟ ǴǤȎǪȱȿ ÛǦǞɆƬǟ ȤǝǠșȿ ǦǤȩǟȀȵ ƂǙ ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ǧǠȅǠɆȆȱǟ Ȝȑȿ ȸȵ ǠȾȲǹǼǩ ȧǠȖȹ ǳȿǟȀǩȿ ÛǦȵɀȮǶȲȱ ǻǠȪȹ

ǦɆȥǠȦȉ ȷǠȶȒǣ ǥƘǤȭ ǦȩɎȝ ɄȞȶǪƭ ǦǤȩǟȀȵ ȄȲƭ ǻɀǱɀȱ ȷǚȥ ÛǠȹǻǠȪǪȝǠǣȿ .ƾȒɅǕ "ɁȿǠȮȊȱǟ ƇǼȪǪȱ ǦȺƨ".ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮƫ ǦȲȪǪȆƫǟ ǦǞɆƬǟ ȰǮȵ ǦȞȅǟȿ ǧǠɆǵɎȍ ǠȾɅǼȱ Ɣȱǟ ȬȲǩ ǦȍǠǹ ÛǦɆȵɀȮƩǟ ǧǠȆȅǘƫǟ

ǢǩǠȮȵ ȴȆȪȱǟ Ȅ ĉȅǕ Ǽȩȿ .ɁȀǹǕ ǥȀȮǪǤȵ ǦɆǲɆǩǟȀǪȅǟ ǥɀȖǹ ǦǞɆƬǟ Ž ȜȶǪǲƫǟ ǧǠȩɎȝ ȴȆȩ ȰȮȉ ÛǦɆȹǠǮȱǟ ȯɀǵ ǦɆȦɆȪǮǩ ǦɆǤȞȉ ǦȖȊȹǕ Ž ǦȭǿǠȊȵ ȨɆȪƠȿ ÛƆǼƫǟ ȜȶǪǲƫǟ ȸȵ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȯɀǵ ǧǠȵɀȲȞȵ Ȝȶƨ ǦɆȲƮ

ǰȵǠȹȀǣȿ ǦɆȹɀɅȂȦȲǩ ǧɎȆȲȆȵȿ ǥƘȎȩ ȳɎȥǕȿ ǦɆȵɎȝǙ ǧɎƥȿ ǦɆȅǿǼȵ ǰȵǟȀǣ ǿĉɀȕ Ǡȶȭ .ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȀȕǠƯ.ȏǿǠȞȵȿ ǦȍǠǹ ǧǟǿɀȊȺȵȿ ƙȞȶǪȆƫǟ Ȝȵ ǿǟɀǶȲȱ ɄȝǟǽǙ

ȠȹɀȽ ȳɀȶȝ Ž ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ȰɆȲȪǪȱǟȿ ǦȕȀȊȱǟ Ž ȴȚȺƫǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȴɆȖƠ Ź ǬɆǵ ÛǦȲȽǾȵ ǰǝǠǪȺȱǟ ǧǒǠǱȿ ǥǠɆƩǟȿ ȰȶȞȱǟȿ ǥȀǲƬǟȿ ȷǠȮȅɋǟȿ ǒǠȦȕɋǟ ǧǠɅȀɅǼȵ ȸȵ ƙȱȿǘȆȵ ƾɆǝǠȒȩ ǦǞɆƬǟ ǨȪǵɍ Ǽȩȿ .Ƞȹɀȭ

ǧǠȵǼƪǟȿ ȰȪȺȱǟȿ ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ȯǠȢȉɉǟȿ ȷɀǲȆȱǟȿ ǼɅƎȱǟȿ ǥǼɅǼƨǟ Ʉȑǟǿɉǟ ǥǿǟǻǙȿ ȿ ǦǶȎȱǟȿ ǢȖȱǟȿ ǦɅȀǶǤȱǟ ǒǟǿǼȵ Ȝȵ ȰȝǠȥ ȰȮȊǣ ǨȲȶȝȿ ÛƾɆǝǠȒȩ ǠȾǪȪǵɍȿ ȋǠƪǟ țǠȖȪȱǟ Ž ǻǠȆȥ ǧɍǠǵ Ž ǨȪĉȪǵȿ ÛǦɆȹǼƫǟ Ǧȅǟǿǻ ǦǞȶȆƦ ƃǟɀǵ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ǦɅǠȩɀȱǟ ȴȆȩ ɁȀǱǕ ÛȳǟɀȝǕ ǦȞǤȅ ȯɎǹȿ .ǦɆȵɀȮƩǟ ȀǝǟȿǼȱǟ ȸȵ ǼɅǼȞȱǟ ȀɅǿǠȪǩ ǧǠȅǟǿǼȱǟ ȬȲǩ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ ȜǤǩȿ ÛǦɆȵɀȮƩǟ ǧǠȆȅǘƫǟ Ž ǦȦȲǪǺƫǟ ǧǠȅǿǠȶƫǟȿ ǧǠȅǠɆȆȱǟ ȯɀǵ

Ɣȱǟ ǧǟȿǼȺȱǟ ȀȒǵ ÛȬȲǩ Ƃȿɉǟ ǦȞǤȆȱǟ ȳǟɀȝɉǟ Žȿ .ǧǠɆȍɀǪȱǟ ǾɆȦȺǩ Ž ǳǠǲȺȱǟ ɁǼȵ ȯɀǵ ǦȲȵǠȉ ǦǣǠȩǿ.ȯȿǘȆȵ ȣɍǓ ǥȀȊȝ ȸȵ ȀǮȭǕ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ǦɅǠȩɀȱǟ ȯɀǵ ȴȆȪȱǟ ǠȾȶȚȹ

ȷɀȮǩ ȷǕ ȸȮƹ :ǡǠǪȮȱǟ ǟǾȽ ǿȿǠƮ ǼǵǕ ɂȲȝ ǻ ĉǼȊǩ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮƫ ǦȲȪǪȆƫǟ ǦǞɆƬǟ Ǽǝǟɀȥ ȁȀǣǕ ȷǕ ȿǼǤɅȿ Ž ǦǞɆƬǟ ǠȾǪȪȲȕǕ Ɣȱǟ ǧǟǿǻǠǤƫǟ ȰȒȦǤȥ .ȷǼƫǟ ȷȿǘȉ ǥǿǟǻǙ ǦȪɅȀȕ ƘɆȢǪȱ ȔȢȑ ǦȲɆȅȿ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ǦɅǠȩɀȱǟ ǦȭǿǠȊȶȲȱ ǥǼɅǼǱ ȧȀȕ ǦȺɅǼƫǟ ȷǠȮȅ ɁǼȱ ǴǤȍǕȿ ÛǦɆȲȝǠȥ ȀǮȭǕ ǦȺɅǼƫǟ ǧǠȵǼǹ ǨǶǤȍǕ ÛȠȹɀȭ ȠȹɀȽ

.ǠȾɆȲȝ ƘǭǖǪȱǟȿ ȴȾǪȵɀȮǵ Ž

ď.ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ Ž ǦǶǱǠȺȱǟ Ƞȹɀȭ ȠȹɀȽ ǦɆǲɆǩǟȀǪȅǟ ǢȹǟɀǱ ȁȀǣǕ ȐȞǣ ǬȱǠǮȱǟ ȜǣȀƫǟ Ȍ ĉǺȲɅȿ

املربع الثالث – اجلوانب الرئيسية في استراتيجية هونغ كونغ

ȀǮȭǕ Ɠǵȿ ÛɄȦȮǩ ɍ ȷɀȹǠȪȱǟ ȨɆǤȖǩ Ž ǥǻɀȾȞƫǟ ȧȀȖȱǟ ȷǕ ȴȾȦȹ ȷǕ ǠȺɆȲȝ ÛȴȚȺƫǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦȾǱǟɀȵ ǼȺȝ .Č.ǥǼȅǠȥ ȨɆȪǶǪȱǟ ǦɆȱǓ ȷɀȮǩ ǠȵǼȺȝ ȰȊȦǩ ǦȵǟȀȍ ȨɆȪǶǪȱǟ ǧǠȖȲȅ

1617


ı ȤɆȱǠȮǪȱǟ ǿǠǤǪȝɍǟ ƙȞǣ Ǿǹɉǟ Ȝȵ ÛǦɆȥǠȦȊȱǟ ǥǻǠɅȁȿ ÛǠȽǻȿǼǵ ǳǠȒɅǙȿ ȣȀȎǪȱǟ ǦɅȀǵ ǼɆɆȪǩȿ ÛǦȖȲȆȱǟ.ȧȀȖȱǟ ȬȲǪȱ ı ǥȀȉǠǤƫǟ Ƙȡȿ ǥȀȉǠǤƫǟ

ɂȲȝ ǦȶǝǠȩ ǦƹȀǱ ɀȽ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȷǕ ɄȽȿ ÛǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮƫ ǦɆǲɆǩǟȀǪȅǟ ȴɆȶȎǩ ǼȺȝ ǦȶȾȵ ɁȀǹǕ ǦȖȪȹ ȁƎǩ ǧǠǣɀȪȞȱǟȿ ǦȲɆȲȩ ȀȕǠǺƫǟ ȷɀȮǩ ǠȵǼȺȝ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǧǠɆȲȶȝ Ž ȓǿɀǪȱǟ ƂǙ ȃǠȺȱǟ ȰɆƹ ǬɆǵ ÛǦȦȕǠȞȱǟ ɍ ƘǣǼǪȱǟ ǻǠɅǻȁǟ Ȝȵ ǻǟǻȂǩ ǢȅǠȮƫǠȥ ÛȻɎȝǕ ǥǿɀȭǾƫǟ ǦȱǻǠȞƫǟ Ȝȵ ǥȀȮȦȱǟ ȻǾȽ ȜȕǠȪǪǩȿ .ǦȶǺȑ ǢȅǠȮƫǟȿ ǦȖɆȆǣ

ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟ ǧǠǣǠȆǵ ǻǼƷ Ǡȵ ɄȽ ȈȵǠƬǟ ɂȲȝ ȂȥǟɀƩǟ ȷǕ ǥȀȮȥ ȤɆȒǩ ƾȒɅǕ ǠȾȺȮȱ ÛǿǠȮǪǵɍǟ ǦȖȲȅ ǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǟ ǠȹȀĉɆȡ ȷǙ ǠȺȹǚȥ ÛǟǾȱ .ǻǠȆȥ ǧǠɆȲȶȝ Ž ǟɀȕĉǿɀǪɅ ȷǕ ȰȶǪǶƫǟ ȸȵ ȸɅǾȱǟ ȿǕ ȸɅǼȅǠȦȱǟ ƙȺȕǟɀƫǟȿ

.ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȀĉɆȢȹ ȷǕ ǠȺȹǠȮȵǚǣ ȷǚȥ ÛȂȥǟɀƩǟȿ

Ǩȩɀȱǟ Ž ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȯǠȮȉǕ ȜɆƤ ȴǱǠŒ ĉɍǕ ǥǻǠȞȱǟ Ž ǠȺɆȲȝ ȷǕ ǦɆǲɆǩǟȀǪȅǟ ǻɀǱȿ ƗȞɅ ÛȬȱǽ ƂǙ ǦȥǠȑɋǠǣ ÛǿȀȒȱǟ ȸȵ ǦǱǿǼȱǟ ȄȦȺǣ ǠȾȞɆƤ ǨȆɆȱ ǠŒǕ ȫǟǿǻǙȿ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ǦȦȲǪǺƫǟ țǟɀȹɉǟ ƙǣ ȂɆɆȶǪȱǟ ǠȺɆȲȞȥ Ûȼǩǟǽ Ž ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ȀȖǹǕ ǦȕȀȊȱǟ Ž ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ƎǪȞćɅ ÛȯǠǮƫǟ ȰɆǤȅ ɂȲȝ .ƗȲȝ ȰȮȊǣ ȬȱǾǣ ǳĉȀȎȹ Ɓ ȷǙ Ɠǵ ɄȵǼȪȵ ȸȵ ǦȽǟȂȹ ȀǮȭǕ ǟɀȹɀȮɅ ȷǕ ı ȴőɍǠƭ ȣɎǪǹǠǣ ı ƙȊǪȦƫǟ ɂȲȝ ÛȳǠȝ ȰȮȊǣȿ .ȌɆǹȀǪȱǟ ǥȀǝǟǻ ƘȎȪȱǟ ɁǼƫǟ ɂȲȝ ȰǝǠȅɀȱǟȿ ǧǠɅǠȢȱǟ ȯɀǵ ǦǶȑǟȿ ǥȀȮȥ ȀɅɀȖǩ ƾȒɅǕ ǦɆǲɆǩǟȀǪȅǟ ǻɀǱȿ ƗȞɅȿ .ǦȵǼƪǟ

ȰǵǟȀƫǟ Ž ǧǠǵǠƱ ȨɆȪƠ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮƫ ǦȲƥ ǦɅǕ ɂȲȝ ÛǦɆȩǟǼȎȵ ǧǟǽ ȷɀȮǪȲȥ .ǼɆȞǤȱǟȿ ȔȅɀǪƫǟȿ.ȰǵǟȀȵ ɂȲȝ Ǧȝȁɀȵ ǦɆȞȩǟȿ ȣǟǼȽǖǣ ǦɆȆƦ ƾȖȖǹ ǢȲȖǪǩ ȼǩǟǽ Ǩȩɀȱǟ Ž ǠȾȺȮȱ ÛǥȀȮǤƫǟ

.ǦɅǾɆȦȺǩ ȰǝǠȆȵȿ ǦɅǻǠȎǪȩǟ ȰǝǠȆȵ ȼǪɆȶȆǩ ȸȮƹ Ǡȵ ƙǣ ȰȎȦȱǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ǦɅǠȩɀȱǟ ǻɀȾǱ Ž ǼɆȦƫǟ ȸȵȿ:ȰǮȵ ǦȲǞȅǕ ǦƨǠȞȵ Ž ǴǲȺǩ ǦɅǻǠȎǪȩɍǟ ǯǽǠȶȺȱǟ ȷǚȥ Ûȷɇǟ ɁȀȺȅ Ǡȶȭȿ

ÝțȿȀȊƫǟ Ƙȡ ȫɀȲȆȱǟ ȸȵ ǦȝɀȺǪƫǟ ȯǠȮȉɊȱ (ǦȲȶǪǶƫǟ ǼǝǟɀȦȱǟȿ) ȤɆȱǠȮǪȱǟ ɄȽ Ǡȵ .ČÝȼǩɍǠƭ ȿǕ ȼȱǠȮȉǕ Ȱȭ Ž ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ǼƩǟ ǠȾȺȮƹ Ɣȱǟ ǦɆǝǠȩɀȱǟ ƘǣǟǼǪȱǟ țǟɀȹǕ ɄȽ Ǡȵ .č

ȤɆȱǠȮǩ ɄȽ Ǡȵ ÝǦɆȲȝǠȦȱǟ ȂɅȂȞǩ Ǡƞǿȿ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ǼƩǟ ǬɆǵ ȸȵ ÛǦɆǝǠȩɀȱǟ ƘǣǟǼǪȱǟ Ǽǝǟɀȥ ɄȽ Ǡȵ .ĎÝƘǣǟǼǪȱǟ ȬȲǩ

ÝǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮƫ ǦȦȲǪǺƫǟ ƘǣǟǼǪȱǟ ƙǣ ı ǦɆǤȲȆȱǟȿ ǦɆǣǠƶɋǟ ı ǧɎȝǠȦǪȱǟ ɄȽ Ǡȵ .ď ǦɅǕ ɂȲȝȿ ǠȽǽǠơǟ Ǣƶ Ɣȱǟ ƘǣǟǼǪȱǟ ȰȆȲȆǩ ɀȽ Ǡȵ ÛǦȪǣǠȆȱǟ ǦȲǞȅɉǟ ǧǠǣǠǱǙ ƂǙ ȀȚȺȱǠǣ .Đ

ÝǠȽǽǠơǟ Ǣƶ ǧǠɅɀǪȆȵ

ǼĉɆƲȿ ǒǠȦȲƩǟ ǼȊƲ ȷǕ ǠȺȺȮƹ ȤɆȭ ÛȯǠǮƫǟ ȰɆǤȅ ɂȲȝ .ǦȲǞȅɉǟ ȻǾȽ ɁǼȞǪǩ ɄȾȥ ǦɅǾɆȦȺǪȱǟ ȰǝǠȆƫǟ ǠȵǕ ǥǿǼȩ ȨɆȞǩ ȿǕ ȯǠǲƫǟ ǟǾȽ Ž ǠȽǿǠǪƳ Ɣȱǟ ƘǣǟǼǪȱǟ ǼȝǠȆǪȅ ȤɆȭ ÝǠȺȦȍ ƂǙ ȴȾǤȆȮȹ ȿǕ ƙȲȶǪǶƫǟ ǒǟǼȝɉǟ ȸɅǾȱǟ ƙȱȿǘȆȶȲȱ ȸȮƹ ȤɆȭ ÝǦȶȾȵ ɁȀǹǕ ǧɍǠƭ Ž ȫȀǶǪȱǟ ɂȲȝ (ǦȵɀȮƩǟ ȿǕ) ǧǠȅǠɆȆȱǟ ɄȞȑǟȿ ƙȆǶǪȱ ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟ Ȃȥǟɀǵ ȰɅǼȞǩ ȸȮƹ ȤɆȭ ÝȻȁǠƱǙ Ź Ǡȵ ǦɆȮȲƞ ǿɀȞȉ ǡǠȆǪȭǟ ǧǠȅǠɆȆȱǟ ȷȿǾĉȦȺɅ

ÝƘǣǟǼǩ ȸȵ ȼȶɆȶȎǩ Ź Ǡȵ ǾɆȦȺǩ ȋȀȥ

ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ƂǙ ȀȚȺȱǟ Ǣƶ ɍȿ ÛȐȞǤȱǟ ǠȾȒȞǣ Ȝȵ ǦɅǾɆȦȺǪȱǟȿ ǦɅǻǠȎǪȩɍǟ ȰǝǠȆƫǟ ȜȕǠȪǪǩ ÛȜǤȖȱǠǣȿ ȸȵ ȰɆȲȪǪȲȱ ǦɅǻǠȎǪȩɍǟ ȤɆȱǠȮǪȱǟ ȧɀȦǩ ÛǦȺĉɆȞȵ ǦȲǵȀȵ Ž ȼȹǕ ȯȿɉǟ ÛƙǤǤȆȱ Ȭȱǽȿ ÛǠȾȺɆȞǣ ǦɅǠȡ ǠŒǕ ɂȲȝ

ƙȝ Ž Ǿǹǖȹ ȷǕ Ǣƶ Ûȼǩǟǽ Ǩȩɀȱǟ Ž ȸȮȱ .ȼȺȵ ȰɆȲȪǪȱǟ ǻɀȾǱ ǦȲȍǟɀȵ ȸȵ ǦȪȪǶǪƫǟ ǼǝǟɀȦȱǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȷǕ ɄȽȿ ÛȄȭǠȞƫǟ ȻǠƟɍǟ Ž ǢȎǩȿ ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǳɎȍɋ ȷɀȝǠȆȱǟ ǠȽȀȭǾɅ ǦɆǲɆǩǟȀǪȅǟ ǦȖȪȹ ǿǠǤǪȝɍǟ ƾȪȲȖȺȵ ȷɀȮǩ ȷǕ ı ǴɆǶȎȱǟ ɀǶȺȱǟ ɂȲȝ ǠȽǾɆȦȺǩ Ź ȷǙ ı ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ǦɅǠȩɀȱǟ ǧǠɆǲɆǩǟȀǪȅɍ ȷǠȮȵɋǠǣ ǦɆȥǠȺƫǟ ȯǠȞȥɉǟ ȸȵ ǼƩǟ ȸȝ ǟǼȞȥ .ƙȺȕǟɀƫǟ ǦȭǿǠȊȵȿ ǧǠȵǼƪǟ ƇǼȪǩ ǦɆȲȶȝ ǳɎȍǙȿ ȷǼȶȲȱ ƃǠƫǟ ȇǠȞǪȹɎȱ

.ȰȒȥɉǟ ƂǙ ȷǼƫǟ ȷȿǘȉ ǥǿǟǻǙ ȰǤȅ ƘɆȢǩ ǦȍȀȥ ȸȶȮǩ ÛȷɀȹǠȪȲȱ

ȰȒȥǕ ȳ ĉǼȪȹ ɍ ǟǽǠƫ :ȳǠȶǪȽɎȱ ăǥƘǮȵ ǦȲǞȅǕ ǦȆȅǘƫǟ ȬȲǩ ȄɆǝǿ ǢǝǠȹ ȰȞȥ ǻǿ ƘǮɅ ÛɁȀǹǕ ǦɆǵǠȹ ȸȵ ȸȮȱ ȫǠȺȽ ÝȰȒȥǕ ǒǟǻǖǣ ȳǠɆȪȱǟ ɂȲȝ ǠȺǩǼȝǠȆȵ ǠȾȺȮƹ Ɣȱǟ ǦɆǩǟǾȱǟ ǦǣǠȩȀȲȱ ǦɆȲȶȝ ǧǠɆǲɆǩǟȀǪȅǟ ȫǠȺȽ ȰȽ ÝǠȺɅǼȱ Ǡȵ ÛƿǼɅǼƠ ǧǠȭȀȊȱǠǣ ȨȲȞǪɅ ǠȶɆȥȿ .ȷǖȊȱǟ ǟǾŏ ǴǝǠȎȹ ƇǼȪǩ ȯȿǠƠ Ɣȱǟ ǦɆǩǟǾȱǟ ǥǼȝǠȆƫǟ ǢǪȭ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ

ɂȲȝ ȴőǠɆȱȿǘȆȵ ǟȿĉǻǘɆȱ ƙȦșɀƫǟ ȂɆȦƠ ǦɆȦɆȭ ȯɀǵ ǧǠȭȀȊȱǟ ǒǟǿǼƫ ǧǟǻǠȉǿǙ ȳǼȪǩ ǥƘǮȭ ǧǠɆǣǻǕ ȫǠȺȽ.ǳɀȑɀȱǟ ȬȱǾǣ ǨȆɆȱ ǧǠǣǠǱɋǟ ȷǕ ǧǠȦȱǘƫǟ ȸȵ ƘǤȮȱǟ ǻǼȞȱǟ ǟǾȽ ǻɀǱȿ ɄǵɀɅȿ .ȼǱȿ ȰȶȭǕ

ɍȿ ǥɀȉǿ ȳĉǼȪǩ ɍ" ǦȕǠȆǤǣ ȯɀȪȹ ȷǕ ǠȺȹǠȮȵǚǣ ȷǠȭ ȷǚȥ .ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ǧɎȶƩ ǦǤȆȺȱǠǣ ȯǠƩǟ ȬȱǾȭȿ ǡǠȪȞȱǟȿ ǦǣǠȩȀȱǠȥ .ǦȕǠȆǤȱǟ ȬȲǪǣ ȄɆȱ Ȁȵɉǟ ȸȮȱ ÛǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦɅǠŒ ȬȲǩ ȷɀȮǪȆȥ ÛǠȺȱ ǒǠȢȍɋǟ ȴǪɅȿ "ǠȾȲǤȪǩ ȰȾȆȱǟ ȀȵɉǠǣ ȄɆȱ ǠƬ ȷɀȝǠȎȺɅ ɍ ȸȵ ǦǤȩǠȞȵȿ ȀȵǟȿɊȱ țǠɆȎȹɍǟ ȴǪɅ ȷǠȭ ȷǙ Ǡȵ ǦȥȀȞȵ ȷǚȥ ǟǾȱ ÛȷǠȦȲȮȵ

ȷɀȦșɀƫǟ ȫǿǠȊɆȱ ȂȥǟɀƩǟ ȸȵ Ǧȝɀȶƭȿ ǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǟ ȸȵ ǦɆȺǣ Ȅȅǘȹȿ ƾǹǠȺȵ ȜɆȊȹ ȷǕ ǠȺɆȲȝ .ƆǠǲƫǟ ȿǕ ɂȲȝ ȂĉȦƷ Ǡȵ ȴȾȥ Ȭȱǽ ǢȲȖǪɅȿ .ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȯǠȮȉǕ Ɠȉ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ Ž ȷǠȮȵɋǟ ǿǼȩ ȷɀȺȕǟɀƫǟȿ ȷɀɆȵɀȮƩǟ ȐȞǣ ƾȹǠɆǵǕȿ) ɄȝǠȶǪǱɍǟ ɁǽɉǠǣ ǢǤȆǪǩ ȷǕ ǠȾȺȮƹ ȤɆȭȿ ÛǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ǦȦȲǪǺƫǟ ȯǠȮȉɉǠǣ ȓǿɀǪȱǟ Ȭȱǽ ǢȲȖǪɅ ÛŻ ȸȵȿ .ǦȦȲǪǺƫǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ƘǣǟǼǩ ȤɆȱǠȮǩȿ Ǽǝǟɀȥ ɄȽ Ǡȵȿ Û(ǦɆȝǠȶǪǱɍǟ ǼǝǟɀȦȱǟ.Ȭȱǽ ɂȲȝ ǦǤǩȀǪƫǟ ȤɆȱǠȮǪȱǟ ǿǠǤǪȝɍǟ ƙȞǣ ȸɅǾǹǓ Ûȯɀȵǖƫǟ Ȝȑɀȱǟ ƂǙ ȸȽǟȀȱǟ Ȝȑɀȱǟ ƘɆȢǪȱ ǦȖǹ ǾɆȦȺǩ

ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮƫ ǦɆǲɆǩǟȀǪȅǟ ǦɅǕ ȷǕ ɄȽ ȯǟǘȆȱǟ ǟǾȽ ɂȲȝ ǡǟɀƨǟ ǦɅǟǼǣ ÝǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ǦɆǲɆǩǟȀǪȅǟ ɄȽ Ǡȵ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ƂǙ ȀȚȺȱǟ ȸȵ ăɍǼǣ ÛɁȀǹǕ ǥǿǠǤȞǣ .ȸɅǼȅǠȦȱǟ ȋǠǺȉɉǟ (ȔȪȥ) ȄɆȱȿ ǥǼȅǠȦȱǟ ǦȶȚȹɉǟ ɂȲȝ ȂȭȀǩ ȷǕ ǠȺɆȲȝ Û(ǴɆǶȍ Ȭȱǽ ȷǕ Ȝȵ) ǦȹǠȵɉǟ ȬȾǪȺɅȿ ȷɀȹǠȪȱǟ ȧȀƸ ȧɎǹɉǟ ƇǼȝ ȌǺȊȱ ȣȀȎǩ ȼȹǕ ɂȲȝ

.ǦȝȿȀȊƫǟ Ƙȡ ǦȖȊȹɉǟ ȤȲǪǺƫ ǦȑȀćȝ Ǡȵ ȰȮȊǣ ȷɀȮǩ Ɣȱǟ ǦȶȚȹɉǟ Ž ȀȚȺȹ

ȿǕ ǦȵǠȝ ǨȹǠȭ ǒǟɀȅ) ǧǠȆȅǘƫǟ țǟɀȹǕ ı ȳǠȝ ȰȮȊǣȿ ı ǧǠȵɀȮƩǟ țǟɀȹǕ ȸȝ ƘǮȮȱǟ ȯɀȩ ǠȺȺȮƹ ȳǠȚȹȿ ÛǧǠȖȲȆȱǟ ƙǣ ȰȎȥ ǻɀǱȿ Ȝȵ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ĉȰȪɅ ÛǥǻǠȞȱǟ Žȿ .ǻǠȆȦȲȱ ǦȑȀȞƫǟ (ǦɆƜǿ Ƙȡ ȿǕ ǦȍǠǹ .ǳɀȑɀǣ ǥǻǼƮ ǻȿǼǵȿ Ǽȝǟɀȩȿ ǧǠɆȱȿǘȆȵȿ ǿǟȿǻǕȿ ÛǼɆǱ ǦȱǟǼȝ ȳǠȚȹȿ ÛǦɆȥǠȦȉȿ ÛȸɅȁǟɀȵȿ Ȕǣǟɀȑ ȃǠȺȱǟ ȬȲƹ ǠȵǼȺȝȿ ÛǥǼɆǱ ǦǣǠȩǿ ǦȶȚȹǕȿ ǦȆȥǠȺȵȿ ǦɆȕǟȀȪƹǻ ǦȥǠȪǭ ǻɀǱȿ Ž ǥǻǠȝ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȀȽǻȂɅ ɍȿ

ǦǤȱǠȖƫǟȿ ǦɆȹɀȹǠȪȱǟ ǦȪǵɎƫǠǣ ȨƩǟȿ ǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǟ ƂǙ ȯɀȍɀȱǠǣ ȨƩǟ (ȷɀǤȩǟȀƫǟȿ ǒɎȶȞȱǟȿ ȷɀȦșɀƫǟ) ȣĉȀȎǩ ǦɅȀǵ ȷɀȱȿǘȆƫǟ ȬȲƹ ǠȵǼȺȝȿ ǥǼȪȞȵȿ ǥǻǼȞǪȵ Ǽȝǟɀȩ ǻɀǱɀǣ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȀȽǻȂɅ ÛȰǣǠȪƫǠǣ .ǧǠȒɅɀȞǪǣ

.ǦȕɀǤȒȵ Ƙȡȿ ǦȞȅǟȿ

ÛǧǠȵɀȮƩǟ ɂȲȝ ȨǤȖȺǩ ǠȶȲǮȵ ȯǠȶȝɉǟ ǧǠȆȅǘȵ ɂȲȝ ȨǤȖȺǩ ǿǠȮȥɉǟ ȻǾȽ ȴȚȞȵ ȷǕ ǦȚǵɎƫǟ ǿǼƟ :ǥǼɆȦȵ ǠȽǼƱ Ɣȱǟ ǦɆȱǠǪȱǟ ǦɅȂȵȀȱǟ ǦȱǻǠȞƫǟ ƂǙ ǦǤȆȺȱǠǣ Ȁȵɉǟ ȬȱǾȭȿ

ȳ ı ǳ + ǟ = ȣ

Đ.(ȳ) ǦȱǒǠȆƫǟ ȌȩǠȹ (ǳ) ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟ ɁǼȱ ȣĉȀȎǪȱǟ ǦɅȀǵ Ǽǝǟȁ (ǟ) ǿǠȮǪǵɍǟ ǦȖȲȅ ɃȿǠȆɅ (ȣ) ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ɂȲȝ ȰȎƷ ȸĆȵ ǿĉȀȪɆȱ ȣȀȎǪȱǟ ǦɅȀǵȿ ÛǠȵ ǦȵǼǹ ȿǕ ǦȞȲȅ ɂȲȝ ǿǠȮǪǵǟ ǦȖȲȅ ȬȲƹ ȴȽǼǵǕ ȷǠȭ ȷǚȥ ǦȥȀȞȵ ȸɅȀǹɇ ǴɆǪɅ ǦȱǒǠȆȵ ȳǠȚȹ ȫǠȺȽ ȸȮɅ Ɓȿ ÛȼɆȲȝ ȯɀȎƩǟ ȴǪɅ Ǡȵ ǿǟǼȪȵ ȿǕ ǦȵǼƪǟ ȿǕ ǦȞȲȆȱǟ ȬȲǩ

ÛȋǠƪǟ ȿǕ ȳǠȞȱǟ țǠȖȪȱǟ Ž ǠȺȭ ǒǟɀȅ Ȭȱǽ ȨǤȖȺɅȿ .ƿǻǠȆȥ ǼƱ ȷǕ ȰȶǪǶƫǟ ȸȶȥ ÛȌǺȊȱǟ Ȭȱǽ ǧǟǿǟȀȩ.ǧȿƘǣ ȿǕ ƙȱȀǣ ȿǕ ǟƘǣ Ž ǠȺȭ ȿǕ ÛǦɆȺȡ ȿǕ ǥƘȪȥ Ǧȱȿǻ Ž ǠȺȭ ȿǕ

ǥǼɅǼǱ Ǧȝɀȶƭ ƂǙ ǦǱǠƩǟ ȿǕ ɄȩɎǹǕ ƘȚȺǪǣ ɄȾǪȺǩ ȿǕ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ǧǠɆǲɆǩǟȀǪȅǟ ǕǼǤǩ ȷǕ Ǣƶ ɍ ÛǟǾȱ ǿǠȮǪǵǟ ȸȵ ǼǶȲȱ ȧȀȕ ȸȝ ȤȕǟɀȞȱǟ ȸȝ ǼɆȞǣȿ ǴɅȀȍ ȰȮȊǣ ǬǶǤǩ ȷǕ ǠȾɆȲȝ Ȱǣ ÛǧǠȽǠƟɍǟ ȸȵ

1819

الفصل الثالث

3الفصل

مقاربة اقتصادية في مكافحة الفساد

الفساد كنظام

ǥǼȝ ɂȲȝ ǡǠǪȮȱǟ ǟǾȽ Ž ȂȭȀȹ ÝǻǼƮ ȧǠɆȅ Ž ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ǦɅǠȩɀȲȱ ǦɆǲɆǩǟȀǪȅǟ ȀɅɀȖǩ ǠȺȺȮƹ ȤɆȭ:ǧǟɀȖǹ

.(ȰȎȦȱǟ ǟǾȽ) ǦɆȲɆȲƠ ǧǟȿǻǕ Ȭȱǽ ǢȲȖǪɅȿ ÛǥǼȅǠȦȱǟ ǦȶȚȹɉǟ ȴȾȥ .Č.(ȜǣǟȀȱǟ ȰȎȦȱǟ) ȸĉɆȞȵ ȧǠɆȅ Ž ȷɇǟ ǥǼȅǠȦȱǟ ǦȶȚȹɉǟ Ȱȶȝ ǦɆȦɆȭ ȌɆǺȊǩ .č

.(ȄȵǠƪǟȿ ȜǣǟȀȱǟ ȷɎȎȦȱǟ) ȴȝǼȱǟ ǼȊǵȿ ǦɆȕǟȀȩȿƘǤȱǟȿ ǦɆȅǠɆȆȱǟ ǦȵȿǠȪƫǟ ɂȲȝ ǢȲȢǪȱǟ .Ď ȴǹȂȱǟ ǒǠȺǣȿ ȳǗǠȊǪȱǟ ǦȥǠȪǭ ȴɆȖƠȿ ǥǼȅǠȦȱǟ ǦȶȚȹɉǟ ǦƨǠȞƫ ǦȲȆȲȆǪȵ Ȱȶȝ ǦȖǹ Ȝȑȿ .ď

.(ȄȵǠƪǟ ȰȎȦȱǟ) ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǥǿǟǻǙ ǦɆȲȶȝ ƘɆȢǩȿ ɄȅǠɆȆȱǟ

ÛǦɅǻǠȎǪȩǟ ǧǠǣǠȆǵ ǧǟǽ ǦƹȀǱ ȻǿǠǤǪȝǠǣ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ Ȝȵ ȰȵǠȞǪȱǟ Ž ǦɅǻǠȎǪȩǟ ǦǣǿǠȪȵ ɂȲȝ ƃǠƩǟ ȴȆȪȱǟ ȂȭȀɅ ȂȥǟɀƩǠǣ ǦȹǿǠȪȵ ǥƘǤȭ ǢȅǠȮƫǟȿ ƾȖɆȆǣ ǡǠȪȞȱǟ ȷǠȭȿ ǦȲɆǞȑ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȣǠȊǪȭǟ ǦȍȀȥ ǨȹǠȭ ȷǚȥ

ǧɎɆȲǶǪȱǟ ǼɆȦǩ ÛȘƩǟ ȸȆƩȿ .ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǼǲȺȅ Ǡȵ ƾǤȱǠȡ ǠȺȹǚȥ ÛƙɆȵɀȮƩǟ ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟ ȳǠȵǕ ǦǵǠǪƫǟ ǦɆǣǠƶɋǟ ǠȹȀȭǽ Ǡȶȭȿ .ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǫȿǼǵ ǧɍǠȶǪǵǟ ǠȾɆȥ ǻǟǻȂǩ ǧǠȆȅǘƫǟ Ž ąǳǟɀȹ ɂȲȝ ǿɀǮȞȱǟ ǦɆȹǠȮȵǚǣ ǦɅǻǠȎǪȩɍǟ

ȣĉȀȎǪȱǟ ǦɅȀǵ Ǽǝǟȁ ǿǠȮǪǵɍǟ ɃȿǠȆɅ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ :ȨǤȖȺǩ ǦɅȀɅǼȪǪȱǟ ǦȱǻǠȞƫǟ ȄȦȹ ȷǚȥ ÛȨǣǠȆȱǟ ȰȎȦȱǟ Ž .ǦȱǒǠȆƫǟ ȌȩǠȹ

ǥǻǠɅȁ Ȭȱǽ Ž Ǡƞ ÛƙȱȿǘȆƫǟ ȳǠȵǕ ǦǵǠǪƫǟ ȂȥǟɀƩǟ Ž ǧǟƘɆȢǩ Ž ƘȮȦǪȱǟ ǠȺɆȲȝ ÛǦɅǠȩɀȱǟ Ž ȀȮȦȹ ǠȵǼȺȝȿ ȰȶȞȱǟ ȼǩǟǽ Ǩȩɀȱǟ Ž ǠȺɆȲȝȿ .ǒǟǻɉǠǣ ǿɀǱɉǟ Ȕǣǿȿ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǧǠɆȲȶȝ ȣǠȊǪȭǟ ǦɆȱǠȶǪǵǟ ȂɅȂȞǩȿ ǧǠǣɀȪȞȱǟ

.ǦȱǒǠȆƫǟ ȂɅȂȞǩȿ ȣĉȀȎǪȱǟ ǦɅȀǵ ǻȿǼǵ ǳǠȒɅǙȿ ǿǠȮǪǵɍǟ ȰɆȲȪǩ ɂȲȝ

ăɍȿǕ ȸȮȱ .ǧǠȅǠɆȆȱǟ ȰɆȲǶǪȱ Ȱȶȝ ǿǠȕǙ ȌȲǺǪȆɅȿ ǒɁǻǠǤƫǟ ȻǾȽ ȯɀǵ ǡǠȾȅǚǣ ȴȆȪȱǟ ǟǾȽ ǫǼǶǪɅ Ž ǴȒǪǩ ǦɆȞȩǟȿ ǦȪɆȪƩǠǣ ɄȽ ǦɅǼɅȀƟ ǧǠɅȀȚȹ ȿǼǤǩ Ǽȩ Ɣȱǟȿ ǒɁǻǠǤƫǟ ȻǾȽ ȷǕ ɂȲȝ ǼɆȭǖǪȱǟ ȰǱǕ ȸȵȿ ǦȺɅǼȵ ǦɅǼȲǤȱ Ƀǿǟǻɋǟ ǳɎȍɋǟ Ž ǒɁǻǠǤƫǟ ȻǾŏ ȻǻǠȉȀǪȅǟ ǦȪɅȀȖȱ ǟȿǿǠǣǕ ƙȲȮȵ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȄɆǝǿ Ȥȍȿ

.ȁǠǣɍ

23

الفساد كنظامالفساد كنظام

ȜƤ ȿǕ ȜɅȀȅ ȰȮȊǣ ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ȯǠȢȉɉǟ ȜɅǿǠȊȵ ȯǠȶȭǙ ȿǕ ǧǠȵǼƪǟ ƇǼȪǩ Ž ȰȭǠȊȵ ǼǱǕ ǨȺȭ ǠȶǮɆǵ .ƾȒɅǕ ǻǠȆȦȱǠǣ ƾȶǝǟǻ ƾǤɅȀȪǩ Ȱǣ ÛȴɆȚȺǪȱǟ Ž ǥǒǠȦȮȱǟ ȳǼȞǣ ȔȪȥ ǦȖǤǩȀȵ ȸȮǩ Ɓ ǠŒǕ ȤȊǪȭǕ ǨȺȭ ÛǼǝǟɀȞȱǟ

ǧȀĉɆȡ ÛǟǾȱ .ǦȽɀǤȊƫǟ ǧǠȥĉȀȎǪȱǟ ȸȵ ǼɅȂƫǟ ǨȦȊǪȭǟ ÛǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǥǿǟǻǙ Ž ǒǟǻɉǠǣ ƔȥȀȞȵ ǧǻǟȁ ǠȶȲȭȿ ǥǿǟǻǙ ǦȪɅȀȕ ƘɆȢǪȱ ɄɆȞȅ Ž ɄȆɆǝǿ ǕǼǤȶȭ (ȳ ı ǳ + ǟ = ȣ) ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦȱǻǠȞȵ ȳǼǺǪȅǕ ǧǕǼǣȿ ŸɀȲȅǕ Û"ǦɆȥǠȦȉ" ȳǼǺǪȆȹ ȬȱǾȱ Û"ǦȱǒǠȆȵ" ǦȶȲȮȱ ȣǻǟȀȵ ǦɆȹǠǤȅɋǟ ǦȢȲȱǟ Ž ǼǱɀɅ ɍ) .ȁǠǣɍ ǦɅǼȲǣ ȷȿǘȉ

.(ȇ ı ǳ + ǟ = ȣ ǦȱǻǠȞƫǟ ǴǤȎǩ ȬȱǾǣȿ

ǥǻǠɅȁȿ ƙȦșɀƫǟ ɁǼȱ ɄȕǟȀȩȿƘǤȱǟ ȳǠȚȺȱǟ Ž ȣȀȎǪȱǟ ǧǠɅȀǵ ǼɆɆȪǩȿ ǦȆȥǠȺƫǟ ǕǼǤȵ ȯǠǹǻǙ ȷǕ ȫǿǻǕ ǧǕǼǣ ÛȜȩǟɀȱǟ Ž .ǠȾȾǱǟȿǕ ǨȺȭ Ɣȱǟ ǦɆȆȅǘƫǟ ȂǱǟɀƩǟȿ ǧǠȪɆȞƫǟ ȁȿǠƟ Ž ȯɀȲƩǟ ǴɆǩǠȦȵ ɄȽ ǨȹǠȭ ǦȱǒǠȆƫǟ ȯǠƩǟ ɀȽ Ǡȶȭ ı ȁǠǣɍ Ž ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ǧǠȆȅǘƫǟ Ž ɃȁǠȾǪȹɍǟ ȫɀȲȆȱǟ ȸȵ ƿǻɀȪȝȿ ǧǟɀȺȅ ȷǕ ǼȪǪȝǕ ǧǕǼǣ

ǦɅȀȚȹ ǿǟȀȡ ɂȲȝȿ .Ȱȍɉǟ Ž ǿǾǲǪƫǟ ȫǟǽ ȿǕ ȴȚȺƫǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȀɅɀȖǩ ƂǙ ǧĉǻǕ ı ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȸȵ ǠȽƘȡ Ž Ǡƞǿ ȴǲǵȿ ȰȮȉ Ǿǹǖǩ ǥǿɀȖǪȵȿ ǥǼȪȞȵ ǻǠȆȥ ǧɍǓ ǴǤȎǪȱ ǦǣȀȖȒƫǟ ǧǠȆȅǘƫǟ ȻǾȽ ǧǿĉɀȖǩ ÛȸɅȿǿǟǻ

.ǻǠȆȦȱǟȿ ȨȦǪǩ ǦɆȹɀȹǠȩ ǦɆȝȀȉȿ Ȱȶȝ ǦȪɅȀȕȿ

:Ǽǵǟɀǣ ɄȦǪȭǖȅ ƗȮȱ ÛǦȲǮȵɉǟ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ Ȁȭǽ ƗȺȮƹ

ɂȲȝ ȷǠȭ ÛǦɅǿǠȆȱǟ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǧǠȞɅȀȊǩ ǢȆǶǤȥ .ȓǠǤǵɋǟȿ ǻǠȆȦȲȱ ƿƘǤȭ ƿǿǼȎȵ ǒǠȺǤȱǟ ǴɅǿǠȎǩ ǨȹǠȭ Ȭȱǽ ȄɆȱ .ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ɃȀȒƩǟ ȀɅɀȖǪȱǟ ȴȆȩ ǦȪȥǟɀƞ ɂȚƠ ȷǕ ǦȺɅǼƫǟ Ž ǥǼɅǼƨǟ ǒǠȺǤȱǟ ȜɅǿǠȊȵ ȜɆƤ

ȿǕ ȴɆȶȎǪȱǟ ƘɆȢǩ ȰǮȵ ÛǦȶǝǠȪȱǟ ǦɆȺǣɉǟ Ž ȰɅǼȞǩ ɃǕ ǒǟȀǱɋ ȷǽǙ ɂȲȝ ȯɀȎƩǟ Ǣƶ ȷǠȭ Ȱǣ ÛǢȆǶȥ ȌɆǹǟȀǪȱǟ ȻǾȽ ɂȲȝ ȯɀȎǶȲȱ ǿǠȚǪȹɍǟ ȷǙ ȯɀȪȱǟ ȸȝ ĉƗȡ .ȼȲǹǟǻ ȿǕ ǒǠȺǤȱǟ ǯǿǠǹ ǼɅǼǱ ǡǠǣ Ȝȑȿ Ɠǵ

.ǥɀȉǿ Ȝȥǻ ȴǪɅ Ɓ Ǡȵ ǧǟɀȺȅ ƂǙ ȰȎɅ ȷǠȭ

Ž ȀȚȺȱǟ ǥǻǠȝǙ ƂǙ ǦɅǟǼǤȱǟ Ž Ȭȱǽ ɁǻǕ .ǦȱǻǠȞƫǟ ǨȪĉǤȕȿ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ țɀȺȱǟ Ȭȱǽ ȯɀǵ ǧǠȵɀȲȞȵ ǨȞƤ ǦȶȚȹɉǟȿ ǧǟǒǟȀǱɋǟ ȤɆȦǺǪǣ ǠȺȶȩ .ǴɅǿǠȎǪȱǟ ǴȺȵ ǦɆȲȶȝ ȴɆȶȎǩ ǥǻǠȝǙȿ ƾɅǿȿȀȑ ƎǪȞćɅ ǴɅǿǠȎǪȱǟ ɃǕ ɂȲȝ ɁɀǪƷ Ǡȵ ƾȵǠȚȹ ȷǖǣ ǻǠȪǪȝɎȱ ƙȺȕǟɀƫǟ țǟǼǹ ȴǪɅ ɎɆȮȱ ǠȾȺȝ ǠĉȺȲȝǕȿ ǠȾɆȲȝ ǠȺɆȪǣǕ Ɣȱǟ ȬȲǩ ǠȺȖ ĉȆǣȿ

.ȰȞȦȱǠǣ ȼɆȥ ǥǻɀǱɀȵ ǨȆɆȱ ǧǟɀȖǹ ɂȲȝ ȰȶǪȊɅ ȿǕ ǻǟɀȵ

.ǦɅɀɆȺǣ ǦȲȮȊȵ Ȱǵ ƂǙ ɁǻǕ ɃǾȱǟ Ȁȵɉǟ ÛǴɅǿǠȎǪȱǟ ǴȺȵ Ž ǿǠȮǪǵɍǟ ǒǠȢȱǚǣ ǠȹǕǼǣ ÛȬȱǽ ƂǙ ǦȥǠȑɋǠǣ ɀȽ ǦȱǻǠȞƫǟ Ž ȸȵǠȮȱǟ ǻǠȆȦȲȱ ǻǠȒƫǟ "ǒǟȿǼȱǟ" ȷǕ ǴȒǩǟ ǼȪȥ ÛǻǠȆȥ ȫǠȺȽ ȸȮɅ Ɓ ɀȱ Ɠǵ ÛȜȩǟɀȱǟ Žȿ

Ɣȱǟȿ ǦȦȲȮƫǟ ǧǟƘǹǖǪȱǟȿ ǦɆȲȝǠȦȱǟ ȳǼȝ ǢȺƟ ǬɆǵ ȸȵ Ȭȱǽȿ ÛǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ȱȶȝ Ʉǵǟɀȹ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱ ƃǠǮȵ Ȱǵ.ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǻǿǟɀȵ ɂȲȝ ȸȶǮȱǟ ȘȽǠǣ ƾǞǤȝ Ȱ ĉȮȊǩ

ǟǾȱ ÛǥǿǠȶȞȱǟ ǦȅǼȺȽ ǠȽǟǼǵǙȿ ÛǠőǟǻǠȾȉ ǦȲƥ Ž ȐǝǠȥ ɃɀǪƠ Ɣȱǟ ǠɆȦɆȱɀǣ Ž ȸȾƫǟ ȸȵ ǻǼȝ ȫǠȺȽ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȸȵ ȌɆǹȀǩ ɂȲȝ ȯɀȎƩǠǣ ǠȾǝǠȒȝɉ ǴȶȆǩ ȷǕ ƙɅǿǠȶȞƫǟ ƙȅǼȺȾƫǟ ǦǣǠȪȹ ɂȲȝ ǳȀǪȩǕ ȷǕ ǧǿȀȩ ȻǻǼƷ ȀǱǕ ȰǣǠȪȵ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǦȶȚȹǕȿ ƘɅǠȞƞ ȳǟȂǪȱɍǟ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ǠȾȺȝ ǦǣǠɆȹ ǒǠȺǤȱǟ ǴɅǿǠȎǩ ǴȺȵ ȸȵ ǟɀȺȮȶǪɆȱ

ȴǪɅ ɃǾȱǟȿ USPAøǣ ɂȝǼɅ ǿǠǤǪǹɍ țɀȒƪǟ ƙɅǿǠȶȞƫǟ ƙȅǼȺȾƫǟ ɂȲȝ ǢǩȀǪɅ ÛȰǣǠȪƫǟ Žȿ .ȧɀȆȱǟ

Ž ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǠȾɆȲȝ ȰȎƠ ǧǟǼȺȅ țǟǼɅǙȿ ÛǦȺɅǼȶȲȱ ǦɆȶɆȚȺǪȱǟ ƘɅǠȞƫǠǣ ȴȾǪȥȀȞȵ ɁǼȵ ȸȵ ǼȭǖǪȱǟ ȼȱɎǹ ȸȵ ǾɆȦȺǪȱǟ Ž ǥǼȝǠȆƫǟ ɂȲȝ Ȩȥǟɀǩ ȷǕ ǦǣǠȪȺȱǟ ɂȲȝ ȷǠȭ Ǽȩȿ .ǦȹǠȵǕȿ ǦɆȺȾƞ ȴőǠǤǱǟȿ ǦɅǻǖǩ Ž ǟɀȲȊȥ ȯǠǵ

.Ȁȵɉǟ ȳȂȱ ȷǙ ǦǤȩǠȞƫǟȿ ǦǤȩǟȀƫǟȿ

ȃǼȺȾȵ ǦǞȵ ȸȵ ȀǮȭǕ ǦȥǠȑǚǣ ǠȺȶȩ ǬɆǵ ÛŸǠǺǪȹǟ ǥǻǠȝǙ ǼȞǣ ČĔĔđ ȳǠȝ Ž ĉɍǙ ǦȖƪǟ ȻǾȽ ǾȦȺȹ Ɓ Ž ǼȝǠȅ Ǡư ÛǴɅǿǠȎǪȱǟ ɂȲȝ ƿǼǱ ƘǤȮȱǟ ǢȲȖȱǟ Ȝȵ ȰȵǠȞǪȱǟ ȰǱǕ ȸȵ ȋǠƪǟ țǠȖȪȱǟ ȸȵ ɃǿǠȶȞȵ

ǯǽǠƴ ǦǞǤȞǪǣ ȷɀȵɀȪɅ ȷȿǼȶǪȞƫǟ ȷɀɅǿǠȶȞƫǟ ȷɀȅǼȺȾƫǟ ȷǠȭ ǼȪȥ .ƘǤȭ ȰȮȊǣ ǿǠȚǪȹɍǟ Ǩȩȿ ǿǠȎǪǹǟ ȸȵ ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟ ȸȵ ǻǼȝ ȳɀȪɅ ÛȬȱǽ ǼȞǣ .ǦȶȩȀȵȿ ǦȵɀǪƯȿ ǦȞȩɀȵ ǒǠȺǣ ǴɅǿǠȎǩ ǿǟǼȍǙȿ ǦǣɀȲȖƫǟ ǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǠǣ ȷɀȵɀȪɅȿ ǴɅǿǠȎǪȱǟ ȸȵ ǦȺɆȝ ɂȲȝ ǿǠǤǪǹǟ ǒǟȀǱǚǣ ǥǼɆǱ ǿɀǱǕ ɂȲȝ ȷɀȲȎƷ ȸɅǾȱǟ ɃȀȒƩǟ ȀɅɀȖǪȱǟ ȴȆȩ Ɣȱǟ ǦǣǠȪȺȱǟ ǦȭǿǠȊƞ ǧǟǒǟȀǱǙ ǽǠơǠǣ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȳɀȪǩ ÛȳǠȚǪȹǟ ȳǼȝ ǻɀǱȿ ȸĉɆǤǩ ȯǠǵ Žȿ ÛǠȾɆȲȝ ȰȵǠȭ ȨɆȩǼǪǣ ǦǶɆǶȍ Ƙȡ ǧǟǒǠȝǻǟ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ȁǟȂǪǣɎȱ ǟɀȑĉȀȞǩ ȯǠǵ Ž ǠȾǝǠȒȝǕ ȸȝ ǦȞȥǟǼƫǟ ȼǩǟǽ Ǩȩɀȱǟ Ž ȜɆȖǪȆǩ ǿǠȞȅɉǟ ǥǻǠɅȁ ƂǙ ɃǻǘɅ ȷǠȭ ɃǾȱǟ țȿȀȊƫǟ Ƙȡ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȧɀȅ ȐɅɀȪǩ Ź ÛƃǠǪȱǠǣȿ .ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟ ȰǤȩ ȸȵ

.ǿǠȮǪǵɍǟȿ ǧǟƘǹǖǪȱǟ ǢǤȆǣ

ȯɎǹ ɄȆɆǝȀȱǟ ǕǼǤƫǟ ȷɀȮǪȱ ȳ ı ǳ + ǟ = ȣ ǦȱǻǠȞȵ ȳǟǼǺǪȅǠǣ Ǩȶȩ .Ȝȅǟȿ ǕǼǤȵ ɂȲȝ ȯǠǮȵ ǻȀƭ ǟǾȽ ȷǠȭ.ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȄɆǝǿ ǢȎȺȵ ǠȾɆȥ ǨɆĉȱɀǩ Ɣȱǟ ǧǟȀǪȦȱǟ

الفساد كجرمية حسابات

ǻȿǻǿ ȷȿǼǤćɅ ȃǠȺȱǟ ȷǕ ǴɆǶȍ .ǻǠȎǪȩɍǟ Ʉǵȿ ȸȵ ǦȚǵɎƞ ǟȿǿǠǣǕ ƙȲȮȵ ǠȾɆȱǙ ƘȊɅ Ɣȱǟ ǦȱǻǠȞƫǟ ǕǼǤǩ Ž ȓǿɀǪȱǟ ȸȝ ȷɀȞȺǪƹ ȳǠȞȱǟȿ ȋǠƪǟ țǠȖȪȱǟ Ž ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ ȷǕȿ ÛǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǒǟȀȡǙ ɀƲ ǦȦȲǪƯ ȰȞȥ Ȝȵ ȼȹǕ ȫǿǼȹ ȷǕ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ Ž ƿǼǱ ɃǿȿȀȒȱǟ ȸȵ ȸȮȱ ÛƿƘǤȭ ǒǟȀȡɋǟ ȷɀȮɅ ǠȵǼȺȝ Ɠǵ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ

.ƾȒɅǕ ǻǟǻȂǩ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǧǠɅɀǪȆȵ ȷǚȥ ǧǟǒǟȀȡɋǟ ǻǠɅǻȁǟ

ȰɆȎȦǪȱǠǣ ı ǟɀȡǟǿǠȮɆȹ ȸȵ ǢȅǠƮ ɀȽȿ ı ȂɅǿɀǩ ȂɅƘȵǟǿ ɀȮȆɆȆȹǟȀȥ ȈȩǠȺɅ ÝǻǠȆȦȱǟ ɂȲȝ ȂȦƷ ɃǾȱǟ Ǡȵ .ƃȿǼȱǟ Ȝȑɀȱǟȿ ÛǦȱȿǼȱǟȿ Ûǥǿǟȁɀȱǟ ȿǕ ǦȭȀȊȱǟȿ ÛȰȶȞȱǟ ȸȵ ǧǠȽǠƟɍǟȿ ÛǦȅǿǼƫǟȿ ÛǥȀȅɉǟ ȰǮȵ Ȱȵǟɀȝ ǦɆȆȺƨǟ ǧǠȩɎȞȱǟȿ ȯɀǶȮȱǟ ɄȕǠȞǩ Ž ȓǟȀȥɋǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǡǠǤȅǕ ƙǣ ȸȵ ȀȭǾɅ ÛǻǟȀȥɉǟ ɁɀǪȆȵ ɂȲȝȿ

Ƀǿǟǻɋǟ ȴɆȚȺǪȱǟ ǡǠɆȡȿ "ǿȿȀȢȱǠǣ ǦȖǤǩȀȵ ƾǣǠǤȅǕ"ȿ ǿǠȶȪȱǟȿ ǦǣǿǠȒƫǟ Ž ǥǿǠȆƪǟȿ ǯǟȿȂȱǟ ȧǠȖȹ ǯǿǠǹ ɃǾȱǟ ǼȪȞƫǟ Ȝȩǟɀȱǟ Ȕ ĉȆǤȹ Ǡȹɀȝǻ Č.ɁȀǹǕ Ȱȵǟɀȝ ǦɆȹǠƣ ƂǙ ǦȥǠȑɋǠǣ Û"țȿȀȊƫǟ Ƙȡ ǒǟȀǮȲȱ ȈȖȞǪȱǟ"ȿ

.ȂɅǿɀǩ ȂɅƘȵǟǿ ȼȦȎɅ

ǥǼȅǠȦȱǟ ȴȾǤȅǠȮȵ ȴǲǵ ȷɀȮɅ ǠȵǼȺȝ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ Ž ȓǿɀǪȲȱ ǒǟȀȡɋǠǣ ȷɀȱȿǘȆƫǟ ȀȞȊɅ ÛǢɅȀȪǩ ȯȿǕ Ž ǡǠȪȞȱǟ ȰȶǪȊɅȿ .ȴȽȀȵǕ ȣǠȊǪȭǟ ȴǪɅ ȷǕ ǦɆȱǠȶǪǵǟ ǡȀȑ ȴȽȀȵǕ ȣǠȊǪȭǟ Ź ȯǠǵ Ž ǡǠȪȞȱǟ ȸȵ ƎȭǕ ǥ ĉǼȉ ƂǙ ǦȥǠȑɋǠǣ ÛȼǪȦɆșȿ ǼȪȥ ȯǠǵ Ž ȯȿǘȆƫǟ Ǡŏ Ʉ ĉǶȒɅ ȷǕ Ǣƶ Ɣȱǟ ɁȀǹɉǟ ȂȥǟɀƩǟȿ ǢǩǟȀȱǟ ɂȲȝ

.ǡǠȪȞȱǟ ǥǼȅǠȥ ǢȅǠȮȵ ɂȲȝ ȯɀȎƩǟ ǦȍȀȦǣ ȷɀȱȿǘȆƫǟ ɂȚƷ ÝƿƘǤȭ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ǢȆȮƫǟ ȴǲǵ ȷɀȮɅ Ɠȵ

2425


ǼɅǼƠ Ž ȴȾɅǼȱ Ɣȱǟ ȣĉȀȎǪȱǟ ǦɅȀǵȿ ÛǠȵ ȓǠȊȹ ȿǕ ǦȵǼǹ ɂȲȝ ȼȹɀȅǿǠƹ ɃǾȱǟ ǿǠȮǪǵɍǟ ǿǟǼȪȵ ǢȆƜ.ǦȱǒǠȆȶȲȱ ȴőǠȕǠȊȹ țɀȒǹ ɁǼȵȿ ÛƾǤȅǠȺȵ ȼȹȿȀɅ ɃǾȱǟ ǿǟǼȪƫǠǣ ǻǟȀȥɉǟ ɂȲȝ ǠȾȞɅȁɀǩ ȴǪɅ Ɣȱǟ ǧǠȵǼƪǟ ǦȖȲȅ ȰɆȲȪǩ ɂȲȝ ȰȶȞȱǟ Ȭȱǽ Ž ǦȺȮȶƫǟ ȧȀȖȱǟ ȸȵ ÝǻǠȆȦȱǟ ɂȲȝ ǥȀȖɆȆȱǟ ȯȿǠƲ ȷǕ ƿǽǙ ǠȺɆȲȝ ȤɆȭ

.ǦȱǒǠȆƫǟ ȂɅȂȞǩȿ ÛȣĉȀȎǪȱǟ ǦɅȀǵ ǼɆɆȪǩȿ ǳǠȒɅǙȿ ÛǿǠȮǪǵɍǟ

ÛǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦƤǠȾȵ Ž ȯǠƫǟ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ ȨȦȺȹ ȷǕ ȸȮȶƫǟ ȸȵ ǬɆǵ ÛȜǤȖȱǠǣ ǼɆǵɀȱǟ ǠȺƵ ȄɆȱ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ǼƩǟ ǼǝǟɀȦȱǟ ǥǒǠȦȮȱǟ Ž ǥǿǠȆƪǟȿ ȤɆȱǠȮǪȱǟ ǠȾȞȵ ȧɀȦǩ ƙǩȿȀȱǟȿ ǦɆȕǟȀȩȿƘǤȱǟ ȸȵ ǦȞȦǩȀȵ ǧǠɅɀǪȆȵ Ǽĉȱɀȹ ȷǕ ȿǕ

.ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ǼƩǟ ȸȝ ǦƟǠȺȱǟ

ȸƲȿ ȀɅǼƫǟ ȬȹǕ ȏȀȦȺȱ .ƾɅǻǠȎǪȩǟ ƾȾɆǤȊǩ ȳǼǺǪȆȹ ȷǕ ǦȲǵȀƫǟ ȻǾȽ Ž ȀɅǼƨǟ ȸȵ ȷɀȮɅ Ǽȩȿ ǨȆȱ ȬȹǕ ȏȀȦȺȱȿ .ǠɅǟȂȶȲȱ ǰȵǠȹȀǣ ȀɅǼȵ ȿǕ ȴȆȩ ȄɆǝǿ ȿǕ ǦɅǼȲǣ ȄɆǝǿ ȀɅǼƫǟ ȷɀȮɅ Ǽȩ .ȫɀȵǼǺǪȆȵ .ǻǠȆȦȱǟ Ž ȓǿɀǪȲȱ ǒǟȀȡɋǠǣ ȀȞȊȹ ƙȵǼǺǪȆȶȭ ǠȺȺȮȱ ÛǦȵǠȞȱǟ ǦǶȲȎƫǟ Ȝȵ ȜȕǠȪǪǩ ȬȥǟǼȽǕ ȷǕȿ ƿǼȅǠȥ

ȰɆȲȪǪȱǟ ǦɆȹǠȮȵǙ Ž ȀȚȺǩ ǟǾȱ ÛǥǼȅǠȦȱǟ ǠȺǩǠȕǠȊȹ ȸȝ ǠȺȝǻǿȿ ǦǲǪȺȵ ǦȖȊȹǖǣ ȳǠɆȪȱǟ ɂȲȝ ǠȺǮǵ Ž ǢȡȀǩ ǨȹǕ ǿǟǼȪȵ ǼɅǼƠ Ž ǠȾȮȲƴ Ɣȱǟ ȣĉȀȎǪȱǟ ǦɅȀǵ ǳǠȒɅǙȿ Û(ǠȺǪȆȅǘȵ ɁǼȱ ȿǕ) ǠȺɅǼȱ ǿǠȮǪǵɍǟ ǦȖȲȅ ȸȵ

ǼɅȂǩ ȷǕ ȬɆȲȝ Ǡȶȭ .ǦȱǒǠȆƫǟ ȂɅȂȞǩȿ ÛƾȹǠɆǵǕ ǦɅȀƩǟ ȬȲǩ ǼɆɆȪǩȿ ȠȱǠǤƫǠǣ ǦȹǿǠȪȵ ǠȾƹǼȪǩ ȴǪɅ Ɣȱǟ ǧǠȵǼƪǟ.ǻǠȆȦȱǟ Ǽȑ ǦȱǠȞȦȱǟ ǧǠǣɀȪȞȱǟ ǼɅȂǩȿ ƾɆȝǠȶǪǱǟ ǦǲǪȺȵ ǧǠȕǠȊȺǣ ȳɀȪȺȱ ǠȹȂȥǟɀǵ

ǦȦȲȮȵ ȷɀȮǩ ǼȪȥ ÛǦȦȲǪƯ ǧǠɅɀǪȆȵ ɂȲȝ ǦȦȲȮȵ ǦȲȶǪǶƫǟ ǧǟǿǻǠǤƫǟ ȻǾȽ ȸȵ ǥǼǵǟȿ Ȱȭ ȷɀȮǩ Ǽȩ ȸȮȱ ǦɅǻǠȎǪȩɍǟ ȬǪȲȮȊȵ ȷǚȥ ÛǟǾȱ .ǦɆǱǿǠǹ ǿǠǭǔǣ ǢǤȆǪǩ Ǽȩȿ ÛǦɅǻǠȎǪȩǟ ȋȀȥ țǠɆȑ ȸȶȒǪǩ Ǽȩȿ ÛƾɆȱǠȵ ƙȆƠ ǬɆǵ ȸȵ) ȫǻɀȾǱ ƙǣ Ǧȹȁǟɀƫǟ ȬɆȲȝ ÛƃǠǮƫǟ Ȝȑɀȱǟ Žȿ ."ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ" ȸȵ ƿǼɆȪȞǩ ȀǮȭǕ

.ǻɀȾƨǟ ȬȲǩ ȤɆȱǠȮǩȿ (ǠȽȀɅǼȪǩ ȬɆȲȝ Ɣȱǟ ÛǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȤɆȱǠȮǩ ȰɆȲȪǩȿ ǦɆǱǠǪȹɋǟ

إطار عمل لتحليل السياسات

ǿǠȕǙȿ .(ȜǣǟȀȱǟ ȜǣȀƫǟ ȀȚȹǟ) "ǧǠȅǠɆȆȱǟ ȰɆȲǶǪȱ Ȱȶȝ ǿǠȕǙ" ȋɎǺǪȅǟ ǧǟǿǠǤǪȝɍǟ ȻǾȽ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ǠȺȺȮƹ ɂȲȝ ǥȀȖɆȆȱǠǣ ƙȶǪȾƫǟ ȋǠǺȉɊȱ ǦɆȲɆȲǶǪȱǟȿ ǦɆȝǟǼǣɋǟ ǧǟǿǼȪȱǟ ȂɆȦǶǪȱ ǥǟǻǕ Ȱǣ ǦȦȍȿ ȄɆȱ ǟǾȽ ȰȶȞȱǟ

.ǻǠȆȦȱǟ

ȰǱǕ ȸȵ ǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǟ ȜƤȿ ÛȴȽȂȥǟɀǵ ȰɅǼȞǩȿ ƙȵǼǺǪȆƫǟ ǿǠɆǪǹǟ ȀɅǼȶȲȱ ȸȮƹ ÛǟǾȽ ȰȶȞȱǟ ǿǠȕǙ ǢȆƜȿ ȤɆȱǠȮǪȱǟ ǥǻǠɅȁȿ ÛǒɎȶȞȱǟȿ ƙȵǼǺǪȆƫǟ ƙǣ ǦȩɎȞȱǟ ƘɆȢǩȿ ÛȼɆȲȝ ǦǤȩǠȞƫǟȿ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȣǠȊǪȭǟ ȋȀȥ ǥǻǠɅȁ ȯǠǱǿȿ ɁɀǪȆƫǟ ɄȞɆȥǿ ƙȱȿǘȆȵ Ȝȵ ǟǾȽ ȰȶȞȱǟ ǿǠȕǙ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ȰȶȞȱǟ ǨǤǭǕ Ǽȩȿ .ǻǠȆȦȲȱ ǦɆȩɎǹɉǟ

.ǦȦȲǪǺƫǟ ȰǝǟǼǤȱǟ Ž ȀȚȺȱǟ ɂȲȝ ȴőǼȝǠȆȵ ǬɆǵ ȸȵ ȯȿǼȱǟ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ Ž ȼǩǼǝǠȥ ƙȺȕǟɀȵȿ ȯǠȶȝǕ

املربع الرابع – الوقاية من الفساد: إطار عمل لتحليل السياسات.ƙȵǼǺǪȆƫǟ ǿǠɆǪǹǟ . Ǖ

ǧǟǿǠǤǪǹǟȿ ǦȪǣǠȅ ǧɎǲȅ ȳǟǼǺǪȅǠǣ) ƙȾɅƕȱǟ Ƙȡ ƙȵǼǺǪȆƫǟ ȣǠȊǪȭɍ ȋɀǶȥ ǒǟȀǱǙ .Č.(ǦȹǠȵɉǠǣ ǘǤȺǪȲȱ ǧǠɆȱǓȿ

.ǦȖȅǟɀȱǟ ȸȵ ǼƩǟȿ ǦɆȪǵɉǟ ǢȆǵ ƙȵǼǺǪȆƫǟ ƙɆȞǩ ɀƲ ȼǱɀǪȱǟ ȂɅȂȞǩ .č ȸȮƹ ƙȵǼǺǪȆȵ ɂȲȝ ǿɀǮȞȲȱ ǧǠȮǤȉ ȳǟǼǺǪȅǠǣ) ǦȹǠȵɊȱ ǦɆǱǿǠǹ "ǧǠȹǠȶȑ" ȯɎȢǪȅǟ .Ď

.(ȬȱǾȭ ȴȾǝǠȪǣ ȸȵ ǼȭǖǪȱǟȿ ȴȾɆȲȝ ǻǠȶǪȝɍǟ

. ƙȵǼǺǪȆƫǠǣ ǦȍǠƪǟ ǧǠǣɀȪȞȱǟȿ ǧǔȥǠȮƫǟ ǼɅǼƠ ǡ.ǧǔȥǠȮƫǟ ƘɆȢǩ .Č

.ǥǼȅǠȥ ȧȀȖǣ Ȱǹǻ ɂȲȝ ȯɀȎƩǟ ƂǙ ǦǱǠƩǟ ȸȵ ȰɆȲȪǪȲȱ ǢǩǟȿȀȱǟ ǥǻǠɅȁ ( Ǖ.ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ȰɆȲȪǪȲȱ ȷɀȞȆɅ ȸɅǾȱǟ ȸȵǼǺǪȆƫǟȿ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ȰȲȪǩ ǥǻǼƮ ǧǟɀȖǹ ǥǖȥǠȮȵ ( ǡ

.ǒǟǻɉǟ ɂȲȝ ǦɆȩȀǪȱǟ ǼȶǪȞǩ ǬɆƜ ƗȾƫǟ ǿɀȖǪȱǟ ƙȆƠ ( ǧ Ž ȼȹɀȪȪƷ ɃǾȱǟ ǳǠǲȺȱǟ ȃǠȅǕ ɂȲȝ ƙȵǼǺǪȆƫǟ ǥǖȥǠȮƫ ǦȕȿȀȊȵ ǻɀȪȝ ȳǟǼǺǪȅǟ ( ǫ ȸȆǵ ǧɍǠȦȭ ȿǕ ǒǠȢȱɌȱ ǦȲǣǠȩȿ ǦȕȿȀȊȵ ǼȝǠȪǩ ȔȖǹ ÛȯǠǮƫǟ ȰɆǤȅ ɂȲȝ) ȴȾȲȶȝ

.(ǾɆȦȺǪȱǟ .(ǒǠȺǮȱǟ ÛȀȦȆȱǟ ÛǠɅǟȂƫǟ ÛȰȪȺȱǟ ÛǢɅǿǼǪȱǟ) ǒǟǻɉǠǣ ǦɅǻǠƫǟ Ƙȡ ǧǔȥǠȮƫǟ Ȕǣǿ ( ǯ

.ǼȅǠȦȱǟ ȫɀȲȆȱǟ ǦǤȩǠȞȵ .č.ǦɆƧȀȱǟ ǧǠǣɀȪȞȱǟ ǼɅǼȊǩ ( Ǖ

.ǦǤȩǠȞƫǟ ɂȲȝ ȀɅǼƫǟ ǦȖȲȅ ǥǻǠɅȁ ( ǡ.ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦȥǠȪǭ ȴɆȖƠȿ ǦȝǻǟȀȱǟ ǠȽǿǠǭǓ ǬɆǵ ȸȵ ǧǠǣɀȪȞȱǟ ȰɅǼȞǩ ( ǧ

ǦȹǠȮƫǟ ȷǟǼȪȥ ÛȰȎȦȱǟ ÛƘȾȊǪȱǟ ÛȰȪȺȱǟ ÛǢɅǿǼǪȱǟ) ǧǠǣɀȪȞȱǟ ȸȵ Ȝȅǟȿ ȧǠȖȹ ȳǟǼǺǪȅǟ ( ǫ.(ǦȦɆșɀȱǠǣ ǦȖǤǩȀƫǟ ȀȦȆȱǟ ǠɅǟȂȵȿ ǠɅǟȂƫǟȿ

.ǰǝǠǪȺȱǟȿ ǦȱȿǾǤƫǟ ǻɀȾƨǟ ȯɀǵ ǧǠȵɀȲȞȵ ɂȲȝ ȯɀȎƩǟ . ǧ.ȨɆȩǼǪȱǟȿ ǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǟ ǥǿǟǻǙ ǦȶȚȹǕ ƙȆƠ .Č

ǦɆǝǠȎǵɋǟ ǧɎɆȲǶǪȱǟȿ ǿǟǾȹɋǟ ǧǟǿǠȉǙ ȳǟǼǺǪȅǠǣ) ǻǠȆȥ ǻɀǱȿ ȯǠȶǪǵǟ ȯɀǵ ǦȱǻǕ ȜƤ ( Ǖ.(ǧǠȊɆǪȦǪȱǟȿ ȰȶȞȱǟ ȸȵ ǦɆǝǟɀȊȝ ǯǽǠƴȿ

.(ȀȊȝ ɃǻǠƩǟ ȜǣȀƫǟ ȀȚȹǟ) "ǻǠȆȦȲȱ ǦɆȲǣǠȪȱǟ ɁǼƫ" ȴɆɆȪǩ ǧǠɆȲȶȝ ǒǟȀǱǙ ( ǡ.ǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǟ ȸȝ ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟ ƙȵǼǺǪȆƫǟ ȴȝǻ .č

ƃȿǘȆȵȿ ƙȥȀȊƫǟȿ ƙȪȪǶƫǟȿ ȀǩɀɆǤȶȮȱǟ ǒǟƎǹȿ ƙȪȩǼƫǟ) ƙȎǪǺƫǟ ƙȦșɀƫǟ ǻǼȝ ǥǻǠɅȁ ( Ǖ.(ɄȲǹǟǼȱǟ ȸȵɉǟ

Ƙȡ ǧǠȕǠȊȺȱǟ ȸȝ ȠɆȲǤǪȱǟ (ȯǠǮƫǟ ȰɆǤȅ ɂȲȝ ȸɅƎǺƫǟ) ƙȵǼǺǪȆȶȲȱ ǴɆǪɅ ǷǠȺȵ ǦȝǠȉǙ ( ǡ.ǦȶɆȲȆȱǟ

ǦǶȥǠȮƫ ǧɍǠȭȿ ȿǕ ǦȍǠǹ ȨɆȪƠ ȷǠƨ ȿǕ ɁȿǠȮȉ ǢǩǠȮȵ) ǥǼɅǼǱ ǧǟǼǵȿ ǒǠȊȹǙ ( ǧ

2627


.(ȨɆȪƠ ǧǠǞɆȽ ȿǕ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ .(ȫɀȺǤȱǟȿ ȳɎȝɋǟ) ǦǮȱǠǭ ȣǟȀȕǕ ȸȵ ǧǠȵɀȲȞȵ ȜƤ .Ď

.(ǦɆȺȾƫǟ ǧǠǣǠȪȺȱǟ Ȭȱǽ Ž Ǡƞ) ȃǠȺȱǟȿ ǒɎȶȞȱǟ ȸȵ ǧǠȵɀȲȞȵ ȜƤ .ď ǢȍǠȺȵ Ž ȷɀȦșɀȵ) ǻǠȆȦȱǠǣ ƙȶȾǪƫǟ ȋǠǺȉɉǟ ɂȲȝ ȷɀȮɅ ǬɆƜ ǧǠǤǭɋǟ ǦɆȱȿǘȆȵ ƘɆȢǩ .Đ

.ȴőǒǟȀǣ ǧǠǤǭǙ (ȯǠǮƫǟ ȰɆǤȅ ɂȲȝ ǦȶǺȑ ǧǟȿȀǭ ȷɀȮȲƹ ǦȵǠȝ

ǦɅȀǵ ǼɆɆȪǩȿ ǿǠȮǪǵɍǟ ǦȖȲȅ ȣǠȞȑɋ ȰɆȶȞȱǟȿ ȳǼǺǪȆƫǟȿ ȀɅǼƫǟ ƙǣ ǦȩɎȞȱǟ ǢɆǩȀǩ ǥǻǠȝǙ . ǫ.ǦȱǒǠȆƫǟ ȂɅȂȞǩȿ ȣȀȎǪȱǟ

ƙȝǠȖȪȱǟ ƙǣ ǦȆȥǠȺƫǟȿ ǦȎǺȎƪǟ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ) ȳȁǟɀȲȱǟ ȿǕ ǧǠȵǼƪǟ ƇǼȪǩ Ž ǦȆȥǠȺƫǟ ȂɅȂȞǩ .Č.(ƙɆȵɀȮƩǟ ƙȵǼǺǪȆƫǟ ƙǣ ǦȆȥǠȺƫǟȿ ȳǠȞȱǟȿ ȋǠƪǟ

.ƙȵǼǺǪȆƫǟ ɁǼȱ ȣĉȀȎǪȱǟ ǦɅȀǵ ǼɆɆȪǩ .č.ǠȾȺȝ ȷɎȝɋǟȿ ǴȑȿǕ ȰȮȊǣ ǧǟǒǟȀǱɋǟȿ ƙȹǟɀȪȱǟȿ ȣǟǼȽɉǟ ǼɅǼƠ ( Ǖ

.ǦɆȦɆșɀȱǟ ȴőǠǱǿǼȱ ǧǠȞǱǟȀȵ ƂǙ ȴȾȝǠȒǹǙȿ ȧȀȥ Ž ȷɀȲȶȞɅ ƙȵǼǺǪȆƫǟ ȰȞǱ ( ǡ.ǠȾȺɆǣ ȰȎȦȱǟ ȸȮƹ ȳǠȾȵ ƂǙ ǥƘǤȮȱǟ ǧǟǿǟȀȪȱǟ ȴɆȆȪǩ ( ǧ

ƘɆȢǩȿ ǿǟȀȪȱǟ ȜȺȍ Ǽȝǟɀȩ ƘɆȢǩ) ǦɆȆɆǝȀȱǟ ǧǟǿǟȀȪȱǟ ɂȲȝ ƙȵǼǺǪȆƫǟ Ƙǭǖǩ ǼɆɆȪǩȿ ǳǠȒɅǙ ( ǫ.(ȂȥǟɀƩǟ ȰɅǼȞǩȿ ǿǟȀȪȱǟ ɄȞȹǠȍ

.ǦɆȥǟȀȢƨǟ ȨȕǠȺƫǟȿ ȤǝǠșɀȱǟ ǢȆƜ ȰȶȞȱǟ ɂȲȝ ȷɀǣȿǠȺǪɅ ƙȵǼǺǪȆƫǟ ȰȞǱ .Ď.ǻǠȆȦȲȱ ǦȑȀȝ ȰȩǕ ǠȾȲȞƨ ǠőǠɆȺȪǩ ȿǕ ǠőǠǲǪȺȵ ȿǕ ǦȆȅǘƫǟ ǦȱǠȅǿ ƘɆȢǩ .ď

ȨȥǼǩ ȂɅȂȞǩȿ ÛǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȯǠȮȉǕ ȐȞǤȱ ǦȑȀȝ ȰȩǕ ǴǤȎǩ ǬɆƜ ǒɎȶȞȱǟ ǧǠȝɀȶƭ ȴɆȚȺǩ .Đ.ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮƫ Ÿɀȱ ȰɆȮȊǩȿ ÛǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǟ

.ǻǠȆȦȲȱ "ǦɆȩɎǹɉǟ ȤɆȱǠȮǪȱǟ" Ȝȥǿ . ǯ.ǠɆȲȞȱǟ ȰǮƫǟȿ ǦɆȦɆȪǮǪȱǟ ǰȵǟƎȱǟȿ ǢɅǿǼǪȱǟ ȳǟǼǺǪȅǟ .Č

.(ǦȆȅǘƫǟ ȿǕ ǦȺȾƫǟ ȿǕ ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ǦȵǼǺȲȱ) ɄȩɎǹǕ ȧǠǮɆȵ ȀɅɀȖǩ .č.ǦȆȅǘƫǟ ǦȥǠȪǭ ƘɆȢǩ .Ď

Ž ȀȍǠȺȞȱǟ ȴȽǕ ȐȞǣ ȋɀȎƝ ǠȾɆȥ ȀȚȺȱǟ ǿǠǤȮȱǟ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ƃȿǘȆƫ ȸȮƹ Ɣȱǟ ǧǠȚǵɎƫǟ ȐȞǣ ɄȲɅ ǠȶɆȥ:ȳǠȞȱǟ ǿǠȕɋǟ

ȷǕ ȘǵɎȹ ȷǕ ǠȺɆȲȝ ȸȮȱ ÛǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ƃȿǘȆȵ ɂȲȝ ȷɀȵǼǺǪȆƫǟ ȰȶǪȊɅ ȜǤȖȱǠǣ :ƙȵǼǺǪȆƫǟ ǿǠɆǪǹǟ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ ȷǕ ȀȭǾȱǠǣ ȀɅǼǱȿ .ǠȾɆȥ ƙȦșɀȵ ǥǿȿȀȒȱǠǣ ǟɀȆɆȱ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȯǠȶȝǖǣ ȷɀȵɀȪɅ ȸɅǾȱǟ ƙȵǼǺǪȆƫǟ ȷǠȮȵɋǠǣ ȷǠȭ ȷǙ ÛȸȮȱ .Ȝȩǟɀȱǟ ȀȵɉǠǣ ǥȀȮǪƮ ǨǶǤȍǕȿ ȳǠȾƫǟ ȸȵ ƘǤȭ ƿǻǼȝ ǨȲĉȶƠ Ǽȩ ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ

Ǡƞ) ȨɆȩǻ ȰȮȊǣ ǒǟǻɉǟ ȴɆɆȪǩȿ ǦȆĈȥǠȺȵ ȧǟɀȅǕ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ǧǠȵǼƪǟ ȬȲǩ ƇǼȪǪȱ ǻɀȪȝ ǳȀȕ Ȭȱǽ ȸȵ ăɍǼǣ ȂɅȂȞǩ ȸȮȶƫǟ ȸȶȥ Û(ȰȎȦȱǟ ǟǾȽ Ž ƾȪǵɍ "ǦɆȥǠȦȊȱǟȿ ǦȱǒǠȆƫǟ ȂɅȂȞǩ" ȀȚȹǟ ÛƙȺȕǟɀƫǟ ȰǤȩ ȸȵ Ȭȱǽ Ž ȳǠȾȵ ǒǟǻǕ ȷɀȮɅ ȷǕ ȸȮȶƫǟ ȸȵ ÛǦȵɀȮƩǟ ǧǠɅɀǪȆȵ ǦȥǠȭ Ȝȵ ȯǠƩǟ ɀȽ Ǡȶȭȿ .ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȰɆȲȪǩȿ ǦɆȲȝǠȦȱǟ

.ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ƘǣǟǼǩ ȴȽǕ ȸȵ ǦɆǱǿǠǹ ǻɀȪȝ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ǦȺɆȞȵ ȤǝǠșȿȿ

ȰȞǱ ȰȮȊǣ ǿɀǱɉǟ ǨĉȹǼǩ ÛȷǼƫǟ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ ɄȦȥ .ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ ƃȿǘȆƫ ǦȵǼȪƫǟ ǦɆǣǠƶɋǟ ȂȥǟɀƩǟ ƙȆƠ ǧɍɀȶȝ ɂȲȝ ȯɀȎƩǟ ȿǕ ɁȀǹǕ ȤǝǠșȿ ɂȲȝ ȯɀȎƩǟ ȷȿǻ ȴȽȀȅǕ ȳǠȞȕǙ ȸȝ ȸɅȂǱǠȝ ƾɆȲȞȥ ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟ ǨȦȞȑ ǧǠȩɎȝ ɄȽȿ Ûǒǟǻɉǟȿ ǦɆȩȀǪȱǟȿ Ûǒǟǻɉǟȿ ȀǱɉǟ ƙǣ ǦȩɎȞȱǟ ȂɅȂȞǩ ɀȽ Ȭȱǽ ȸȵ ȴȽɉǟȿ .ǦɆǤȹǠǱ

.ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ Ž ƘǤȭ ȰȮȊǣ

ȿǕ ȨɆȪǶǪȱǟ ǦȶȚȹǕ Ž ǻǠȆȥ ȿǕ ȤȞȑ ǢǤȆǣ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȴő ǨćǤǮǩ ǠȶĉȲȩ :ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ɂȲȝ ǦȱǠȞȦȱǟ ǧǠǣɀȪȞȱǟ ǥǻǠɅȁ ȴǪɅ ȷǖȭ) ǦȖɆȆǣ ǥǻǠȞȱǟ Ž ȷɀȮǩ ǦɆȲȞȦȱǟ ǧǠǣɀȪȞȱǟ ȷǚȥ ÛǨćǤǮǩ ǠȵǼȺȝ Ɠǵȿ .ǦȱǟǼȞȱǟ ȿǕ ǦɆǝǠȒȪȱǟ ǦȪǵɎƫǟ ǼȅǠȦȱǟ ȯȿǘȆƫǟ ȀȵǕ ȣǠȊǪȭǟ ǦȍȀȥ) ǦȞȩɀǪƫǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǣɀȪȝ ȰȶƠ ɍ ÛȬȱǾȱ ǦǲɆǪȹ .(ăɎǮȵ ȯȿǘȆƫǟ ȰȎȥ ɂȲȝ ǦȖȲȅ ǥǻǠȞȱǟ Ž ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȬȲƢ ɍ ÛȜǤȖȱǠǣ ȸȮȱ .țǻǿ ǥɀȩ ǦɅǕ (Ǧȹǟǻɋǟ ȯǠǵ Ž ǡǠȪȞȱǟ ǡȀȑ ȼǪȹǟǻǙȿ

ÛǦȱǠȞȥ țǻǟȿǿ ǿǠȮǪǣǟ Ž ƙȝǼǤȵ ǟɀȹɀȮɅ ȷǕ ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ ƃȿǘȆȵ ǿǠǤȮȱ ȸȮƹ ÛȬȱǽ Ȝȵ .ǧǠȆȅǘƫǟ ȻǾȽ ǧǠȝǠȶƨǟ ǥɀȝǻȿ Ûȴŏ ƘȾȊǪȲȱ ǦȥǠǶȎȲȱ ǒɀǲȲȱǟȿ ÛǨȩǘȵ ȿǕ ȴǝǟǻ ȰȮȊǣ ȸɅǼȅǠȦȱǟ ƙȦșɀƫǟ ȰȎȥ ȰǮȵ

.Ȭȱǽ ƂǙ Ǡȵȿ ÛǦǣɀȡȀȵ Ƙȡ ƅǻǕ ȤǝǠșȿ ƂǙ ȴȾȲȪȹȿ ÛȴȾǪȹǟǻǙ ƂǙ ǦɆȺȾƫǟ

.ȸȮȵǕ Ɠȵ ǿǠȮǪǵɍǟ ǦȖȲȆȱ ǦƲǠƫǟ ǦȶȚȹɉǟ ǢȺƟȿ ÛȳǠȞȱǟȿ ȋǠƪǟ ƙȝǠȖȪȱǟ Ž ǦȆȥǠȺƫǟ ȂɅȂȞǩ :ǿǠȮǪǵɍǟ ǼɆɆȪǩ

ǦɅȀǵȿ ǧǠǤǱǟɀȱǟ ǼĉɆȪǩ ǦǶȑǟȿ ȓɀȖǹ Ȝȑȿȿ ÛƙȹǟɀȪȱǟȿ ǦȶȚȹɉǟ ȔɆȆǤǩ :ȣĉȀȎǪȱǟ ǦɅȀǵ ǻȿǼǵ ǳǠȒɅǙ ǧǟǿɀȊȺƫǟ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ) ȴɆȲȅ ȰȮȊǣ ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ǦȶȚȹɉǟ Ȱȶȝ ǦɆȦɆȭ ǦȥȀȞȵ ɂȲȝ ƙȺȕǟɀƫǟ ǥǼȝǠȆȵȿ ÛȣȀȎǪȱǟ

ȳǟǼǺǪȅǟȿ ǦɆǝǠȝǼȱǟ ǧɎȶƩǟȿ ǦȖɆȆǣ ǦȢȲǣ ǦȶȚȹɉǟȿ ƙȹǟɀȪȱǟ Ȝȑȿȿ ǿɀȾȶƨǟ ǦȵǼǹ ȂȭǟȀȵȿ Ǧȱǻɉǟȿ ǦȵɀȮǵ ȼǣ ȳɀȪǩ Ǡȵ ɂȲȝ ȣǟȀȉɋǟ ɂȲȝ ƙȺȕǟɀƫǟ ǥǿǼȩ ƙȆƠȿ Û(Ȭȱǽ ƂǙ Ǡȵȿ ǦȵǼǹ ɄȵǼȪȶȭ ƙȺȕǟɀƫǟ

.ȴȾǪȺɅǼȵ

ȫǠȺȽ ȷɀȮɅ ǠȵǼȺȝ ƾȒɅǕȿ ÛǦǤȞȲȱǟ Ǽȝǟɀȩȿ ȫɀȲȆȱǟ ƘɅǠȞȵ ǳǠȒɅǙ ȴǪɅ ǠȵǼȺȝ :ǦɆȥǠȦȊȱǟȿ ǦȱǒǠȆƫǟ ȂɅȂȞǩ ɂȲȝ ǼȶǪȞǩ ǠŒǕ Ȝȵȿ .ȰȾȅǕ ǦȱǒǠȆƫǟ ǴǤȎǩ ÛǥǼȝǠȆƫǟ ȜɅǿǠȊȵȿ ǴȺƫǟ ƇǼȪǩȿ ǧǟǒǠȖȞȱǟ ǳȀȕ Ž ǳɀȑȿ Ž ǦȎȎǺǪȵ ȀȍǠȺȝȿ ƙȊǪȦƫǟȿ ɁȿǠȮȊȱǟ ǢǩǠȮȵ ƃȿǘȆȵȿ ƙǤȅǠǶƫǟȿ ƙɆȲǹǟǼȱǟ ƙȪȩǼƫǟ ǧǟǿǼȩ

ǦɆȵɀȮƩǟ Ƙȡ ǧǠȶȚȺƫǟȿ ǧǟǻǠƠɍǟȿ ƙȺȕǟɀƫǟ ȴȒǩ ȷǕ Ǣƶ ǠŒǕ ĉɍǙ ÛƙȎȎǺǪȵ ƙĉȵǠȝ ƙȝĉǼȵȿ ǦȕȀȊȱǟ ȣǟȀȉɋǟ ȄȱǠƭ ǠȾȺȵ ǦȦȲǪƯ ȧȀȖǣ ȣǟȀȕɉǟ ȻǾȽ ȜɆƤ ȫǟȀȉǙ ȴǪɅ ǬɆƜ ÛȯǠȶȝɉǟ ǧǠȆȅǘȵȿ ȳɎȝɋǟȿ

ǧǠɅǼȲǤȲȱ ȸȮƹȿ .Ȭȱǽ ƂǙ Ǡȵȿ ȨɆȪǶǪȱǟ ǧǠǞɆȽȿ ǦɆǱǿǠƪǟ ǧǠȪɆȩǼǪȱǟȿ ɁȿǠȮȊȱǟ ȤǩǟɀȽȿ ǦɆȞȶǪǲƫǟ .ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ǧǠȵǼƪǟ ǦɆȱǠȞȥ ȯɀǵ ǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǟ ȸȵ ǼɅȂƫǟ ȀȊȹȿ ǼɆȱɀǩ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ǦɆǱǿǠƪǟ ȣǟȀȕɉǟ ǥǼȝǠȆȵ

ǦȖǤǩȀƫǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǧǠɆȲȶȝ Ž ȼǪȭǿǠȊƫ ǦɆǩǟǾȱǟ ǦǤȩǟȀƫǟ ɂȲȝ ȋǠƪǟ țǠȖȪȱǟ ȜɆǲȊǩ ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ ɂȲȝ ÛƿƘǹǕȿ.Ȭȱǽ ƂǙ Ǡȵȿ ȴɆȚȺǪȱǟȿ ǻɀȪȞȱǟȿ ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǠǣ

Ƞȹɀȭ ȠȹɀȽ ɂȲȝ ȰȶȞȱǟ ǿǠȕǙ ȨɆǤȖǩ ȠȹɀȽ Ž ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮƫ ǦȲȪǪȆƫǟ ǦǞɆƬǟ ǦɆǲɆǩǟȀǪȅǟ ȌɆǺȲǩ Ž ǥǼɆȦȵ ǦȪǣǠȆȱǟ ȸɅȿǠȺȞȱǟ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ ƎǪȞćǩ ȴȾȲɆȲƠ ȷǙ Ȱǣ ÛȼɆȦșɀȵȿ ȀǪɆȭ ȫǠǱ ȸȽǽ Ž ǳɀȑɀǣ ƿǻɀǱɀȵ ȜǣǟȀȱǟ ȜǣȀƫǟ ȸȮɅ Ɓ ÛȜǤȖȱǠǣ .Ƞȹɀȭ

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ȼǣǠȊǪȱǟ ȄȵǠƪǟ ȜǣȀƫǟ ȸĉɆǤɅȿ .ǦȶȚȺƫǟ ǳɎȍɋǟ ǧǠɆȲȶȝ ǦɆƵǕ ɂȲȝ ȻǿȿǼǣ ǻ ĉǼȉ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȰȭǠȊƫ ȋǠƪǟ.ȜǣǟȀȱǟ ȜǣȀƫǟ Ž ǥǿɀȭǾƫǟ ǦɆȆɆǝȀȱǟ ȸɅȿǠȺȞȱǟȿ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ǦǞɆƬ ǦɆȆɆǝȀȱǟ ǧǟǿǻǠǤƫǟ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ ƙǣ

املربع اخلامس – إطار عمل حتليل السياسات املطبق في هونغ كونغ

.ƙȵǼǺǪȆƫǟ ǿǠɆǪǹǟ . Ǖ ǧǟǿǠǤǪǹǟȿ ǦȪǣǠȅ ǧɎǲȅ ȳǟǼǺǪȅǠǣ) ƙȾɅȂøȺȱǟ Ƙȡ ƙȵǼǺǪȆƫǟ ȣǠȊǪȭɍ ȋɀǶȥ ǒǟȀǱǙ .Č ɄȦșɀȵ ȸȵ ȰɆȲȩ ǻǼȝ Ɂɀȅ ƙɆȞǩ ȴǪɅ Ɓ ÛǦȪɆȩǻ ȌǶȥ ǦɆȲȶȝ ǼȞǣ .(ǦȹǠȵɉǠǣ ǘǤȺǪȲȱ ǧǠɆȱǓȿ

.ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮƫ ǦȲȪǪȆƫǟ ǦǞɆƬǟ Ž ǦȕȀȊȱǟ Ž ƇǼȪȱǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ǢǪȮȵ ȰȮȊǣ ǻǠȶǪȝɍǟ Ź .ǦȖȅǟɀȱǟ ȸȵ ǼƩǟȿ ǦɆȪǵɉǟ ǢȆǵ ƙȵǼǺǪȆƫǟ ƙɆȞǩ ɀƲ ȼǱɀǪȱǟ ȂɅȂȞǩ .č

ȸȵ Ȭȱǽ Ƙȡȿ ǦȶȚȹɉǟ ɄȲȲƮȿ ƙȪȩǼƫǟȿ ƙǤȅǠǶƫǟ ƙɆȞǩ Ž ǦɆȪǵɉǟ ǕǼǤȵ ɂȲȝ ƘǤȭ .ǧǠȎȎǺǪȱǟ

"ǻǟƘǪȅǟ" Ƞȹɀȭ ȠȹɀȽ ȷǠȮȵǚǣ ȷǠȭ ÛǥȀȶȞǪȆȵ ǠȽǿǠǤǪȝǠǣ .ǦȹǠȵɊȱ ǦɆǱǿǠǹ "ǧǠȹǠȶȑ" ȯɎȢǪȅǟ .Ď.ǿǠǤȭ ǦȕȀȉ ȓǠǤȑ

.ƙȵǼǺǪȆƫǠǣ ǦȍǠƪǟ ǧǠǣɀȪȞȱǟȿ ǧǔȥǠȮƫǟ ǼɅǼƠ . ǡ.ǧǔȥǠȮƫǟ ƘɆȢǩ .Č

ǥǻǠɅȁ Ź ǬɆǵ ÛǥǼȅǠȥ ǦȪɅȀȖǣ Ȱǹǻ ɂȲȝ ȯɀȎƩǟ ƂǙ ǦǱǠƩǟ ȸȵ ȰɆȲȪǪȲȱ ǢǩǟȿȀȱǟ ǥǻǠɅȁ ( Ǖ.ĕČċ ǦǤȆȺǣ ǦǞɆƬǟ ɄȦșɀȵ Ǣǩǟȿǿ

.ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ȰɆȲȪǪȱǟ Ž ȷɀƵǠȆɅ ȸɅǻǼƮ ǒɎȭȿȿ ǧǟɀȖǹ ǥǖȥǠȮȵ ( ǡ ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ǦȵǼƪǟ ƙȹǟɀȩ ȸȮǩ Ɓ .ǒǟǻɉǟ ɂȲȝ ǧǠɆȩȀǪȱǟ ǼȶǪȞǩ ǬɆƜ ƗȾƫǟ ǿɀȖǪȱǟ ƙȆƠ ( ǧ

.ǦȝȀȆǣ ɃȀƟ ǦɆȩȀǪȱǟ ǦɆȲȶȝ ǨȹǠȭȿ ǦǞɆƬǟ ɂȲȝ ȨǤȖȺǩ Ž ȼȹɀȪȪƷ ɃǾȱǟ ǳǠǲȺȱǟ ȃǠȅǕ ɂȲȝ ƙȵǼǺǪȆƫǟ ǥǖȥǠȮƫ ǦȕȿȀȊȵ ǻɀȪȝ ȳǟǼǺǪȅǟ ( ǫ ȸȆǵ ǧɍǠȦȭ ȿǕ ǒǠȢȱɌȱ ǦȲǣǠȩ ǦȕȿȀȊȵ ǼȝǠȪǩ ȔȖǹ ÛȯǠǮƫǟ ȰɆǤȅ ɂȲȝ) ȴȾȲȶȝ

ǟɀȹǠȭȿ ÛȤȎȹȿ ȷǠȵǠȝ ǠőǼȵ ǻɀȪȝ ǢǱɀƞ ȷɀȲȶȞɅ ǦǞɆƬǟ ɄȦșɀȵ ȴȚȞȵ ȷǠȭ .(ǾɆȦȺǪȱǟ .ǻɀȪȞȱǟ ȬȲǩ ǼɅǼƟ ȰǤȩ ǦȪɆȩǻ ȴɆɆȪǩ ǧǠɆȲȶȞȱ ȷɀȞȒƸ

.(ǒǠȺǮȱǟ ÛȀȦȆȱǟ ÛǠɅǟȂƫǟ ÛȰȪȺȱǟ ÛǢɅǿǼǪȱǟ) ǒǟǻɉǠǣ ǦɅǻǠƫǟ Ƙȡ ǧǔȥǠȮƫǟ Ȕǣǿ ( ǯ.ǼȅǠȦȱǟ ȫɀȲȆȱǟ ǦǤȩǠȞȵ .č

Ǩȩȿ Ž "ƘǤȮȱǟ ȬȶȆȱǟ" ȐȞǣ Ƞȹɀȭ ȠȹɀȽ ǦȵɀȮǵ ǨȪǵɍ .ǦɆƧȀȱǟ ǧǠǣɀȪȞȱǟ ǼɅǼȊǩ ( Ǖ.ȴȾǪǤȩǠȞȵȿ ȴƬǠȪǪȝǟ ǦɆȲȶȝ ȸȝ Ȝȅǟȿ ȰȮȊǣ ȷɎȝɋǟ Źȿ ÛȀȮǤȵ

.Ǩȩȿ ɃǕ Ž Ȥșɀȵ ɃǕ ȰȎȦǣ ǦȱĉɀƯ ǦǞɆƬǟ ǨȹǠȭ .ǦǤȩǠȞƫǟ ɂȲȝ ȀɅǼƫǟ ǦȖȲȅ ǥǻǠɅȁ ( ǡ.ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦȥǠȪǭ ȴɆȖƠȿ ǦȝǻǟȀȱǟ ǠȽǿǠǭǓ ǬɆǵ ȸȵ ǧǠǣɀȪȞȱǟ ȰɅǼȞǩ ( ǧ

ǦȹǠȮƫǟ ȷǟǼȪȥ ÛȰȎȦȱǟ ÛƘȾȊǪȱǟ ÛȰȪȺȱǟ ÛǢɅǿǼǪȱǟ) ǧǠǣɀȪȞȱǟ ȸȵ Ȝȅǟȿ ȧǠȖȹ ȳǟǼǺǪȅǟ ( ǫ.(ǦȦɆșɀȱǠǣ ǦȖǤǩȀƫǟ ȀȦȆȱǟ ǠɅǟȂȵȿ ǠɅǟȂƫǟȿ

ǿǼȎƫǟ Ǡƞǿ ǟǾȽ ȷǠȭ .ǨȪȪƠ Ɣȱǟ ǰǝǠǪȺȱǟȿ ǦȱȿǾǤƫǟ ǻɀȾƨǟ ȯɀǵ ǧǠȵɀȲȞȵ ɂȲȝ ȯɀȎƩǟ . ǧ.ǦǞɆƬǟ ǳǠǲȺȱ ɄȆɆǝȀȱǟ

.ȨɆȩǼǪȱǟȿ ǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǟ ǥǿǟǻǙ ǦȶȚȹǕ ƙȆƠ .Č ǦɆǝǠȎǵɋǟ ǧɎɆȲǶǪȱǟȿ ǿǟǾȹɋǟ ǧǟǿǠȉǙ ȳǟǼǺǪȅǠǣ) ǻǠȆȥ ǻɀǱȿ ȯǠȶǪǵǟ ȯɀǵ ǦȱǻǕ ȜƤ ( Ǖ ǢɆȱǠȅɉǟ ȻǾȽ ȸȵ ǼɅǼȞȱǟ ǦǞɆƬǟ ǨȵǼǺǪȅǟ .(ǧǠȊɆǪȦǪȱǟȿ ȰȶȞȱǟ ȸȵ ǦɆǝǟɀȊȝ ǯǽǠƴȿ

.ƙɅȀȆȱǟ ǒɎȶȞȱǟ ƂǙ Ȭȱǽ ƂǙ ǦȥǠȑɋǠǣ ǧǖƨȿ ÛǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȴǲǵ ȃǠɆȪȱ ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ǧǠȆȅǘƫǟ ȸȵ ǼɅǼȞȱǟ ǦǞɆƬǟ ǨȲĉȲǵ ."ǻǠȆȦȲȱ ǦɆȲǣǠȪȱǟ ɁǼƫ" ȴɆɆȪǩ ǧǠɆȲȶȝ ǒǟȀǱǙ ( ǡ ǦȦȎǣ ǦǞɆƬǟ ɀȦșɀȵ Ȱȶȝ ǬɆǵ ÛǦɆǝǟǼȞȱǟ ȸȝ ǼɆȞǣ ȷȿǠȞǩ Ȱș Ž ǠȾȞȵ ȰȶȞȱǟ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ȰȒȦȱǟ ɂȲȝ ȯɀȎƩǠǣ ǧǠȆȅǘƫǟ ȬȲǩ ǒǟǿǼƫ ǳǠȶȆȱǟ Źȿ ƙɅǿǟǻɋǟ ȸɅǿǠȊǪȆȶȲȱ ȼǤȉǕ

.ȰȶȞȱǟ ǦɆȲȝǠȥ ǧȁĉȂȝȿ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ǧĉǼǵ Ɣȱǟ ǧǠǵɎȍɋǟ ȨɆȪǶǪǣ .ǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǟ ȸȝ ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟ ƙȵǼǺǪȆƫǟ ȴȝǻ .č

ƃȿǘȆȵȿ ƙȥȀȊƫǟȿ ƙȪȪǶƫǟȿ ȀǩɀɆǤȶȮȱǟ ǒǟƎǹȿ ƙȪȩǼƫǟ) ƙȎǪǺƫǟ ƙȦșɀƫǟ ǻǼȝ ǥǻǠɅȁ ( Ǖ Ž ǒǟƎƪǟ ǒɍǘȽ ȸȵ ƿƘǤȭ ƿǻǼȝ ǨȺĉɆȝȿ ǦɅǠȩɀȱǟ ɂȲȝ ǦǞɆƬǟ ǧǻĉǼȉ ǼȪȥ .(ɄȲǹǟǼȱǟ ȸȵɉǟ

.ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ǦɅǠȩɀȱǟ ȴȆȩ Ƙȡ ǧǠȕǠȊȺȱǟ ȸȝ ȠɆȲǤǪȱǟ (ȯǠǮƫǟ ȰɆǤȅ ɂȲȝ ȸɅƎǺƫǟ) ƙȵǼǺǪȆȶȲȱ ǴɆǪɅ ǷǠȺȵ ǦȝǠȉǙ ( ǡ

ȸȵ ɁȿǠȮȉ ƇǼȪǩ ȸȵ ƙȺȕǟɀƫǟ ƙȮƢ ǠȾȺȵ ÛȋȀȦȱǟ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ ǦǵǠǩǙ Ź ǬɆǵ .ǦȶɆȲȆȱǟ ǦǞɆƬǟ ǧǖȊȹǕ Ǡȶȭ ÛȀȵɉǟ ǟǾŏ ǦȎǪƯ ǦɆȲƮ ǢǩǠȮȵ ɂȲȝ ȴȾƫǠȚȵ ǠȾɆȥ ȷɀȑȀȞɅ ȯɀȾƭ

.ǦȝǠȆȱǟ ǿǟǼȵ ɂȲȝ ɁȿǠȮȊȱǟ ƇǼȪǪȱ ƾȺǹǠȅ ƾȖǹ ǦǶȥǠȮƫ ǧɍǠȭȿ ȿǕ ǦȍǠǹ ȨɆȪƠ ȷǠƨ ȿǕ ɁȿǠȮȉ ǢǩǠȮȵ) ǥǼɅǼǱ ǧǟǼǵȿ ǒǠȊȹǙ ( ǧ

.(ȨɆȪƠ ǧǠǞɆȽ ȿǕ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ .(ȫɀȺǤȱǟȿ ȳɎȝɋǟ) ǦǮȱǠǭ ȣǟȀȕǕ ȸȵ ǧǠȵɀȲȞȵ ȜƤ .Ď

.(ǦɆȺȾƫǟ ǧǠǣǠȪȺȱǟ Ȭȱǽ Ž Ǡƞ) ȃǠȺȱǟȿ ǒɎȶȞȱǟ ȸȵ ǧǠȵɀȲȞȵ ȜƤ .ď ǢȍǠȺȵ Ž ȷɀȦșɀȵ) ǻǠȆȦȱǠǣ ƙȶȾǪƫǟ ȋǠǺȉɉǟ ɂȲȝ ȷɀȮɅ ǬɆƜ ǧǠǤǭɋǟ ǦɆȱȿǘȆȵ ƘɆȢǩ .Đ

.ȴőǒǟȀǣ ǧǠǤǭǙ (ȯǠǮƫǟ ȰɆǤȅ ɂȲȝ ǦȶǺȑ ǧǟȿȀǭ ȷɀȮȲƹ ǦȵǠȝ

ǦɅȀǵ ǼɆɆȪǩȿ ǿǠȮǪǵɍǟ ǦȖȲȅ ȣǠȞȑɋ ȰɆȶȞȱǟȿ ȳǼǺǪȆƫǟȿ ȀɅǼƫǟ ƙǣ ǦȩɎȞȱǟ ǢɆǩȀǩ ǥǻǠȝǙ . ǫ.ǦȱǒǠȆƫǟ ȂɅȂȞǩȿ ȣȀȎǪȱǟ

ƙȝǠȖȪȱǟ ƙǣ ǦȆȥǠȺƫǟȿ ǦȎǺȎƪǟ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ) ȳȁǟɀȲȱǟ ȿǕ ǧǠȵǼƪǟ ƇǼȪǩ Ž ǦȆȥǠȺƫǟ ȂɅȂȞǩ .Č.(ƙɆȵɀȮƩǟ ƙȵǼǺǪȆƫǟ ƙǣ ǦȆȥǠȺƫǟȿ ȳǠȞȱǟȿ ȋǠƪǟ

.ƙȵǼǺǪȆƫǟ ɁǼȱ ȣĉȀȎǪȱǟ ǦɅȀǵ ǼɆɆȪǩ .č.ǠȾȺȝ ȷɎȝɋǟȿ ǴȑȿǕ ȰȮȊǣ ǧǟǒǟȀǱɋǟȿ ƙȹǟɀȪȱǟȿ ȣǟǼȽɉǟ ǼɅǼƠ ( Ǖ

.ǦɆȦɆșɀȱǟ ȴőǠǱǿǼȱ ǧǠȞǱǟȀȵ ƂǙ ȴȾȝǠȒǹǙȿ ȧȀȥ Ž ȷɀȲȶȞɅ ƙȵǼǺǪȆƫǟ ȰȞǱ ( ǡ.ǠȾȺɆǣ ȰȎȦȱǟ ȸȮƹ ȳǠȾȵ ƂǙ ǥƘǤȮȱǟ ǧǟǿǟȀȪȱǟ ȴɆȆȪǩ ( ǧ

ƘɆȢǩȿ ǿǟȀȪȱǟ ȜȺȍ Ǽȝǟɀȩ ƘɆȢǩ) ǦɆȆɆǝȀȱǟ ǧǟǿǟȀȪȱǟ ɂȲȝ ƙȵǼǺǪȆƫǟ Ƙǭǖǩ ǼɆɆȪǩȿ ǳǠȒɅǙ ( ǫ ǦɆȲǹǟǼȱǟ ǦǣǠȩȀȲȱ Ƀɀȩ ȳǠȚȹ ȀɅɀȖǪǣ ǦǞɆƬǟ ǨȵǠȩ ǼȪȥ .(ȂȥǟɀƩǟ ȰɅǼȞǩȿ ǿǟȀȪȱǟ ɄȞȹǠȍ

.ǦȱǒǠȆƫǟ ȂɅȂȞǩȿ ȣȀȎǪȱǟ ǦɅȀǵ ǼɆɆȪǩ Ž ı ɁȀǹǕ ǿɀȵǕ ƙǣ ȸȵ ı ȴȽǠȅ

3031


.ǦɆȥǟȀȢƨǟ ȨȕǠȺƫǟȿ ȤǝǠșɀȱǟ ǢȆƜ ȰȶȞȱǟ ɂȲȝ ȷɀǣȿǠȺǪɅ ƙȵǼǺǪȆƫǟ ȰȞǱ .Ď ǼȪȥ .ǻǠȆȦȲȱ ǦȑȀȝ ȰȩǕ ǠȾȲȞƨ ǠȾȵǼǺǪȆǩ Ɣȱǟ ǧǠɆȺȪǪȱǟ ȿǕ ǠőǠǲǪȺȵ ȿǕ ǦȆȅǘƫǟ ǦȱǠȅǿ ƘɆȢǩ .ď

ȜȶǪǲƫǟ Ȝȵ ǧǠȩɎȞȱǟȿ ǦɅǠȩɀȱǟ ɂȲȝ ȂȭȀǩ ǧǾǹǕȿ ÛȨɆȪƠ ǦȆȅǘȵ ǻȀƭ ȸȵ ȀǮȭǕ ǦǞɆƬǟ ǨǶǤȍǕ .ɁǼƫǟ ǥǼɆȞǣ ǠȾǪɆǲɆǩǟȀǪȅǟ Ž ǦɆȆɆǝǿ ȀȍǠȺȞȭ

ȨȥǼǩ ȂɅȂȞǩȿ ÛǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȯǠȮȉǕ ȐȞǤȱ ǦȑȀȝ ȰȩǕ ǴǤȎǩ ǬɆƜ ǒɎȶȞȱǟ ǧǠȝɀȶƭ ȴɆȚȺǩ .Đ ɄȲƮ ȜȶǪƭ ǢǩǠȮȵ ȜȶǪǲƫǟ ǧǠȩɎȝ ȴȆȩ ǖȊȹǕ ǼȪȥ .ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮƫ Ÿɀȱ ȰɆȮȊǩȿ ÛǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǟ

.ȻǼȑ ȰȶȞȱǟȿ ȼȺȝ ȠɆȲǤǪȱǟȿ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦȵȿǠȪȵ ɂȲȝ ƙȺȕǟɀƫǟ ǧǼȝǠȅ

.ǻǠȆȦȲȱ "ǦɆȩɎǹɉǟ ȤɆȱǠȮǪȱǟ" Ȝȥǿ . ǯ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ Ž ȜȶǪǲƫǟ ǧǠȩɎȝ ȴȆȩ ȫǿǠȉ .ǠɆȲȞȱǟ ȰǮƫǟȿ ǦɆȦɆȪǮǪȱǟ ǰȵǟƎȱǟȿ ǢɅǿǼǪȱǟ ȳǟǼǺǪȅǟ .Č

.ȳɎȝɋǟ ƂǙ ăɍɀȍȿ ȃǿǟǼƫǟ Ž ǠȽǾɆȦȺǩ ȴǪɅ Ɣȱǟ ƆǼƫǟ ȤɆȪǮǪȱǟ ǰȵǟȀǣ .ƾɅɀȩ ƾɆȩɎǹǕ ƾȩǠǮɆȵ ǦǞɆƬǟ ǧǿĉɀȕ .(ǦȆȅǘƫǟ ȿǕ ǦȺȾƫǟ ȿǕ ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ǦȵǼǺȲȱ) ɄȩɎǹǕ ȧǠǮɆȵ ȀɅɀȖǩ .č ɂȲȝ ǨȲȶȝȿ Û"ǦȽǟȂøȺȱǟ ȸȵ ȻȂȹǕ" ǕǼǤƫ ɄȞȲȦȱǟ ȨɆǤȖǪȱǟ Ž ǦǞɆƬǟ ǨǶƱ .ǦȆȅǘƫǟ ǦȥǠȪǭ ƘɆȢǩ .Ď ȣǟȀȉɋǟ ȄȱǠƭ ǠőȀȥȿ Ɣȱǟ ǦɆȥǠȦȊȱǟ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ Ȭȱǽȿ ȬȱǾȭ Ȝȑɀȱǟ ǒǠȪǣ ȷǠȶȒȱ ȀȕǕ ȀɅɀȖǩ

.ǦɆȞȶǪǲƫǟ

مثال على املشتريات

ȏȀȞȵ ȯǠƭ ȀǮȭǕ ǴǱǿɉǟ ɂȲȝ ƎǪȞćǩ Ɣȱǟȿ ÛǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ ǦȱǖȆȵ ȜǣǟȀȱǟ ȜǣȀƫǟ ǥǼǝǠȥ ɂȲȝ ɁȀǹɉǟ ǦȲǮȵɉǟ ȸȵ:ɄȲɅ Ǡȵ ǠȽȁȀǣǕ Û ǥǼȝ ȯǠȮȉǖǣ ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ Ž ǻǠȆȦȱǟ źǖɅȿ .ǦɆȱǠƫǟ Ǣȹǟɀƨǟ ǦɆǵǠȹ ȸȵ ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ǻǠȆȦȲȱ

ȴǪɅ ȷǕ ȸȮƹ ɃǾȱǟȿ ǦɅǼȲǤȲȱ ǦǤȆȺȱǠǣ ǿǠȞȅɉǟ țǠȦǩǿǟ ƂǙ ɃǻǘɅ ɃǾȱǟ Ȁȵɉǟ ÛƙȎȩǠȺƫǟ ƙǣ ǘȕǟɀǪȱǟ .Č.ǠŒȿǻ ȿǕ ȸɅǼȅǠȥ ƙȱȿǘȆȵ ǦȭǿǠȊƞ

.ǒǟȀȊȱǟ ǦɆȲȶȞǣ ǢȝɎǪȱǟ ȰǱǕ ȸȵ ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ ƃȿǘȆȵ ƂǙ ǧǠȭȀȊȱǟ ȸȵ ǦɆǤȹǠǱ ǧɍɀȶȝ .č ȜǲȊɅ Ǽȩȿ .ǠȾɆȲȝ ǧǟǒǠȖȞȱǟ ǦȱǠǵǙ ȴǪɅ Ɣȱǟ ǧǠȾƨǟ ȫɀȲȅ ȷɀȶȚȺɅ ȸɅǾȱǟ ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ ƃȿǘȆƫ ɁȿǠȉǿ .Ď ȰȩǕ ǠŒɉ ǻɀȪȞȱǠǣ ȁɀȦǩ ɄȞɆǤȕ Ƙȡ ȰȮȊǣ ǦɆȹǼǪȵ ǦɆȱǠȵ ȀɅǻǠȪƞ ǧǟǒǠȖȝ ƇǼȪǩ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ țɀȺȱǟ ǟǾȽ ǻɀǱȿ ǦȦȲȮȱǟ ȁȿǠƟ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ȸɅǼȅǠȦȱǟ ȸɅǼȾȞǪƫǟ ǧǠǣǠȆǵ Ž ǠȾȲɅǼȞǩ ȴǪɅ Ż ȸȵ ȸȮȱ ÛǦɅȀɅǼȪǪȱǟ ȤɆȱǠȮǪȱǟ ȸȵ

ǦȱǠǵɋǟ ȴǪǩ ȸȵ ſǠȎȱ ȷɀȮǩ ǻɀȪȞȱǟ ǻɀȺǣ Ž ǧǟƘɆȢǩ ǒǟȀǱǙ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ƾȪǵɍ ȀȾȚɅ ɃǾȱǟȿ ǦɅȀɅǼȪǪȱǟ.ǻɀȪȞȱǟ ȬȲǩ ǦǣǠǪȭ ȸȝ ȷɀȱȿǘȆƫǟ ȷɀȊǩȀƫǟ ȷɀȦșɀƫǟ ǠȾǝǟȀǱǚǣ ǴȶȆɅ ȴȾɆȲȝ

ȸȵ ǥǼǵǟȿ Ȱȭ ȰƩ ǥǼɆȦȵ ǧǠǵǟȀǪȩǟ ƂǙ ǧǠȅǠɆȆȱǟ ȰɆȲƠ Ȱȶȝ ǿǠȕǙ ǻɀȪɅ ȤɆȭ ȃǻǠȆȱǟ ȜǣȀƫǟ ȸĉɆǤɅ ȋȀȥȿ ǧǠȦȝǠȒȵ Ž ȀȚȺɅȿ ÛȜǣȀƫǟ ǟǾƬ ƾɆȥǟȿ ƾǵȀȉ ȨǶȲƫǟ ȳ ĉǼȪɅ Ǡȶȭ .ȻɎȝǕ ǥǿɀȭǾƫǟ ǫɎǮȱǟ ȰȭǠȊƫǟ

.ǥǒǠȦȭ ȀǮȭǕȿ ȰȒȥǕ ǧǠɅȀǪȊȵ ǦȶȚȹǕ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ǼƩǟ

املربع السادس – إطار عمل حتليل السياسات املطّبق في عملية الردع عن التواطؤ في عمليات الشراء

.ǧǟǒǠȖȞȱǟ Ž ƙȭǿǠȊƫǟ ǿǠɆǪǹǟ ( Ǖ Ûǘȕǟɀǩ ǻɀǱȿ ȳǼȝ ȀȾȚǩ ǦǤȩǟȀȵ ǧǠɆȲȶȝ) ǦȽǟƕȱǟ ȸȵ ǼȭǖǪȲȱ ǧǟǒǠȖȞȱǟ Ž ƙȭǿǠȊƫǟ ȌǶȥ .Č

.(ǦȪǣǠȅ ǻɀȪȝ Ž ȸɅǼȾȞǪƫǟ ǒǟǻǕ ȸȵ ǼȭǖǪȱǟ ÛȸɅǼȾȞǪƫǟ ǸɅǿǠǩ Ž ȨȪƠ ǧǠɆȲȶȝ ǒǟȀǱǙ .ǒǟǻɉǟ Ž ǦȹǠȵɉǟ ȷǠȶȑȿ ǧǟǒǠȖȞȱǟ ǳȀȖȱ ǦȾɅȂȹ ǦɆȲȶȞǣ ȳǠɆȪȱǟ Ž ǦɆǱǿǠǹ ǧǠȹǠȶȑ ƂǙ ǒɀǲȲȱǟ .č

.ǠȾȞȵ ǥǼɅǼȉ ǧǠȑȿǠȦȵ ǒǟȀǱǙȿ ǒǠȖȞȲȱ ȳ ĉǼȪǪȱǠǣ ȔȪȥ ǥǼǵǟȿ ǦȭȀȊȱ ǳǠȶȆȱǟ .Ď.ƙȎȩǠȺƫǟ ɂȲȝ ǢǩȀǪǩ Ɣȱǟ ǧǠǣɀȪȞȱǟȿ ǧǔȥǠȮƫǟ ƘɆȢǩ ( ǡ

ȤɆȱǠȮǪȱǠǣ ǠȾȖǣǿȿ ǧǠȞȥǼȱǟ ȰɆǱǖǩ) ǦȾɅƕȱǟ ǧǟǒǠȖȞȲȱ ǦɆȲȒȥɉǟ ȷɀȮǩ ǬɆƜ ǦȱǠǵɋǟ ƘɆȢǩ .Č.(ǦȦȲȮȱǟ ȐɅɀȞǩ ǻɀȪȝ ȳǟǼǺǪȅǟȿ ǥǻɀƨǟȿ

ǧǠǣɀȪȝ ȳǟǼǺǪȅǟ ȿǕ ÛǦǞȕǟɀǪƫǟ ǧǠȭȀȊȱǟ ǻǠȞǤǪȅǟ) ǘȕǟɀǪȱǠǣ ǒǟȀȡɋǟ ȸȵ ǼǶȲȱ ǧǠǣɀȪȞȱǟ ƘɆȢǩ .č.(ǦǞȕǟɀǪƫǟ ǧǠȭȀȊȱǟ ǦȞƧ ȴɆȖǶǪȱ ȳɎȝɋǟ ȳǟǼǺǪȅǟ ȿǕ ÛǦɆǝǠȺǱ

ǦǤȩǠȞƫǟȿ ǘȕǟɀǪȱǟ ȣǠȊǪȭǟ ǦɆȱǠȶǪǵǟ ǥǻǠɅȂȱ ǧǠȵɀȲȞȵ ɂȲȝ ȯɀȎǶȲȱ ǧǠɆǲɆǩǟȀǪȅǟ ȳǟǼǺǪȅǟ ( ǧ.ȼɆȲȝ

.ǘȕǟɀǪȱǟ ȣǠȊǪȭɍ ǦȶȚȹǕ ȳǟǼǺǪȅǟ .Č ȀɅǼȪǩȿ ȧɀȆȱǟ ǿǠȞȅǕȿ ǦǤȩǟȀƫǟȿ ɃȀȆȱǟ ȰȶȞȱǟ) ǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǟ ȜƤ ȸȵ ȴȾȺɆȮȶǪȱ ƙȵǼǺǪȆƫǟ ȴȝǻ .č

.(ǦȦȲȮȱǟ ǦɅǿǠǤǹǕ ǧǟȀȊȹȿ ȸɅǿǠȊǪȆȵ) ǦɆȩǟǼȎȵ ǧǟǽ ǧǠȵɀȲȞȵ ɂȲȝ ȯɀȎǶȲȱ ǦǮȱǠǭ ȣǟȀȕǕ ȫǟȀȉǙ .Ď

.(ƙȪȩǼȵ ȿǕ ÛǦȲȪǪȆȵ ǿǻǠȎȵ ȸȵ ǦȦȲȭ ǧǟȀɅǼȪǩ ȿǕ ÛǦȎȎǺǪȵ ȸɅǾȱǟ ȷɀȎȩǠȺƫǟ ÛȷɀȖǹǠȆȱǟ ȷɀȦșɀƫǟ) ǧǠȵɀȲȞȶȲȱ ǿǻǠȎȶȭ ȴȾȆȦȹǕ ƙȎȩǠȺƫǟ ȳǟǼǺǪȅǟ .ď

.(ǦȎȩǠȺƫǟ ȳǼȝ ǧǿǠǪǹǟ Ɣȱǟ ǧǠȭȀȊȱǟ ÛǒǠȖȞȱǟ ǟȿȀȆǹ

.ȌȩǠȺƫǟȿ ɃȀǪȊƫǟ ƙǣ ǦȩɎȞȱǟ ȤɅȀȞǩ ǥǻǠȝǙ ( ǫ ÛǧǟǒǠȖȞȱǟ ȸȝ ȜȅȿǕ ȰȮȊǣ ȷɎȝɋǟȿ ÛǥǼɅǼǱ ǧǠȭȀȉ ǡǟǾǪǱǟ) ƙȎȩǠȺƫǟ ƙǣ ǦȆȥǠȺƫǟ ȂɆȦƠ .Č

ȯɀǵ ǧǠǤȲȖǪȵ Ȝȑȿȿ ÛȀȕǠǺƫǟ ȫǿǠȊǩ ǻɀȪȝ ȳǟǼǺǪȅǟȿ ÛǦȭǿǠȊƫǟ ȳǠȵǕ ȂǱǟɀƩǟ ȐɆȦơȿ .(ǻɀȪȞȱǟ ǧǠȵɀȲȞȵ ȫćǿǠȊǩ

ÛǦȞǣǠǪƫǟ ÛǦɅƘɆȢǪȱǟ ȀȵǟȿɉǠǣ ǦȍǠǹ Ǽȝǟɀȩ Ȝȑȿ) ƙȵǼǺǪȆȶȲȱ ǦǵɀȺȶƫǟ ȣĉȀȎǪȱǟ ǦɅȀǵ ȰɆȲȪǩ .č ǦȞǱǟȀƫǟȿ ÛȂǝǠȦȱǟ ǒǠȖȞȱǟ ǿǠɆǪǹɍ ǦȶșǠȺȱǟ ǼȝǟɀȪȱǟ ÛǦȵɀǪǺƫǟ ǧǟǒǠȖȞȱǟ Û"ǒɁǿǟɀȖȱǟ ǧɍǠǵ"

.(ǧǟǿǟȀȪȲȱ ǦɆǤǩǟȀǪȱǟ .ǦȦȲǪǺƫǟ ȤǝǠșɀȱǟ ɂȲȝ ȷɀǣȿǠȺǪɅ ƙȵǼǺǪȆƫǟ ȰȞǱ .Ď

ǢȅǠȺǪɅ Ǡƞȿ ǦɅǿǠɆȞƫǟ ǧǠȦȍǟɀƫǟ ǢȆǵ ȳȁǟɀȲȱǟ ȸȵ ǼɅȂƫǟ ȀɅɀȖǩ) ǦȆȅǘƫǟ "ǰǪȺȵ" ȤɅȀȞǩ ǥǻǠȝǙ .ď ÛǻǠȆȦȲȱ ǦȑȀȞȱǟ ƂǙ ȼǤȺǪȱǟ Ȝȵ ǯɀȾȺȱǟȿ ǧǠǱȀǺƫǟȿ ǧɎǹǼƫǟ ǿǠɆǪǹǟ ÛȧɀȆȱǟ ǿǠȞȅǕ Ȝȵ

.(ȼǝǟȀȉ ȸȝ ƾȑɀȝ ǰǪȺƫǟ Ȱȶȝ :ɃǻɀȵǠȞȱǟ ȰȵǠȮǪȱǟȿ

.ǘȕǟɀǪȱǟ ɀƲ ǧǠȽǠƟɍǟ ƘɆȢǩ ( ǯ ȣǟǼȽǕȿ (ȀɅǼȎǪȱǟ ǧǠȩǠȦǩǟ ÛȯǠǮƫǟ ȰɆǤȅ ɂȲȝ) ǧǠȅǿǠư ȸȵ ȯɀǤȪȵ ɀȽ Ǡȵȿ ǘȕǟɀǪȱǟ ƙǣ ȰȎȦȱǟ .Č

.(ǦɆǤȺǱɉǟ ǧɎȶȞȱǟ ȸȵ ǢȅǠȮƫǟ ȂɅȂȞǩ ÛȯǠǮƫǟ ȰɆǤȅ ɂȲȝ) .ɁȀǹǕ ȸȭǠȵǕ Ž ǦɆȆȥǠȺǪȱǟ ǧǟǒǠȖȞȱǟ ǒǟȀǱǙ ǦɆȦɆȭ ȯɀǵ ǧǟǒǠȖȞȲȱ ƙȵǼȪǪƫǟ ȤɆȪǮǩ .č

.ǻɀȪȞȲȱ ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ȿǕ ǦɆȝǠȶǪǱɍǟ ǦɅǠȢȱǟ Ȝȵ ǧǟǒǠȖȞȲȱ ƙȵǼȪǪƫǟ ȳǠǲȆȹǟ ȂɅȂȞǩ .Ď

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الفصل الرابع

4الفصل

تقييم وضع الفساد

ȤɆȭȿ ǠȾɆȥ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǫȿǼǵ ȰȶǪǶćɅ Ɣȱǟ ɄǵǟɀȺȱǟ ȌɆǺȊǩ Ž ɃǻǠȎǪȩɍǟ ȰɆȲǶǪȱǟ ȸȵ ǥǻǠȦǪȅɍǟ ǠȺȺȮƹ ȰɆȲƠ Ȱȶȝ ǿǠȕǙ ȸȵ ǥǻǠȦǪȅɍǟ ǠȺȺȮƹ ȤɆȭ ǥǻǼƮ ǧǠȩǠɆȅ ɄȦȥ .ǻǠȆȦȲȱ Ǧȝƕȱǟ ȸȵ ȤɆȦǺǪȱǟ ȸȮƹ

ÝȨǣǠȆȱǟ ȰȎȦȱǟ Ž ȻǠȺȑȀȝ ɃǾȱǟ ǧǠȅǠɆȆȱǟ

التشخيص التشاركي

ȸȵ ȴȾȆȦȹǕ ȴȽ ȴȚȺƫǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǠȾɆȥ ȀȊǪȺɅ ǧǠȆȅǘȵ Ž ȷɀȲȶȞɅ ȸɅǾȱǟ ȋǠǺȉɉǟ ȷǚȥ ÛǠȺǩƎǹ ǢȆƜ ǫǼƷ ȼȹǕ ĉɍǙ ÛȐȞǤȱǟ ǒɂǱǠȦɅ Ǽȩ Ȭȱǽ ȷǕ Ȝȵȿ .ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǫȿǼǵ ȷǠȮȵȿ ȷǠȵȁ ȰɆȲƠ Ž ǥǼȝǠȆƫǟ ȴȾȺȮƹ

ȯɀǵ Ȱȶȝ ȇǿȿ ɄȦȥ .ȴȾȺɆȞǣ ǻǟȀȥǕ ɂȲȝ ȄɆȱȿ ǥǼȅǠȦȱǟ ǦȶȚȹɉǟ ɂȲȝ ȂɆȭȀǪȱǟ ĉǢȎȺɅ ǠȵǼȺȝ ȰȞȦȱǠǣ ȷǕ Ǩȩɀȱǟ ȐȞǣ ǿȿȀȵ ǼȞǣ ȸĉɆǤǩ ÛȯȿǼȱǟ ȸȵ ǻǼȝ Ž ǠȽƘȆɆǪǣ ǡǠǪȮȱǟ ǟǾƬ ɄȆɆǝȀȱǟ Ȥȱǘƫǟ ȳǠȩ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȴőǠȆȅǘȵ Ž ǻɀǱɀƫǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦȊȩǠȺȵ ɂȲȝ ȀȚȺȲȱ Ǩȥɍ ȰȮȊǣ ƙǶǪȦȺȵȿ ƙȹȿǠȞǪȵ ȷɀȹɀȮɅ ƙȭǿǠȊƫǟ ǦȲ ĉȎȦȵ ǧǠȵɀȲȞȵ ɂȲȝ ȰȶǪȊɅ ȜȑɀȲȱ ȴȾȲɆȲƠ ȷɀȮɅ ǠȵǼȺȝ Ɠǵ ÛȼȺȵ ǦɅǠȩɀȱǟ ȸȮƹ ȤɆȭȿ ȼȲȶȝ ǦȪɅȀȕȿ

.ȴȾȵĉȀƟ ȷǕ ĉɍǙ ǠȾȺȮƹ ɍ

ÛȴȚȺȵ ǿǠȕǙ Ž ȷɀȮɅ ǠȶȺɆǵ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȯɀǵ ǦȖȲǪƯȿ ǥǼȪȞȵ ȀȝǠȊȵ ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟȿ ƙɆȅǠɆȆȱǟ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ ȰȶƷ .ȼǭȿǼƜ ȷɀǶȶȆɅ ȿǕ ȼɆȥ ȷɀȕĉǿɀǪɅ ȼǩǟǽ Ǩȩɀȱǟ Ž ȴȾȺȮȱ ÛȼǭǠǮǪǱǟ Ž ȷɀǤȡȀɅȿ ȼȹȿȀȪǪƷ ăɎȞȥ ǟɀȹɀȮɅ ǼȪȥ ȯɎȢǪȅǟ ȸȮƹ ȤɆȭ ɀȽ ȯǟǘȆȱǟȿ .ȀȽǟɀȚȱǟ ȄȦȹ ȷɀȾǱǟɀɅ ǦȕȀȊȱǟȿ ȄȦȺȱǟ ǒǠȶȲȝ ȷǚȥ ȿǼǤɅ Ǡȵ ɂȲȝȿ

ÝǥǼȅǠȦȱǟ ǦȶȚȹɉǟ ȌɆǺȊǩ Ž ǦȖȲǪǺƫǟ ȀȝǠȊƫǟ ȻǾȽ

ما هو التشخيص التشاركي؟

ÛǦȪǵɎƫǟ ȸȵ ȣɀǹ ȷȿǻ ɄȲɆȲƠ ȰȮȊǣ ǦȶȚȹɉǟ ȻǾȽ ǦȊȩǠȺȵ ȸȵ ȃǠȺȱǟ ƙȮƢ ɀȽ ÛȔɆȆǣ ȰȮȊǣ ȷɀǶȊȵ ȳɀȾȦȵ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȷǕ Ǡƞȿ .ǦǣȀȖȒȵ ǦȆȅǘȵ Ȝȵ ȰȵǠȞǪȱǟ Ž ɄǱɎȝ ǰŒ ȼȹǖǣ ȼȾɆǤȊǩ ȸȮƹ ƾȹǠɆǵǕȿ ȸȝ ȏɀȶȢȱǟ ǦȱǟȁǙ Ž ȸȶȮǩ Ƃȿɉǟ ǦȶȾƫǟ ȷǚȥ ÛȄȦȺȱǟ ȸȝ țǠȥǼȱǟ Ȥȩǟɀȵȿ ɃȂƪǠǣ ǿɀȞȊȱǟȿ ȤȕǟɀȞȱǠǣ ǦǶǱǠȹ ǦȲȶƩ ǦɆȅǟǿǻ ǦȱǠǵ ȰɆȲƠ ƙȭǿǠȊƫǟ ȸȵ ǢȲȖȹ ȷǖǣ ǕǼǤȹ ÛǠȽǼȪȞȹ Ɣȱǟ ȰȶȞȱǟ ȇǿȿ Žȿ .ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǠȾȞȵ ȰȵǠȞǪȱǟȿ ȰȭǠȊƫǟ ȰɆȲƠ ȷǠȮȵɋǠǣ ȷǕ ȷɀȭǿǠȊƫǟ ɁȀɅ ǦȪɅȀȖȱǟ ȻǾŏȿ .ȀǹǓ ǼȲǣ Ž ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮƫ ǻȀƭ ȷǕ ĉɍǙ ÛȬȉ ȷȿǼǣ ȴȽǼȲǣ ȸȝ ȤȲǪƯ Ȁǹɇǟ ǼȲǤȱǟ Ž Ȝȑɀȱǟ ȷǕ Ȝȵȿ .ȤȕǟɀȞȱǟ ȸȝ ǥǼɆȞǣ ǦɆȱǠȞȦǣ

.țǟǼǣɋǟ ɂȲȝ ȴȽȂĉȦƷȿ ȴȾȭɀȮȉ ȸȵ ȤȦƸ ǦǶǱǠȹ Ȱȶȝ ǧǟɀȖǹ ǽǠơǟȿ ǴǱǠȹ ȰɆȲƠ ǫȿǼǵ37

تقييم وضع الفسادتقييم وضع الفساد

(ƾȅǠȅǕ ȿǕ ǻȀƭ) ȄɆȱ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȷǕ ȫǟǿǻǙ ɂȲȝ ƙȭǿǠȊƫǟ ǼȝǠȆǩ ǦɆȲɆȲƠ Ȱȶȝ ȀȕǕ ȏȀȞȹ ÛȬȱǽ ǼȞǣ ǦȱǻǠȞȵ ȴȾɆȲȝ ǳȀȖȹ ȷǕ Ȭȱǽ ȜǤǪɅ .ǥǼȅǠȥ ǦȶȚȹǕ ǦȲȮȊȵ ɀȽ Ȱǣ ÛȸɅǼȅǠȥ ȋǠǺȉǖǣ ǦȖǤǩȀȵ ǦȲȮȊȵ

ȻǾȽ ȣǠȊǪȭǟ ȷɀȮɅ ÛǥǻǠȞȱǟ Žȿ .(ǦȱǒǠȆƫǟ ȌȩǠȹ ȣȀȎǪȱǟ ǦɅȀǵ Ǽǝǟȁ ǿǠȮǪǵɍǟ ɃȿǠȆɅ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ) ǻǠȆȦȱǟ.ǥǼȅǠȥ ǧǠȆȅǘȵ Ž ƙȲȵǠȞȲȱ ǦɆǱɎȝ ǦȲɆȅȿ ǦǣǠǮƞ ǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǟ

ȌɆǺȊǪȱǟ ƂǙ ǦɆȱǠǪȱǟ ǧǟɀȖƪǟ Ž ȷɀȭǿǠȊƫǟ ȰȪǪȺɅ ÛǦǶǱǠȺȱǟ ǯɎȞȱǟ ǧǠȆȲǱ Ž ȯǠƩǟ ɀȽ Ǡȶȭ ȧɎȕǙȿ ǥǼȅǠȦȱǟ ǦȶȚȹɉǟ ȌɆǺȊǩ ȴǪɅ ǬɆǵ ÛǦȲȽǾȵ ǥǻǠȞȱǟ Ž ǰǝǠǪȺȱǟ ȷɀȮǩȿ .ȴȾǪȱǠƩ źǟǾȱǟ ǯɎȞȱǟȿ :ȻǾȽ ǦɆȭǿǠȊǪȱǟ ȌɆǺȊǪȱǟ ǧǠɆȲȶȝ ȸȝ ȷǟȀȵǕ ǰǪȺɅ ȷǕ ȸȮƹȿ .ǠȾȝǠȑȿǕ ǢɅɀȎǩ ǦɆȦɆȮȱ ǥǼɆȦȵ ǦɅǟǼǣ

.ǠȾǵɎȍɋ Ȱȶȝ ǦȖǹȿ ÛǥǼȅǠȦȱǟ ǦȶȚȹɊȱ ȯǻǠǤǪȵȿ ȨȶȝǕ ȴȾȥ

كيف ميكن إجراء التشخيص التشاركي؟

ȴȾƫǟ ȸȵ ȸȮȱ ÛǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ǥǼȝ ǧǠɅɀǪȆȵ ɂȲȝ ı ǠȽǼȪȝ Ǣƶ Ǡƞǿȿ ı ȻǾȽ ȰȶȞȱǟ ȇǿȿ ǼȪȝ ȸȮƹ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȄɆǝǿ ȳɀȪɅ ȷǕ Ǣƶ ÛƃǠǮƫǟ Ȝȑɀȱǟ ɄȦȥ .ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟ ǿǠǤȭ ǦȭǿǠȊƞ Ƃȿɉǟ ȰȶȞȱǟ Ǧȉǿȿ ȴǪǩ ȷǕ ǥȀȎǪȪȵ ǦɆȲǹǟǻ ǦɆȲȶȞȱǟ ɂȪǤǩ ÛǧɍǠƩǟ ȐȞǣ Žȿ .ǧǠȝǠȶǪǱɍǟ ȻǾȽ ǼȪȞǣ ɃǼȲǤȱǟ ȄȲǲƫǟ ȄɆǝǿ ȿǕ

ȳǠȆȩɉǟ ǒǠȅǗǿȿ ǒǟǿǼƫǟ ȰǮȵ ÛǯǿǠƪǟ ȸȵ ƙȭǿǠȊȵ ǥɀȝǻ ȴǪɅ ÛɁȀǹǕ ǧɍǠǵ Žȿ ÛǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ɄȦșɀȵ ɂȲȝ ǧǠȶȚȺȵȿ ȯǠȶȝɉǟ ǧǠȝɀȶƭ ǒǠȅǗǿȿ ȯǠȶȞȱǟ ǧǟǻǠƠǟ ǒǠȅǗǿȿ ǦȕȀȊȱǟ ȓǠǤȑȿ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȄȱǠǲƫǟ ǒǠȒȝǕȿ

ǦȆƦ ƂǙ ȸɅȀȊȝ ƙǣ ƙȭǿǠȊƫǟ ȸȵ ƃǠǮƫǟ ǻǼȞȱǟ ȜȪɅȿ .ǦɆȺɅǼȱǟ ǧǠȶȚȺƫǟ ǒǠȅǗǿ Ɠǵȿ ƆǼƫǟ ȜȶǪǲƫǟ ɂȲȝ ǠȽǼȪȝ ȸȮƹ ȿǕ ȷǠȵɀɅ ȿǕ ȳɀɅ ǠőǼȵ ǥɀȲǹ ɀȾȥ ÛȰȶȞȱǟ Ǧȉǿɀȱ ƃǠǮƫǟ ȰȮȊȱǟ ǠȵǕ .ƾȭǿǠȊȵ ȸɅȀȊȝȿ

.ȳɀɆȱǟ Ž ƙǪȝǠȅ Ȝȩǟɀǣ ȳǠɅǕ ǦȆƦ ǿǟǼȵ

.ƙǝȂǱ ɂȲȝ ǦȱǠƩǟ ȏȀȝ ȴǪɅ .ȀǹǓ ǼȲǣ Ž ǦǶǱǠȹ ǻǠȆȥ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ǦȲȶƩ ǦȱǠǵ ȰɆȲƠ Ƃȿɉǟ ǦȆȲƨǟ Ž ȴǪɅ ǧǠȝɀȶƭ Ž ȷɀȭǿǠȊƫǟ țĉȁɀǪɅ Ż ȸȵȿ ɄƹǼȪǩ ȏȀȝ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ȰȭǠȊƫǟ ȏȀȝ ȴǪɅ Û ȯȿɉǟ ǒȂƨǟ Ž Ɣȱǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ țǟɀȹǕ Ȥȍɀǣ ăɍȿǕ Ǧȝɀȶƭ Ȱȭ ȳɀȪǩ ǬɆƜ ÛƾǤɅȀȪǩ ȋǠǺȉǕ ǦɆȹǠƣ ȸȵ ǥǼǵǟɀȱǟ ȤȱǖǪǩ Ȱȶȝ

ǧǠȝɀȶƭ ȸȵ ǢȲȖɅ Ż ȸȵȿ ÛǥǿɀȖǹ ȰȩǕ ǠȾɅǕȿ ǥǿɀȖǹ ǼȉǕ ǠȾɅǕ Ȥȍȿ ȿ ǦɆȅǟǿǼȱǟ ǦȱǠƩǟ ǠȾɆȲȝ ȰȶǪȊǩ ǧǠɆȍɀǩ ƂǙ Ȱ ĉȍɀǪȱǟȿ ÛǠȾȺȵ Ǽǵǟȿ Ȱȭ ǒɁȿǠȆȵȿ ǠɅǟȂȵȿ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮƫ ǦȲɅǼǤȱǟ ƘǣǟǼǪȱǟ ǼɅǼƠ ȰȶȞȱǟ ȏȀȝ ȴǪɅ ÛȇǠȪȺȱǟ ǼȞǣ .ǦȵǠȝ ǦȆȲǱ Ž ǠőɍȿǟǼƫ ȌǺȲȵ ȏȀȞǣ Ǧȝɀȶƭ Ȱȭ ȳɀȪǩ ÛȬȱǽ ǼȞǣ .ǦɆȱȿǕ ǰǝǠǪȹȿ ǼȲǤȱǟ ȿǕ ǦȺɅǼƫǟ ȬȲǩ Ǡŏ ǨȵǠȩ Ɣȱǟ ǧǠȭĉȀǶǪȱǟ ɂȲȝ ȰȶǪȊǩ Ɣȱǟȿ ǦɆȅǟǿǼȱǟ ǦȱǠƩǟ ȸȵ ƆǠǮȱǟ ǒȂƨǟ ǦȱǠƩǟ Ž ȧǠɆȆȱǟ ȷǕ Ȝȵȿ .ǠȽǽǠơǟ ǒǟǿȿ ǢǤȆȱǟȿ ǧǠȭĉȀǶǪȱǟ ȬȲǩ ȷɀȭǿǠȊƫǟ ȈȩǠȺɅ .ǧǠȭĉȀǶǪȱǟ ȬȲǩ

ȷǕ ǦȪɆȪǵȿ ǦȱǠǶȲȱ ȨɆȩǼȱǟ ȰɆȲǶǪȱǟ ȷǕ ĉɍǙ ÛȷɀȭǿǠȊƫǟ ȼȾǱǟɀɅ ɃǾȱǟ ȧǠɆȆȱǟ ȸȝ ȤȲǪƸ Ȭȉ ɍ ǦɆȅǟǿǼȱǟ.ȴȽȂɆȦƠ ƂǙ ɃǻǘɅ ǨǶƱ ǧǠǵɎȍɋǟ

ȋȀȦȱǟȿ ȜȥǟȿǼȱǟ ɂȲȝ ȂɆȭȀǩ Ȝȵ ÛǻǠȆȦȲȱ ɃǻǠȎǪȩɍǟ ǢȹǠƨǟ ȯɀǵ ǥȀȑǠƮ ƇǼȪǩ ȴǪɅ ÛǦǵǟȀǪȅǟ ǼȞǣ ÛȇǠȪȺȱǟ ǡǠǣ ǴǪȦɅȿ ȴȾǪȲǞȅǕ ǳȀȕ ɂȲȝ ƙȭǿǠȊƫǟ ȜɆǲȊǪǣ ȀȑǠǶƫǟ ȳɀȪɅ .ȳ ı ǳ + ǟ =ȣ ǦȱǻǠȞȵȿ

.ȼǪȞǱǟȀȵȿ ȜǣǟȀȱǟ ȜǣȀƫǟ Ž ǻǿǟɀȱǟ ǧǠȅǠɆȆȱǟ ȰɆȲǶǪȱ ȰȶȞȱǟ ǿǠȕǙ ȏȀȝ ȴǪɅ Ǡȶȭ

ǥȀƫǟ ȻǾȽ ȴȾȺȵ ǢȲȖćɅ ȸȮȱ ÛɁȀǹǕ ǳǠƱ ǦȎȪȱ ǦɆȹǠǭ ǦɆȅǟǿǻ ǦȱǠǵ ȰɆȲǶǪǣ Ǧȝɀȶǲƫǟ ȳɀȪǩ ÛȬȱǽ ǼȞǣ ǦɆǲɆǩǟȀǪȅǟ ƇǼȪǩ ƾȒɅǕ Ȱǣ ÛȼǪǶȥǠȮȵ ǦɆȦɆȭȿ ǻǠȆȦȲȱ ɃǻǠȎǪȩǟ ȰɆȲǶǪǣ ȼǪɆȶȆǩ ȸȮƹ Ǡȵ ƇǼȪǩ ȔȪȥ ȄɆȱ

ǦȥǠȪǭ ȴɆȖƠ ȰǱǕ ȸȵ ÛăɍȿǕ .ǦȱǠƩǟ ȻǾȽ ȸȵ ȃȿǿǻ ǦǭɎǭ ȋɎǺǪȅǟ ȸȮƹȿ .ǦɆȕǟȀȩȿƘǣȿ ǦɆȅǠɆȅ ǡȂƩǟ ȸȵ ǒǠȒȝǕ ȴȾɆȥ ȸƞ ÛǻǠȆȦȱǟ Ž ǿǠǤȮȱǟ ȷɀȕǿɀǪƫǟ) "ƘǤȮȱǟ ȬȶȆȱǟ" ɄȲȩ Ǣƶ ÛȳǗǠȊǪȱǟȿ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ

Ž Ǡƞ ÛǦɅǠȩɀȱǟ ɂȲȝ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ǻɀȾǱ ȂȭȀǩ ȷǕ Ǣƶ ÛƘǤȮȱǟ ȬȶȆȱǟ ɄȲȩ ǼȞǣ ÛƾɆȹǠǭ .(ȴȭǠƩǟ ǿǠȮǪǵɍǟ ȸȵ ȤɆȦǺǪȲȱ ǦɅɀɆȺǣ ǧǟƘɆȢǩ ǫǟǼǵǙȿ ǦȱǒǠȆƫǟ ȂɅȂȞǩȿ ȂȥǟɀƩǟ ƘɆȢǩȿ ƙȵǼǺǪȆƫǟ ǿǠɆǪǹǟ Ȭȱǽ

ȰɆȞȦǩ Ǣƶ ÛƾǮȱǠǭ .ǻǠȆȦȲȱ "ǦɆȩɎǹɉǟ ȤɆȱǠȮǪȱǟ" Ȝȥǿ ɂȲȝ ȰȶȞȱǟȿ ȣĉȀȎǪȱǟ ǦɅȀǵ ǻȿǼǵ ǳǠȒɅǙȿ ǠȺɆȲȝ ȬȱǾȱ ÛǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵǠȮȵ ȷɀȥȀȞɅ ȴȾȥ ÛǦȦȲǪƯ ȧȀȖǣ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ǻɀȾǱ Ž ƙȺȕǟɀƫǟ ǦȭǿǠȊȵ ȸȝ ȠɆȲǤǪȲȱ ǦȺǹǠȆȱǟ ǦɆȦǩǠƬǟ ȓɀȖƪǟ ȰǮȵ ǧǟǿǻǠǤȵ ȷǟɀȺȞȱǟ ǟǾȽ ǨƠ ǼƱȿ .ȳɎȮȲȱ ȯǠǲƫǟ ȴƬ ǴɆǪȹ ȷǕ

ȌɆǺȊǩ ǠȾȺȮƹ Ɣȱǟ ǦɆȵɀȮƩǟ Ƙȡ ǧǠȶȚȺƫǟȿ ƙȺȕǟɀƫǟ ǧǠȝɀȶƭȿ ÛǦɆȞȶǪǲƫǟ ȣǟȀȉɋǟ ȄȱǠƭȿ ÛǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǧǠȝɀȶƭ ǦȭǿǠȊȵȿ ÛǦȵǠȞȱǟ ȯǠȢȉɉǟ ȜɅǿǠȊȵ ȌǶȦǪȱ ǦɅɀȱɉǟȿ ɁȀȪȱǟ ȄȱǠƭȿ ÛǧǠȆȅǘƫǟ ǒǟǻǕ ǦǤȩǟȀȵȿ

.Ȭȱǽ ƂǙ Ǡȵȿ ÛƙȅǼȺȾƫǟȿ ƙȵǠǶƫǟ

ȴȾȺȵ ǢȲȖɅ ǬɆǵ ÛɄȦɆșɀȱǟ ȴȾȞȑȿ ƂǙ ȷɀȭǿǠȊƫǟ ȰȪǪȺɅ ÛǦɆȹǠǮȱǟ ǦɆȅǟǿǼȱǟ ǦȱǠƩǟ ȏȀȝ ȸȵ ǒǠȾǪȹɍǟ ǼȞǣ ÝȴȾɅǼȱ ǥǻɀǱɀƫǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ țǟɀȹǕ ɄȽ Ǡȵ :ƾȪǣǠȅ ǠȾɆȥ ǟȿȀȚȹ Ɣȱǟ ȸɅȿǠȺȞȱǟ ȄȦȹ Ž ȀȚȺȱǟ ɄǱǿǠƪǟ Ȁ ĉȆɆƫǟ ǧǠɆȍɀǪȱǟ ɄȽ Ǡȵ ÝǠȾǝȿǠȆȵȿ ǠȽǠɅǟȂȵ ɄȽ Ǡȵȿ ȰǝǟǼǤȱǟ ɄȽ Ǡȵ ÝǥǿɀȖǹ ȰȩǕ ǠȾɅǕȿ ǥǿɀȖǹ ǼȉǕ ǠȾɅǕȿ

Ǧȝɀȶƭ Ȱȭ ȏȀȞǩ Ż ȸȵȿ ǠȾȞȑȿ ȰɆȲǶǪȱ ǦȪǣǠȆȱǟ ȰȶȞȱǟ ǧǠȝɀȶƭ ȨȲȖȺǩ ÝǠȾƹǼȪǩ ȴȾȺȮƹ Ɣȱǟ ǦɆȱȿɉǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ țǟɀȹɉ ƃȿǕ ȌɆǺȊǩ ȼǪǲɆǪȹ ȷɀȮɅ ɃɀɆǵ ȇǠȪȹ Ȭȱǽ ɄȲɅ .ƙȭǿǠȊƫǟ ȜɆƤ ɂȲȝ ǠȾȲȶȝ ǰǝǠǪȹ

.ǦȺȮȶƫǟ ǠőǠǱɎȝȿ ǠȾȦɆȱǠȮǩȿ ǠȾȶǲǵȿ

ȷǕ ǠȽǼɅȀȹ ɍ ǠȺȺȮȱ ÛăɎȽǾȵ ƾȕǠȊȹ ǟǾȽ ȷǠȭ ǼȪȱ" :ƿƘǹǕ ƾɅ ĉǼƠ Ȁ ĉȆɆƫǟ ȏȀȞɅ ÛȰȶȞȱǟ Ǧȉǿȿ ȳǠǪǪǹǟ ȰǤȩ Ǡȵ ÝǦȵǻǠȪȱǟ ǦǪȆȱǟ ȀȾȉɉǟ ȯɎǹ ǫǼƷ ȷǕ Ǣƶ ɃǾȱǟ Ǡȵ .ǠŒȿȀȒƠ ɁȀǹǕ Ȱȶȝ Ǧȉǿȿ ǻȀƭ ȷɀȮǩ

"ÝƾȵǼȩ ɄȒȶȲȱ ǠȽǾǺǪǩ ȷǕ Ǧȝɀȶǲƫǟ ȻǾȽ ɂȲȝ Ɣȱǟ ǦȅɀȶȲƫǟ ǧǟɀȖƪǟ

.ǦɆǝǠȺǮǪȅǟȿ ǦɆȲȶȝ ǥǼȺǱǕ ǦȡǠɆȍ ăǥǻǠȝ ȴǪɅ ǬɆǵ ÛǦǪȦȲȵ ȷɀȮǩ ǰǝǠǪȺȱǟ ȷǕ ǥƎƪǟ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ǠȺȦȊǪȭǟ Ǽȩȿ ƙȱȿǘȆȶȲȱ ȸȮƹ ÛǻǼȎȱǟ ǟǾȽ Žȿ .ȬȲǩ ǥǼȺǱɉǟ ǾɆȦȺǪȱ ǽɀȦȺȱǟȿ ǥƎƪǟȿ ǻǿǟɀƫǟ ɀȽ ƾȹǠɆǵǕ ȌȪȺɅ Ǡȵ ȸȮȱ

ȇǿȿ ǦȞǣǠǪƫ ȋǠǹ țȿȀȊȵ ǾɆȦȺǩ ı Ǡƞǿ ɄǱǿǠǹ ȴȝǻ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ı ǟɀǵȀǪȪɅ ȷǕ ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ǿǠǤȮȱǟ ȐȞǣ ɂȲȝ ǦȪǵɍ ǧǟǿǻǠǤȵ ǦɅǕ ǼȺǪȆǩ ǬɆƜ ÛȋǠƪǟȿ ȳǠȞȱǟ ƙȝǠȖȪȱǟ Ž ǦȦȲǪƯ ǧǠɅɀǪȆȵ ɂȲȝ ȬȲǩ ȰȶȞȱǟ

ȳǼǺǪȆǩȿ ÛƙǤȩǟȀȵȿ ƙȖȉǠȺȭ ƙɆȆɆǝȀȱǟ ƙȭǿǠȊƫǟ ȸȵ ǼɆȦǪȆǩȿ ÛȰȶȞȱǟ ȇǿȿ ȸȝ ǦȪǮǤȺƫǟ ǧǠɆȍɀǪȱǟ.ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ǻɀȾǱ ǳǠƱ ȋȀȥ ȂɅȂȞǪȱ "ǥǿȂƨǟȿ ǠȎȞȱǟ" ǦȅǠɆȅ

.ČĔēĐ Ž ȁǠǣɍ ǦɅǼȲǣ Ž ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ǦȦȲǪǺƫǟ țǟɀȹɊȱ ƾɆȱȿǕ ăɎɆȲƠ ȼǪɆȶȆǩ ȸȮƹ Ǡȵ ȜǣǠȆȱǟ ȜǣȀƫǟ ȌǺȲɅȿ ǧǼȝǠȅ Ǽȩȿ .ƙɆȅǠɆȆȱǟȿ ƙȱȿǘȆȶȲȱ ǧǼȪćȝ Ɣȱǟ ȰȶȞȱǟ ȇǿȿ ȸȵ ǼɅǼȞȱǟ ǦǲɆǪȹ ǒǠǱ ȰɆȲǶǪȱǟ ȷǕ ȀȭǾćɅ ƘǣǟǼǪȱ ǧǠǵǟȀǪȩɍǟ ȸȵ ǻǼȝ ǠȾȺȝ ǰǪȹȿ ÛǦȅǠȆǵ ǦɆȅǠɆȅ ȰǝǠȆƫ ǦƷȀȍ ǧɎɆȲƠ ǼɆȱɀǩ ɂȲȝ ǦɆȲȶȞȱǟ ȻǾȽ

.ǠƬ Ȱ ĉȍɀǪȱǟ ǯǿǠƪǟ ȸȵ ȌǺȉ ɃǕ ȷǠȮȵǚǣ ȷǠȭ Ǡȵ ǦɆǱɎȝ

3839


املربع السابع – التشخيص التشاركي في بلدية الباز، 1985

ǠɆȦɆȱɀǣ ÛȁǠǣɍ ǦɅǼȲǣ ȸȵ ƙȱȿǘȆȵ Ȝȵ ČĔēĐ ȳǠȝ ȀǹǟȿǕ Ž ǦɆȎɆǺȊǩ ǧǠȝǠȶǪǱǟ ǦǲɆǪȹ

من الذين يتم القيمةالنوعمساعدتهم

العالجاتاألسبابمن الذي يتضرر

التهرب الضريبي )جميع أنواع

الضرائب(

Ďċ -ȷɀɆȲȵ čċ ǿɍȿǻ ȷɀɆȲȵ

ɄȮɅȀȵǕ

ȸȵ ȷɀǣȀȾǪƫǟǢǝǟȀȒȱǟ

ȸȵ ȷȿǼɆȦǪȆƫǟ ÛǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǧǠȵǼǹ ȸɅǾȱǟ ȋǠǺȉɉǟ ȸȵ ȷɀǣȀȾǪɅ ɍ

ȷǠȮȅ ÛǢǝǟȀȒȱǟ ȰǤȪǪȆƫǟ Ž ȁǠǣɍ

ÛǠȾȞȥǻ ǢȞȎɅ ÛǦȞȦǩȀȵ ǢǝǟȀȒȱǟ ÛǦȖɆȆǣ ǧǠǣɀȪȞȱǟ ǦȞǱǟȀȵ ǒǟȀǱǙ ȳǼȝ

ǠɅǠȒȪȲȱ

ÛȜȥǼȱǟ ȰɆȾȆǩ ÛȳɀȅȀȱǟ ȐȦǹ ǧǠǣɀȪȞȱǟ ǼɅǼȊǩ ǦȞǱǟȀȵ ÛǠȾȪɆǤȖǩȿ

ǠɅǠȒȪȱǟ

التالعب بالضرائب )جميع أنواعها(

Čċ ı ȷɀɆȲȵ Đ ǿɍȿǻ ȷɀɆȲȵ

ɄȮɅȀȵǕ

ǢǝǟȀȒȱǟ ɀȞȥǟǻ ȷɀȱȿǘȆƫǟȿȷȿǼȅǠȦȱǟ

ȸȵ ȷȿǼɆȦǪȆƫǟ ÛǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǧǠȵǼǹ ȸɅǾȱǟ ȋǠǺȉɉǟ ȸȵ ȷɀǣȀȾǪɅ ɍ

ȷǠȮȅ ÛǢǝǟȀȒȱǟ ȰǤȪǪȆƫǟ Ž ȁǠǣɍ

ǻɀǱȿ ȳǼȝ ÛǦǤȅɀƮ ǦȶȚȹǕ ǦȖɆȆǣ ǧǠǣɀȪȞȱǟ ȳǼȝ ÛǦȲĉȞȦȵ Ƙȡȿ ÛǠɅǠȒȪȱǟ ǦȞǱǟȀȵ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ȜȥǼȱǟ ɄĉȹǼǩ ÛǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ

ǿɀǱɉǟ

ǦȶȚȹɉǟ ȰȞǱ ǼɅǼȊǩ ÛǦǤȅɀƮ ȜȥǼȱǟ ÛǧǠǣɀȪȞȱǟ ÛȫɀȺǤȱǟ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ

ÛǿɀǱɉǟ Ȝȥǿ ƑǱ Ȃȥǟɀǵ Ȝȥǿ

ǢǝǟȀȒȱǟ

Č ı ȷɀɆȲȵ ċ,Đ االبتزاز ǿɍȿǻ ȷɀɆȲȵ

ɄȮɅȀȵǕ

ȷɀȱȿǘȆƫǟȷȿǼȅǠȦȱǟ

ȷȿȀȉǠǤȵ ǠɅǠǶȑ ǦȶȚȹɉǟ ǦǣɀȞȍ ǧǟǒǟȀǱɋǟȿ

ǦǣɀȞȍ ÛȳɀȅȀȱǟȿ ÛȁǟȂǪǣɍǟ ȸȝ ȠɆȲǤǪȱǟ ÛǦȖɆȆǣ ǧǠǣɀȪȝ

ǦȞǱǟȀȵ ȳǼȝ ɄĉȹǼǩ ÛǠɅǠȒȪȱǟ

ǿɀǱɉǟ

ǦȶȚȹɉǟ ȔɆȆǤǩ ǧǟǒǟȀǱɋǟȿ

Ȕǹ ÛȳɀȅȀȱǟȿ ȸȝ ȠɆȲǤǪȲȱ ȸǹǠȅ ǼɅǼȊǩ ÛȁǟȂǪǣɍǟ

ǦȞǱǟȀȵ ÛǧǠǣɀȪȞȱǟ ȸȵ ȜȥǼȱǟ ÛǠɅǠȒȪȱǟ Ȝȥǿ ÛȫɀȺǤȱǟ ȯɎǹ

ǿɀǱɉǟČ ı ȷɀɆȲȵ ċ,Đ الرشاوى

ǿɍȿǻ ȷɀɆȲȵɄȮɅȀȵǕ

ɄȞȥǟǻ ȐȞǣ ɀȱȿǘȆȵ ÛǢǝǟȀȒȱǟ ÛȷȿǼȅǠȦȱǟ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ

ǿɀǱɊȱ ȰǝǟǼǣɂȲȝɉǟ

ɄȞȥǟǻ ȴȚȞȵ ǢǤȆǣ ǢǝǟȀȒȱǟ ÛǒȔǣ ȸȵ ǰǪȺɅ Ǡȵ

ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǦȞƧ

ÛǧǟǒǟȀǱɋǟ ǦǣɀȞȍ ǦȶȚȹǕ ǻɀǱȿ ȳǼȝ

ȜȥǼȱǟ ÛǦǤȅɀƮ ÛǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ÛǦȖɆȆǣ ǧǠǣɀȪȝ ÛǦǣǠȩȀȱǟ ǡǠɆȡǿɀǱɉǟ ɄĉȹǼǩ

ȔɆȆǤǩ ȰȞǱ ÛǧǟǒǟȀǱɋǟȿ ÛǦǤȅɀƮ ǦȶȚȹɉǟ ÛǧǠǣɀȪȞȱǟ ǼɅǼȊǩ ȸȝ ȠɆȲǤǪȱǟȿ ǦǤȩǟȀƫǟ ȸȵ ȜȥǼȱǟ ÛǻǠȆȦȱǟ Ȝȥǿ ÛȫɀȺǤȱǟ ȯɎǹ

ǿɀǱɉǟ

من الذين يتم القيمةالنوعمساعدتهم

العالجاتاألسبابمن الذي يتضرر

السرقة )ممتلكات البلدية، قطع املعدات، نقود(

Č ı ȷɀɆȲȵ ċ,Đ ǿɍȿǻ ȷɀɆȲȵ

ɄȮɅȀȵǕ

ȋɀȎȲȱǟ ȸȵ ȷȿǼɆȦǪȆƫǟǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǧǠȵǼǹ

ȴǝǟɀȩ ǻɀǱȿ ȳǼȝ ȤȞȑ ÛǻȀǱ ÛǦɅȂȭȀȵɎȱǟ

ÛǦȖɆȆǣ ǧǠǣɀȪȝ ȳǼȝȿ ǦǣǠȩȀȱǟ ǡǠɆȡ

ǠɅǠȒȪȱǟ ǦȞǱǟȀȵ

ǻȀǱ ǦȶȚȹǕ ȰȞǱ ÛǦǤȅɀƮ ǧǠɆȱȿǘȆƫǟ

ǦǣǠȩǿ ÛǦɅȂȭȀȵɍ ȈɆǪȦǩ ǧǠɆȲȶȝȿ

ǦɆǝǠǲȥȷɀɆȲȵ ċ,Đ املشتريات

ǿɍȿǻ ȷɀɆȲȵ Ď -ɄȮɅȀȵǕ

ȷɀȱȿǘȆƫǟ ȷȿǼȅǠȦȱǟ

ȸɅǾȱǟ ȷȿǻǿɀƫǟȿǧǟǒǠȖȞȱǠǣ ȷȿȁɀȦɅ

ȸȵ ȷȿǼɆȦǪȆƫǟǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǧǠȵǼǹ

ǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǟ ȌȪȹ ÛǿǠȞȅɉǟ ȯɀǵ ǦȞǱǟȀȵ ȳǼȝ

ǧǠǣɀȪȝ ÛǠɅǠȒȪȱǟ ƆĉǼǩ ÛǦȖɆȆǣ

ǿɀǱɉǟ

ȸȵ ȨȪǶǪȱǟ ǦȞǱǟȀȵ ÛǿǠȞȅɉǟ ǼɅǼȊǩ ÛǠɅǠȒȪȱǟ ÛǦȱǠȞȦȱǟ ǧǠǣɀȪȞȱǟ

ǿɀǱǕ Ȝȥǿ ȸȵ ǿǟȀȪȱǟ ɄȞȹǠȍ

ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟالتغّيب عن العمل، التأخر في احلضور

للعمل

ı ȷɀɆȲȵ ċ,Č ǿɍȿǻ ȷɀɆȲȵ ċ,č

ɄȮɅȀȵǕ

ȷɀȑǿǠȶǪƫǟȰȶȞȱǟ ȸȵ ǡȀȾǪȲȱ

ǦȞƧȿ ǧǠɅɀȺȞȵǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ

ÛǦǣǠȩȀȱǟ ǡǠɆȡǦȖɆȆǤȱǟ ǧǠǣɀȪȞȱǟ

ǼɅǼȊǩ ÛǦǣǠȩǿǠȾȪɆǤȖǩȿ ǧǠǣɀȪȞȱǟ

الدراسات والتجارب الفنية

ǧǠȾǱȿ ȸȵȿ) ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ǧǠɅɀǪȆȵ ǥǼȞȱ Ȱȶȝ ȇǿȿ ɂȲȝ ɄȭǿǠȊǪȱǟ ȌɆǺȊǪȱǟ ǧǠɆȲȶȝ ȰȶǪȊǩ ȷǕ Ǣƶ Ž ǥǼɆȦȵ ȷɀȮǩ ȷǕ ǫɀǶǤȲȱ ȸȮƹȿ .(ǦɆȺȞƫǟ ȣǟȀȕɉǟȿ ǒɎȶȞȱǟ ȀȚȹ ǧǠȾǱȿ ǠȾɆȥ Ǡƞ ÛǥǻǼȞǪȵ ȀȚȹ

ǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǟ ǦȶȚȹǕ ȯɀǵ ǧǠȅǟǿǼȱǟ ȷǖȊȱǟ ǟǾȽ Ž ȼǣ ȳǠȶǪȽɍǟ ǿǼƶ Ǡưȿ ÛǠȾȾɆǱɀǩȿ ǳɎȍɋǟ ǦɆȲȶȝ ȂɆȦƠ ǦɆȲȞȦȱǟ ȂȥǟɀƩǟ ǦȶȚȹǕ ǧɎɆȲƠȿ Û(ǠȾȵǟǼǺǪȅǟ ǥǒǠȅǙ ȿǕ ǠȾȵǟǼǺǪȅǟ ǦɆȦɆȭ ÛǠȾǪɆȝɀȹ ÛǠȾȩǠȖȹ) ȴɆɆȪǪȱǟȿ Ƙȡ ǦȱȿǼȱǟ Ž ɁȀǹǕ ȸȭǠȵǕ Ž ȿǕ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ǦȦȲǪƯ Ȁǝǟȿǻ ȿǕ ǧǠȆȅǘȵ ȯɀǵ ǧǠȅǟǿǻȿ ÛǦɆǤɅȀǲǪȱǟȿ

.ƾɆǤȆȹ ǥǼȅǠȥ

ƾȹǠɆǵǕ ăɎɆȵ ȫǠȺȽ ȷǕ ĉɍǙ Û(ȸȵǠǮȱǟ ȜǣȀƫǟ ȀȚȹǟ) ǥǻǼȞǪȵ ȧȀȖǣ ȸɅǿǠȊǪȆƫǟ ȸȵ ǥǻǠȦǪȅɍǟ ȷǠȮȵɋǠǣ ȷǕ Ȝȵȿ ȯɀǵ ǧǠȅǟǿǼȱǟ ǒǟȀǱǙ ȴǪɅ ÛǥǻǠȞȱǟ Žȿ .ǦȚȽǠǣ ǿɀǱǖǣ ǒǟƎǹ ǦȭǿǠȊƞ ǧǠȅǟǿǻ ǒǟȀǱǙ Ž ǦȢȱǠǤƫǟ ƂǙ

ȷǕ ǧǠȅǟǿǼȱǟ ȏȀǪȦǩ Ǡȵ ǥǻǠȝ ÛăɍȿǕ .ǧǠȅǟǿǼȱǟ ȬȲǩ ǦɆȱǠȞȥ ȸȵ ȰĉȲȪǩ ǿɀȵǕ ǦǭɎǭ ȏǟȀǪȥǠǣ ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǥǿǟǻǙ ÛƾɆȹǠǭ .ǦɆȹǼƫǟ ǦȵǼƪǟ ǧǠɅɀǪȆȵ ȜɆƤ ɂȲȝ ǦȲǝǠȽ ǧǟƘɆȢǩ ɂȲȝ ɃɀȖȺǩ ȷǕ Ǣƶ ǦɆȪɆȪǵ ǧǠǵɎȍǙ ɃǕ ǥǼȪȞȵ ȷɀȮǩ ǧǠȅǟǿǼȱǟ ȻǾȽ ȰǮȵ ȷɉ ÛƾǮȱǠǭ .ǦȲȵǠȉ ƾȖȖǹȿ ǧǠȅǟǿǻ ǢȲȖǪǩ ǧǠǵɎȍɋǟ ȬȲǩ ȷǕ

ȴȾɆȥ ȸƞ ÛǿɀǱɉǟ ɄȞȦǩȀȵ ǒǟƎǹ ǼɅ ɂȲȝ ȴǪǩ ȷǕ Ǣƶ ǠŒǕ ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ ɀȱȿǘȆȵ ȏȀǪȦɅ ÛǦɆȺȦȱǟ ǦɆǵǠȺȱǟ ȸȵ.ǢȹǠǱɉǟ ȷɀɆȺȦȱǟ ȷȿǿǠȊǪȆƫǟ

4041


املربع الثامن – بعض مزايا املستشارين اخلارجيني

ǦȪɅȀȖȱǠǣ ȰȶȞȱǟ ȸȝ ǥǿǟǻɋǟ Ǡȑǿ ȳǼȝ ȸȝ ȷɎȝɋǟ :ƙɆǱǿǠǹ ȸɅǿǠȊǪȆƞ ǦȹǠȞǪȅɍǟ Ǽǝǟɀȥ ȐȞǣ ɄȲɅ ǠȶɆȥ ȸȝ ƙȲȵǠȞȱǟ ǒǠɆǪȅǟȿ ǢȒȡ ȰɅɀƠ ÛǥǼɅǼǱ ǿǠȮȥǕ ǼɆȱɀǩ ÛɁȀǹǕ ȳǠȾȵ ǒǟǻɉ ȯǠǲƫǟ ǥǿǟǻɋǟ ǴȺȵ ÛǥǻǠǪȞƫǟ

.ǦɅȀƜ ȴȾȞȵ ǫǼǶǪȱǟ ȴȾȺȮƹ ǯǿǠƪǟ ȸȵ ƾȍǠǺȉǕ ǥǿǟǻɋǟ ǴȺȵ Ûǥǿǟǻɋǟ

ǦɅǠȩɀȱǟ Ž ƙǤȡǟȀȱǟ ǿǠǤȮȱǟ ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ ƃȿǘȆƫ ǥǼɆȦȵ ƎǪȞćǩ ȸɅǿǠȊǪȆȶȲȱ ɁȀǹǕ ǠɅǟȂȵ ǫɎǭ ȫǠȺȽ ȷǕ Ǡȶȭ:ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ

ȀǩɀɆǤȶȭ ǦȶȚȹǕ ÛȯǠǮƫǟ ȰɆǤȅ ɂȲȝ .ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ǥȀȥɀǪȵ Ƙȡ ǧǟƎǹ ƇǼȪǩ ȸɅǿǠȊǪȆȶȲȱ ȸȮƹ :ǥƎƪǟ .Č.ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ ǧǠɆȲȶȝ ÛǥǟǿǻǙ ǦȶȚȹǕ ÛǦȎȎǺǪȵ ȨɆȪƠ ǢɆȱǠȅǕ ÛȼȺȵ ǦɅǠȩɀȱǟȿ ȯǠɆǪǵɍǟ ȣǠȊǪȭɍ

ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȸȵ Ȁ ĉȆɆȵ ȤɆȲȮǩ ȴǝɎƫǟ Ƙȡ ȸȵ ÛȼǪɆȅǠȆƩȿ ÛǦɅǠȢȲȱ ȴȾȵ ɄȭǿǠȊǪȱǟ ȌɆǺȊǪȱǟ :ƘȆɆǪȱǟ .č ȯȿǠƷ ȸȵ ȀȾȚƞ ǿɀȾȚȱǟ Ǽȑ ǦȹǠȎǵ ȴȾɅǼȱ ȸɅǿǠȊǪȆƫǟ ȷǚȥ ÛƘȆɆǪȱǟ Ž ȴőƎǹ ȸȝ ǟǼȝȿ .ȼǣ ȳǠɆȪȲȱ

.ǦȆȅǘƫǟ Ž ȻǽɀȦȹ ǥǻǠɅȁȿ ɄȎǺȊȱǟ ȼȞȑȿ ƙȆƠ

ȨȪƷ Ǽȩȿ .ǠȾȺɆǣ ǠȶɆȥ ȷȿǠȞǪȱǟ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ȳǠȆȩɉǟ ȸȵ ǼɅǼȞȱǟ ɂȲȝ ÛǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ǦɆȲȶȝ Ž :ȷȿǠȞǪȱǟ .Ď ȼȭɎǪȵǟ ȷǠȶȑ ƾȒɅǕ Ǣƶ ȸȮȱ ÛȰȶȞȱǟ Ž ǻǠɆƩǟ ǢȲȖǪȵ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǦȵɀȚȺȵ ǯǿǠǹ ȸȵ ȌǺȉ ǿǠɆǪǹǟ

.ƙǣɀȲȖƫǟ ȷȿǠȞǪȱǟȿ ǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǟ ȯǻǠǤǩ ƘȆɆǪȱ ǦɆȥǠȮȱǟ ǥƎƪǟ

ȴǪɅ "ǧǠȅǟǿǻ" ǒǟȀǱǚǣ ǒɎȶȞȱǟȿ ƙȱȿǘȆȶȲȱ ǴȶȆɅ ɃǾȱǟ Ȭȱǽ ɀȽ ǥǼǝǠȥ ȀǮȭɉǟ ǰȾȺȱǟ ȷǕ ǼȪǪȞȹ ǠȺȺȮȱ ǦȶȚȹɉǟ Ȱȶȝ ǦɆȦɆȭ ƿǼɆǱ ȷɀȶȾȦɅ ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟȿ ǒɎȶȞȱǟ ȷǚȥ ÛǠȺǩƎǹ ǢȆƜȿ .ǡǿǠǲǪǣ ȳǠɆȪȱǟ ǠȽǼȞǣ

ȸȵ Ȭȱǽȿ ÛǥǻǠȒȵ ǧǠȵǠőɍ ȏĉȀȞǪȱǟ ȸȵ ȣɀǹ ȷȿǻ ȴőǠȵɀȲȞȵ ƇǼȪǩ ɂȲȝ ȴȾȞɆǲȊǩ ȸȮƹȿ ÛǥǼȅǠȦȱǟ ȷɀȭǿǠȊƫǟ ǠƬɎǹ ȸȵ ȳĉǼȪɅ Ȱȶȝ ǧǠȝɀȶƭ ȿǕ ǦɅɀƬǟ ǦȱɀȾƭ ǧǠȺĉɆȞȱ ǳɀȆȵ ı ȯǠǮƫǟ ȰɆǤȅ ɂȲȝ ı ȯɎǹ

ƙȲȵǠȞȱǟ ȫǟȀȉǙ ȴǪɅ ȷǕ ǳȀǪȪȹȿ .ǠȾǪȊȩǠȺȵ Ȭȱǽ ǼȞǣ ȴǪɅ ÛȴȾǪɅɀȽ ȸȝ ȤȊȮȱǟ ȷȿǻ ƾɆȖǹ ȴőǠƵǠȆȵ ǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǟ ǦȶȚȹǕ ȸȵ ǥǼɅǼǱ Ǧȝɀȶƭ ɂȲȝ (ǠȾȶɆɆȪǩ ÛǦɅǠȾȺȱǟ Žȿ) ǡǿǠǲǪȱǟ ȴɆȶȎǩ Ž ɄȆɆǝǿ ȰȮȊǣ ǧǠȅǟǿǻ Ž ǦɆȊȵǠȽ ǥǻǠȞȱǟ Ž ȷɀȮǩ Ɣȱǟ ȴȾǪȭǿǠȊƫ ƾȵǠǩ ƾȒɆȪȹ Ȱ ĉȮȊɅ ɃǾȱǟ Ȁȵɉǟ ÛǦȱǒǠȆƫǟȿ ȂȥǟɀƩǟȿ

.ǯǿǠƪǟ ȸȵ ǒǟƎǹ Ǡŏ ȳɀȪɅ ǥƘǤȭ

ǦǤǤȆƫǟ ȰȵǟɀȞȱǟ ȁȀǣǕ ȸȵ ƙȺǭǟ Ȝȵ ȰȵǠȞǪȲȱ ǦȶȶȎȵ ȂȥǟɀƩǟ ǳɎȍɋ ǦɆȲȶȝ ȯǠǮƫǟ ȰɆǤȅ ɂȲȝ ǾǹǖȺȱ ȤǝǠșɀȱǟ ȐȞǣ ǿǠɆǪǹǟ ǦɅǼȲǤȲȱ ȸȮƹ .ǒǟǻɉǟȿ ǧǔȥǠȮƫǟ ƙǣ ȔǣȀȱǟ ȳǼȝȿ ǦɆȹǼǪƫǟ ǢǩǟȿȀȱǟ ǠƵȿ ɍǕ ÛǻǠȆȦȲȱ ȔȖǺƫǟ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ǠȾɆȲȝ ȰȶȞȱǟ ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟ ȸȵ ǢȲȖȱǟȿ ÛǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟȿ ȨɆȩǼǪȱǟȿ ǼǝǟɀȞȱǟ ȜƤ ȰǮȵ ÛǦɆȆɆǝȀȱǟ

.ȜȅǠǪȱǟ ȜǣȀƫǟ Ž ǻǿǟɀȱǟ

ǡǿǠƟ ǒǟȀǱǙ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǿȀȪǩ Ǽȩ ÛǧɎȎǶƫǟ ƂǙ ǻǠȺǪȅɍǠǣȿ .Ȱȶȝ ȇǿȿ Ž ǰǝǠǪȺȱǟ ǦȞǱǟȀȵ Ȭȱǽ ǼȞǣ ȴǪɅ ɄȦɆșɀȱǟ ȂɆȶǪȱǟȿ ȀȦȆȱǟȿ ǢɅǿǼǪȱǟ ȂȥǟɀƩǟ ƗȞǩ Ǽȩ ÛȀǱɉǟ ƂǙ ǦȥǠȑǙȿ .ȜȅǠǪȱǟ ȜǣȀƫǟ Ž ǳȀǪȪȵ ɀȽ Ǡȵ Ȩȥȿ .Ȭȱǽ ƂǙ Ǡȵȿ ȰȶȞȱǟ Ž ǦɆȱɎȪǪȅɍǟ ȸȵ ǼɅȂƫǟȿ ȰȶȞȱǟ ȣȿȀș ƙȆƠȿ ǦɆȩȀǪȱǟȿ ɁȀǹǕ ǦȦɆșȿ Ž ƙɆȞǪȱǟȿ .(ȳǠȆȩɉǟ ȿǕ ǢǩǠȮƫǠȭ) ǦɆȝǠȶƨǟ ȧȀȦȲȱ ǦȾǱɀȵ ȷɀȮǩ Ǽȩ ǠȽȀǮȭǕ ȸȮȱ ÛǦɅǻȀȥ ȂȥǟɀƩǟ ȐȞǣ ȷɀȮǩ Ǽȩȿ

.ȀȉǠȞȱǟ ȜǣȀƫǟ Ž ȸĉɆǤȵ ɀȽ Ǡȶȭ ǦɆȺȥ ǧǠȅǟǿǻ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ǦɅǿǾƨǟ ǡǿǠǲǪȱǟ ȻǾȽ ȰǮȵ ƘȆɆǩ ȴǪɅȿ Ɣȱǟ Û"ǻǠȆȦȲȱ ǦɆȲǣǠȪȱǟ ȴɆɆȪǩ"øǣ ȣȀȞćɅ ǴǤȍǕ Ǡȵ ɀȽ ȷǖȊȱǟ ǟǾȽ Ž ǥǾĉǤǶƫǟ ǦȅǟǿǼȱǟ ɂȲȝ ǦȲǮȵɉǟ ȸȵȿ

ɂȲȝ ǦȎǶȦǪȵȿ ǦȶȚȺȵ ǥȀȚȹ ǒǠȪȱǚǣ ƾȞȵ ƙȺǭɍǟ ȿǕ ǯǿǠƪǟ ȸȵ ǒǟƎǹ ȿǕÛȴȾȆȦȹǕ ȷɀȦșɀƫǟ ǠƬɎǹ ȸȵ ȳɀȪɅ ȯǠȢȉɉǟ ȰǮȵ ǦȖȊȹǕ ȿǕ ȸɅǿǠȊǪȆƫǟ ǻɀȪȝ ȿǕ ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ ȰǮȵ ǥǻǼƮ ǦɆȲȶȝ ɂȲȝ ȿǕ ȳǠȝ ȰȮȊǣ ǦȆȅǘƫǟ

.ǧǠȅǟǿǼȱǟ ȸȵ țɀȺȱǟ ǟǾƬ ƾȎǺȲȵ ȀȊȝ ɃǻǠƩǟ ȜǣȀƫǟ ȳ ĉǼȪɅȿ .ǦȵǠȞȱǟ

املربع التاسع – منوذج مذكرة للعاملني كأساس للتجارب على أنظمة احلوافز

ȂȥǟɀƩǟȿ ǻǿǟɀƫǟ) țȿ ȋȿ ȃ ȌȩǟɀȺȱǟ ǢǤȆǣ .ɄȑȀćƫǟ Ƙȡ ƃǠƩǟ ȜȑɀȲȱ Ʉĉȶȭ ȌǺȲȵ .Č ȸȵȿ ÛǠȾɆȥ ȀȚȺȱǟ ǠȺɆȲȝ Ɣȱǟ ǧɍǠƩǟ ȸȵ ĕǕ Ž ĉɍǙ ȀȚȺȱǟ ȸȽǟȀȱǟ Ǩȩɀȱǟ Ž ǠȺȺȮƹ ɍ Û(ǧǠȹǠȮȵɋǟȿ ȷɀȞɆȒɅ ƙȺȕǟɀƫǟȿ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȷǚȥ ÛȬȱǾȱ ǦǲɆǪȹ .ǢȅǠȺȵ ȰȮȊǣ ĕǡ Ž ĉɍǙ ȀȚȺȱǟ ȴǪɅ ɍ ÛǦǤȆȺȱǟ ȬȲǩ

.ȤɆȱǠȮǪȱǟ ȸȵ __________ ȷȿǼĉǤȮǪɅȿ ǼǝǟɀȦȱǟ ȸȵ __________

țǠɆȑ ƂǙ ǳɀȑɀǣ ǧĉǻǕȿ Ǡŏ ȳǠɆȪȱǟ ȸȵ ȸȮȶǪȹ Ɓ Ɣȱǟ ǿɀȵɉǟ ȯɀǵ ǦǮɅǼǵ ǦȲǮȵǕ ǦǭɎǭ ɄȲɅ ǠȶɆȥ .ǦȲǮȵǕ .č.ǦɆȝǠȶǪǱɍǟ ȤɆȱǠȮǪȱǟ ȸȵ ǼɅȂƫǟ ȿǕ ǼǝǟɀȦȱǟ

ȷǕ ǼȪǪȞȹ ǒǟǻɊȱ ȄɆɅǠȪȵ ɄȲɅ ǠȶɆȥ ÛǠȺǪȆȅǘƫ ǦɆȆɆǝȀȱǟ ȳǠȾƫǟȿ ǠȺȥǟǼȽǕ Ž ȀȚȺȱǟ ǼȞǣ .ǳǠǲȺȱǟ ȄɆɅǠȪȵ .Ď:ȯǠǮƫǟ ȰɆǤȅ ɂȲȝ .ǠƬɎǹ ȸȵ ǠȺȶɆɆȪǩ ȴǪɅ ȷǕ ȣǠȎȹɋǟ ȸȵ

.ǠȾȪɆȪƠ Ź Ɣȱǟ ǰǝǠǪȺȱǟ (ǡ)ȿ ǠȽǾɆȦȺǩ Ź Ɣȱǟ ǦȖȊȹɉǟ (Ǖ)øȱ ǦɆȶȭ ȄɆɅǠȪȵ Ļ ǯǿǠǹ ȸȵ ȋǠǺȉǕ ȿǕ ȷǟȀȩɉǟ ȸȵ Ǧȝɀȶƭ ǠȾƹǼȪǪǣ ȳɀȪɅ ǦȖȊȹɉǟ ȸȵ ǦȺĉɆȝ ǥǻɀƨ ǧǟȀɅǼȪǩ Ļ

ǴȺȵ ǢȺǲǪȱ "ƖǶȺȵ ɂȲȝ ǧǠȵɎȝ" ȰȮȉ ɂȲȝ ȤɆȺȎǪȱǟ ȴǪɅ ȷǕ ȓȀȉ ɂȲȝ ǒɎȶȝ ȿǕ ǦȆȅǘƫǟ ."ȁǠǪư" ȤɆȺȎǩ ǦȵɎȝ ǦȖȊȹɉǟȿ ȋǠǺȉɉǟ ǦȥǠȭ

Ž ǦɆǤȆȺȱǟ ǦǣɀȞȎȱǟ ǿǠǤǪȝɍǟ ƙȞǣ ǾǹǖǪȱ ǒǟǻɉǟ ȄɆɅǠȪȵ "ȰɅǼȞǩ" ɂȲȝ ȰȶȞǩ ǦɆǝǠȎǵǙ Ȕǣǟɀȑ Ļ țɀȹȿ ɃǻǠȎǪȩɍǟ ȓǠȊȺȱǟ țɀȹȿ ǦȪȖȺƫǟ ÛȯǠǮƫǟ ȰɆǤȅ ɂȲȝ) ǠȾȞȵ ȰȶȞȹ Ɣȱǟ ǦȥǼȾǪȆƫǟ Ǧȝɀȶǲƫǟ

ȰǹǼȱǟ Ž Ȁǭǘǩ ȰȵǟɀȞȱǟ ȬȲǩ Ȱȭ ȷɉ Ȭȱǽȿ ǢǝǟȀȒȱǟ ǥǠǤƨ ǦǤȆȺȱǠǣ Ȭȱǽ ƂǙ Ǡȵȿ ǦǤɅȀȒȱǟ .(ȨȪǶǪƫǟ

.ƙȲȵǠȞȱǟ ƙǣ ǒǟǻɉǟ ɂȲȝ ǼȶǪȞǩ ǧǠȪǣǠȆȵ Ļ.ȰȶȞȱǟ ȫȀǩ ǦǤȆȹȿ ƙȲȵǠȞȱǟ ǧǠɅɀȺȞƫ ȄɆɅǠȪȵ Ļ

ȯɎǹ ǠȺȹǠȮȵǚǣ ȷǚȥ Û(ǦɆȥǠȑǙ ǧǠȹǠȮȵǙȿ Ȃȥǟɀǵȿ ǻǿǟɀȵ) țȿ ȋȿ ȃ ǠȺɅǼȱ ȷǠȭ ȷǙ .ǳǟȀǪȩǟ .ď ¡Č :ǦɆȱǠǪȱǟ (ƾɆȝɀȹ ɀȱ Ɠǵ) ȃǠɆȪȲȱ ǦȲǣǠȪȱǟ ȤɆȱǠȮǪȱǟ Ž ǧǠȒɆȦǺǪȱǟȿ ǼǝǟɀȦȱǟ ȨȪƲ ȷǕ ȸȵȂȱǟ ȸȵ ȯ ǒǟǻɉǟ ȣǟǼȽǕ ȨɆȪǶǪǣ ǦȕȿȀȊȵ __________ ȂȥǟɀƩǟ ȰȞƨ ȷȿǼȞǪȆȵ ȸƲȿ ..ƀǙ Ûď ¡Ď ¡č

..ƀǙ Ûǻ Ûǯ Ûǡ ÛǕ :ǦɆȥǠȦȊȱǟ ȨȪƠ Ɣȱǟ ǦɆȱǠǪȱǟ ȧȀȖȱǠǣ ǠȾǪǤȩǟȀȵ ȴǪɆȅ Ɣȱǟ Û___________

املربع العاشر – أمثلة على دراسات فنية للمساعدة في تصميم إصالحات لألنظمة احلوافز

ǦɆȺȦȱǟ ȤǝǠșɀȱǟ ȴȽǕ Ž ǦȍǠǹ ÛǦɆȱǠƩǟ ȰȶȞȱǟ ȣȿȀșȿ ǢǩǟȿȀȱǟ ȴĉȲȅ ȯɀǵ ǧǠȵɀȲȞƫ ȌɆǺȲǩ .Č ȸɅǾȱǟ ȋǠǺȉɉǟ ǻǼȝ :ǠȾȞƤ ƾɆǤȆȹ ȰȾȆȱǟ ȸȵ Ɣȱǟ ǧǠȹǠɆǤȱǟ ƙǣ ȸȵȿ .ǠɆȲȞȱǟ ǦɅǿǟǻɋǟ ǢȍǠȺƫǟȿ

ȸȵ ɂȲȝǕ ɁɀǪȆȵ ǢȲȖǪǩ ǢȍǠȺȵ ȷɀȲȢȊɅ ȸɅǾȱǟ ƙȲȽǘƫǟ Ƙȡ ȋǠǺȉɉǟȿ ȀȡǟɀȊȱǟȿ ȴȾȲȶȝ ȷɀȭȀǪɅ

4243


ƾǮɅǼǵ ǟɀȦ ĉșɀǩ ƾǤɅȀȪǩ ǧɎȽǘƫǟ ȄȦȹ ȷɀȮȲƹ ȋǠǺȉɉ ǦɆȥǠȑɋǟ ǠɅǟȂƫǟȿ ǿɀǱɉǟ ǦȹǿǠȪȵ ÛǧǟǿǠȾƫǟ ǼǝǟɀȞȱǟ ȜƤ ȰǮȵ ȳǠȆȩǕ Ž ǦɆȆɆǝǿ ǢȍǠȺȵ Ž ȋǠǹ ȰȮȊǣ ǬǶǤȱǟ Ǣƶȿ .ȋǠƪǟȿ ȳǠȞȱǟ ƙȝǠȖȪȱǟ Ž Ž

.ȋǠƪǟȿ ȳǠȞȱǟ țǠȖȪȱǟ Ž ɁȀǹǕ ȤǝǠșɀǣ ǠȾǪȹǿǠȪȵȿ ÛȨɆȪǶǪȱǟȿ ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟȿ ǥǿǟǻɋǟȿ ǦǤȅǠǶƫǟȿ ȨɆȩǼǪȱǟȿ

ǠɅǟȂƫǟ ȸȵ ǠȽƘȡȿ ǧǠȵȿǠɆƫǟ Ž ƾɆȱǠǵ ǠȾɆȱǙ ǒɀǲȲȱǟ ȴǪɅ Ɣȱǟ "țǼƪǟ"øȱ ǦǲɆǪȹ ǫǼƠ Ɣȱǟ ǧǠȥǟȀƲɍǟ ȰɆȲƠ .č ȧȀȖȱǟ ȸȵȿ .ǠƬ ȯɀȲǵ ǳǟȀǪȩǟȿ ÛȬȱǽ ƂǙ Ǡȵȿ ȰȶȞȱǟ ȷǠƨȿ ȄȱǠǲƫǟ Ž ǦɅɀȒȞȱǟȿ ǢɅǿǼǪȱǟȿ ȀȦȆȱǠǣ ǦȖǤǩȀƫǟ

ǦɆȲɆȎȦǪȱǟ ǧǠɆȹǟȂɆƫǟ ǦȞǱǟȀȵȿ ÛǿǠǤȮȱǟ ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟ ȸȵ ȸɅȀȊȝȿ ǦȆƦ Ȝȵ ǧɎǣǠȪȵ ǒǟȀǱǙ :Ȭȱǽ Ž ǦȺȮȶƫǟ ǢȆƜ Ȭȱǽ ƂǙ Ǡȵȿ ǧǠȎȎǺƫǟȿ ǢɅǿǼǪȱǟȿ ȀȦȆȱǟȿ ǧǠȵȿǠɆƫǟ ɂȲȝ ȷɇǟ ǠȾȩǠȦȹǙ ȴǪɅ Ɣȱǟ ȠȱǠǤƫǟ ȀɅǼȪǪȱ

.ȤșɀȶȲȱ ɄȦɆșɀȱǟ ɁɀǪȆƫǟȿ ǥǼǵɀȱǟ ȴǪɅ Ɣȱǟ ȠȱǠǤƫǟ Ȭȱǽ Ž Ǡƞ ÛɁȀǹǕ ǦȵǠȝ ǧǠȆȅǘȵȿ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ǥǼȶǪȞƫǟ ǒǟǻɉǟ ǻɀȪȝ ȯɀǵ ǧǠȹǠɆǣ ɂȲȝ ȯɀȎƩǟ .Ď Ž Ǡƞ) ǦɆǤȲȆȱǟ ǦɆȅǠɆȆȱǟ ȰȞȦȱǟ ǻȿǻǿȿ ÛǦɆȕǠǤǪȝɍǟ ǒǟǻɉǟ ȄɆɅǠȪȵ ǢȺƟ ǦɆȦɆȭȿ Ûǒǟǻɉǟ Ž ȸȆǶǪȱǟȿ ÛǠȾȩǠȦȹǙ Ž ǡǿǠǲǪȲȱ ȃȿǿǻ ȴɆȶȎǩ ǼɆȦƫǟ ȸȵ ÛȬȱǽ ƂǙ ǦȥǠȑɋǠǣ .(ǠŒɀȑǠȪǪɅ Ɣȱǟ ǦȞȦǩȀƫǟ ǿɀǱɉǟ ȸȵ ǒǠɆǪȅɍǟ Ȭȱǽ

.ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ

املربع احلادي عشر – مخطط مختصر لـ"تقييم القابلية للفساد"

ÝǻǠȆȦȱǠǣ ǴȶȆǩ ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ǦǣǠȩȀȱǟ ǦǞɆǣ ȰȽ ( ǕÝǦɆȲǹǟǼȱǟ ǦǣǠȩȀȲȱ ȳǿǠȍ ȳǠȚȺǣ ƾȵǟȂǪȱǟ ǥǿǟǻɋǟ ɃǼǤǩ ɁǼȵ ɃǕ ƂǙ .Č

ÝǦȦȲǪǺƫǟ ǦɆȶɆȚȺǪȱǟ ǧǟǼǵɀȱǟ ƙǣ ȠɆȲǤǪȲȱ ǦȶǝɎȵ ǧǠǤɆǩȀǩ ȫǠȺȽ ȰȽ .čÝǦȽǟƕȱǟȿ ǥǒǠȦȮȱǟ Ƀȿǽ ȸȵ ǦȆȅǘƫǟ Ž ƙȲȵǠȞȱǟ ǿǠǤǪȝǟ ǠȺȺȮƹ ɁǼȵ ɃǕ ƂǙ .Ď

ÝȴǝɎƫǟ ȰȮȊȱǠǣ ǠȽǼɆɆȪǩȿ ǦȖȲȆȱǟ ȐɅɀȦǩ ȴǪɅ ȰȽ .ďÝƙȲȵǠȞȲȱ ǦǶȑǟȿ ǧǟǒǟȀǱɋǟȿ ǧǠȅǠɆȆȱǟ ȰȽ .Đ

ÝȯǠȞȥ ȰȮȊǣ ǦȪĉǤȖȵȿ ǼɆǱ ȰȮȊǣ ǥǻǼƮ ȀɅǿǠȪǪȱǟ ǦǣǠǪȭȿ ǧǠɆȹǟȂɆƫǟ Ȝȑȿ ǧǟǒǟȀǱǙ ȰȽ .đÝǦȹǠȎćȵȿ ƿǼɆǱ ǦȪĉǤȖȵ ı ȀǩɀɆǤȶȮȱǟ ǥȂȾǱǕ ȳǟǼǺǪȅǟ Ȭȱǽ Ž Ǡƞ ı ǦɅǿǟǻɋǟȿ ǦɆȱǠƫǟ ȔǣǟɀȒȱǟ ȰȽ .Ē

ÝǻǠȆȦȱǠǣ Ɨȶȑ ȯǠȶǪǵǟ ɂȲȝ ȓǠȊȺȱǟ ɃɀȖȺɅ ɁǼȵ ɃǕ ƂǙ ( ǡ ȿǕ ÛǥǼɆȦǪȆȵ ǦǮȱǠǭ ȣǟȀȕǖǣ ƘǤȭ ȰȮȊǣ ƾȖǤǩȀȵ ȿǕ ÛȼȥǟǼȽǕ Ž ƿǼȪȞȵ ȿǕ ƾȶȾǤȵ ǰȵǠȹƎȱǟ ƎǪȞćɅ ɁǼȵ ɃǕ ƂǙ .Č

ÝǧǟǻǠȶǪȝɍǟȿ ȌɆǹǟȀǪȱǟȿ ǴɅǿǠȎǪȱǟȿ ǧǠȪɆǤȖǪȱǟ ȯǠƭ ȿǕ ÛǼȪȺȱǠǣ ȰȵǠȞǪɅ (.ǦȲȶǪǶƫǟ ǥǿǠȆƪǟ ǧǻǟȁ ÛǦɆȹǟȂɆƫǟ ǧǻǟȁ ǠȶȲȭ) ÝǦɆȹǟȂɆƫǟ ȴǲǵ Ǡȵ .č

(.ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ɂȲȝ ȂȥǠƩǟ ǻǟȁ ÛǼǝǟɀȦȱǟ ǧǻǟȁ ǠȶȲȭ) ÝǦȆȅǘƫǟ ǯǿǠǹ ƃǠƫǟ Ȁǭɉǟ ȴǲǵ Ǡȵ .Ď ǻǟǻȂɅ ÛȬȱǾȭ ȷǠȭ ȷǙ) ÝɃǿɀȥ ǒǠȾǪȹǟ ǸɅǿǠǩ ȿǕ ǦȪɆȩǻ ǦɆȺȵȁ ǻɀɆȩ Ȱș Ž ȴǪɅ ȰȽ ÝǼɅǼǱ ǰȵǠȹƎȱǟ ȰȽ .ď

(.ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȯǠȶǪǵǟ ÝȓǠȊȺȲȱ ȴǝɎȵ ǦɅȂȭȀƫǟ ɁɀǪȆȵ ȰȽ .Đ

ÝǠȺȽ ǦȝȿȀȊȵ Ƙȡ ǦȖȊȹǕ ǫȿǼǵ ɂȲȝ ǦȪǣǠȅ ǦȱǻǕ ȫǠȺȽ ȰȽ .đ

ǦǶȥǠȮƫ ǦǤȅǠȺȵ ƾɆȱǠǵ ǦȵǼǺǪȆƫǟ ȔǣǟɀȒȱǟȿ ǦɆǝǠȩɀȱǟ ǧǟǒǟȀǱɋǟ ȿǼǤǩ ɁǼȵ ɃǕ ƂǙ Ûƃȿɉǟ ȴɆɆȪǪȱǟ ǼȞǣ ( ǧÝǻǠȆȦȱǟ

ǥǼǶǪƫǟ ǧǠɅɍɀȱǟ Ž ǦɆȹǟȂɆƫǟȿ ǥǿǟǻɋǟ ǢǪȮȵ Ž ǦɆȲǹǟǼȱǟ ǦǣǠȩȀȱǟ ǧǠȶɆȲȞǩ ȸȵ ȣĉȀȎǪǣ ǽɀǹǖȵ :ǿǼȎƫǟOffice of Management and Budget (OMB), Internal Control Guidelines (Washington, D.C.: OMB,

December 1982), Chap. 4.

إشراك القطاع اخلاص واملواطنني

ȷǠȥȀȕ ƾȶǝǟǻ ȫǠȺȽ ÛȣǠȖƫǟ ǦɅǠŒ ɄȦȥ ÛǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ Ž ȼȱǠƵǙ ȴǪɅ Ǡȵ ƾǤȱǠȡȿ ȴȾȵ ǿȿǻ ȋǠƪǟ țǠȖȪȲȱ .ǥɀȉǿ ȳĉǼȪɅ ȋǠƪǟ țǠȖȪȱǟ ȸȵ ȌǺȉ ȫǠȺȽ Û ąȈǩȀȵ ɄȵɀȮǵ ȯȿǘȆȵ Ȱȭ ȰǣǠȪȶȥ ÛǦȱǻǠȞƫǟ ȻǾȽ Ž

ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ǧǠȭǠȾǪȹɍǟ ȯɀǵ ǧǠȵɀȲȞȵ ƇǼȪǩ Ž ǥǼȝǠȆƫǟ ƙȺȕǟɀƫǟȿ ȋǠƪǟ țǠȖȪȲȱ ȸȮƹ ÛȬȱǾȱ.ȋǠƪǟ ȴȾȭɀȲȅ ǦǤȩǟȀȵ Ž ǥǼȝǠȆƫǟȿ ǥǘȦȮȱǟ Ƙȡȿ ǥǼȅǠȦȱǟ ǦȶȚȹɉǟ ȌɆǺȊǩ

ǦȶȚȺȵ Ȭȱǽ ɂȲȝ ǦȲǮȵɉǟ ȸȵȿ .ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ Ž ƾȕǠȊȹ ȀǮȭǕ ǨǶǤȍǕ ǦɆȞȶǪǲƫǟ ǧǠȝɀȶǲƫǟ ȷǕ ȀȭǾćɅȿ ǻǠȆȦȲȱ ȰȞȦǩ ȷǕ" ȰǱǕ ȸȵ ČĔĔĎ ȳǠȝ ƙȱȀǣ Ž ǨȆȅǖǩ ǦɆȵɀȮǵ Ƙȡ ǦȶȚȺȵ ɄȽȿ ÛǦɆȱȿǼȱǟ ǦɆȥǠȦȊȱǟ ɍ) ȫɀȲȅ ȧǠǮɆȵ ǦɆȱȿǼȱǟ ǦɆȥǠȦȊȱǟ ǦȶȚȺȵ ǧǿĉɀȕ Ǽȩȿ ".ȷǠȆȹɋǟ ȧɀȪƩ ǦɆȱȿǼȱǟ ɀȦȞȱǟ ǦȶȚȺȵ ȼȲȞȦǩ Ǡȵ

.ǥǼǶǪƫǟ ȴȵɉǟȿ ǥǿǠǲǪȲȱ ǦɆȱȿǼȱǟ ǦȥȀȢȲȱ ǦȪǣǠȆȱǟ ǻɀȾƨǟ ɂȲȝ ȴǝǠȩ (Ȭȱǽ ƂǙ Ǡȵȿ ÛǦȾɅȂȹ ǧǟǒǠȖȝ ÛɁȿǠȉǿ ƙɆȵɀȮƩǟ ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟ ɂȲȝ ǟǾȽ ȫɀȲȆȱǟ ȧǠǮɆȵ ǦȵɀȮƩǟȿ ǦȶȚȺƫǟ ǨȪĉǤȕ ÛȯǠǮƫǟ ȰɆǤȅ ɂȲȝ ǿȿǻǟɀȭɋǟ Žȿ ƇǼȪǩ ȳǼȞǣ ƿǼȝȿ ǧǠȭȀȊȱǟ ǨȵǼȩ ǬɆǵ ÛǦɆȵɀȮƩǟ ǻɀȪȞȱǟ ɂȲȝ ȄȥǠȺǪǩ Ɣȱǟ ȋǠƪǟ țǠȖȪȱǟ ǧǠȆȅǘȵȿ ǦǶȲȎȵ ǧǠȭȀȊȲȱ ȷǕ ȀȭǾǪȹ ȷǕ Ǣƶȿ .ǠƬɀǤȩ ȿǕ ǠȾǤȲȕ ȳǼȞǣ ƿǼȝȿ ȷɀɆȵɀȮƩǟ ȷɀȦșɀƫǟ ȳ ĉǼȩȿ ɁȿǠȉǿ ǧǠǣɀȪȞȱǟ țǠȪɅǙȿ ȨɆȪǶǪȲȱ ǦɆȱǓ ȨɆǤȖǩ Ź ȷǙ ı ȸȮȶƫǟ ȸȵ ȬȱǾȱ ÛɁȿǠȉǿ ȜȥǼǣ ɁȀǹǕ ǧǠȭȀȉ ȳɀȪǩ ĉɍǖǣ

.ǦȭȀǪȊƫǟ ǠȾǪǶȲȎȵ ȨȪƷ Ǡư ǠȾȆȦȹ ȴȚȺǩȿ ȫɀȲȆȱǟ ȧǠǮɆȵ Ȝȩɀǩ Ɣȱǟ ǧǠȭȀȊȱǟ ǼǶǪǩ ȷǕ ı

ǧǠȭȀȊȱǟ ȜɆƤ ȳȂȲćǩ ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ ɁǼǵǙ ȷǕ ȏȀȦȺȱ .ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ȳǠȶǪȽɎȱ ǥƘǮȵ ǦȖȪȹ ƂǙ Ȭȱǽ ǠȹǻɀȪɅ ǦȭȀȉ ɂȲȝ ȰɆǵǕ Ǡȵ ăǒǠȖȝ ȷǕ ǧǠȭȀȊȱǟ ɁǼǵǙ ǨĉȺș ȷǚȥ .ȫɀȲȆȲȱ ȧǠǮɆȵ ȜɆȩɀǪǣ ǠȾȞȵ ȰȶȞǩ Ɣȱǟ ȧǠǮɆƫǟ ɂȲȝ ǦȞĉȩɀƫǟ ɁȀǹɉǟ ǧǠȭȀȊȱǟ ȸȵ ǢȲȖǩ ȷǕ ǦȵɀȲȚƫǟ ǦȭȀȊȱǟ ȷǠȮȵǚǣ ȷǚȥ ÛǥɀȉȀȱǠǣ ɁȀǹǕ

Ǧȅǟǿǻ ǒǟȀǱǙ Ǣƶ ÛȳɀȝȂƫǟ ȫǠȾǪȹɍǟ Ž ȨɆȪǶǪȱǟ ȼɆȥ ȴǪɅ ɃǾȱǟ ȼǩǟǽ Ǩȩɀȱǟ Ž .ȀȵɉǠǣ ȨɆȪƠ ǴǪȥ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟȿ Ž ǦȵɀȝȂƫǟ ǥɀȉȀȱǟ ǨǭǼǵ ȷǙ ÛȯǠǮƫǟ ȰɆǤȅ ɂȲȝ .ȼȺȵ ƿǒȂǱ ȫǠȾǪȹɍǟ Ȱ ĉȮȊɅ ɃǾȱǟ ȯǠǲƫǟ ȯɀǵ ȜȅȿǕ ɃȀȅ ȰȮȊǣ ǦȍǠƪǟ ǧǠȭȀȊȱǟ ȸȵ Ǧȝɀȶƭ Ȝȵ ǧɎǣǠȪȵ ǒǟȀǱǚǣ ǦȅǟǿǼȱǟ ȨɅȀȥ ȳɀȪɅ ÛǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ ȴȆȩ ƂǙ ǦȥǠȑɋǠǣ .ǻǠȆȥ ȫǠȺȽ ȷǠȭ ȷǙ Ǡȵȿ ƃǠƩǟ Ȝȑɀȱǟ Ž ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ ȳǠȚȹ Ȱȶȝ ǦɆȦɆȮȱ ƾȦȍȿ ȷȿǿĉɀȖɅȿ

ȸȵ ȴȡȀȱǟ ɂȲȝ ƙȪɆȪǶǪȱǟ ǰǝǠǪȹ ȀȊȹ ȴǪɅ Ż ȸȵ .ǦǣɀȲȖƫǟ ǧǟƘɆȢǪȱǠǣ ǧǠɆȍɀǩ ȳ ĉǼȪǩ ȷǕ ǦȅǟǿǼȱǟ ɂȲȝ ÛȬȱǽ.ȷɀȹǠȪȱǟ ǥɀȩ ȬȲƹ Ȭȱǽ ɍȿ ǟǾȽ ɍ ȷǕ

ǦȱɀȾȆǣ ȃǠȺȱǟȿ ǦȥǠǶȎȱǟȿ ǦɆȹǼƫǟ ǦȵǼƪǟ ɀȦșɀȵ ȼȶȾȦɅ ǬɆƜ ı ȔɆȆǣ ȫɀȲȅ ȧǠǮɆȵ ɄĉȺǤǩ Ȱ ĉȮȊɅ ȷǕ ȸȮƹ ǻɀǱȿ ȯǠǵ Ž ȋǠǹ ȰȮȊǣ ƿǼɆȦȵ ȷɀȮɅ ȷǕ ȼȺȮƹ Ǡȶȭ ÛǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ǧɎƥ ȸȵ ƾȶȾȵ ƿǒȂǱ ı

.ǦȵĈȂȲȵ ǦȶȚȹǕ ȨɆǤȖǩȿ Ȝȑɀǣ ȋǠƪǟ țǠȖȪȲȱ ǴȶȆǩ ǧǠɆȱǓ

ȸɅǾȱǟ ÛȃǠȺȱǟ ɀȽ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǒǟǼȝǕ Ǽȉǖȥ ÛǥǼɅǼȝ ȧȀȖǣ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ Ž ǥǼȝǠȆƫǟ ƙȺȕǟɀȶȲȱ ȸȮƹ ÛƿƘǹǕ ǦȲȶȞǪȆƫǟ ǧǠɆȱɇǟ ȸȵȿ .ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǠȾɆȥ ǫǼƷ Ɣȱǟ ȸȭǠȵɉǟ ȯɀǵ ǧǠȵɀȲȞȶȲȱ ǦȲȽǾȵ ǿǻǠȎȵ ȷɀȲ ĉȮȊɅ

ǰȵǟƎȱǟȿ ǦȺǹǠȆȱǟ ȓɀȖƪǟȿ ǥȂȭȀƫǟ ȇǠȪȺȱǟ ǧǠȝɀȶƭȿ ǦȶȚǪȺƫǟ ǒɎȶȞȱǟ ǧǠȹǠɆǣ ǳɀȆȵ ȷǖȊȱǟ ǟǾȽ Ž ǦɆȞȶǪǲƫǟ ǧǠǞɆƬǟȿ ǒǠɆǵɉǟ ȄȱǠƭȿ ǦɅȿȀȪȱǟ ȄȱǠǲƫǟȿ Ǡŏ ȯǠȎǩɍǟ ȃǠȺȲȱ ȸȮƹ Ɣȱǟ ǦɆȹɀɅȂȦȲǪȱǟȿ ǦɆȝǟǽɋǟ

.Ȭȱǽ ƂǙ Ǡȵȿ ǦɆȦɆȪǮǪȱǟ ǰȵǟƎȱǟȿ ǦɆȺȾƫǟ ǧǠȶȚȺƫǟ ǦȭǿǠȊȵȿ ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ǧǠȆȅǘƫǟ ǦǤȩǟȀƫ

ȸȵ Ǧȝɀȶƭ ǦɆȵɀȮǵ Ƙȡ ǦȶȚȺȵ ǨȵǼǺǪȅǟ ǬɆǵ ÛǼȺƬǟ Ž ǿɀȱǠȢȺǣ ȸȵ ăɍǠǮȵ ȀȊȝ ƆǠǮȱǟ ȜǣȀƫǟ ȳ ĉǼȪɅ ȸȵ ǥȂȭȀƫǟ ȇǠȪȺȱǟ ǧǠȝɀȶƭ ƂǙ ǒɎȶȞȱǟ ǳɀȆȵ ƙǣ ǨǵȿǟȀǩ ƙȺȕǟɀƫǟ ǒǟǿǓ ɂȲȝ ȯɀȎǶȲȱ ǧǠɆȱɇǟ ȂɆȦƠ Ž ǦȞǣǠǪƫǟ ǻɀȾǱȿ ǦȅǟǿǼȱǟ ȬȲǩ ǨƵǠȅ Ǽȩȿ .ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǧǠȵǼǹ ȴɆɆȪǪȱ ǯǽɀƴ ƂǙ Ȱ ĉȍɀǪȱǟ ȰǱǕ

.ȋǠǹ ȰȮȊǣ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ƆǠȞǩ Ɣȱǟ Ǣȹǟɀƨǟ ǼɅǼƠȿ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ȱȶȝ Ž ǦɆȲȝǠȦȱǟ

4445


املربع الثاني عشر – منوذج تقييم خدمات البلدية في بنغالور

ȀǝǟȿǼȱǟ Ȱȶȝ ɁɀǪȆȵ ȯɀǵ ȀȮǪǤȵ ȴɆɆȪǩ ǯǽɀƴ ȀɅɀȖǪǣ ƿȀǹǘȵ ǼȺƬǟ Ž ǿɀȱǠȢȺǣ Ž ǦɆȵɀȮǵ Ƙȡ ǦȶȚȺȵ ǨȵǠȩ ǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǟ ȜƤ ȰǤȅ ȸȵ ǦȝɀȺǪȵ Ǧȝɀȶƭ ǦȶȚȺƫǟ ǨȵǼǺǪȅǟ Ǽȩȿ .ƙȺȕǟɀƫǟ ȀȚȹ ǦȾǱȿ ȸȵ ǦɅǼȲǤȲȱ ǦȞǣǠǪȱǟ ǦȦȲǪǺƫǟ

Ǽȩȿ . ȀǝǟȿǼȱǟǒǟǻǕ ȯɀǵ ǦɆȝɀȑɀȵ ǧǠȅǟǿǻ ƂǙ ƙɅǿɀƮ ȋǠǺȉǕ Ȝȵ ǧɎǣǠȪȵȿ ǳɀȆƫǟ ƙǣ ǨǵȿǟȀǩ Ɣȱǟ ǠȾɆȥ ȀȖȒćɅ Ɣȱǟ ǧɍǠǶȲȱ ǦɅɀǞƫǟ ǦǤȆȺȱǟ Ǡȵ ÛȯǠǮƫǟ ȰɆǤȅ ɂȲȝ .ǠȾɆȱǙ ȧȀȖǪȱǟ Ź Ɣȱǟ ȜɆȑǟɀƫǟ ƙǣ ȸȵ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȷǠȭ ȷǕ ȸĉɆǤǩȿ ÛȜȅǟȿ ȧǠȖȹ ɂȲȝ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǿǠȊǪȹǟ ȨɆǭɀǩ Ź Ǽȩȿ ÝǦɅǼȲǣ ǦȵǼǹ ɂȲȝ ȯɀȎǶȲȱ ǥɀȉǿ Ȝȥǻ ƂǙ ȷɀȺȕǟɀƫǟ

.ȣǠȞȑǕ ǦȞǤȅ ǿǟǼȪƞ ǦɅǼȲǤȲȱ ǦɆȲȮȱǟ ǦɆȹǟȂɆƫǟ ǨȩǠȥ ı ǠȾȅǠɆȩ ǢȞȎȱǟ ȸȵ Ɣȱǟ ı ǻǠȆȦȲȱ ǦɅɀȺȆȱǟ ȤɆȱǠȮǪȱǟ ȀǝǟȿǼȱǟȿ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟ ǿǠǤȭ ɂȲȝ ƿȂĉȦƮ ƿȀǭǕ ǠƬ ȷǠȭ ȼȹǕ ĉɍǙ ÛȯǼǲȲȱ ǥƘǮȵ ǨȹǠȭ ǦȅǟǿǼȱǟ ǰǝǠǪȹ ȷǕ Ȝȵȿ ɁǼƞ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ȁǝǟȿǻ ȳɎȝǙ Ž ƙȺȕǟɀȶȲȱ ƎȭǕ ǦȭǿǠȊƫ ǥǼȝǠȩ ǨȲ ĉȮȉ ǦȅǟǿǼȱǟ ȷǕ Ǡƞǿ Ȭȱǽ ȸȵ ȴȽɉǟȿ .ǦɆȺȞƫǟ

Ǖ.ȳ ĉǼȪǩ ȸȵ ȼȪȪƠ ǠȶɆȥ ǠȾǵǠƱ ì,Samuel Paul, ìEvaluating Public Services: A Case Study on Bangalore, India (Ǖ :ǦȚǵɎȵ

New Directions for Evaluation, American Evaluation Association, no. 67, Fall 1995.

Ž ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ǼƩǟȿ ǧǟǿǟȀȪȱǟ ƙȆƠ ƂǙ ǦɆǤȞȊȱǟ ǦȭǿǠȊƫǟ ǧǻǕ ȤɆȭ ȀȾȚćɅ ăɍǠǮȵ ǟȿǿǠǣǕ ƙȲȮȵ ǼȱǠȹȿǿ ȤȎɅ:ȁǠǣɍ ǦȺɅǼȵ

ƾǤɆǩȀǩ ǦɆȹǟȂɆƫǟ ȸȶȒǪǩȿ .ȳǠȝ Ȱȭ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȄȲƭ ɂȲȝ ǦɅǼȲǤȲȱ ǦɆȲɆȢȊǪȱǟ ǦɆȹǟȂɆƫǟ ȏȀȞɅ ȷǕ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȄɆǝǿ ɂȲȝ ȔȪȥ ȄɆȱ ȀǭǕ ɃȀȒǵ ȀɅɀȖǩ ȰȮȱ ȷɀȮɅ ÛȜǤȖȱǠǣȿ .ǦɅɀȱȿɉǟ ǢȆǵ ǦȵǻǠȪȱǟ ǦȺȆȱǟ ȯɎǹ ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ȯǠȢȉɊȱ

ǧǟǿǠȪȞȱǟ ǦȶɆȩ ƙȆƠ Ž ƾȒɅǕ ȴȽǠȆɅ ȼȹǙ Ȱǣ ÛǧǟǒǠȊȹɋǟ ǠȾɆȥ ȴǪǩ Ɣȱǟ ǦȪȖȺƫǟ Ž ƙȺȕǟɀƫǟ ȻǠȥǿ ɂȲȝ.ɄƩǟ Ȭȱǽ Ž Ʉȑǟǿɉǟȿ

ǦɆǤȲǪȱ ƿǼǣǕ ɄȦȮǩ ɍ ǦɆǪǶǪȱǟ ǦɆȺǤȱǟ ȰǱǕ ȸȵ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ǥȀȥɀǪƫǟ ȯǟɀȵɉǟ ȷǕ ǥȂɆǱȿ ǥȀǪȥ ǼȞǣ ǨȦȊǪȭǟ ƙǣ ǧǠɅɀȱȿɉǟ ǼɅǼǶǪȱ ǦɆǲɆǩǟȀǪȅǟ ƂǙ ǦǱǠƜ ǨȺȭ ÛȬȱǾȱ .ǦɆȺȮȆȱǟ ǒǠɆǵɊȱ ǥǻǼȞǪƫǟ ǧǠǱǠɆǪǵɍǟ

Ǧȝɀȶƭ ȀɅɀȖǪǣ ȷɀɆȺȦȱǟ ȷɀȦșɀƫǟ ȳǠȩ Ûźǿǟǻɋ Ƃȿɉǟ ȳǟɀȝɉǟ ȯɎǹ .ǠȾȺɆǣ ǠȶɆȥ ǦȆȥǠȺǪƫǟ ǧǠǱǠɆǪǵɍǟ ȬȲǩ ȸȝ ƙȑǟǿ ƙȺȕǟɀƫǟ ȴȚȞȵ ȸȮɅ Ɓ .ɄȲȝ ǠȾȑȀȝȿ Ȝȩǟɀƫǟȿ ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ȯǠȢȉɉǟ ȜɅǿǠȊȵ ȸȵ ǥǿǠǪƯ Ȱȭ ƂǙ ȷȿȀȪǪȦɅȿ ǦȺɅǼƫǟ ȂȭȀȵ ȸȝ ƿǼɆȞǣ ȷɀȊɆȞɅ ǟɀȹǠȭ ȸɅǾȱǟ ȀȪȥɉǟ ȷǠȮȆȱǟ ǦȍǠǹ ÛǧǟǿǠɆǪǹɍǟ

ǧǠȺɆȆǶǪȱǟ ȨȪǶǪǩ ȷǕ ǿǠȚǪȹǟ Ž ɃǼɅɉǟ ŽɀǪȮȵ ȣɀȩɀȲȱ ȸɅǼȞǪȆȵ ȃǠȺȱǟ ǒɍǘȽ ȸȮɅ Ɓȿ .ƾǤɅȀȪǩ ǒɄȉ.ȳǟɀȝǕ ǼȞǣ ǥǻɀȝɀƫǟ

ǧǠȅǟǿǼȱǟ ǡɎȕ ȸȵ Ǧȝɀȶƭ ȤɆșɀǪǣ Ǩȶȩ ÛȬȱǽ ǼȞǣ ȤɆȍ Ȱȭ Žȿ ǟǾȽ ƑȎȺȵ Ž ȤɆȍ ȯȿǕ Ž ȳȿǼȪȲȱ ı ǥǼǶǪƫǟ ǧǠɅɍɀȱǟ Ž ǠɆǱɀȱɀȺȮǪȲȱ ȄǪȅɀȉǠȆȵ ǼȾȞȵȿ ǻȀȥǿǠȽ ǦȞȵǠǱ ȸȵ ȴȾȶȚȞȵ ı ǠɆȲȞȱǟ ȸȵ ǼɅǼȞȱǟ ȳǟǼǺǪȅǠǣ ǧǟǿǟȀȪȲȱ ǯǽɀƴ ȀɅɀȖǪǣ ƾȞȵ ǠȺȶȩȿ ÛȴȾɆȲȝ ǦȲȮȊƫǟ ǨȑȀȝ .ɄȞȵ ȰȶȞȲȱ ȁǠǣɍ ƂǙ ÛȯǠǮƫǟ ȰɆǤȅ ɂȲȝ .ǦȥǠȒȵ ǦȶɆȩ ƎȭǕ ǦȺɅǼƫǟ ǴȺƢ Ɣȱǟ ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ȯǠȢȉɉǟ ǧǠɅɀȱȿǕ ǼɅǼǶǪȱ Ǧȹȁɀƫǟ ǧǟƘȢǪƫǟ ȃǠȺȱǟ ȸȵ ƎȭǕ ƿǻǟǼȝǕ ǼɆȦǩ Ɣȱǟ ȜɅǿǠȊȶȲȱ (ǦɆȲɆȲƠ ǦɆǵǠȹ ȸȵ ƎȭǕ ȷȁȿ ǠƬ) ƎȭǕ ǦɆƵǕ țȿȀȊƫǟ ǴȺȵ

ǧǠɅɀȱȿɉǟ ǦȶǝǠȩ ȰȦȅǕ Ž ƾɆǤȆȹ ǨȹǠȭ Ɣȱǟ ȜɅǿǠȊƫǟ ȷǕ ǧǼǱȿ ǠȵǼȺȝ ǧǖǱǠȦǩ Ǽȩȿ .ȯǠȦȕɉǟȿ ǒǟȀȪȦȱǟȿ Ȭȱǽ ǢǱɀƞ ǨƢ Ɣȱǟ ǧǟƘȢǪƫǟ ǥǻǼȞǪȵ ǧǠȶɆɆȪǪȱǟ Ž ǥƘǤȭ ǥȂȦȩ ǧȂȦȩ ƗȦȱǟ ȴȆȪȱǟ ɄȲȝ ǠȾȑȀȝ Ɣȱǟ ȴȾȽǠȥǿ ƙȆƠȿ ȴƬ ƎȭǕ Ǽǝǟɀȥ ƇǼȪǩȿ ȃǠȺȱǟ ȸȵ ǼɅȂƫǟ ƂǙ ȯɀȍɀȱǟ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȷǠȮȵǚǣ ȷǕ ǟǼǣȿ .ǯǽɀȶȺȱǟ

.ȧǠȦȹɋǟ ǥǻǠɅȁ ȷȿǻ

ȀǮȭǕ ǼɅǼǶǪȱ ǦȺɅǼƫǟ Ž ǦȲȵǠȉ ǧǠȝɎȖǪȅǟ ǒǟȀǱǚǣ ǧǕǼǣ ÛǦɅǼȲǣ ȄɆǝȀȭ ɄȲȶȝ ǦɅǟǼǣ ȸȵ ȀȾȉǕ ǼȞǣ

Ȝȵ ǦȵǠȝ ǧǠŏǠȊǩ ȸȝ ǧǠȝɎȖǪȅɍǟ ȬȲǩ ǨȒ ĉǺƢ Ǽȩȿ .ȴȾȆȦȹǕ ȷɀȺȕǟɀƫǟ ǠȽǟȀɅ Ǡȶȭ ƾǵǠƩǙ ǠȺǩǠǱǠɆǪǵǟ ǧǠȵɀȲȞȵ ƂǙ ǦǱǠƜ ƆǕ ǼȪǪȝǕ Ǩȱȁ Ǡȵ ǨȺȭ ȸȮȱ ÛǠɆǱɀȱɀȺȮǪȲȱ ȄǪȅɀȉǠȆȵ ǼȾȞȵ ı ǻȀȥǿǠȽ ǯǽɀƴ ȷǠɆǤǪȅǟ ǦȡǠɆȎǣ ǠȺȶȩ ȬȱǾȱ .ǧǟǒǠȊȹɋǟ ǧǠȎȎƯ ȸȝ ȷɎȝɋǟȿ ǦɆǝǠȾȺȱǟ ǧǠɅɀȱȿɉǟ Ȝȑȿ ȰǤȩ ǦɆȥǠȑǙ ȸȵ ƙǤȱǠȕ ǒǠɆǵɉǟ Ž ȻǠȺȝȁȿȿ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ƗȦȱǟ ǢǪȮƫǟ ǠȾǵȀǪȩǟ Ɣȱǟ ǥǻǼǶƫǟ ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ȯǠȢȉɉǟ ȼɆȥ ǠȹȀȭǽ ȯɀǵ ȴȾɅǼȱ ǧǠȚǵɎȵ ǦɅǕ ȸɅȿǼǩȿ ȬȲǩ ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ȯǠȢȉɉǠǣ ȨȲȞǪɅ ǠȶɆȥ ǦȍǠƪǟ ȴőǠɅɀȱȿǕ ǼɅǼƠ ȷǠȮȆȱǟ

.ȴȾǝǠɆǵɉ ǦǤȆȺȱǠǣ ȴȽǕ ǠŒȿǼƶ ǠȽƘȡ ȿǕ ȜɅǿǠȊƫǟ ȬȲǩ

Ȝȵȿ .ǦȺɅǼƫǟ ȯɀǵ ǧǠǵǟȀǪȩǟǙ ȨɅǻǠȺȍ ȜɅȁɀǪǣ ǠȺȶȩ ÛȷǠɆǤǪȅɍǟ Ž ƙȭǿǠȊƫǟ ǦɅɀȽ ǦɅȀȅ ɂȲȝ ȗǠȦǶȲȱȿ ȼǤȊǩ Ɓ ǠȺǪȲȍȿ Ɣȱǟ ǥƘǮȮȱǟ ǧǠǣǠǱɋǟ ȷǕ ĉɍǙ ÛǧǠǣǠǱɋǟ ȸȵ "ƾɆȑȀćȵ" ƿǻǼȝ ɄɅǕȀǣ ȷǠȭ Ǡȵ ĉȨȲǪȹ Ɓ ǠȺȹǕ .ǯǽɀȶȺȲȱ ǦȞȦȺƫǟ ȰǣǠȪȵ ǦȦȲȮȱǟ ǧǟǿǠɆǹ ȿǕ ȷɀɆȺȦȱǟ ȷɀȦșɀƫǟ ȼǵȀǪȩǟ ɃǾȱǟ ǧǠɅɀȱȿɉǟ ǢɆǩȀǩ ǥǿȿȀȒȱǠǣ

ǠȾȒĉȦǹ ȻǿȿǼǣ Ɣȱǟȿ ƙȦșɀƫǟ ǦȶǝǠȩ Ž ǥǻǿǟɀȱǟ ǦȦȲȮƫǟ ȯǠȢȉɉǟ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ ÛȬȱǽ ȸȵ ȄȮȞȱǟ ɂȲȝ ǦȒȦǺȺȵ ǧǠȵɎȝ ɂȲȝ ǨȲȎǵ ȿǕ ǠȽȀȭǽ Ɠǵ ȴǪɅ Ɓ ÛǧǠɅɀȱȿɉǟ ȴȲȅ Ž ƘǮȮǣ ƅǻǕ ǦǤǩȀȵ ƂǙ ǯǽɀȶȺȱǟ

.ǧǠȹǠɆǤǪȅɍǟ ɂȲȝ ƙȺȕǟɀƫǟ ǧǠǣǠǱǙ Ž ƿǼǱ

ȷǕ ǧǼǱȿ ǠȵǼȺȝ ǧǖǱǠȦǩȿ .ǦȽɀǤȊƫǟ ȯǠȢȉɉǟ ǧǟǽ Ȝȩǟɀƫ ɄȎǺȉ ȈɆǪȦǪǣ ȳǠɆȪȱǟ ǧǿȀȩ ÛȬȱǾȱ ǦǲɆǪȹ ǥǻɀǱɀƫǟ ǒǠɆǵɉǟ ǦȵǼƪ ǠȾȺȵ ȀǮȭǕ ǦȺɅǼƫǟ ǦȞȅɀǪȱ ǦȶȶȎȵ ǠŒǕ ǟǼǣȿ ȷǠȮȆȱǟ ǦȲɆȲȩ ȨȕǠȺȵ Ž ȷǠȭ ǠȾȶȚȞȵ ȳɀȪǩ ǠőǟǼȞȵȿ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ɄȦșɀȵ ȷǕ ǦɆǝǠǲȦȱǟ ǧǠȊɆǪȦǪȱǟ ȬȲǩ ȐȞǣ ȯɎǹ ǧǼǱȿ ÛȬȱǽ ƂǙ ǦȥǠȑɋǠǣ .ăɎȍǕ ƃ ȸĉɆǤǩ ȔȪȥ ǾǝǼȺȝ .ǧǟǒǠȊȹɌȱ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǰȵǟȀǣ ǦȶǝǠȩ Ž ǥǻǿǟȿ Ƙȡ ɁȀǹǕ ȯǠȢȉǕȿ ǥǼɅǼǱ țǿǟɀȉ ǼɆɆȊǪǣ ǟɀȹǠȭ ı ǧǟǼȞƫǟȿ ȯǠȶȞȱǟ ɂȲȝ ǦȖȲȅ ǥǻǠȞȱǟ Ž ȷɀȮȲƹ ȸɅǾȱǟ ı ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ǦǱǿǼȱǟ ɄȖȅɀǪȵ ƙȦșɀƫǟ ȷǕ ǦǤǩȀȵ ȰǪƠ ɍȿ ƙȺȕǟɀƫǟ ɁǼȱ ǦȲ ĉȒȦȵ ȸȮǩ Ɓ Ɣȱǟ ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ȯǠȢȉɊȱ ǦȍǠƪǟ ȴőǠɅɀȱȿǕȿ ȴőǼȺǱǕ ǟȿǿĉɀȕ Ǽȩ.ǦȞȦȺƫǟ ȰǣǠȪȵ ǦȦȲȮȱǟ ǯǽɀƴ Ž ǦȞȦǩȀȵ

ǠȵǙ ȼȵ ĉǼȪǩ ı ɁɀȉȀǣ ȣȀȞćɅ Ǡȵ ȿǕ ı "ȣȿȀȞȵ" ȰǣǠȪȵ ȬȲǩ ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ȯǠȢȉɉǟ ȜɅǿǠȊȵ ǾɆȦȺǩ ȴǪɅ ȷǠȭ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ɄɆȺȥȿ ɄȦșɀȵ Ȝȵ ǘȕǟɀǪȲȱ ȸɅǼȞǪȆȵ ǟɀȹǠȭ ȏǿɉǟ ɂȲȝ ȷɀǣǿǠȒɅ ǻǟȀȥǕ ȿǕ ȷǟƘƨǟ ȸȵ Ǧȝɀȶƭ

ȐȞǣ Žȿ .ǦɅȀȒǵ ǧǠȺɆȆƠ ȜɅǿǠȊȵ ǠȾɆȥ ȷɀȲȶȮɅ Ɣȱǟ ȨȕǠȺƫǟ ȄȦȹ Ž ąȏǟǿǕ ȰȮȉ ɂȲȝ ȴƬ ȷɀȞȥǼɅȿ ɂȲȝ ȷǠȭ ı ƾɆƧǿ ǠȾɆȲȝ Ȩȥǟɀƫǟ ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ǧǟǒǠȊȹɌȱ ǦɆȲɆȢȊǪȱǟ ǦɆȹǟȂɆȶȲȱ ǴɅȀȍ ȰȽǠƟ Žȿ ı ǧɍǠƩǟ

Ž ǠƬ ǦǱǠƩǟ Ȅȵǖǣ ȴȽ ǦɅȀȒǵ ǧǠȺɆȆƠ ȜɅǿǠȊȵ ǾɆȦȺǩ ȴǪɆȱ ȴƬǟɀȵǕ ȜƤ ǥƘȪȦȱǟ ǒǠɆǵɉǟ Ž ƙȺȕǟɀƫǟ ȷǠȮȵȿ ȸȵȁ ǿȀȪɅ ȸȵ ȴȽ ǦȖȅɀǪƫǟ ǦǱǿǼȱǟ ȸȵ ȷɀɆȺȦȱǟ ȷɀȦșɀƫǟ ȷǠȭ ÛǧɍǠƩǟ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ Žȿ .ȴȾǝǠɆǵǕ .(ƾȑǿǕ ȷɀȮǩ Ǡȵ ǥǻǠȝ) ǦɆȺɆȝ ȿǕ ǦɆȱǠȵ ɁȿǠȉǿ ȿǕ ȣȿȀȞȵ ȰǣǠȪȵ ǠȽǾɆȦȺǩ ȴǪɅ Ɣȱǟ ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ȯǠȢȉɉǟ țɀȹȿ

ȴȾȑĉɀȞǩ ǦȪɅȀȖȱǟ ȻǾȽ ǨȹǠȭ ÛǥǼȅǠȦȱǟ ǦȖȊȹɉǟ ȻǾȽ Ž ƙȕǿɀǪƫǟ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ɄȅǼȺȾȵȿ ɄɆȺȥ ȀȚȹ Žȿ Žȿ .(ȀȾȊȱǟ Ž ƿǿɍȿǻ Ďċ-ČĐ) ǠȾȺȵ ȇǠɆǪȝɍǟ ȴȾȺȮƹ ǻǠȮȱǠǣ Ɣȱǟ ȴȽǿɀǱǕ ȸȝ (!Ȭȱǽ ȸȵ ȀǮȭǕȿ)

.ǧǟǿǠȪȞȱǟ ȧɀȅ Ž ƙǣǿǠȒȵȿ ǒǠɅȀǭǕ ąȏǟǿǕ ȫĉɎȵ ƂǙ Ȭȱǽ ȴƬĉɀǵ ÛȜȩǟɀȱǟ

ǦɆȲȶȝ ȸȶȑ ǦɆǱǿǠǹ ǻɀȪȞǣ ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ȯǠȢȉɉǟ ȜɅǿǠȊȵ ǾɆȦȺǩ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ǟǾȽ ǼȅǠȦȱǟ ȳǠȚȺȱǟ ȸȵ ȌȲǺǪȱǟ Ź ɀƲ ɂȲȝ ȜɅǿǠȊȶȲȱ ǦȦȲǪǺƫǟ ȰǵǟȀƫǟ ȳǠƢǙȿ ǧǠȞȥǼȱǟ ƙǣ ȔǣȀǩ ǧǟɀȖƪǟ ǦǶȑǟȿ ȂȥǟɀƩǟ ɂȲȝ ǦȶǝǠȩ ǼȩǠȞǩ ı ȴȾǝǠɆǵǕ Ž ȴȾȞȵ ȀȉǠǤƫǟ ȰȍǟɀǪȱǟȿ ǧǠȹǠɆǤǪȅɍǟ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ı ƙȺȕǟɀƫǟ ǦȭǿǠȊȵ ǨȹǠȭ Ǽȩȿ . ąȏȀćȵ.ǦɆǤȹǠǱ ǧɍɀȶȝ ȿǕ ǧǠȮȲǪư ȰǣǠȪȵ ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ȯǠȢȉɊȱ ǼȅǠȦȱǟ ȯǻǠǤǪȱǟ ȣǠȊǪȭǟ ȸȮȶƫǟ ȸȵ ǨȲȞǱ Ɣȱǟ

ȜɆǲȊǩȿ ÛǼɅȿȂǪȱǟ ǢȹǠǱ ȸȵ ǧǠȅǠɆȆȱǟ ǦȡǠɆȍȿ ǧɎɆȲǶǪȱǟ ǒǟȀǱǙȿ Ǧȩɀǭɀƫǟ ǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǟ ǼɆȱɀǩ ȷǚȥ ÛǟǾȮȽȿ ǢȹǠǱ Ȱȶȝ ǰǝǠǪȹ ǢɅɀȎǩȿ ȰɅǼȞǩ Ž ǥǼȝǠȆȶȲȱ ǢȲȖȱǟ ǢȹǠǱ ȸȵ ƙȺȕǟɀƫǟ ǦȭǿǠȊȵ ɂȲȝ ǼɆȭǖǪȱǟȿ

.ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ǧǠȵǼƪǟȿ ȜȥǠȺƫǟ ƇǼȪǪȱ ƘǤȭ ȰȮȊǣ ȸ ĉȆƮ ȳǠȚȹ ƂǙ ɁĉǻǕ Ǽȩ ǼɅȿȂǪȱǟ

4647

الفصل اخلامس

5الفصل

تطبيق اإلصالحات

تنظيم احلرب على الفساد

ƾȶȾȥ ǠȺǤȆǪȭǟ ǠȺȹǕ ȏȀǪȦȹ Ǡȹɀȝǻ ÛȜǣǟȀȱǟ ȰȎȦȱǟ Ž ȴɆɆȪǪȱǟ ǢɆȱǠȅǕ ȸȵ ǦȝɀȺǪȵ Ǧȝɀȶƭ ǠȺȵǼǺǪȅǟ ȷǕ ǼȞǣ ȰȎȦȱǟ Ž ǻǿǟɀȱǟ ȰȶȞȱǟ ǿǠȕǙ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ȳɀȪȹ ȷǕ ȷɇǟ ǠȺɆȲȝ .ǠȺȾǱǟɀǩ Ɣȱǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǧǠɅɀǪȆȵȿ țǟɀȹɉ ƿǼɆǱ

ǦȲȶǪǶƫǟ ǼǝǟɀȦȱǟȿ ȤɆȱǠȮǪȱǟ ȯɀǵ ƙȦșɀƫǟ Ȝȵ ƗȽǽ ȤȎȝ ǒǟȀǱǚǣ (ȄȵǠƪǟȿ ȜǣǟȀȱǟ ȷǠȞǣȀƫǟ) ǬȱǠǮȱǟ ǦɆǱɎȞȱǟ ǧǟɀȖƪǟ ǦȦȲȭȿ ǦȞȦǩȀȵ ǠȾɆȥ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦȦȲȭ ȿǼǤǩ Ɣȱǟ ǧɍǠǲƫǟ ǼɅǼǶǪǣ ǕǼǤȹ .ǦȦȲǪǺƫǟ ǧǠȭĉȀǶǪȲȱ

.ǥǼɆǱ ȧɎȖȹǟ ǦȖȪȹ ȻǾȽ ƎǪȞćǩ ǬɆǵ ÛƾɆǤȆȹ ǦȒȦǺȺȵ

Ǣȹǟɀƨǟ Ǝȝ ǠȺȪɅȀȕ ȔƳ ȷǕȿ ÛȨɆǤȖǪȱǟ ǿɀȚȺȵ ȸȵ ȰǝǟǼǤȱǟȿ ȰȭǠȊƫǟ ȰȲƲ ȷǕ ǠȺɆȲȝ ÛȬȱǽ ȰǤȩ ȸȮȱ Ɣȱǟ ǦɆȅǠɆȆȱǟ ǻǠȞǣɉǟ ȸȵȿ .Ǡŏ ȳǠɆȪȱǟ ɃɀȺȹ Ɣȱǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ǦɆȲȶȞȱ ǦɆȎǺȊȱǟȿ ǦɆȕǟȀȩȿƘǤȱǟȿ ǦɆȅǠɆȆȱǟ ȸȵ ǼȭǖǪȱǟȿ ÛǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ǿɀȵɉǟ ƘɆȢǪȱ ȔȢȒȲȱ ǦȲɆȅɀȭ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ɂȲȝ ǡȀƩǟ ȳǟǼǺǪȅǟ ǦɆȦɆȭ ǠȾɆȥ ȀȚȺȱǟ ǠȺɆȲȝ

.ǧǟƘǹǖǪȱǟȿ ɄȵɀȮƩǟ ƙǩȿȀȱǟ ȸȵ ǼɅȂƫǟ ǼȾƨǟ ǟǾȽ ǼȱɀɅ ĉɍǕ

Ž .ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ǥƘǤȭ ǦɆƵǕ ǟǽ ƿȀȵǕ ȯȿǘȆƫǟ ɀȽ ȸĆȵ ǦɆȒȩ ȸȵ ȰȞƟ ǦǞɆȅ ɁȀǹǕȿ ǥǼɆǱ ǡǠǤȅǕ ȫǠȺȽ .ǦȞȶǪƭ ǦɆȵɀȮƩǟ ǧǠȆȅǘƫǟ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȲȱ ƿȂɆư ǒǟǻǕ ȼȺȝ țǻȀȱǟȿ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ǦɅǠȩɀȱǟ ǢȲȖǪǩ Ûȼǩǟǽ Ǩȩɀȱǟ ǼɅǼȞȱǟ ȸȮȱ ÛǦǣǠȩȀȱǟ ȿǕ ȂȥǟɀƩǟ ȿǕ ǥǿǟǻɋǟ Ž ǠȵǙ ǦȍǠƪǟ ǠőǠɆȱȿǘȆȵ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ǥȀǝǟǻ Ȱȭ ɁǼȱ ÛȜǤȖȱǠǣȿ

ǥǻɀǱɀȵ ǨȆɆȱ ǠȾȺȵ ƘǮȮȱǟȿ ÛɁȀǹǕ ȤǝǠșȿ Ȝȵ ȜȕǠȪǪǩ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮƫ ǿǟȿǻǕ ɂȲȝ ȰȶǪȊǩ ȤǝǠșɀȱǟ ȸȵ ı ȯɀȪȱǟ ǠȺȺȮȵǕ ȷǙ ı ȿǕ (ȯȿǼȱǟ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ Ž ȯǠƩǟ ɀȽ Ǡȶȭ ǦȕȀȊȱǟ ȰǮȵ) ǠȾǱǿǠǹ Ȱǣ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ȱǹǟǻ Ɣȱǟ ȤǝǠșɀȱǟ Ž ȀȚȺȹ ȷǕ ǠȺɆȲȝ .Ɨȕɀȱǟ ɁɀǪȆƫǟ ɂȲȝ ȿǕ ȴɆȱǠȩɉǟ ȿǕ ǧǠȚȥǠǶƫǟ ɁɀǪȆȵ ɂȲȝ ÛǠȾȩɀȥ ȸȶȑ ǠȾȒȞǣ ȜȪǩ Ɣȱǟȿ ÛȨɆȩǼǪȱǟȿ ǦǤȅǠǶƫǟ ȰǮȵ ÛǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ǦɅǠȩɀȱǟ ȰǱǕ ȸȵ ǼɆǱ ȰȮȊǣ ȴǪǩ ȷǕ Ǣƶ ǦȥǠȑǙ ǠȺȺȮƹ ÛȬȱǽ ǢȹǠǱ ƂǙ .ǦɆȺɆǩɎȱǟ ǠȮɅȀȵǕ ȯȿǻ ȴȚȞȵ Ž (ǦǣǠȩȀȱǟ ǦǞɆȽ) ǠɅǿɀȱǟȀǪȹɀȮȱǟ ǧǠɆǵɎȍ ƙȵǠȞȱǟ ƙȝǼƫǟȿ (ǦɆȲǹǟǼȱǟ ǥǿǟȁɀȱ ǦȞǣǠǪȱǟ ǦɆȺȕɀȱǟ ǦȕȀȊȱǟ ȷɀȮǩ ƾȹǠɆǵǕ ȸȮȱ ÛǥǻǠȞȱǟ Ž ǦɆȲǶƫǟ) ǦȕȀȊȱǟ

ǦɆȞɅȀȊǪȱǟ ǧǠǞɆƬǟ Ǡƞǿȿ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȄȲƭ ǯǟǿǻǙ ǠȺȺȮƹ Ǡȶȭ .ǥǿǟǻɋǟ ȸȝ ǦȱȿǘȆƫǟ ǦɆȵɀȮƩǟ ǥǿǟȁɀȱǟȿ ȴȭǠǶƫǟȿ ȬȲǪȱ ǦǤȆȺȱǠǣ ȯǠƩǟ ȬȱǾȭȿ ÛǦȶȾȵ ǼǝǟɀȞȱǟ ȜƤ ȤǝǠșȿ ƎǪȞćǩ ÛɁȀǹǕ ǦȾǱ ȸȵ .ǦɆȱǟǿǼȦȱǟ ȿǕ ǦɆȺȕɀȱǟ ȻǾȽ ȷǚȥ ǟǾȱ ÛǦȝɀȺǪȵ ȯǠȮȉǖǣ ǦɆȶɆȚȺǪȱǟ ȤǝǠșɀȱǟ źǖǩ ÛȜȩǟɀȱǟ Ž .ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ȯǠȢȉɉǟ ǾɆȦȺǩ ȸȝ ǦȱȿǘȆƫǟ

ȷǕ ɀȽ Ǵȑǟɀȱǟ ȸȮȱ ǦǶȑǟȿ ǨȆɆȱ ȬȲǩ ȰȶȞȱǟ ǧɍǠƭ ƙǣ ǦȲȍǠȦȱǟ ǻȿǼƩǟ ȷǕ Ǡȶȭ ÛȯɀȖǩ Ǽȩ ǦȶǝǠȪȱǟ ǧǠȆȅǘƫǟ ȸȵ ǻǼȝ ȰȶȞɅ Ɓ Ǡȵ ǴǲȺǩ ȸȱ ǦɆǝǠȩɀȱǟ ƘǣǟǼǪȱǟ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟȿ Ǧȹǟǻɋǟȿ ǦȪǵɎƫǟȿ ȨɆȪǶǪȱǟ ǧǠɆȲȶȝ

.ȨɆȆȺǪȱǟ ǦȲȮȊƞ ȻǾȽ ɀȝǼȹ Ǡȹɀȝǻ .ƾȞȵ ǦɆȵɀȮƩǟ

51

تطبيق اإلصالحاتتطبيق اإلصالحات

ǦɆȎǺȉ ǻɀǱȿ ɄȽȿ ɍǕ ÛǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ǧɎƥ Ž ɁȀǹǕ ǦǱǠǵ ǻɀǱȿ ƂǙ ƾȒɅǕ ǡǿǠǲǪȱǟ ƘȊǩ ǬɆƜ ÛǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ǦȲƥ ȸȝ ǦȱȿǘȆȵ ȷɀȮǩ ǦɆƧǿ ǦǞɆȽ ȿǕ ȌǺȉ ȫǠȺȽ ȷɀȮɅ ȷǕ Ǣƶ .ǦɆȞǱȀȵ

ȼȹɉ Ûȼǩǟǽ Ǩȩɀȱǟ Ž ȸȮȱ .ǦɆȎǺȊȱǟ ǦȱǒǠȆȶȲȱ ǦȞȑǠǹȿ ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ǿǠȚȹǕ ǨƠ ȷɀȮǩȿ ǦɆȅǠɆȆȱǟ ǦȖȲȆȱǟ ȬȲƢ ȷǚȥ ÛȨ ĉȆȺȵ ȰȮȊǣ ȰȶȞȱǟ ȴĉǪǶǪɅ ÛǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮƫ ǠȽǻȀȦƞ ǒɄȉ ȰȮǣ ȳɀȪǩ ȷǕ ǥǼǵǟȿ ǦȆȅǘȵ ȷǠȮȵǚǣ ȄɆȱ ǧǠȆȅǘȶȲȱ ǻǿǟɀƫǟ ǼȊǵȿ ȫȀǪȊƫǟ ȰȶȞȱǟ ƘȆɆǩ ɂȲȝ ǥǿǻǠȩ ǒɄȉ Ȱȭ ȰǤȩ ȷɀȮǩ ȷǕ Ǣƶ ȻǾȽ ǦɆƧȀȱǟ ǦǞɆƬǟ

.ȸɅȀǹɇǟ ɂȲȝ ƿȀɅǼȵ ȷɀȮǩ ȷǕ ǦȾƨǟ ȻǾƬ ȸȮƹ ɍ ÛɁȀǹǕ ǥǿǠǤȞǣ .ǦȦȲǪǺƫǟ ǦɆȵɀȮƩǟ

Ǣƶ Ɣȱǟ ǦɆȪɆȆȺǪȱǟ ǦȖȲȆȱǟ ȰȮȉ Ǡȵ :ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ǧǠɆǲɆǩǟȀǪȅǟ ǾɆȦȺǪǣ ȨȲȞǪȵ ɄȆɆǝǿ ɄȅǠɆȅ ȯǟǘȅ ȫǠȺȽ ǦǶɆǶȍ ǥǼǵǟȿ ǦǣǠǱǙ ȄɆȱȿ ÛȯǟǘȆȱǟ ǟǾȽ ɂȲȝ ǦȺȮȶƫǟ ǧǠǣǠǱɋǟ ȸȵ ǼɅǼȞȱǟ ȫǠȺȽ ÝǦǞɆƬǟ ȻǾȽ ȻǾǺǪǩ ȷǕ

ȠȹɀȽ Ž ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮƫ ǦȲȪǪȆƫǟ ǦǞɆƬǟ ǧǠǞɆƬǟ ȸȵ țɀȺȱǟ ǟǾȽ ɂȲȝ ǯǽǠȶȺȱǟ ȸȵ .ǧǠȩǠɆȆȱǟ ȜɆƤ ɂȲȝ ȨǤȖȺǩ ȨɆȪǶǪȱǟ ƙǣ ȜȶƟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ Ǽȑ ǦȩǿǠǹ ǦȆȅǘȵ ȸȝ ǥǿǠǤȝ ɄȽ Ɣȱǟȿ ÛƆǠǮȱǟ ȰȎȦȱǟ Ž ǠȽǠȺȑȀȝ Ɣȱǟ Ƞȹɀȭ ǧǠȩɎȞȱ ǢǪȮȵ ǠŒǖȭ) ǦɆǤȞȊȱǟ ǦȭǿǠȊƫǟȿ (ǥǿǟǻɋǟ Ž ǧǟǿǠȊǪȅǟ ǦȆȅǘȵ ǠŒǖȭ) ǦɅǠȩɀȱǟȿ (ǦȕȀȉ ǠŒǖȭ) ɂȲȝ ǠőǿǼȩȿ ǠȾǪɆȹǟȂɆƫ ǦǤȆȺȱǠǣ ȯǠƩǟ ȬȱǾȭȿ ÛǦȲǝǠȽ ǦǞɆȾȲȱ ǦǵɀȺȶƫǟ ǧǠȖȲȆȱǟ ȷǕ ȸĉɆǤǪɅ ǟǾȮȽȿ .(ȜȶǪǲƫǟ ǻǠȎǪȩɍǟ ǒǟƎǹȿ ƙǤȅǠǶƫǟ ƾȒɅǕ ȸȮȱ ÛȷɀȹǠȪȱǟ ɄȪǤȖȵȿ ƙȪȪǶƫǟ ȔȪȥ ȄɆȱ ÛȸɅȂɆȶƫǟ ƙȦșɀƫǟ ƙɆȞǩ

.ȴȽƘȡȿ ƙȵǠǶƫǟȿ ǦȶȚȹɉǟ ɄȲȲƮȿ ǥǿǟǻɋǟȿ

ǦǞɆƬǟ ǧǠȖȲȅ ȴǲƜ ȄɆȱ ȸȮȱ ÛǦȞȅǟȿ ǧǠȖȲȆǣ ȜǪȶǪǩ ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ǧǟǼǵȿ ɂȲȝ ǦȲǮȵǕ ȫǠȺȽ ȷǕ Ǡȶȭ.ȫǿɀɅɀɆȹ ȸȵ ȳǠȶǪȽɎȱ ƿƘǮȵ ăɍǠǮȵ ȀȊȝ ǬȱǠǮȱǟ ȜǣȀƫǟ ȏȀȞɅȿ .Ƞȹɀȭ ȠȹɀȽ Ž ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮƫ ǦȲȪǪȆƫǟ

ȷǕ ǴɆǶȍ .ǧǠȆȅǘȵ ǥǼȝ ȸȵ ǦȦȱǘȵ ǦɆȪɆȆȺǩ ǦǞɆȽ ȰɆȮȊǩ ǧǠǞɆƬǟ ȸȵ țɀȺȱǟ ǟǾȽ ɂȲȝ ɁȀǹɉǟ ǦȲǮȵɉǟ ȸȵ Ž ǦȶȾƫǟ ǧǠȆȅǘƫǟ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ ɂȲȝ ǥȀȖɆȆȱǟ ȴȾȺȮƹ ɍ ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ǿǠǤȮȱǟ ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟȿ ăɍȿǻ ǨȆɆȱ ȷǼƫǟ

ǥǼǵǟȿ Ȱȭ Ȱȶȝ ƙǣ ȨɆȆȺǪȱǟ ƙȆǶǪȱ ƾȞȵ ǦȶȾƫǟ ǧǠȆȅǘƫǟ ȬɅȀƠ ȸȮȶƫǟ ȸȵ ÛȬȱǽ Ȝȵ ȸȮȱ ÛȷǖȊȱǟ ǟǾȽ Č.ǠȾȺȵ

املربع الثالث عشر – مكتب مستقل ملكافحة الفساد في بناء املدارس في مدينة نيويورك

ǒǠȺǣ ǰȵǠȹȀǣ Ž ȳǿǠȝ ǻǠȆȥ ƂǙ ȫǿɀɅɀɆȹ ǦȺɅǼȵ Ž ƾǮɅǼǵ ǥǖȊȺƫǟ ȃǿǟǼƫǟ ǒǠȺǣ ǦȖȲȅ ǨȑĉȀȞǩ ÛČĔēĔ ȳǠȝ Ž ÛǢɅȀő ÛǦɆȹɀȹǠȩ Ƙȡ ǧǠȩǠȦǩǟ ÛǿǠȞȅɉǟ Ž ƘɆȢǩ ÛǧǟǒǠȖȞȱǟ ȀɅȿȂǩ) ǧǟǿǠɆȲƫǠǣ ĉǼȞǩ Ɣȱǟ ǦɆȹǟȂɆƫǟ ȿǽ ȃǿǟǼƫǟ ǢǪȮȵ ȰɆȮȊǪǣ Ȭȱǽ ɂȲȝ ǻȀȱǟ ɂǩǕ .ǦȺɅǼƫǟ Ž ǒǠȺǤȱǟ țǠȖȩ ȸȵ ǒȂǱ ɀȽ ɃǾȱǟ (ȯǠɆǪǵǟ ÛȁǟȂǪǣǟ ÛɁȿǠȉǿ

ȐȞǣ ɄȲȩ"øǣ ǢǪȮƫǟ ȳǠȩ ÛȃǿǟǼƫǟ ǒǠȺǣ ǦȖȲȅ ǧǠȅǿǠȶƫ ǦɆȆȅǘȵ ǧǠǵɎȍǙ ǒǟȀǱǙ ȯɎǹȿ .ȳǠȞȱǟ ȈǪȦƫǟ ȸȵ ȀǮȭǕ ɂȲȝ ƿȀȚǵ ȏȀȥȿ ÛǠȾȆȦȹ ǦȖȲȆȱǟ Žȿ ȴɆȲȞǪȱǟ ȄȲƭ Ž ȷɀȦșɀȵ Ȭȱǽ Ž ȸƞ Û"ƘǤȮȱǟ ȬȶȆȱǟ ȼȹǕ Ɠǵȿ ÛǦȖȲȆȲȱ ǧǟǿɍȿǼȱǟ ƙɅɎȵ Ȁĉȥȿȿ ÛȃǿǟǼƫǟ ǒǠȺǣ ǻɀȪȝ ɂȲȝ ȯɀȎǶȲȱ ȄȥǠȺǪȱǟ ȸȵ ǦȭȀȉ Čēċ

.țǠȖȪȱǟ ǟǾȽ Ž ǼɅȿȂǪȱǟ ǢȹǠǱ Ž ǦɆȲǹǟǻ ǧǠǵɎȍǙ ǫǟǼǵǙ ɂȲȝ ȂĉȦǵ

:ȳǠȞȱǟ ȈǪȦƫǟ ǢǪȮȵ Ȱȶȝ ǨȾ ĉǱȿ Ɣȱǟ ǦɆȆɆǝȀȱǟ ǒɁǻǠǤƫǟ ɄȲɅ ǠȶɆȥ

ƃȿǘȆȵȿ ǒǟǿǼƫǟ ɂȲȞȥ ÛǠȽǼǵȿ ȷɀȹǠȪȱǟ ȨɆǤȖǩ ǧǠȖȲȅ ȨǩǠȝ ɂȲȝ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ǦɆȱȿǘȆȵ ȜȪǩ ɍ .Č .ȷɀȹǠȪȱǟ ȨɆǤȖǩ ǧǠȆȅǘȵ ǻɀȾǱ Ȝȵ ȴȾȲȶȝ ǟɀƭǼɅ ȷǕȿ ȷǖȊȱǟ ǟǾȽ Ž ƙȲȝǠȥ ǟɀȹɀȮɅ ȷǕ ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ

.ǻǼȎȱǟ ǟǾȽ Ž ǦȱǠĉȞȥ ǦɆǝǠȺǱ ȴő ɂȲȝ ɃɀȖȺǩ ɍ Ɣȱǟ ǦɆȹɀȹǠȪȱǟ Ƙȡ ǦɅǿǟǻɋǟ ǧǠǣɀȪȞȱǟ ƎǪȞćǩȿ

ȼǪȪǵɎȵȿ ȼȥǠȊǪȭǟȿ Ûȯȿɉǟ ȳǠȪƫǟ Ž ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȝ țǻȀȱǟ ǠȹǻǿǕ ȷǙ ȷȿǠȞǪǩ ȷǕ ǧǠȎȎǺǪȱǟ ȸȵ ǼɅǼȞȱǟ ɂȲȝ .č ǧǠȎȎǺǪȱǟ ȻǾȽ ȰȶȊǩȿ .ǦɆȩǟǼȎƫǟ ȷǠȶȒȱ ǦɆǝǠȺǱ ǦȶȭǠƮ Ž ȼɆȲȝ ǦǤȩǠȞƫǟȿ ÛțǻȀȱǟ ȰȊȦɅ ǠȵǼȺȝ .ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ǥǿǟǻɋǟȿ ǥǿǟǻɋǟ ǧǠɅȀȚȹ Ž ǒǟƎƪǟȿ ƙȅǼȺȾƫǟȿ ƙȲȲǶƫǟȿ ƙǤȅǠǶƫǟȿ ƙȪȪǶƫǟȿ ƙȵǠǶƫǟ

Ȭȱǽȿ ȃǿǟǼƫǟ ǒǠȺǣ ǦȖȲȅ ȸȝ ǦȲȎȦȺȵ (ǦȱǠƩǟ ȻǾȽ Ž ȳǠȞȱǟ ȈǪȦƫǟ ǢǪȮȵ) ǦȶȚȺƫǟ ȷɀȮǩ ȷǕ Ǣƶ .Ď ÛɄȵɀɆȱǟ ȷȿǠȞǪȱǟ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ɄƧǿ Ƙȡ ȰȮȊǣ ǦȖȲȆȱǟ Ȝȵ ǧɍǠȎǩɍǟ ȴǪǩ .ǠȾǪɆȱɎȪǪȅǟ ɂȲȝ ȘȥǠǶǪȱ ǥǼǵǟȿ ǦȶȚȺȵ ȰɅɀơ ȷǕ ƂǙ ȼǤȺǪȱǟ ȴȾƫǟ ȸȵȿ .ǦȖȲȆȱǟ Ȱǹǟǻ ȜɆȥǿ ǢȎȺȵ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ɄƧǿ ȰȮȊǣȿ ɀȽȿ ÛȼǪȆɅȀȥ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ǻɀȾǱ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ ȜȪǩ ɃǾȱǟ ǸȦȱǟ ɃǻǠȦǩ ȼȺȮƹ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ǦȖȲȆǣ ȴȽǠȆǩ" ǠȽǿȿǼǣ Ɣȱǟ ȣǟȀȉɋǟ ȸȵ ǥǻǼȞǪȵ ǧǠɅɀǪȆȵ ƂǙ ǦȥǠȑɋǠǣ ÛǦȶȚȹɉǟȿ ǼȝǟɀȪȱǟ ȸȵ ǼɅȂƫǟ ȏȀȥ ƂǙ ɃǻǘɅ Ȁȵɉǟ ǟǾȽ ȷǕ ɄȽ ǦȩǿǠȦƫǟȿ .ǦɆȦɆșȿ ǧɍɎǪǹǟ ƂǙ Ƀǻǘǩ Ɣȱǟ ǧǠȝǟƕȱǟȿ ɄȆȅǘƫǟ ȰȲȊȱǟ Ž

"...ǥǼȅǠȥ ǧǠȞȥǻ ɂȲȝ ȯɀȎǶȲȱ [ȋȀȦȱǟȿ] ȂȥǟɀƩǟ ǥǻǠɅȁ

ǨȾ ĉǱȿ Ɣȱǟ ǦɆȆɆǝȀȱǟ ǦɆǲȾȺƫǟ ǿǠȮȥɉǟ ȸȵ ȋȀȦȱǟ ǦȩǠȝǙȿ (ǦɆȱǠƫǟ ǧǠȉǠȞȹɋǟ ƂǙ ǦȥǠȑɋǠǣ) țǻȀȱǟ ȷǠȭ Ǽȩȿ.ȳǠȞȱǟ ȈǪȦƫǟ ǢǪȮȵ ǻɀȾǱ

țǻȀȱǟ.Č

ÛǦɅȀȆȱǟ ǦǤȩǟȀƫǟȿ ȤǩǠƬǟ ɂȲȝ ǨȎȺǪȱǟȿ ȈɆǪȦǪȱǟ ǧǟȀȭǾȵȿ ƙɅȀȆȱǟ ǒɎȶȞȱǟ ȳǟǼǺǪȅǠǣ ÛǦɆǝǠȺƨǟ ǧǠȪǵɎƫǟ.ǦȲȶǪƮ ǰǝǠǪȺȭ ȄǤƩǟȿ ǥǼɅǼȉ ǧǠȵǟȀȢǣ ǦǣɀǶȎȵ

ȀȵǟȿǕ ÛǿǟȀȑɉǟ ȣǠȞȑǕ ǦǭɎǮǣ ȐɅɀȞǪȱǟ ÛǼȪȞȱǟ ǸȆȥ) ǥǼɅǼȉ ǦɆȱǠȵ ǧǠǣɀȪȞǣ ǦǣɀǶȎȵ ÛǦɆȹǼƫǟ ǧǠȪǵɎƫǟ.(ǦɆǝǠȒȩ

ǻɀȪȝ ɂȲȝ ȯɀȎǶȲȱ ȄȥǠȺǪȱǟ ȸȵ ǧǠȭȀȊȱǟ ɂȲȝ ȀȚǵ ȏȀȥ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ɄȅǠȅǕ ȰȮȊǣ ÛǦɅǿǟǻɋǟ ǧǠǣɀȪȞȱǟ ɀȽ Ǡȶȭȿ ȘƩǟ ȸȆƩ) .(ǠŏɀɆǱ) ǠȾȲǪȪȵ Ž ǻǠȆȥ ǦȥǠȪǭ ɂȲȝ ɃɀǪƠ Ɣȱǟ ǧǠȭȀȊȱǟ ǡȀȑȿ ÛȃǿǟǼƫǟ ǒǠȺǣ(.ǧǠȭȀȊȱǟ ȄȦȹ ɂȲȝ ƿȀȚǵ ȏȀȦǩȿ ǧǠǣɀȪȞȱǟ ȻǾȽ ȜǤǪǩ Ǡȵ ǥǻǠȝ ɁȀǹɉǟ ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ǧǠȆȅǘƫǟ ȷǚȥ ÛȜȩɀǪȵ

ȋȀȦȱǟ ǦȩǠȝǙ .č

ǿǾƠ ǧǟǿǟǾȹɋǟ .ǒǠȺǤȲȱ ǒǠȖȝ Ž ǦȎȩǠȺƫǟ ȸȵ ǦȺĉɆȞȵ ǦȭȀȉ ȜȺƹ ȀȚƩǟ .ǧǟǻǠȾȊȱǟȿ ǧǟǿǟǾȹɋǟȿ ȀȚƩǟ ȴǪɅ Ɣȱǟȿ ı ǧǟǻǠȾȊȱǟ ǠȵǕ .ȸĉɆȞȵ ǼȾȞǪȵ ɁǼȱ ǦȱɀǤȪȵ Ƙȡ ȯǠȞȥǕ ǻɀǱɀǣ ȻǠǤǪȉɍǟ ȯɀǵ ȜɅǿǠȊƫǟ ǒǟǿǼȵ

ȰȵǠȮȱǟ ȠȲǤƫǠǣ ȐɅɀȞǩ ɂȲȝ ȯɀȎƩǟȿ ǻɀȪȞȱǟ ǸȆȥ ȷǠȮȵɋǠǣ ȰȞǲǪȥ ı ǧǠȭȀȊȱǟ ǒǟǿǼȵ ȐȞǣ ȸȵ ǠȾǤȲȕ.ȯǠɆǪǵɍǟ ȨɅȀȕ ȸȝ ǨƢ ǒǠȖȞȱǟ ǦȱǠǵǙ ȷǕ ɂȲȝ ǦȪǵɍ ǫǟǼǵǕ Ǩĉȱǻ ȯǠǵ Ž

5253


ǻɀǱȿ ǧɍǠǵ Ž ǧǠȭȀȊȱǟ ȰǤȩ ȸȵ ȰɅɀȶǪǣ ÛȋǠƪǟ țǠȖȪȱǟ ȸȵ ȳǠȝ ȈǪȦȵ ȿǕ ǦȲȪǪȆȵ ȨɆȩǼǩ ǦȭȀȉ ȏȀȥ ȿǕ ǻɀȪȞȱǟ ȨɆȲȞǩ ȳǼȝ ǢǱɀǪȆǩ ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ǦǶȲȎƫǟ ǨȹǠȭ ȸȮȱ ǦɆǝǠȺƨǟ ǦȪǵɎƫǠǣ ɄȒȶȲȱ ǦɆȥǠȭ ƙȽǟȀǣ ǒǟǻǕ ǦǤȩǟȀƞ ı ǠȽǿǠɆǪǹǠǣ ȳǠȞȱǟ ȈǪȦƫǟ ǢǪȮȵ ȳɀȪɅ Ɣȱǟ ı ǦȲȪǪȆƫǟ ǧǠǞɆƬǟ ȻǾȽ ȳɀȪǩ ÛǦȭȀȊȱǟ ɂȲȝ ȀȚǵ

.ȸɅǼȾȞǪƫǟ

ǦȖȲȆȱǟ Ȱȶȝ ǧǠȅǿǠư Ž ȤȞȒȱǟ ȓǠȪȹ ǼɅǼǶǪȱ ǻǠȆȦȲȱ ǦɆȲǣǠȪȱǟ ȴɆɆȪǩ :ǠȾȺȵ ÛɁȀǹǕ ǧǟǿǻǠǤȵ ÛǻɀȪȞȱǠǣ ȋǠǹ ɄȩɎǹǕȿ ȤȎȺȵ ȰȮȊǣ ȯǠȶȝɉǟ ǦȅǿǠȶƫ ȳǠȚȹ ȀɅɀȖǩ ÛǼȩǠȞǪȱǠǣ ǦȍǠƪǟ ǧǟǒǟȀǱɋǟȿ

ƙȹǟɀȪȱ ǧǠȦȱǠǺƫǟ ǦǤȩǟȀȵ ȰǱǕ ȸȵ ȷɀȦȱǠǺƫǟ ȷȿǼȾȞǪƫǟ ǠƬĉɀƹ ȰȶȞȱǟ ȷɀȹǠȩ ȨɆǤȖǪȱ ȋǠƪǟ țǠȖȪȱǟ ȸȵ ǦȾǱ.ǥǼǝǠȆȱǟ ǿɀǱɉǟ

ÛƙȎȩǠȺȶȲȱ ǥǼȪȞȵ ȨǤȆȵ ȰȽǖǩ ǦɆȲȶȝ ɄȽ ȳǠȞȱǟ ȈǪȦƫǟ ǢǪȮȵ ǳǠƱ ƂǙ ǧĉǻǕ Ɣȱǟ ǦɆȅǠȅɉǟ ǥǟǻɉǟ ǨȹǠȭ ăɎȵǠȉ ƾȹǠɆǤǪȅǟ ǒɂĉǤȞɅ ȷǕ ȃǿǟǼƫǟ ǒǠȺǣ ǻɀȪȝ ɂȲȝ ȯɀȎǶȲȱ ȳ ĉǼȪǪȱǟ ǼɅȀɅ ǼȾȞǪȵ Ȱȭ ɂȲȝ ǢǩȀǪɅ ǬɆǵ

ƂǙ ǦȥǠȑɋǠǣ ÛǥƎƪǟȿ ǦɆȱǠƫǟ ǻǿǟɀƫǟȿ ȯɀȍɉǟ ȰǮȵ ǦɅǼɆȲȪǪȱǟ ȃǠɆȪȱǟ ƘɅǠȞȵ Ž ȀȚȺɅ (ǦǶȦȍ ȷɀȞǣǿǕ ȼȱɀȕ) ȳǠȞȱǟ ȈǪȦƫǟ ǢǪȮƫ ȨǤȆƫǟ ȰȽǖǪȱǟ ǦɆȲȶȝ ǧȀȥȿ Ǽȩȿ .ǠŒȿȀɅǼɅ ȸɅǾȱǟȿ ǦȭȀȊȱǠǣ ƙȖǤǩȀƫǟ ȋǠǺȉɉǟ ȁȀǣǕ

.Ǩȩɀȱǟ ǾȦȺǪȆǩ ǦǤȞȍ ǦɆȹɀȹǠȩ ǧǟǒǟȀǱǙ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ĉɍǙ ǦɅǼɆȲȪǪȱǟ ȧȀȖȱǠǣ ǠȾɆȲȝ ȯɀȎƩǟ ȸȮƹ ɍ ǧǠȵɀȲȞȵ

Ž ǦȭǿǠȊƫǟ ǧǠȆȅǘƫǟ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ Ȝȵ ɎɅȿȂøȺȥ Ž Ǩȩɀȱǟ ȐȞǣ ǻǿǠȢǪɆȲȭ ǧȀǣȿǿ ɂȒȵǕ ÛČĔĔč ȳǠȝ Ž ǦȶȮǶƫǟȿ ȷɀȵǠȞȱǟ ȷɀȝǼƫǟȿ (ǦǣǠȩȀȱǟ ǦǞɆȽ) ǠɅǿɀȱǟȀǪȹɀȮȱǟȿ ǦȕȀȊȱǟ :Ɨȕɀȱǟ ɁɀǪȆƫǟ ɂȲȝ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ Ǽȑ ǡȀƩǟ ǦȚȥǠǶƫǟ ǦȦȲǪǺƫǟ ǧǠȆȅǘƫǟ ǨȱȿǠǵ .ǒǟǿȁɀȱǟ ȄȲƭ ƿƘǹǕȿ (ȴȭǠǶƫǟ ȜɆƤ Ȱȶȝ ɂȲȝ ȣȀȊǩ Ɣȱǟ) ǠɆȲȞȱǟ

ǦȍǠǹ Ȱȶȝ Ǧȉǿȿ ǦȆȅǘȵ Ȱȭ ǧǻǟǿǕ ǬɆǵ ÛǦȭȀǪȊȵ Ȱȶȝ ȇǿȿ ǼȪȝ Ž ǦǤȡǟǿ ȸȮǩ Ɓȿ ǠȾǪɆȱɎȪǪȅǟ ɂȲȝ ȐɅɀȪǩ Ź ȤɆȭ ȸĉɆǤǩ ǦȊȽǼȵ ƾȎȎȩ ȷȿȿȀɅ ǦȆȅǘȵ Ȱȭ ɀȦșɀȵ ȷǠȭ ÛǦȲȎȦȺȵ Ȱȶȝ Ǧȉǿȿ Ȱȭ Žȿ .Ǡŏ ȸȝ ȷɀȦșɀƫǟ ǫǼƠ .ɁȀǹɉǟ ǧǠȆȅǘƫǟ ı ǻǠȆȥ ÛȴȞȹȿ ı ǥǒǠȦȭ ȳǼȞȱ ǦǲɆǪȹ ǥȁǠǪȶƫǟ ȴȾǪȆȅǘȵ ǻɀȾǱ ȨɆȪǶǪȱǠǣ ƿǿȿȀȵ ǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǟ ȜƤ ȸȵ ăǒǟǼǪǣǟ ǦȑȀǪȦƫǟ ǦȦȲǪǺƫǟ ǧǟǒǟȀǱɋǟ Ž ǠȽǿȿȀȵ ǒǠȺǭǕ ǠɅǠȒȪȱǟ ǒǠȦǪǹǟ ȷǕ ĉɍǙ ÛɁȀǹɉ ǦȆȅǘȵ ȸȵ ȤȲǪƸ ȷǠȭ ȳɀȲȱǟ ȴǲǵ ȷǕ Ȝȵȿ .ǦɆǝǠȒȪȱǟ ȳǠȮǵɉǟȿ ǦɆǝǠȒȪȱǟ ǦȪǵɎƫǟȿ.ǦȆȅǘȵ Ȱȭ Ȱǹǟǻ ȰǝǠƬǟ ǧǠɅɀȺȞƫǟ ȷǟǼȪȥȿ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǿǠȊǪȹǟ :ƙǪǲɆǪȺȱǟ ƙǩǠȽ ǧȀȭǽ ǧǠȆȅǘƫǟ ȜɆƤ

ȇǿȿ ȰǤȩ ı ȳǠȞȱǟ ȈǪȦƫǟȿ ǥǠȒȪȱǟ ȄɆǝǿȿ ǒǟǿȁɀȱǟ ı ǧǠȆȅǘƫǟ ȬȲǩ ǒǠȅǗǿ Ȝȵ ɄȪǪȲɅ ǻǿǠȢǪɆȲȭ ȷǠȭ ǿǠǤȭ Ȱȶȝ ȌɆǺȊǩ ǰǝǠǪȹ ɂȲȝ ǟɀȪȥǟȿ ǬɆǵ ÛɄȲɅȿƕȦȱǟ ǒǿǟȁɀȱǟ ȄȲǲƞ ɂȪǪȱǟ ȼȹǕ Ǡȶȭ ÛǠȽǼȞǣȿ ȰȶȞȱǟ

ɂȲȝ ǠƵǟǼǵǙ ÛǥǻǼȞǪȵ ǧǠȆȅǘȵ ǦȭǿǠȊƞ ƙǪɆȪɆȆȺǩ ƙǪǞɆȽ ȰɆȮȊǩ ɂȲȝ ǟɀȪȦǩǟȿ ÛƙȵǠȞȱǟ ƙȦșɀƫǟ ȸȵ ȷǠȭ Ǽȩȿ .ɁɀǪȆƫǟ ɄȞɆȥǿ ƙȵǠȞȱǟ ƙȦșɀƫǟ ȿǕ ȳǠȞȱǟ ȀɅǼƫǟ ɁɀǪȆȵ ɂȲȝ ɁȀǹɉǟȿ Ƀǿǟȁɀȱǟ ɁɀǪȆƫǟ :ǦɆȶɆȚȺǩ ǠɅǠȒȩ ɂȲȝ ȷǠǪȺǲȲȱǟ ǨȲȶȝ Ǡȶȭ ÛȳǠȚȺȱǟ Ž ǦȶȾȵ ǠɅǠȒȩ ǦȪǵɎȵ ǦɆȹǠǮȱǟ ǦɆȪɆȆȺǪȱǟ ǦǞɆƬǟ ȳǠȾȵ

č.ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ Ž ǠƵǻɀȾƨ ȨɆȆȺǪȱǟ ȸȵ ȨǭȿǕ ɁɀǪȆȵ ȷǠȶȑȿ ȯǠǮƫǟ ȰɆǤȅ ɂȲȝ ǦɆǝǠȩɀȱǟ ƘǣǟǼǪȱǟ

ǧǠȆȅǘƫǟ ǨȶĉȲȞǩ ǠȾȺɆǣ ǠȶɆȥ ȷȿǠȞǪȱǟ ȯɎǹ ȸȶȥ ÛǥƘǤȭ ǧǠǵǠƱ ȨɆȆȺǪȱǟ ǠǪȺƨ ǨȪȪǵ ÛȳǠȝ ȯɎǹ ÛƾȒɅǕ ǧǠȆȅǘȶȭ ɄȽ ǠȾȲȶȝ Ȱǣ ÛǦȺǲȲȱǠǣ ǒǠȒȝǕ ƙǣ Ǡȵ ȨɆȆȺǪȱǟ ǦɆȲȶȝ ȔȪȥ ȄɆȱ ƙȆƠ ǦɆȦɆȭ ǦȦȲǪǺƫǟ ɁȀǹɉǟ ǧǠȆȅǘƫǟ ɃǕǿ ǦȾǱǟɀȵ ɂȲȝ ǦȆȅǘȵ Ȱȭ ǧƎǱǕ ǠȾȲȶȞȱ ǠȾȺȵ ǥǼǵǟȿ Ȱȭ ǦȊȩǠȺȵ ȷǕ ǬɆǵ ǠȹȂĉȦƷ Ǡȵ ǦɅǠȾȺȱǟ Ž ȷɀȮɅ Ǽȩ ȼȹǕ ĉɍǙ ÛǦȵǼȍ ȷɀȮɅ Ǽȩ ȸɅȀǹɇǟ ȷɀɆȝ ȸȵ ǠȺȆȦȹǕ ǦɅǗǿ ȷǕ Ȝȵȿ .ǠȾȲȶȞǣ

ǥƘǤȭ ǦȮȶȆȱ ǠȽǟǼǵǙ ÛǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ǠɅǠȒȩ ȸȵ ǼɅȂƫǟ Ž ȀȚȺȱǟ ǕǼǣ ÛǦȲɆȲȩ ǥȀǪȥ ǼȞǣȿ .ȸȆǶǪȱǟ ɂȲȝ.ȼȱ ǧǠȵǠőǟ ȼɆǱɀǩ Ź ɃǾȱǟ ȂɅƘǣ ȄɅǿǼȹǕ ȃɀȱǿǠȭ ǦȱȿǼȱǟ ȄɆǝǿ :ƿǼǱ

ȳǠȶǪȽɎȱ ǥƘǮƫǟ ȼǱȿɉǟ ȐȞǣ ȼȱ ȷǠȭ ɄȪɆȆȺǩ ǯǽɀȶȺȱ ăɎȮȉ ǠɆǤȵɀȱɀȭ ǨǭǼǶǪȅǟ ÛČĔĔĐ ȳǠȝ Ž ȠȹɀȽ Ž ɄȞȶǪǲƫǟ ȣǟȀȉɋǟ ȄȲƭ ǥȀȮȥ ȼǤȊǩ ɁȀǹǕȿ ÛǦɆȵɀȮǵ ȨɆȆȺǩ ǦǞɆȽ ȫǠȺȽ ȷǠȭ ǼȪȥ ÛƾɅȀȚȹ

ɂȲȝ ȷǠȭ .ǦɆȵɀȮƩǟ ȨɆȆȺǪȱǟ ǦǞɆȽȿ ȃǠȺȱǟ ƙǣ ȔɆȅɀȭ ȷɀȲȶȞɅ ȸɅƎǪȞȵ ƙȺȕǟɀȵ ǦȞǤȅ ȸȵ ȤȱǖǪǩ Ƞȹɀȭ ƂǙ ƆǼƫǟ ȜȶǪǲƫǟȿ ȋǠƪǟ țǠȖȪȱǟ ȸȵ ǦɆȎɆǺȊǪȱǟ ǧǠȅǟǿǼȱǟȿ ɁȿǠȮȊȱǟ Ȱ Ĉȍɀǩ ȷǕ ȻǾȽ ȜȶǪǲƫǟ ǦǞɆȽ ȸȵ ȷǠȭ Ǡȶȭ .ɁȿǠȮȊȱǟ ȬȲǩ Ȝȵ ǫǼƷ Ǡȵ ȜǣǠǪǩ ȷǕ ȏȀǪȦƫǟ ȸȵ ȷǠȭ Ż ȸȵȿ ÛǦɆȵɀȮƩǟ ȨɆȆȺǪȱǟ ǦǞɆȽ ǠɆȲȞȱǟ ǧǠɆǲɆǩǟȀǪȅɍǟ ɁɀǪȆȵ ȸȵ ǦȵɀȮƩǟ Ž ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ǦȖȊȹǕ ɂȲȝ ȣǟȀȉɋǟ ǦǞɆƬǟ ɂȲȝ ȏȀǪȦƫǟ ǦɆȥǠȦȊȱǟȿ ǥǒǠȦȮȱǟ ȸȵ ƘǮȮǣ ɂȲȝǕ ǧǠɅɀǪȆȵ ȨɆȪƠ Ǧȱɀȵǖƫǟ ǦǲɆǪȺȱǟ ǨȹǠȭ Ǽȩȿ .ǦȲȎȦƫǟ ǧǠȭȀǶǪȱǟ ƂǙ

.ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ɂȲȝ ǡȀƩǟ Ž ǦɆȩǟǼȎƫǟȿ

ÛǻǠȆȦȱǠǣ ȴȾǪȱ ȼȆȦȹ ƎȵǠȅ ɀǪȆȹǿǙ ǦȱȿǼȱǟ ȄɆǝǿ ȏĉȀȞǩ ǬɆǵ ÛǧǠȞȩɀǪȲȱ ĆȧȀǩ Ɓ ǦɆȪɆȆȺǪȱǟ ǦǞɆƬǟ ȸȮȱ ȄɆǝȀȱǟ Ȱȍȿ ǠȵǼȺȝȿ .ȧɎȕɋǟ ɂȲȝ ǦȲȝǠȥ Ƙȡ ǦǞɆƬǟ ȷǕ ȸĉɆǤǩ ÛǡǟȀȖȑǟ ȸȵ Ȭȱǽ ǢǵǠȍ Ǡȵ Ȱș Žȿ Ɓ ȨɆȆȺǪȱǟ ǦǞɆȽ Ȭȱǽ Ȝȵ ȸȮȱ ÛǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮƞ Ǽȝȿ ÛČĔĔē ȳǠȝ Ž ȴȮƩǟ ǥ ĉǼȅ ƂǙ ǠȹǟȀǪȅǠǣ ȄɅǿǼȹǕ

.ǒɄȉ Ƀǖǣ ȴȪǩ

ǰȵǠȹƎȱǟ ȰȵǖɅ Ď".ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮƫ ƾɆȅǠǝǿ ƾƭǠȹȀǣ" ǦɆǤȵɀȱɀȮȱǟ ǦȵɀȮƩǟ ǨȺȲȝǕ ÛČĔĔĔ ȳǠȝ ȤɆȍ Žȿ ȷǠȶȑȿ ǦɆǤȵɀȱɀȮȱǟ ǦɆȵɀȮƩǟ ǧǠȆȅǘƫǟ ȸȵ ǻǼȝ ǦȖȊȹǕ ȨɆȆȺǪǣ ı ǦȱȿǼȱǟ ȄɆǝǿ ǢǝǠȹ ǢǪȮȵ ȻȀȪȵȿ ı ǦȭǿǠȊȵ ȂɅȂȞǩȿ ÛǦɆȩɎǹǕ ȴɆȩ ȀɅɀȖǪȱ ǧǟǼǵȿ ɂȲȝ ǰȵǠȹƎȱǟ ȰȶǪȊɅ .ǦɆȹǼƫǟ ǧǠȶȚȺƫǟȿ ǧǠȭȀȊȱǟ ȷȿǠȞǩ Ȁȭǽ ɃǕ ǼǱɀɅ ɍ ȸȮȱ .ǧǠǣɀȪȞȱǟȿ ȨɆȪǶǪȱǟȿ ÛǦɆȥǠȦȊȱǟȿ ǥǒǠȦȮȱǟ ȂɅȂȞǩȿ ÛǦɆȝǠȶǪǱɍǟ ǦǣǠȩȀȱǟ Ž ƙȺȕǟɀƫǟ

.ɄȞȶǪƭ ȣǟȀȉǙ ȄȲǲƫ

ǒɁǻǠǤƫǟ ȷǕ ȿǼǤɅ ÛǠȽȀȽǠș Žȿ .ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ Ž ǦȵɀȮƩǟ ǻɀȾǱ ȴɆȚȺǩ ɄȽ ƿǽǙ Ƃȿɉǟ ǦȲȮȊƫǟ ǦȲƥ ȸȝ ȯȿǘȆȵ ȌǺȉ ǻɀǱȿ ȸȵ Ǽǣ ɍ .ǦɆȞǱȀƫǟ ǦɆȎǺȊȱǟȿ ȨɆȆȺǪȱǟ :ȐȞǤȱǟ ǠȾȒȞǣ Ȝȵ ȏǿǠȞǪǩ

.ǧǠȆȅǘƫǟ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ ǻɀȾǱ ȨɆȆȺǪǣ ɍǙ ǴǲȺǩ ȸȱ ǦȲȶƩǟ ȸȮȱ ÛǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ

ÝǕǼǤȹ ȸɅǕȿ ȤɆȭ :ƃǠǪȱǟ ȯǟǘȆȱǟ ƂǙ ȰȎȹ

قطف الفواكه التي في متناول اليد

ƙȲȎȦȱǟ Ž ǦȺɆǤƫǟ ǧǟɀȖƪǟ ǟɀȞǤǩǟ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ǿǠǤȮȱǟ ƙȦșɀƫǟ ȷǕ ȏȀǪȦȹ Ǡȹɀȝǻ ÛȯǟǘȆȱǟ ǟǾȽ Ž ǠȺǮƜ Ž ǧǠȅǠɆȆȱǟ ȰɆȲǶǪȱ ȰȶȞȱǟ ǿǠȕǙ ǟɀȵǼǺǪȅǟȿ Ûȳ ı ǳ + ǟ = ȣ ǦȱǻǠȞƫǟ ǟɀȪĉǤȕ ȴŒǕ ɃǕ ÛȜǣǟȀȱǟȿ ǬȱǠǮȱǟ ȸȵ ǦȦȲǪǺƫǟ țǟɀȹɉǟ Ȝȵ ǠȾɆĉȺǤǩ ȸȮƹ Ɣȱǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ƘǣǟǼǩ țǟɀȹǕ Ž ȰȵǖǪȱǟ ȂɆȦǶǪȱ (ȜǣǟȀȱǟ ȜǣȀƫǟ) ÛǻǠȆȦȲȱ ǦȦȲǪǺƫǟ ȯǠȮȉɉǟ ȀǭǕȿ ȴǲǵ ȀɅǼȪǩȿ ȴőǠȆȅǘȵ ȴɆɆȪǪǣ ȰȞȦȱǠǣ ǟɀȵǠȩ ȴŒǕ ȏȀȦȺȱȿ .ǻǠȆȦȱǟ

ȰɆȲǶǪȱǟ ƙǣ ǟɀȞƤȿ ÛǠȾȺȵ ǦɅǠȩɀȱǟ ǦȱɀȾȅ ȿǕ ǠȽǿȀȑ Ž ɁȿǠȆǪǩ ɍ ǦȦȲǪǺƫǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ țǟɀȹǕ ȷǕ ǟɀȭǿǻǕȿ Ǽȉɉǟ ȸȵȿ ƿǿȀȑ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ țǟɀȹǕ ǼȉǕ ɄȽ Ǡȵ" :ǦɆȱǠǪȱǟ ǦȲǞȅɉǟ ǟɀǵȀȕȿ ÛɄȅǠɆȆȱǟ ȴɆɆȪǪȱǟȿ ɃǻǠȎǪȩɍǟ

5455


"ÝǥȀȉǠǤƫǟ Ƙȡȿ ǥȀȉǠǤƫǟ ȤɆȱǠȮǪȱǟ ɄȽ Ǡȵȿ ǦɆȱǠȞȥ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ȧȀȕ ȀǮȭǕ Ǡȵ ÝǠȾȺȵ ƿǿȀȒǩ

ǦȖȊȹɉǟ ǠȽǼĉȱɀǩ Ɣȱǟ ȂȥǟɀƩǟȿ ǥȀȉǠǤƫǟ Ƙȡ ǿǟȀȑɉǟ ȿǕ ȜȥǠȺƫǟ ɂȲȝ ȻǾȽ ȰɆȲǶǪȱǟ ǧǠɆȲȶȝ ȂȭȀǩ ȷǕ Ǣƶ ƙɆȵɀȮƩǟ ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟ ȸȝ ȯǠȪćɅ ȷǠȭ Ǡȶȭȿ .ǠƬǻǠǤǩ ȴǪɅ Ɣȱǟ ȯǠƫǟ ȠȱǠǤȵ ȄɆȱȿ ÛǠȾȝǟɀȹǕ ȤȲǪǺƞ ǥǼȅǠȦȱǟ

ɃǾȱǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ Ȭȱǽ ȋǠǹ ȰȮȊǣ ǦȶȾƫǟ ȯǠȮȉɉǟ ȸȵȿ ".ȤȱǕ ǦȩȀȅ ǢǤȆǣ ƾȹɀɆȲȵ ȷȿǻĉǼǤɅ" :ȬɆȆȮƫǟ Ž ȸȵ țɀȺȱǟ ǟǾƬ ǥȀȉǠǤƫǟ Ƙȡ ǦɆǤȲȆȱǟ ǿǠǭɈȱ ȸȮƹ ǬɆǵ ÛǦȱǟǼȞȱǟ ǦȶȚȹǕ ȿǕ ǦɆȥȀȎƫǟȿ ǦɆȱǠƫǟ ǦȶȚȹɉǟ ȏĉɀȪɅ .ǧǠȅǠɆȆȱǟ Ž ȼɅɀȊǩ ƂǙ Ƀǻǘǩ Ɣȱǟ ǥǼȅǠȦȱǟ ǦȖȊȹɊȱ ǦǤȆȺȱǠǣ ȯǠƩǟ ȬȱǾȭȿ .ǦȲǝǠȽ ȷɀȮǩ ȷǕ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ ǦȶȚȹǖǣ ȀǭǖǪǩ ǠŒɀȭ ǦȍǠǹ ÛƾȍǠǹ ƾǮƜ ɄȝǼǪȆǩ ǠȾȲȞƟ ǦɆȅǠȅɉǟ ǧǠȵǼƪǟ ǦɆƵǕ ȷǕ Ǡȶȭ

.ȜɅȁɀǪȱǟȿ ǠɅǟȂȶȲȱ ȰȽǖǪȱǟȿ

Ž Ɣȱǟ ȼȭǟɀȦȱǟ ȤȖȩ" :ȼȺȵ ǕǼǤȹ ɃǾȱǟ ȷǠȮƫǠǣ ǠȺɆȲȝ ƘȊǩ ǦȖɆȆǣ ǥǼȝǠȩ ȁƎǩ ÛȰɆȲǶǪȱǟ ǟǾȽ Ȱȭ ǼȞǣ .ǦɆȱǠȝ ǦȦȲȭ ȷȿǻȿ ǦȝȀȆǣ ȃɀȶȲȵ ȳ ĉǼȪǩ ȨɆȪƠ ȼǪǶȥǠȮƫ ȸȮƹ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ țɀȹ ǿǠɆǪǹǟ ɃǕ "ÛǼɆȱǟ ȯȿǠȺǪȵ ȿǕ ȼǩǟǽ Ǩȩɀȱǟ Ž ǒɄȉ ȰȮǣ ȳǠɆȪȱǠǣ ƙɆǵɎȍɋǟ ȐȞǣ ɁǼȱ ɃȂɅȀȢȱǟ ȰɆƫǟ Ȝȵ ǦǶɆȎȺȱǟ ȻǾȽ ȏǿǠȞǪǩȿ ƃǠǪȱǠǣȿ Ûȯɀȕɉǟȿ ǢȞȍɉǟ ǦȭȀȞƫǟ Ȱ ĉȮȊɅ Ǽȩ ɃǾȱǟȿ) ǦȦȲȭ ƎȭǕ ɂȲȝ ɃɀȖȺɅ ɃǾȱǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ

.(ȼȺȵ ǒǼǤȱǟ Ǣƶ ɃǾȱǟ ȷǠȮƫǟ ȄɆȱ

ȀǮȭǕ ǦƤǠȾƞ ǢȡȀȹ Ǽȩ ÛȴȝǼȱǟ ǼɆȱɀǩ ǻȀǲƫ ȿǕ ǦɆȅǠɆȅ ǡǠǤȅɊȥ .ǒɄȊȱǟ ȐȞǣ ǥǼȝǠȪȱǟ ȤȲǪơ ÛƾȹǠɆǵǕȿ .ǠȽƘȡ ȸȵ ƾǵǠƩǙ ȀǮȭǕ ǠŒȿƎǪȞɅ ȿǕ ǠȽƘȡ ȸȵ ȀǮȭǕ ǠŒɀȽȀȮɅ Ɣȱǟȿ ƙȺȕǟɀƫǟ ȳǠȵǕ ƾǵɀȑȿ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ țǟɀȹǕ

ȀȚȹ ǦȾǱȿ ȸȵ ǰȝȂȵȿ Ǵȑǟȿ ȷǠȮȵ ȀǮȭǕ Ž ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮƫ ǦȲƥ ǒǼǣ ǼɆƨǟ ȸȵ ÛǦɆȅǠɆȅ ǡǠǤȅɉȿ ǼȪǪȞćɅ ǬɆǵ ȿǕ ÛǠȵ ȯǠƭ ɂȲȝ ȋǠǹ ȰȮȊǣ ǒɀȒȱǟ ǨȖĉȲȅ Ǽȩ ǦɆȅǠɆȆȱǟ ǥǻǠɆȪȱǟ ȷɀȮǩ ǬɆǵ ȿǕ ÛƙȺȕǟɀƫǟ

.ɃǻǠȎǪȩɍǟ ǳɎȍɋǟ ȏĉɀȪɅ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȷǕ

.ČĔēĐ ȳǠȝ Ž ȁǠǣɍ Ž "ǼɆȱǟ ȯȿǠȺǪȵ Ž Ɣȱǟ ȼȭǟɀȦȱǟ" ɂȲȝ ăɍǠǮȵ ǟȿǿǠǣǕ ƙȲȮȵ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȄɆǝǿ ȤȎɅ

ȷǠȭ ǬɆǵ ÛǦɆȆɆǝȀȱǟ ǠȾǪȝǠȩȿ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǦȩȿǿǕ Ž ƾǵɀȑȿȿ ƾȝɀɆȉ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȯǠȮȉǕ ȀǮȭǕ ȷɀȮɅ Ǽȩ Ǡȵ ǫǼǵ ȳǠǪȱǟ ȴɆȚȺǪȱǟ ȳǼȝ ǦȱǠǵ ǢǤȆǣ .ȴȾǤǝǟȀȑ Ȝȥǻ ȿǕ ȴőɎȵǠȞȵ ȯǠȶȭǙ ƙȱȿǠƮ ǠȾɆȥ ȷɀȱĉɀǲǪɅ ƙȺȕǟɀƫǟ ǧǠǞȵ

ȷɀȑȀȞɅ ǟɀȹǠȭ ɃǾȱǟ [ǒǠȖȅɀȱǟ] "ȄɅǿȿǻǠǪɆȵǟȀǪȱǟ" ǧǟȀȊȝ ȀȾș ÛƙȺȕǟɀȶȲȱ ǧǠȵɀȲȞȵ ǻɀǱȿ ȳǼȝȿ.ǠŒɀȾǱǟɀɅ ǟɀȹǠȭ Ɣȱǟ ǴɅǿǠȎǪȱǟ ȰȭǠȊȵ ȿǕ ƙȺȕǟɀƫǟ ǧɎȵǠȞȵ"ǦɅɀȆǩ"øȱ ȴőǠȵǼǹ

ı ǦȲȵǠȞƫǟ ȯǠȶȭǙ ǼȞǣȿ .ǒǠȖȅɀȱǟ ǒɍǘȽ ƂǙ ȴőɎȵǠȞȵ ȷɀȲȍɀɅ ǠȵǼȺȝ ǫǼƷ ƙȺȕǟɀȶȲȱ ȁǟȂǪǣǟ ȯȿǕ ȷǠȭ .ǦȲȵǠȞȶȲȱ ǦɆƧȀȱǟ ǦȦȲȮȱǟ ƂǙ ǦȥǠȑɋǠǣ Û"ǦɆȵǟȀȭǙ" Ȝȥǻ ȸȕǟɀƫǟ ɂȲȝ ȷǠȭ ı ǥǻǠȞȱǟ Ž ƆɀȹǠȩ Ƙȡ ȰȮȊǣ

ǨȹǠȭ ȯǟɀȵɉǟ ȬȲǩ ȴȚȞȵ ȷǕ Ǵȑǟɀȱǟ ȸȵ ȷǠȭȿ ÛƾȞǝǠȉ ƿȀȵǕ ȸȮɅ Ɓ ǦɆƧȀȱǟ ȠȱǠǤƫǠǣ ǧɍǠȎɅǙ ƇǼȪǩ Ɠǵ ǦǪȩǘƫǟ "ǦɅǠȶƩǟ" ȸȵ țɀȹ ǦȕǠȆǤǣ ɀȽ ȷɀȺȕǟɀƫǟ ȼɆȲȝ ȰȎƷ ȷǠȭ Ǡȵ .ȸɅǼȅǠȦȱǟ ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟ ȰǤȩ ȸȵ ȧȀȆćǩ

.Ȭȱǽ ƂǙ Ǡȵȿ ƙȊǪȦƫǟ ȰǤȩ ȸȵ ǦȪɅǠȒȶȲȱ ȏĉȀȞǪȱǟ ȸȵ

ǴȶȆȹ Ɓ .ȃǠȺȱǟ ȸȝ ƿǼɆȞǣ ǧɎȵǠȞƫǟ ȸȝ ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟ ƙȦșɀƫǟ ȯȂȝ ɄȽ ǠȽǠȺǤǪȹ ǥɀȖǹ ȯȿǕ ǨȹǠȭ ȷǠȭȿ .ȳǠǪǹǕȿ "ȜɆȩǟɀǩ ɂȲȝ ȯɀȎǶȲȱ" Ȁǹɇ ǢǪȮȵ ȸȵ ǦɅȀƜ ȯɀǲǪȱǠǣ ȀǹǓ ȌǺȉ ɃǕ ȿǕ ǒǠȖȅɀȲȱ

ǼȞǣ ǠȾȵɎǪȅǟ ȴǪɅ Ż ȸȵȿ Ûƾȶȩǿ ǥǼǵǟȿ Ȱȭ ɂȖȞćǩ ǬɆƜ ÛǼǵǟȿ ȷǠȮȵ Ž ǧɎȵǠȞƫǟ ȜɆƤ țǟǼɅǙ Ǣƶ Ž ƙȱȿȂȞȵ ƾǤɅȀȪǩ ȴȽǠȺɆȪǣǕ ǼȪȥ ÛǧɎȵǠȞƫǟ ȬȲǩ ȸȝ ȷɀȱȿǘȆƫǟ ȷɀȦșɀƫǟ ǠȵǕ .ȀǹǓ ȷǠȮȵ ȸȵ ȳǠɅǕ ǦȞȒǣ

.ǒɎȶȞȱǟ Ȝȵ "ǫǼǶǪȱǟ"øȱ ǦȲɆȅȿ ǦɅǕ ȴȾɅǼȱ ȷɀȮɅ ɍ ǬɆƜ ÛǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ƆǠǮȱǟ ȨǣǠȖȱǟ

ǼɆȦǪȆɅ ɍȿ ǥȀȉǠǤȵ ǢǝǟȀȒȱǟ Ȝȥǻ ȴǪɆȱ ŽȀȎƫǟ ȳǠȚȺȱǟ Ž ǧǠǣǠȆǵ ǴǪȦǣ ǠȺȶȩ ÛǥɀȖƪǟ ȻǾȽ ȯǠȶȮǪȅɋȿ ȷǠȭ ȀȵǕ ɀȽȿ ÛǧǟǿɍȿǼȱǠǣ ǒǟǻɀȆȱǟ ȧɀȆȱǟ Ž ǦǣǿǠȒȶȲȱ "ǦȪȲȞƫǟ" ǧǠȞȥǼȱǟ ȸȵ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ȧȿǼȺȎȱǟ ǒǠȺȵǕ

.ǾǞȺɆǵ ƾȞǝǠȉ

Ɣȱǟ ȣȀȎǪȱǟ ǦɅȀǵȿ ǥǒǠȅɌȱ ɄȆɆǝȀȱǟ ǿǼȎƫǟ ǨȱǟȁǕ ǠȾȺȮȱ ÛƘǤȮȱǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦȖɆȆǤȱǟ ƘǣǟǼǪȱǟ ȻǾȽ ȴȖƠ Ɓ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ƖǤȵ ǦȩȿǿǕ Ž ɄȊƫǟ ȬȺȮƹ ȷǠȭ ÛȜɆǣǠȅǕ ǦȞȒǣ ȯɎǹȿ .ƙȺȕǟɀƫǟ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ ɂȲȝ Ȁǭǘǩ ǨȹǠȭ ǼǱȿ Ǡȶȭ .ǦȺȖǤƫǟ ǧǟǼɅǼȾǪȱǟȿ ȁǟȂǪǣɍǟ ǠɅǠǶȑ ȸȵ ƙȮǤǩȀƫǟȿ ƙȪȲȪȱǟ ƙȺȕǟɀƫǟ ǧǠǞƞ ȳǠȖǩǿɍǟ ȷȿǻ ÛǧɎȵǠȞȶȲȱ ǢȅɀƮ ɃȂȭȀȵ Ȱǲȅ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ȴőɎȵǠȞȵ ǟɀȞǤǪǪɅ ȷǕ ȴȾɆȲȝ ȰȾȅɉǟ ȸȵ ȷǕ ȷɀȺȕǟɀƫǟ

.ȰȒȥɊȱ ȀĉɆȢǩ Ǽȩ Ȝȑɀȱǟ ȷǕ ȷȿȀɅ ǟȿǕǼǣȿ

التحالف مع قوى إيجابية

ȜȅȿǕ Ɂɀȩ Ȝȵ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮƫ ȴȽǻɀȾǱ ǰȵǼȱ ȧȀȕȿ ǒǠȦȲǵ ȸȝ ǬǶǤȱǟ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ɄȦșɀȵ ǿǠǤȮȱ ȴȾƫǟ ȸȵ.ǦȖȪȺȱǟ ȻǾȽ ǳȀȊǩ ǦȲǮȵǕ ǦǭɎǭ ɄȲɅ ǠȶɆȥȿ .ȜȶǪǲƫǟ Ž

ǼɆȦƫǟ ȸȵ ȷɀȮɆȅ .ǦȎǺȎƪǟȿ ȧɀȆȱǟ ǧǠǵɎȍǙ ȻǠƟǠǣ ȜȥǼǩ ǦɆȺȕɀȱǟ ǦȵɀȮƩǟ ȷǕ ȏȀǪȦȺȱ ÛăɍȿǕ .Ɨȕɀȱǟ ȰɅɀȶǪȱǟȿ ȴȝǼȱǟ ɂȲȝ ȯɀȎƩǟ ȰǱǕ ȸȵ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ǦɆǲɆǩǟȀǪȅǟ Ž ȀȍǠȺȞȱǟ ȻǾȽ ɂȲȝ ǼɅǼȊǪȱǟ

ȷǠȮȵǚǣ ȷǚȥ ÛǦȶȚȺƫǟ ǦƹȀƨǟ ɂȲȝ ǡȀƩǟ ɂȲȝ ƃǠƩǟ Ǩȩɀȱǟ Ž ȂȭȀǩ ǦɆȱǟǿǼȦȱǟ ǦȵɀȮƩǟ ǨȹǠȭ ȷǙ ȿǕ ƿƘǤȭ ƿǿȿǻ ǢȞȲǩ ǦȶȚȺƫǟ ǦƹȀƨǟ ȷǕ ȼǤǪȊćɅ Ɣȱǟ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǧɍǠǲƞ ƾȍǠǹ ƾȵǠȶǪȽǟ ƃɀǩ ȷǕ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ

.ǠȾɆȥ

Ǡƞǿȿ .ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ǦɆȲȶȝ Ž ȸɅȂȽǠǱ ǒǠȦȲǵ ƆǼƫǟ ȜȶǪǲƫǟȿ ȋǠƪǟ țǠȖȪȱǟ ɁǼȱ ȷɀȮɅ Ǽȩ ÛƾɆȹǠǭ ǧǠȶȚȺƫǟ ǨȲȞǱ Ǡƞǿȿ .ȼǩǟƎƝ ǦȹǠȞǪȅɍǟȿ ȼȶȝǻ ǢȲȕ ȸȮƹ ɄȲƮ țȀȥ ǦɆȱȿǼȱǟ ǦɆȥǠȦȊȱǟ ǦȶȚȺȵ Ž ȷǠȭ ɂȮǪȉǟ Ǡƞǿȿ .ȯǠȶȝɉǟ ȯǠǱǿ ȿǕ ƙȵǠǶƫǟ ȿǕ ƙǤȅǠǶȶȲȱ ǧǠȶȚȺȵ ǨȹǠȭ ǒǟɀȅ ÛǦɆȒȩ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦɆȲǶƫǟ ȿǕ ȯǠɆǪǵɍǟ ȸȵ ƿȀǹǘȵ ǦɆȱǠȶȝ ǧǟǻǠƠǟ ȿǕ ǦɆǣɎȕ ǧǠȝǠƤ ȿǕ ǦɆȵɀȮǵ Ƙȡ ǧǠȶȚȺȵ ȿǕ ȷɀɆȹǼȵ ǥǻǠȩ

ǒǼǤȱǟ ǦȖȪȹ ǿǠǪƳ ȷǕ ǠȺȺȮƹ .ǿɀȦȱǟ ɂȲȝ ǦȲȶƩǟ Ž ǦȭǿǠȊȶȲȱ ǥȂȽǠǱ ɄȾȥ ƃǠǪȱǠǣȿ ÛǧɍɀȶȞȱǟ ȿǕ ȁǟȂǪǣɍǟ Ɣȱǟ Ǣȹǟɀƨǟ Ž ƾȒɅǕȿ ÛȴȾȲȶȝ ǰȵǟȀǣ Ž ǦɅɀȱȿǕ ǒǠȦȲƩǟ ǒɍǘȽ ǠȽƎǪȞɅ Ɣȱǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ țǟɀȹǕ ɂȲȝ ǻǠȶǪȝɍǠǣ

.ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ǼƩǟ Ž ǥƘǤȭ ǥǼȝǠȆȵ ƇǼȪǩ ǠƬɎǹ ȸȵ ȴȾȺȮƹ

ÛǦɅȂȭȀȵɍ ǦȵɀȮƩǟ ȰȞƨ ȫȀǶǪȱǟ ȿǕ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȯǠȶȝǕ Ž ȴȾȵ ǿȿǻ ǢȞȱ ǦɆȱȿǼȱǟ ǧǠȶȚȺȶȲȱ ȸȮƹ ÛƾǮȱǠǭ ɂȞȅ ȷǙ ȴȝǼȱǟ ȸȵ ǦȍǠǹ ǿǻǠȎȵ ǠȾɅǼȱ ȀȥɀǪɅ Ǽȩ ǟǾȱ ÛǠőǠɅɀȱȿǕ ȴȽǕ ȸȵ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ǠȾȺȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ ȰȞǱ ǼȪȥ

ǧǟǼȝǠȆȵ ǦȶȚȺȵ ȫǠȺȽ ȷɀȮɅ Ǽȩ ÛȯǠǮƫǟ ȰɆǤȅ ɂȲȝ .ǠȾɆȲȝ ȯɀȎǶȲȱ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ǿǠǤȮȱǟ ȷɀȱȿǘȆƫǟ

5657


ǧǠȶȚȺȵ ȬȲƢ Ǽȩȿ .ǦɆǤɅȀƟ ǳɎȍǙ ǦȱǠǵ ȷɀȮǪȱ ǠȺǪɅǼȲǣ țɀȖǪǩ ȷǕ ȸȮƹ ÛǦɆȱǠƫǟ ǥǿǟǻɋǠǣ ǦȶǪȾȵ ǦɆǤȺǱǕ.ǒɎȶȞȲȱ ǦȶȚȺȵ ǳɀȆȵ ȿǕ ǢǝǟȀȒȱǟ ȰɆȎƠ ȿǕ ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ ȰǮȵ ÛǠȽǼȊǵ ȸȮƹ ǥǻǼƮ ǧǟƎǹ ǧǟǼȝǠȆƫǟ

حتطيم ثقافة اإلفالت من العقاب

ƙȺȕǟɀƫǟ ȰȞƟ Ɣȱǟ ǡǠȪȞȱǟ ȸȵ ǧɎȥɋǟ ǦȥǠȪǭ ȸȝ ɄȲǺǪȱǟ ɂȲȝ ɃɀȖȺɅ ǾɆȦȺǪȱǟ Ž ȀǹǓ ǢȹǠǱ ȫǠȺȽ:ɍǠȶɆǩǟɀȡ Ž ǦȦɆǶȍ Ž ǻɀȶȝ ȸȵ Ȭȱǽ ɂȲȝ ȯǠǮȵ ɄȲɅ ǠȶɆȥȿ ÛƙɆȵǟȂŒǟȿ ƙɆȱǠǣǕɍ

ȜɆȊǩȿ ǒɁǻǠǤƫǟ ɄȾǪȺǩ ǠȵǼȺȝ ÛǡǠǲȝɋǠǣ ǒɄȆƫǟ ɂȚƷ ǠȵǼȺȝ ÛȜȶǪǲƫǟ Ž Ȱǲƪǟ ɀƹǼȝ ǻɀȆɅ ǠȵǼȺȝ ɂȪǤǩ ȸȮȱ ƿǼȅǠȥ ǒɄȉ Ȱȭ ǴǤȎɅ ǠȶȺȝ ÛȬȱǽ ȃǠȺȱǟ ȰĉȶǶǪɅȿ ȷɀȅȀȖȢǪƫǟ ǻɀȆɅ ǠȵǼȺȝ ÛǦɅȁǠȾǪȹɍǟ

Ȱȭ ǼǶǪǩ ǠȵǼȺȝ [:ɄȲɅ Ǡƞ ɄȾǪȺǩ Ɣȱǟ ǠȾȲȵǠȮǣ ǦȱǠȪƫǟ Ž ɁɀȮȊȱǟ ǧǟǿǠǤȝ ȰȍǟɀǪǩ] ...ǦǪȵǠȍ ǦɆǤȲȡɉǟ ȸȝ ȤȩɀǪȲȱ Ǩȩɀȱǟ ȷǠǵ ÛǦȭȀȞƫǟ ȨɆȲȞǪȱ Ǩȩɀȱǟ ȷǠǵ ÛǒƐǪƳ ȷɉ Ǩȩɀȱǟ ȷǠǵ ȷɀȮɅ Ǡƞǿ Û"ǧǠȵǼȺȞȱǟ"

ď.ǠȺȆȦȹǕ ƂǙ țɀǱȀȱǟȿ ǠȺȱɀǵ ȸȵ ȴɆɆȪǩ ǥǻǠȝǙȿ ǠȺǪȖȊȹǕ ǦȞǱǟȀƫ Ǩȩɀȱǟ ȷǠǵ ÛǧɀȊɆȭ ȷȿǼȱǟ ǿȿǻ ǢȞȱ

ȷȿǻ .ǻɀǱɀȵ ǡǠȪȞȱǟ ȸȵ ǧɎȥɋǟ ȷǖǣ ǦȵǟǼƬǟ ǥȀȮȦȱǟ ȴǱǠŒ ȷǕ ǠȺɆȲȝ ȷǚȥ ÛƾȶȚȺȵ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǴǤȎɅ ǠȵǼȺȝ ȃǠȺȱǟ ǴǤȍǕ ǼȪȥ ÛǼƨǟ ȰȶƮ ǦɆȶȭǠƩǟ ƙȆƠȿ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ Ž ǠȹǻɀȾǱ ǾǹǕ ȴǪɅ ɍ Ǽȩ ÛȬȱǾǣ ȳǠɆȪȱǟ

ǟȿǕǿ ȴŒǕ Ɠǵ ÛȰǤȩ ȸȵ ǧǠȶȲȮȱǟ ȜɆƤ ȷɀȦșɀƫǟȿ ȷɀȺȕǟɀƫǟ ȜƧ ǼȪȱ .ǻǠȆȦȱǠǣ ȨȲȞǪɅ ǠȶɆȥ ƙȶǝǠȊǪȵ ȸȵ ǧɎȥɋǟ ɂȲȝ ǥǿǼȪȱǠǣ ǿɀȞȊȱǟ ǦȍǠǹ ÛɂȪǤǩ Ǽȩ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦȥǠȪǭ ȸȮȱ ÛǦȖɆȆǤȱǟ ǦɆǝǠȒȪȱǟ ǧǠȪǵɎƫǟ ȐȞǣ

.ǦȞɆȥȀȱǟ ǢȍǠȺƫǟ Ž ǡǠȪȞȱǟ

قلي السمك الكبير

ȋǠǺȉɉǟ ǦɆȶȆǩ Ǣƶ .ɃǿȿȀȑ ƘǤȮȱǟ ȬȶȆȱǟ ɄȲȩ ȷǕ ǡǿǠǲǪȱǟ ȸĉɆǤǩ ÛǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦȥǠȪǭ ȧȀǹ ȰǱǕ ȸȵ ǻȀƭ ȸȵ ȀǮȭǕ ɄȽ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ǦȲƥ ȷǕ ƘɆȢǪȱǟ ȸȵ ȷɀȶǝǠȊǪƫǟ ȷɀȺȕǟɀƫǟ ȧǼȎɆȱ ȴȾǪǤȩǠȞȵȿ ȸɅǼȅǠȦȱǟ ȸȵ .ǦȑǿǠȞƫǟ Ǽȑ ǦȲƥ ȿǕ ǦɆȅǠɆȅ ǦȲƥȿ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮƫ ǦȲƥ ƙǣ ȔȲƪǟ ȳǼȝ ȴȾƫǟ ȸȵ Ǡȶȭ .ǧǠȶȲȭ

.ȴȭǠƩǟ ɄȅǠɆȆȱǟ ǡȂƩǟ ȸȵ ȌǺȉ ƘǤȮȱǟ ȬȶȆȱǟ ȯȿǕ ƙǣ ȸȵ ȷɀȮɅ ȷǕ ȬȱǾȱ ȴȾƫǟ

ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮƫ ǥǼɅǼƨǟ ǦȲȪǪȆƫǟ ǦǞɆȾȲȱ ǦɆȩǟǼȎƫǟ ǨȪȪƠ ÛȠȹɀȭ ȠȹɀȽ ǦȱǠǵ Ž :ǦȲǮȵɉǟ ȐȞǣ ɄȲɅ ǠȶɆȥ .ȼǪǤȩǠȞȵȿ ȻǼȝǠȪǩ ɄȒƹ ȷǠȭ ǬɆǵ ǠɆȹǠȖɅȀǣ ȸȵ ȨǣǠȆȱǟ ǦȕȀȊȱǟ ȄɆǝǿ ȨƜ ǢȲǱ ȀȵǕ ǿǟǼȎǪȅǟ Ź ǠȵǼȺȝ ǦǤȆȺȱǠǣȿ .ǦɆȱǠȞȱǟ ǢǩȀȱǟ Ƀȿǽ ǦȕȀȊȱǟ ȓǠǤȑ ǧǟȀȊȝȿ ǦȕȀȊȱǟ Ž ȯȿǘȆȵ ƎȭǕ ƆǠǭ ȸȵ ǦǞɆƬǟ ǨȱǠȹ Ǡȶȭ ǧǟǽ ǦȱǠȅǿ ǥƘǤȮȱǟ ȫǠƧɉǟ ȻǾȽ ɄȲȩ ȰȅǿǕ ÛƙȦȕǠȞǪƫǟ Ƙȡ ǦɆȹǼƫǟ ǦȵǼƪǟ ɄȦșɀȵȿ ƙȮȮȊǪƫǟ ȃǠȺȱǟ ƂǙ

:ǦǞɆȾȲȱ ƙȪǣǠȆȱǟ ǒǠȅǗȀȱǟ ǼǵǕ ǢǪȭ Ǡȶȭȿ ".ȰȞȦȱǠǣ ǦǤȞȲȱǟ Ǽȝǟɀȩ ǧȀĉɆȢǩ ǼȪȱ" :ǦɆȩǟǼȎȵ

ȴȾȪǵɎȹ ȸɅǾȱǟ ȋǠǺȉɉǟ ǦȹǠȮȵ ɄȽȿ ɍǕ ÛǠȺȹǠȽǽǕ Ž ǠȾɆȪǤȹ ȷǕ ǠȺɆȲȝ (ȯǟȁ Ǡȵȿ) ȷǠȭ ǦȶȾȵ ǦȖȪȹ ȫǠȺȽ ƙȶȾȵ Ƙȡȿ ƙȖɆȆǣ ƾȍǠǺȉǕ ȴȾȞɆƤ ȷɀȹɀȮɆȅ ȰȽ !ǦȹǠȮƫǠǣ ǦɆȱǠȞȦȱǟ ȃǠɆȩ ƂǙ ȷɀȲɆƹ ȃǠȺȱǠȥ .ƾɆǝǠȒȩ ȸȵ țȀȅǕ ȃǠȺȱǟ ǦȪǭ ȰǪȪɅ ǒɄȉ ɍ ÝɁɀǪȆƫǟ ǦȞɆȥǿ ǧǠɆȎǺȊȱǟ ȸȵ ǢȅǠȺǪȵ ǻǼȝ ȴȾȺɆǣ ȷɀȮɆȅ ȰȽ ȳǕ

Đ.ȜȶǪǲƫǟ Ž ȸĉɆȞȵ ɁɀǪȆȵ ȷȿǻ ȋǠǺȉǕ Ǽȑ ȔȪȥ ǦȾǱɀȵ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ǦȲƥ ȷǖǣ ǻǠȪǪȝɍǟ

ǧǟɀȖƪǟ ȸȵ ȷǠȭȿ ÛƾɆƫǠȝ ƾȵǠȶǪȽǟ ǢȖȪǪȅǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦƤǠȾȵ Ž ȧɀǤȆƫǟ Ƙȡ ǠɆȱǠȖɅǙ ǳǠƱ ȷǕ ȀȭǾćɅ

ǿǠǤȮȱǟ ƙɆȅǠɆȆȱǟ ȸȵ ǼɅǼȞȱǟȿ ǿǠǤȮȱǟ ȯǠȶȝɉǟ ȯǠǱǿ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟȿ ǠɆȥǠƫǟ Ž ƘǤȭ ȴɆȝȁ ɄȲȩ Ȭȱǽ Ž ǦƧǠƩǟ ȴŒǠȮȵǚǣ ȷǚȥ ÛǻǠȆȦȱǟȿ ǦƹȀƨǟ ǟɀǤǲȉȿ ǟɀȵ ĉǼȪǩ ȷǙ ȴŒǕ ƙȺȕǟɀȶȲȱ Ȭȱǽ ȸĉɆǣ Ǽȩȿ .ȴȭǠƩǟ ǡȂƩǟ Ž

.ȧȀȥ ǫǟǼǵǙ

.ǼȅǠȥ ȧȿǼȺȍ ƙȵǕ Ǽȑ ƾȞɅȀȅ ǟȿǿǠǣǕ ƙȲȮȵ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȄɆǝǿ ȫĉȀƠ ÛȁǠǣɍ ǦȱǠǵ Ž ǠȵǕ

ȯǠƫǟ ȏȀȪćɅ ȷǠȭ .ǡǟĉȀȞȱǟȿ ǻɀȽ ȸǣȿǿ ȸȵ ƾȖɆȲǹ ȧȿǼȺȎȱǟ ƙȵǕ ȷǠȭ ÛČĔēĐ ȳǠȝ Ž ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǦȝǠȩ Ž ȼȹǙ ƃ ȰɆȩ Ǽȩȿ .ǦȝȿȀȊȵ Ƙȡ ȧȀȖǣ ǠŒɀǤȆȮɅ ȯǟɀȵǖǣ ǦȲɆǞȒȱǟ ȴȽǿɀǱǕ Ǽȥǿ Ž ȴȽǼȝǠȆɅ Ǡƞǿȿ ƙȦșɀȶȲȱ ǨȹǠȭȿ ȯǠǮƫǟ ȰɆǤȅ ɂȲȝ ǦȲǱǠȝ ǦȲǵǿ ȫǠȺȽ ȷɀȮɅ ǠȵǼȺȝ "ǦȵǼȪȵ ǧǠȞȥǻ" ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȄɆǝǿ ɄȖȞɅ Ɠǵ ȷǠȭ ȧȿǼȺȎȱǟ ƙȵǕ ȷǠȭ ÛƾȪǣǠȅ ǧȀȭǽ Ǡȶȭ .ǦɅǠȢȲȱ ǦǞɆȖǣ ȯǠƫǟ ɂȲȝ ȯɀȎǶȲȱ ǦɅǻǠɆǪȝɍǟ ǧǟǒǟȀǱɋǟ ȿǼǤǩ

ǥǿǟȁȿ Ž ǥȁǠǪȶƫǟ ȼǩɎȍȿ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ȼǩǠȵǼǹ ǢǤȆǣ ȼȆƫ ȸȮƹ ɍ ȼȹǕ ǼȪǪȞćɅ ȷǠȭ .ȬȲȵ ǥǠɆǵ ȈɆȞɅ ȼȆȦȹ.ǦȱȿǼȱǟ Ž ǦȹǟȂƪǟ

ǥǼɅǼƨǟ ǦȖȲȆȱǟ ȷǕȿ ɂȾǪȹǟ ƇǼȪȱǟ ȳǠȚȺȱǟ ȷǖǣ ǦɅǠȢȲȱ ǦǶȑǟȿ ǥǿǠȉǙ ȯǠȅǿǙ ɃǿȿȀȒȱǟ ȸȵ ȷǕ ǨȭǿǻǕ ȧȿǼȺȎȱǟ ƙȵǕ ƇǼȪȱǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȳǠȚȺȱ ȰǮư ȁȀǣǕ ȷǠȭ Ǽȩȿ .ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǥǟǿǠǲƫ ǥǼȞǪȆȵ ȸȮǩ Ɓ ƾɆȕǟȀȪƹǻ ǦǤǺǪȺƫǟ

ȬȱǾȱ ȴȾǪȑǿǠȞƞ ǟȿȀȽǠǱ ȸɅǾȱǟ ƙȦșɀƫǟ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ ǦȊȽǼȱ ǿɀȦȱǟ ɂȲȝ ȻǠȺȲȎȥ ɃǾȱǟ ÛǦȞȶȆȱǟ ǒƚȅ.ǟǾȽ ȧȿǼȺȎȱǟ ƙȵɉ "ǦɅȀǶȅ" ȷɀȮǩ ǻǠȮǩ Ɣȱǟ ɁɀȪȱǟ ȷȿǻ ȰȶȞǩ ȷǕ ȸȮƹ ɍ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȷǕ ƃ ǟȿǼ ĉȭǕȿ

.ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ƂǙ ǦȥǻǠƬǟ ǥƘǮȮȱǟ ƘǣǟǼǪȱǟ ȸȵ ǦȲȆȲȅ Ž Ƃȿɉǟ ǥɀȖƪǟ ȧȿǼȺȎȱǟ ƙȵǕ ȰȎȥ ȷǠȭ

ĉɍǙ ÛǡǠȪȞȱǟ ȸȵ ǧɎȥɋǟ ǦȥǠȪǭ ȴɆȖƠ Ž ǠȾȺȝ ǒǠȺȢǪȅɍǟ ȸȮƹ ɍ ǥɀȖǹ "ƘǤȮȱǟ ȬȶȆȱǟ ɄȲȩ" ȷǕ Ȝȵ ǧǠȅǠɆȆȱǠǣ Ȝȑɀȱǟ ȼɆǤȊǩ ǠȺȽ ǢȅǠȺƫǟ ȸȵȿ .ǦȪǣǠȅ ǻǠȆȥ ǠɅǠȒȩ ɂȲȝ ȂɆȭȀǪȱǟ Ž ǦȢȱǠǤƫǟ ƾȹǠɆǵǕ ȴǪɅ ȼȹǕ ȷɀȮǩ ȷǕ ȨǶǪȆǩ ǦɅǠȩɀȱǟ ȸȮȱ ÛǥƘȖƪǟ ȏǟȀȵɉǟ ȸȵ ǦɅǻȀȦȱǟ ǧɍǠƩǟ ǦƨǠȞȵ Ǣƶ ǬɆǵ ÛǦɆǶȎȱǟ

ȴȽǻɀȾǱ ȰɅɀƠ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ƃȿǘȆȵ ɂȲȝ ÛƘǤȮȱǟ ȬȶȆȱǟ ȐȞǣ ɄȲȩ ǼȞǣ ÛȬȱǾȱ .ǼɆȞǤȱǟ ɁǼƫǟ ɂȲȝ ǦɅɀȱȿɉǟ.ǧǠȆȅǘƫǟ ǳɎȍǙȿ ǦɅǠȩɀȱǟ ƂǙ

إحداث ضجة

ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȄɆǝȀȱ ȸȮƹ ǬɆǵ ÛǦȦȲǪƯ ȯǠȮȉǖǣ ǦɅǠȝǼȱǟȿ ǦɆȩǟǼȎƫǠǣ ɂȚƠ ȷǕ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ǦȲȶƩ ȸȮƹ ǰȵǠȹȀǣ ȸȝ ȷɎȝɋǟ ȼȺȮƹ ÛȨɆȩǻ ȨǤȆȵ ǻǟǼȝǙ ǼȞǣȿ .ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ǦɅǠȩɀȱǟ ȯɀǵ "Ǧȶȩ țǠȶǪǱǟ" ƂǙ ǥɀȝǼȱǟ ɀȝǼɅ ȷǕ ȼȺȮƹ Ǡȶȭ .ǦȕȀȊȱǟȿ ǴɅǿǠȎǪȱǟȿ ȌɆǹǟȀǪȱǟȿ ǠɅǟȂƫǟȿ ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ȯǠȢȉɉǟȿ ǼǝǟɀȞȱǟ ȜƤ ɄȖȢɅ ȴȚȺȵ

ı ǦɆȱǠǪȱǟ ȀȾȉɉǟȿ ȜɆǣǠȅɉǟ Ž Ż ȸȵȿ .ȬȱǾǣ ȳǠɆȪȲȱ ǦȦȲǪƯ ƾȩȀȕ ȳ ĉǼȪɅȿ ǥǼȅǠȦȱǟ ȯǠȞȥɉǟ Ǣǲȉ ƂǙ ȃǠȺȱǟ."ƘǤȮȱǟ ȬȶȆȱǟ" ȯǠȪǪȝǟ ȸȝ ȷɎȝɋǟ ȼȺȮƹ ı ȨɆȩǻ ȨǤȆȵ ǻǟǼȝǙ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ƾȒɅǕȿ

ɄȪɆȪǵ Ȝȑȿ ɂȲȝ ȯǠǮȵ Ȱȭ ǼȺǪȆɅ .ǦɆȩǟǼȎƫǟ ȨɆȪƠ ȰǱǕ ȸȵ Ǧǲȑ ǫǟǼǵǙ ǦɆȦɆȭ ȀȾȚǩ ǦȲǮȵǕ ɄȲɅ ǠȶɆȥ:ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ ɀȽȿ ǠȺȝɀȑɀȵ Ȝȵ ǢȅǠȺǪɆȱ ǠȺȽ ȼȦɆɆȮǩ Ź Ɨȕɀȱǟ ɁɀǪȆƫǟ ɂȲȝ

țǠȖȪȱǟ ǥǻǠȩȿ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟ ǿǠǤȮȱ ɁɀǪȆƫǟ ǦȞɆȥǿ Ȱȶȝ Ǧȉǿȿ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȄɆǝǿ ȴȚȺɅ .Č

5859


ȸȵ ǿǠȮȥǕ ǯȀǺǪȅ .ȼȱ ɃĉǼȎǪȱǟ ǦɆȦɆȭȿ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ Ž ǬǶǤȱǟ ȰǱǕ ȸȵ ƆǼƫǟ ȜȶǪǲƫǟȿ ȋǠƪǟ ǧǟȿǼȹ ȻǾȽ ȰȶȞȱǟ Ǧȉǿȿ ɄȲɅ Ǽȩȿ .ȀȾȉǕ ǦǪȆȱ Ȱȶȝ ǦȖǹ Ȭȱǽ Ž Ǡƞ ÛǧǠɆȱǠȞȦȱǟ ȻǾȽ

.ǦȕȀȊȱǟȿ ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ȯǠȢȉɉǟ ǦɅȀɅǼȵȿ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ǦȦȲǪǺƫǟ ǦɆȆɆǝȀȱǟ ȀǝǟȿǼȲȱ ɁȀǹǕ

ȷȿǻ ȯɀƠ ȫɀȲȅ Ǽȝǟɀȩ ɂȲȝ ȷɀȞȩɀɆȅ ƙȵɀȮƩǟ ƙȦșɀƫǟ ȜɆƤ ȷǕ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȄɆǝǿ ȸȲȞɅ .č ǦɆȵɀȮǵ ǧǟǒǠȖȝ Ž ǦȭǿǠȊƫǠǣ Ǽǵɉ ǴȶȆćɅ ȸȱ ȼȹǙ ȯɀȪɅ Ûȼǩǟǽ Ǩȩɀȱǟ Ž .ɁȿǠȉȀȱǟ ȯɀǤȩ țǠȖȪȱǟ ȫǟȀȉǙ ƾȒɅǕ ȴǪɅ .ɁȿǠȉȀȱǟ ƇǼȪǪǣ ǦȍǠǹ ǦȾɆǤȉ ȫɀȲȅ Ǽȝǟɀȩ ɂȲȝ ȜɆȩɀǪȱǟ ȷȿǻ ȰǮȵ ǧǠȶȚȺƞ ȯǠȎǩɍǟ Ǣƶȿ .ɁȿǠȮȊȱǟ Ž ȨɆȪǶǪȲȱ ǦȲȪǪȆȵ ǦǤȩǟȀȵ ǦǞɆȽ ȰɆȮȊǪȱ ȋǠƪǟ

.ǠȾȶȝǻ ɂȲȝ ȯɀȎǶȲȱ ǦɆȱȿǼȱǟ ǦɆȥǠȦȊȱǟ ǦȶȚȺȵ

ǦǤȆȹ ǴȺȵ ȼȱɎǹ ȸȵ ȴǪɅ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ǼǝǟɀȞȱǟ ǢǩǠȮȵ Ž ƑɅȀƟ ǰȵǠȹȀǣ ȸȝ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȄɆǝǿ ȸȲȞɅ .Ď ȰȎǩ ǬɆƜ ÛƙȱȿǘȆȶȲȱ ƙȵǻǠȪȱǟ ƙȵǠȞȱǟ ȯɎǹ ǦȪȪǶǪƫǟ ǦɆȥǠȑɋǟ ǦɆǤɅȀȒȱǟ ǼǝǟɀȞȱǟ ȸȵ

ǦȺɆȞȵ ǥǻǠɅȁ ǼǝǟɀȞȱǟ ȁȿǠƟ ǼȞǣ ĉɍǙ Ǡŏ ȰȶȞȱǟ ȴǪɅ ɍȿ ȴǝǠȪȱǟ ȀǱɉǟ ȸȵ ĕčĐ-čċ ƂǙ ǥǖȥǠȮƫǟ ǻǼǶǪǩ ǒǟǻɉǟ ȴɆɆȪǪȱ ȳǠȚȹ ȀɅɀȖǪǣ ȷɀȱȿǘȆƫǟ ȳɀȪɅ Ûȼǩǟǽ Ǩȩɀȱǟ Ž .(ȯǠǮƫǟ ȰɆǤȅ ɂȲȝ ĕčĐ) ȳǼȝ ȰǮȵ ǻɀȺǣ ɂȲȝ ƾȒɅǕ ȰȶǪȊɅȿ ÛȓǠȊȺȱǟȿ ǦȪȖȺƫǟ ǢȆƜ ǠȾȞƤ ȔȖǺƫǟ ǼǝǟɀȞȱǟ ȠȱǠǤȵ ȼɆȥ

.ǼǝǟɀȞȱǠǣ ǦȖǤǩȀȵ Ƙȡ ȂĉɆƢ ƘɅǠȞȵȿ ǧǟǒǠȅǙ ǫȿǼǵ

ÛƙɆȱȿǻ ȸɅǿǠȊǪȆȵ ǥǼȝǠȆƞ .ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ǦɅǠȩɀȲȱ ǥǼǵȿ ȰɆȮȊǩ ȸȝ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȄɆǝǿ ȸȲȞɅ .ď ǫȿǼǵ ȋȀȥ ȸȵ ǼƩǟ ȣǼŏ ǦɆȕǟȀȩȿƘǤȱǟ ǧǟǒǟȀǱɋǟ ȜɆƤ ǦȞǱǟȀƞ ǢǪȮƫǟ ǟǾȽ ȳɀȪɅ

ǦɆȲǣǠȪȱǟ ȴɆɆȪǩ"øǣ Ƞȹɀȭ ȠȹɀȽ Ž ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮƫ ǦȲȪǪȆƫǟ ǦǞɆƬǟ ȼɆ ĉȶȆǩ Ǡȵ :ǥǒǠȅǙ ȿǕ ǻǠȆȥ ɃǕ ǻǠȆȥ ɂȲȝ ɃɀǪƠ ǠŒǕ ȃǠȺȱǟ ɁȀɅ Ɣȱǟ ȬȲǩ ȴɆɆȪǪȲȱ ǦȞȑǠƪǟ ǧǠȆȅǘƫǟ ȯȿǕ ȷɀȮǪȅ ."ǻǠȆȦȲȱ ǧǟǼǵȿ ÛǢǝǟȀȒȱǟ ǢǩǠȮȵ ÛȌɆǹǟȀǪȱǟȿ ǴɅǿǠȎǪȱǟ ǴȺȵ ǧǠȆȅǘȵ ÛȯǠǮƫǟ ȰɆǤȅ ɂȲȝ .ȴȚȺȵ

.Ȭȱǽ ƂǙ Ǡȵȿ ÛǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ

ȧȀȖȱǠǣ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǥǿǟǻǙ ƙȆǶǪȱ ɄȞȆȱǟ Ž ȃǠȺȱǟ ȫǟȀȉɋ ȰǤȅ ȸȝ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȄɆǝǿ ǬǶǤɅ .Đ.ȻɎȝǕ ǥǿɀȭǾƫǟ

ǡǠǤȊȱǟ ǧǠȞȵǠƨǟ ɄƶȀǹȿ ǒǠȺȵɉǟ ǿǠǤȮȱǟ ƙȵǠȞȱǟ ƙȦșɀƫǟ ȸȵ ƾȪɅȀȥ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȄɆǝǿ ȸĉɆȞɅ .đ ǦɆǝǟɀȊȝ ǧǠȺɆȝ ȴɆɆȪǩ ȰǱǕ ȸȵ ƾȒɅǕȿ ÛǠȾȺȝ ȠĉȲǤȵ ǻǠȆȥ ǧɍǠǵ Ž ȨɆȪǶǪȱǟ ȰǱǕ ȸȵ ȸɅȂɆȶƫǟ ƂǙ Ǡȵȿ ÛǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟȿ ÛǠȾȺȵ ǧǟǒǠȺǮǪȅɍǟȿ ǢǝǟȀȒȱǟ ȜȥǼǣ ǦȪȲȞǪƫǟ ǦȶȾƫǟ ǠɅǠȒȪȱǟ ȸȵ

.Ȭȱǽ

Ż ȸȵȿ ÛǠƬ ƾȪȥȿ ǒǟǻɉǟ ȃǠɆȩ ȸȮƹ ǳǠƱ ȄɆɅǠȪȵ ȀɅɀȖǪȱ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǧǠȵǼǹ ɄȵĉǼȪȵ ɃĉǼƠ ȴǪɅ .Ē ǳȿǟȀǪǩ ǦǤȆȺǣȿ ǦɆȝǠƤ ȂȥǟɀƩǟ ȷɀȮǩ ǬɆƜ Ûǒǟǻɉǟ ǟǾŏ ǧǔȥǠȮƫǟ ǥǻǠɅȁ ȔǣȀȱ ǦǣȀƟ ȴɆȶȎǩ ɂȲȝ ǦǣȀǲǪȱǟ ǦȵǟǼǪȅǟ ǼȶǪȞǩ ÛǦɅǠȾȺȱǟ Žȿ .ȁǠǪȶƫǟ ǒǟǻɉǟ ǦȱǠǵ Ž ǢǩǟȿȀȱǟ ȸȵ ĕčĐ-čċ ƙǣ

.ȳǟǼǺǪȅǟ ȳɀȅǿ ȰɆȎƠ ǦȍȀȥ

Ɠǵȿ .ȳǻǠȪȱǟ ȳǠȞȱǟ ȯɎǹ ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ Ž ǦɅȀȅ ǧǠɆȲȶȝ ɃȀǲǪȅ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȷǕ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȄɆǝǿ ȸȲȞɅ .ē ǨȹǠȭ ȷǙ ı ǥɀȖƪǟ ȻǾȽ ȷǠȮȵǚǣ ȷǚȥ ÛǧǠɆȲȶȞȱǟ ȬȲǩ ȸȵ ȰɆȲȩ ǻǼȝ ĉɍǙ ǒǟȀǱǙ ȴǪɅ Ɓ ɀȱ

.ɁȿǠȉȀȱǟ ɄȪȲǩ ȸȝ ƙȦșɀƫǟ țǻȀǩ ȷǕ ı ǧǟǿǻǠǤƫǟ ȸȵ ǦȵȂǵ ȸȵ ƿǒȂǱ

تغيير األنظمة

ȯȿǘȆȵ ɂȲȝ ÛǻǠȆȦȱǟ Ž ȓǿɀǪȱǟ ȰǱǕ ȸȵ" :ȷǠƹǠȽ ǢɆȲɆȥ ȯɀȪɅ Ǡȶȭȿ .ȼǪȞɆǤȖǣ ȀȕǠǺƫǠǣ ȣɀȦƮ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦȪɅȀȕ ǟǼƶȿ ÛƙȲȶǪƮ ȸɅǼȅǠȥ ƙȮɅȀȊȭ ȐȞǤȱǟ ǠȶȾȒȞǣ ǟǻǼƷ ȷǕ ȋǠƪǟ țǠȖȪȱǟ ȸȵ ȣȀȕȿ ɄȵɀȮǵ ȜɆȶƨ ȸȮƹ .ǠƵȀȵǕ ȣǠȊǪȭǟ ȷȿǻ ȼƹǼȪǪǣ ǠȶȾȺȵ Ǽǵǟȿ Ȱȭ Ǽȝȿ Ǡȵ Ǡȵ ĉǼȪɅ Ż ȸȵȿ ÛȧǠȦǩǟ ƂǙ ȰȍɀǪȲȱ đ".Ȁȵɉǟ ȣǠȊǪȭǟ ȴǪɅ ȷǖǣ ȯǠȶǪǵǟ ȫǠȺȽ ǠȾȺȵ ǥǼǵǟȿ Ȱȭ ɄȦȥ ÛǦɅǠȢȲȱ ǦǤȞȍ ȷɀȮǩ ȷǕ ǧǟɀȖƪǟ ȻǾȽ

:ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǢȲȖǪɅ ȸɅǼȅǠȥ ǒǠȭȀȉ ɂȲȝ ǿɀǮȞȱǟ .Č

ǧǠȞȥǻ ƇǼȪǩ .čǼȅǠȥ ȰȮȊǣ ȻǗǟȀȉ Ź Ǡȵ ȴɆȲȆǩ .Ď

.ǦɆȦƪǠǣ Ȭȱǽ Ȱȭȿ

ȷǕȿ ÛȜȥǼȲȱ ǧǠɆȱǓ ȫǠȺȽ ȷǕȿ ÛǧǠȩɎȝ ǦȵǠȩǙȿ ȋȀȦȱǟ ǼɅǼƠ Ź ȼȹǕ Ȭȱǽ ƗȞɅ ÛƾȶȚȺȵ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǴǤȎɅ ǠȵǼȺȝ ǘȕǟɀǪȱǟ ȷǕ ƂǙ ǦȥǠȑɋǠǣ ÛǧǠǤɆǩȀǪȱǟ ȻǾȽ ǫǟǼǶǪȅǟ ǢȞȎȱǟ ȸȵ ȸȮȱ .ƗɆǩȿǿ ȰȮȊǣ ȴǪǩ ȴɆȲȆǪȱǟ ǧǠɆȲȶȝ

:ǧǟǻǟȂȶȲȱ ƃǠǪȱǟ ȰɆȲǶǪȱǟ ȸĉɆǤɅ Ǡȶȭ ǦȲǝǠȽ ǦȪǤȆȵ ȓȿȀȉ ȨȪƠ ǢȲȖǪɅ

ǼȺǣ Ǡȅǿ ȷǙ ÝȼȑȀȝ ȴȾɆȲȝ ȀȞȅ ɂȲȝǕ Ǡȵ ÝȳǠȝ ǻǟȂȵ Ž ȷȿǼɅǟȂɅ ǒǠɆȉɉǟ ɃǕ ɂȲȝ ǒǠȒȝɉǟ ȣȀȞɅ ȤɆȭ Ǡȅǿ ȷǙ ÝȤȱǠǶǪȱǟ Ž ȸɅȀǹǓ ǒǠȒȝǕ ƂǙ ȯǠƫǟ ȯĉɀƷ ȷǕ ȼɆȲȝ ȰȽ ÝȼȮȲƹ ȰȾȥ ÛȤȱǠǶǪȱǟ ǒǠȒȝǕ ǼǵǕ ɂȲȝ ǢȅǠȮƫǟ ȴ ćȅǠȪǩ ȴǪɅ ȤɆȭ ÝǦɅǠȾȺȱǟ Ž ȼǪɆȮȲȵ ǼɅǼƠ ȴǪɅ ȤɆȮȥ ÛǒǠȒȝɉǟ ǼǵǕ ɂȲȝ ȤȱǠǶǪȱǟ ȼȮȲƹ ǼȺǣ ȤȱǠǶǪȲȱ ȸȮƹ ȤɆȭ ÝǘȕǟɀǪȱǟ ȧǠȦǩǟ ɂȲȝ ȯǠɆǪǵɎȱ ȂȥǟɀƩǟ ɄȽ Ǡȵ ÝǦȪȲƩǟ ǻǟȀȥǕ ƙǣ ǘȕǟɀǪȱǟ ȸȝ ǦƟǠȺȱǟ

ĒÝȈȢȱǟ ȸȝ ȴȾȝǻȀȱ ǒǠȒȝɉǟ ǦǤȩǟȀȵ ȿǕ/ȿ Ɨǭ

ǻɀǱȿ Ȱ ĉȒȦɅ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȷǕ Ǡƞȿ .ǠȾȺȵ ǼƩǟȿ ȻǾȽ ǥǼȅǠȦȱǟ ǦȖȊȹɉǟ ȰɆȲƠ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ǢɆȱǠȅǕ ǼǵǕ ȸȵ.ȼȺȵ ȰɆȲȪǪȱǠǣ Ȱȵǖȹ ÛǦȪǮȱǟ ȳǼȝȿ ȬȊȱǟȿ ǧǠǤǮȱǟ ȳǼȝ ȸȵ ɄȦȮɅ Ǡȵ ȨȲƝ ǠȺȹǚȥ ÛǦǪǣǠǭȿ ǦɅȀȅ ǦǞɆǣ

ǥǻǠȝ ÛȜȩǟɀȱǟ Ž ȸȮȱ ."ǥǼɅǼǱ ƙȹǟɀȩ" ɄȽ ȐȞǤȲȱ ǦɆǝǠȪȲǪȱǟ ǦǣǠǱɋǟ ÝǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ǼƩǟ ȼǤȲȖǪɅ ɃǾȱǟ Ǡȵ ǼȝǟɀȪȱǟ ǼɅȂƫǟ Ƀǻǘǩ ɍ ÛƾȹǠɆǵǕȿ .ǦɅǠȢȲȱ ǥǿɀȖǪȵ ǦɆȹɀȹǠȩ ǦȶȚȹǕ Ȱș Ž ƿǻɀǱɀȵ ȴȚȺƫǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȷɀȮɅ Ǡȵ ƿȀȵǕ ǥǼɅǼƨǟ ǼȝǟɀȪȱǟȿ ƙȹǟɀȪȱǟ ȷɀȮǩ .ǻǠȆȦȲȱ ȋȀȥ ȨȲǹ ƂǙ Ȱǣ ÛȔȪȥ ǦɆȲȝǠȦȱǟ ȨȺǹ ƂǙ ǦȶȚȹɉǟȿ ȁȂȞǩȿ ÛǠȽǼĉɆȪǩȿ ȣȀȎǪȱǟ ǦɅĉȀǵ Ǵȑɀǩȿ ÛǿǠȮǪǵɍǟ ǧǠȖȲȅ ȰȲȪǩȿ ÛȂȥǟɀƩǟ ƘȢǩ ǠȵǼȺȝ ȼǣ ƾǤǵȀȵ

ȰȮȊǣ ǠȺȺȮȱ ÛǠŏ ǢǵȀȵ ǥǼɅǼǱ ƙȹǟɀȩ ɂȲȝ ǦȲǮȵɉǟ ȐȞǣ ȀȊȝ ȜǣǟȀȱǟ ȜǣȀƫǟ ȏȀȞɅ .ǦȱǒǠȆƫǟȿ ǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǟ.ǦɆǝǠȪȲǪȱǟ ǦǣǠǱɋǟ ȄɆȱ ƙȹǟɀȪȱǟ ǫǟǼǶǪȅǟ ȷǕ ǼȪǪȞȹ ȳǠȝ

املربع الرابع عشر – بعض القوانني اجلديدة التي قد تساعد في التقليل من الفساد

ȴȝǼǪȱ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǦȖȲȅ ȧǠȖȹ ȁȿǠǲǪǩ ǦȲǮȵǕ ǦȞǣǿǕ ɄȲɅ ǠȶɆȥ .ȧȀȥ ǫǟǼǵǙ ȰȒȥǕ ƙȹǟɀȩ ǫǟǼǶǪȅɍ ȸȮƹ.ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ȰɆȲȪǪȲȱ ǦɆȲƮ ǧɎƥ

6061


ǦɆȅǠɆȆȱǟ ǧɎȶƩǟȿ ǡǟȂǵɉǟ ȰɅɀƢ .Č ȁǟȂǪǣɍǟ ƾȹǠɆǵǕȿ ȻǟȀȭɋǠǣ ȴǪǩ ǧǠȞȥǻ ɂȲȝ ȯȿǼȱǟ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ Ž ǧɎȶƩǟ ȰɅɀƢ ɃɀȖȺɅ

ȀȞȊɅ Ǽȩ "ȼɅȂȹ" ɄȅǠɆȅ ǡȂǵ Ɠǵ ÛƾȶȚȺȵ ȫɀȲȆȱǟ ȸȵ țɀȺȱǟ ǟǾȽ ǴǤȎɅ ǠȵǼȺȝȿ .ȀȉǠǤƫǟ ȰǱǕ ȸȵ ǦȺȖǤȵ ǧǟǼɅǼő ȿǕ ǻɀȝɀǣ ǠȵǙ ǧǠȭȀȊȱǟ ɂȲȝ ȔȢȒȲȱ ȼɆȆȥǠȺȵ ǻǠȆȥ ǢǤȆǣ Ǝƭ ȼȹǕ ȯǟɀȵɉǟ ȰɅɀǶǪȱ ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ ɄȦșɀȵ ȸȵ ǠȽǒǠȒȝǕ ǡǟȂǵɉǟ ȰȢǪȆǩ Ǽȩȿ .ȯǠƫǟ ɂȲȝ ȯɀȎƩǟ ȷɀɆȲǶƫǟ ȷɀɆȅǠɆȆȱǟȿ ǡǟȂǵɉǟ ǒɂȊȺǩ ÛȯȿǼȱǟ ȐȞǣ Žȿ .ǦɆȅǠɆȆȱǟ ǠŏȀǵ ȰɅɀȶǪȱ ǦȵǠȞȱǟ

ǠȾɆȱǙ "ǦɆȲǶƫǟ ǦɆȶȺǪȱǟ"øȱ ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ȯǟɀȵɉǟ ȰɅɀƠ ȴǪɅ ǦɆȲƮ ǦɆȵɀȮǵ Ƙȡ ǧǠȶȚȺȵȿ "ǧǠȆȅǘȵ" .ǥǻǠǪȞƫǟ ǦɆȵɀȮƩǟ ȨɆȩǼǪȱǟ ǧǟǒǟȀǱǙ ƂǙ țɀȒƪǟ ȷȿǻ

ǦȵǿǠȍ ǧǟǼɆɆȪǩ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ țǟɀȹɉǟ ȻǾȽ Ž ȓǿɀǪȲȱ ȓɀȢȒȱǟ ȸȵ ȤɆȦǺǪȱǟ ȸȮƹ ȰɅɀƢ ƇǼȪǩȿ ÛɄǱǿǠǹ ȨɆȩǼǪȱ ǠȾȝǠȒǹǙ ȴǪɅ ǬɆƜ ǡǟȂǵɉǟ ȯǟɀȵǕȿ ǧɎȶƩǟ ǦȖȊȹǕ ɂȲȝ Ǣƶ Ǡȶȭ .ȷɀɅȂȦȲǪȱǟȿ Ǧȝǟǽɋǟ Ž ȷɎȝɌȱ ǦɆȵǟȂȱǙ ǦȹȁǟɀǪȵ ǧǟȀǪȥ ȌɆȎơȿ ǧɎȶǶȲȱ ȳǠȝ

.ȨɆȩǼǪȲȱ ƾȵǠȝ ăɎɅɀƢ ɂȪȲǪǩ Ɣȱǟ ǧǠȆȅǘƫǟ ȜɆƤ țǠȒǹǙ

ǦȝȿȀȊȵ Ƙȡ ȧȀȖǣ ǒǟȀǮȱǟ .č ɂȲȝ ǥȀȉǠǤȵ ǦȱǻǕ ǻɀǱɀȱ ȔȪȥ ȄɆȱ ƙɆȵɀȮƩǟ ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟ ǥǠȑǠȪȵ ȸȮƹ ÛȯȿǼȱǟ ȐȞǣ Ž ȴȾȭɎǪȵɍ ƾȒɅǕ ȸȮȱ ÛǠȾɆȲȝ ȯɀȎƩǟ ǢȞȎɅ ƾȶǝǟǻ ǦȱǻǕ ɄȽȿ ÛɁȿǠȉǿ ɂȲȝ ȴƬɀȎǵ

ǨȆȮȝ ȯȿǼȱǟ ȐȞǣ ȷǕ Ɠǵ .ǦȝȿȀȊȵ ǦȖȊȹǕ ȸȝ ǰǩǠȹ ȼȹǖǣ ȻƘȆȦǩ ȸȮƹ Ǡȵ ȁȿǠǲǪǩ ǧǟȿȀǭ ǥȿȀǭ Ǡƞǿȿ ı ȼǩȿȀǭ ȷǕ ǧǠǤǭǚǣ ƾǤȱǠȖȵ ɄȵɀȮƩǟ ȯȿǘȆƫǟ ȷɀȮɅ ǬɆƜ ÛǧǠǤǭɋǟ ǦɆȱȿǘȆȵ ȷǕ ǧǠǤǭɋ ǦǱǠǵ ɍ ÛȯȿǼȱǟ ȐȞǣ Žȿ .țȿȀȊȵ ȰȮȊǣ ǠŏǠȆǪȭǟ Ź ı ǥȀȉǠǤƫǟ ȼǪȲǝǠȝ

Ǖ.ǢȹǾȵ ȌǺȊȱǟ

ǥǒǠȅǙ ȸȮȶƫǟ ȸȶȥ ÛȀȕǠǺƫǟ ȐȞǣ ǠőǠɆȕ Ž ȰȶƠ ǦȝȿȀȊȵ Ƙȡ ȧȀȖǣ ǒǟȀǮȱǟ ƙȹǟɀȩ ȸȮȱ ǦȭǿǠȊƫǟ ȸȝ ǦȵǠȝ ǢȍǠȺƫ ȷȿȁǠǪư ȷɀǶȉȀȵ ȜȺǪƹ Ǽȩȿ ÛǧǠǤǭɋǟ ǢȲȕ ǦȖȲȅ ȳǟǼǺǪȅǟ ǧɍǠǵ Žȿ .ȨɆȩǼǪȲȱ ǦɆȱǠƫǟ ȴȽȀȅǕ țǠȑȿǕȿ ȴȾȝǠȑȿǕ ǴǪȦȱ ȴȽǿǟȀȖȑǟ ǦɆȹǠȮȵǙ ǢǤȆǣ Ž ȴőǟȿȀǭ ǒǠȦǹǙ ƂǙ ǦȕǠȆǤǣ ȸɅǼȅǠȦȱǟ ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟ ȷɀȹǠȩ ǟǾȮȽ ȜȥǼɅ Ǽȩ ÛǼɅǼȊȱǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ

ƘɆȢǩ ǢǤȆǣ ǨȪȪƠ Ɣȱǟ ȔȢȒȱǟ ǥɀȩ ǧǼȝǠȅ ÛȬȱǽ Ȝȵ .ȴȽǻɎǣ ǻȿǼǵ ǯǿǠǹ ǦȺȵǓ ȸȭǠȵǕ ǠȾȺȮȱ ÛǻǠȆȦȱǟ Ǽȑ ǦȭȀȞƫǟ ǢȲȩ Ž Ƞȹɀȭ ȠȹɀȽ Ž ǦȝȿȀȊȵ Ƙȡ ȧȀȖǣ ǒǟȀǮȱǠǣ ȋǠƪǟ ȷɀȹǠȪȱǟ

.ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ǦȭǿǠȊƫǟȿ ǦɅǠȩɀȱǟ ɂȲȝ ǨȲȶǪȉǟ ƾȩǠȖȹ ȜȅȿǕ ǦȵȂǵ ȸȵ ƿǒȂǱ ǨȹǠȭ

ǳǠȎȥɋǟ .Ď Ȱǣ ÛǢȆǶȥ ǦɆǝǠȺƨǟ ǦȪǵɎƫǠǣ ƿǼɅǼő ǦɅǿǟǻɋǟ ǧǠȖȲȆȱǟ ǠȾȑȀȦǩ Ɣȱǟ ǧǠǣɀȪȞȱǟ ȁȂȞǩ ɍ Ǽȩ ƾɅǿǠǤǱǙ ɁȿǠȉȀȱǟ ȸȝ ȠɆȲǤǪȱǟ ǴǤȍǕ ȷǙ ÛȯǠǮƫǟ ȰɆǤȅ ɂȲȝ .ǦɆȩǟǼȎȵ ȀǮȭǕ ƿǼɅǼő Ȱ ĉȮȊǩ Ǽȩ

Ž ǧǠȆȅǘƫǟ ȻǾƬ ȸȮƹ ÛǦȕȀȊȱǠǣ ǦȹǿǠȪȵ .ƘȢǪǩ ȋȀȦȱǟ ȷǚȥ ÛǦɆǤɅȀȒȱǟȿ ǦɆȶɆȚȺǪȱǟ ǧǠȖȲȆȲȱ ƾɆǤȆȹ ȰȾȅɉǟ ȸȵ ȷɀȮɅ ǟǾȱ ÛƎȭǕ ǥƎǹ ȬȲƢ ǠŒǕ Ǡȶȭ ÛȰȒȥǕ ǧǠȵɀȲȞȵ ƂǙ ȯɀȍɀȱǟ ǥǻǠȞȱǟ ǠőǠɆȲȮɆȽ ȸȶȑ ǦȝɀȺǪȵ ǧǠȵǠȶǪȽǟ ƾȒɅǕ ǧǠȆȅǘƫǟ ȻǾȽ ȰȢǪȆǩ Ǽȩ .ǧǠǣɀȪȞȱǟ ȏȀȥ ǠȾɆȲȝ ƙǤȡǟȀȱǟ ǻȀƭ ȿǕ ǦɆǵɎȍɋǟ ǧǠȾǱɀǪȱǟ Ƀȿǽ ȄȱǠǲƫǟ ǒǠȒȝǕȿ ȷɀȪȩǼƫǟ ÛȯǠǮƫǟ ȰɆǤȅ ɂȲȝ)

.(ȴȾȆȦȹǕ ǦɅǠƥ Ž

ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ǻɀȾǱ ǦȲȮɆȽ .ď ɂȲȝ ǧǟǼǵɀȱǟ ȻǾƬ ȸȮƹ .ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮƫ ǧǟǼǵȿ ȀǝǟȿǼȱǟȿ ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȐȞǣ ǧǖȊȹǕ

ǧǠȞɅȀȊǪȲȱ ȸȮƹ Û(ǦȦȲȭ ȰȩǕȿ) ȀȢȍǕ ȧǠȖȹ ɂȲȝȿ .ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǻɀȾǱ ȴȝǼǩ ȷǕ Ɨȕɀȱǟ ɁɀǪȆƫǟ ǦǶȥǠȮƫ ȨɆȆȺǩ ǦǞɆȽ ȰɆȮȊǩ (Č :ɄȲɅ Ǡƞ ȸȵǟȂǪȵ ȰȮȊǣ ȳɀȪǩ ȷǕ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮƞ ǦȍǠƪǟ

ȨɆȆȺǪȱǟ ǧǠɆȱǓ ȸȵ ǦȦȲǪǺƫǟ ȯǠȮȉɉǟ ƙȮƢ (čȿ ÛǦȶǝǠȪȱǟ ǧǟǼǵɀȱǟ ȸȵ ȤȱǖǪǩ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ƙȮƢȿ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ǦɆȲȶȝ ȸȵ ǦȦȲǪǺƫǟ Ǣȹǟɀƨǟ ȰɆȎȦǩ ȷǠȶȑ ȸȵ ȣǟȀȉɋǟ ǧǠǞɆȽȿ

.ǦɆȲȶȞȱǟ ȬȲǩ ȼɆȲȝ ɃɀȖȺǩ Ǡȵ ǦǤȩǟȀȵ ȸȵ ȃǠȺȱǟ

ȯǠƩǟ ɀȽ Ǡȶȭ ÛǻǠȆȦȱǟ ɂȲȝ ǥȀȖɆȆȱǟ Ž ǥǼȝǠȆƫǟ ǠȾȺȮƹ ȰȒȥǕ ƙȹǟɀȩ ɂȲȝ ɁȀǹǕ ǥǼɅǼȝ ǦȲǮȵǕ ȫǠȺȽ.ǦȝȿȀȊƫǟ Ƙȡ ǦȖȊȹɉǟ ȧǠȖȹ ȰɆȲȪǩ Ž Ȕ ĉȆǤȵ ȌɆǹȀǩ ȷɀȹǠȩ ȿǕ ǦǪǣǠǮȱǟ ǦǤɅȀȒȱǟ ȴȽǠȆǩ ǠȵǼȺȝ

.ǦɆȲȪȞȱǟ ǧǟȀǭǘƫǟȿ ǧǟǿǼǺƫǟ Ž țȿȀȊƫǟ Ƙȡ ǿǠƟɍǟ ǦǶȥǠȮƫ ǥǼǶǪƫǟ ȴȵɉǟ ǦɆȩǠȦǩǟ¼ ƃȿǼȱǟ ǼɆȞȎȱǟ ɂȲȝ ǥǼɆȦƫǟ ȨǣǟɀȆȱǟ ȸȵ .Ǖ :ǦȚǵɎȵThe United Nations, E/CONF.82/15 and Corr. 1 and 2)

ȨȲȞǪɅ ǠȶɆȥ ǧǟǒǠȅǙ ǫȿǼǵ ȯǠȶǪǵǟ ǢǤȆǣȿ .ȴȾǪƫǟ ɂȲȝ ǥǒǟƎȱǟ ǧǠǤǭǙ ǒǢȝ ȷɀȮɅȿ Ûȯɀȍɉǟ Ȃǲǵ ǕǼǤȵ ȨɆǤȖǩ ȴǪɅ ǬɆǵ Û(ǦȆȵǠƪǟ ǥǻǠƫǟ ȸȵ ȜǣǠȆȱǟ ǼȺǤȱǟ ƿǼɅǼƠ ȀȚȹǟ.ȐȪȺȲȱ ăɎǣǠȩ ȼȲȞǱȿ Ǧȱǻɉǟ ɂȲȝ ȻȀȎȩȿ ǧǠǤǭɋǟ ǒǢȝ ȄȮȝ Ǣƶ ȼȹǕ ǴǱǿɉǠȥ ÛǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȴȾǪǣ

ǦɅȀǵȿ ÛǦȆȥǠȺȶȲȱ ǥǻǼǶƫǟ ȓȿȀȊȱǟ ƘɆȢǩ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ǦɅǠȩɀȱǟ Ž ǦȝǠƱ ȀǮȭǕ ǰŒ ɄĉȺǤǩ ȸȮƹ:ɄȲɅ Ǡȵ ȰǮȵ ǿɀȵǕ Ž ǦɅǠȺȞǣ ȀȚȺȱǟ Ȭȱǽ ƗȞɅȿ .ȂȥǟɀƩǟȿ ǦȱǒǠȆƫǟȿ ÛȣȀȎǪȱǟ

ǦɅǼȲǤȲȱ ǦǶɆǶȊȱǟ ǻǿǟɀƫǟ ȂɆȭȀǩȿ ÛǦɆǱǿǠǹ ǻɀȪȝ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ǠȽǾɆȦȺǩ ȿǕ ȯǠȢȉɉǟ ǦȎǺȎǹ .Č.ȃǠɆȪȲȱ ǦȲǣǠȩȿ ǠȾɆȲȝ ȨȦǪȵ ǰǝǠǪȹ ȨȪƠ ȷǠȶȒȱ ǦǤȩǟȀƫǟȿ ȈɆǪȦǪȱǟ ɂȲȝ

ǦɅȀǵ Ǵȑɀǩ ǠŒǕ ĉɍǙ ÛɃȀȚȹ ƁǠȝ Ž ǦɆȱǠǮȵ ȷɀȮǩ ɍ Ǽȩ ǦȶȚȹǕȿ Ǽȝǟɀȩ "ȰȒȥǕ ƆǠǭ" ɄĉȺǤǩ .č ǦǤȞȲȱǟ Ǽȝǟɀȩ ȀȊȹ ƾȒɅǕ ǦɆȆɆǝȀȱǟ ǧǟɀȖƪǟ ȸȵȿ .ǦǤȞȲȱǟ Ǽȝǟɀȩ ȴȾȥ ȰȾȆȱǟ ȸȵ ȰȞƟȿ ȣȀȎǪȱǟ

.(ȀȊȝ ȄȵǠƪǟ ȜǣȀƫǟ ȀȚȹǟ) ƙȺȕǟɀƫǟ ƙǣ

ȷǟȀȩɉǟ Ǡŏ ȳɀȪɅ Ɣȱǟ ǧǠȞǱǟȀƫǟ Ȭȱǽ Ž Ǡƞ ÛǰǝǠǪȺȱǟ ȯɀǵ ǧǠȵɀȲȞȶȲȱ ǥǼɅǼǱ ǿǻǠȎȵ ǻǠƶǙ .Ď ȳǼȝ ǦȥǠȪǮȥ Ûǒǟǻɉǟ ǯǽǠȶȺȱ ȨɆȩǼȱǟ ȴɆɆȪǪȱǟȿ ȣǟǼȽɉǟ ǧǟȀȉǘȵȿ ǦɆȞȶǪǲƫǟ ȴɆɆȪǪȱǟ ǧǠɆȲȶȝȿ

.ǥǒǠȦȮȱǟ ȳǼȝȿ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȁȂȞɅ ɃǾȱǟ Ȁȵɉǟ ÛǦǩȿǠȦǪȵ Ƙȡ ǦɆȹǼǪȵ ǿɀǱǕ ƂǙ Ƀǻǘǩ ǒǟǻɉǟ

ǢȝɎǩ ȿǕ ȸɅǼɆȦǪȆƫǟ ɁǼȱ ȯǠɆǪǵǟ ǻɀǱȿ ǦɆȱǠȶǪǵǟ ȜǤǪǩ Ž ȀǩɀɆǤȶȮȲȱ ȀȮǪǤƫǟ ȳǟǼǺǪȅɍǟ .ď ȿǕ ǦɅȀɅǼȪǪȱǟ ǦȦȲȮȱǟ ȁȿǠƟ ȿǕ ǧǠȦȪȆƫǟ ǢǝǟȀȑ ȸȵ ǢǱɀǪȵ ɀȽ Ǡȵ ȰȩǕ Ȝȥǻ ȿǕ ǧǟǒǠȖȞȱǟ Ž

.ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ȯǠȢȉɉǟ Ž ǦȾǤȊȲȱ ǥƘǮȵ ǧǟƘǹǖǩ

.ƾȪǣǠȅ ǠȺĉɆǣ Ǡȶȭ ÛǦɆǩǟǾȱǟ ǦǣǠȩȀȱǟ ǧǠɆȱɇ ȋǠƪǟ țǠȖȪȱǟ ȳǟǼǺǪȅǟ .Đ

.ƾȒɅǕ ƾȪǣǠȅ ǠȺĉɆǣ Ǡȶȭ ÛȂȥǟɀƩǟ ɂȲȝ ǦɅǿǾǱ ǡǿǠƟ ǒǟȀǱǙ .đ

املربع اخلامس عشر – دليل املواطنني يساعد في الوقاية من الفساد

ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǦȶȚȹɉǟȿ ǼȝǟɀȪȱǟ ȷǕ ƂǙ ǠȾȺȵ ǒȂǱ Ž ǥǼǝǠȝ ƗɆǩȿȀȱǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ȁǠǣɍ ǦɅǼȲǣ ǥǠȹǠȞȵ ǨȹǠȭ ȰɆǶǪȆƫǟ ȼǤȉ ȸȵ ȷǠȭ ÛȯǠǮƫǟ ȰɆǤȅ ɂȲȝ .ȃǠȺȱǟ ȳǠȵǕ ȣǠȦȉ ȰȮȊǣ ǦǶȑɀȵ Ƙȡȿ ǦɅǠȢȲȱ ǥǼȪȞȵ ǨȹǠȭ ƾǪȅ ǢȲȖǪǩ ǿɍȿǻ ɄȦȱǕ ȷȿǻ ǦɆȺɆǩȿȀȱǟ ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ ǨȹǠȭȿ ÛǠȵ ǴɅȀȎǩ ɂȲȝ ȯɀȎƩǟ ǦɆȦɆȭ ǦȥȀȞȵ ǦȱȿǠƮ Ž ȏɀȶȢȱǟȿ ǧǟƘǹǖǪȱǟ ȸȵ Ȱȭ ȯɎȢǪȅǟ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ɄȦșɀȵ ǿȿǼȪƞ ȷǠȭ ÛǟǾȱ .ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ǥɀȖǹ ȸɅȀȊȝȿ ɄȽ Ǡȵ ǨȆɆȱ ǦȶȚȹɉǟ ȷǕ ǟȿǼȪǪȞɆȱ ȴȾȝǟǼƝ ƙȺȕǟɀƫǟ ȁǟȂǪǣǟ ı ǧɍǠƩǟ ȐȞǣ Ž ı ȿǕ ɁȿǠȉȀȱǟ ǢȲȕ

.Ȝȩǟɀȱǟ Ž ȼɆȲȝ

6263


ǥǼɅǼȊȱǟ ȴȾǪȵȿǠȪȵ ǢǤȆǣȿ ǒǟȀǱǙ Ȱȭ ȼɆȲȝ ɃɀȖȺɅ Ǡȵ ȔǤȒȱǠǣ ǟɀȦȎɅ ȷǕ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ɄȦșɀȵ ȸȵ ǢȲȖȱǟ Ź ȷǠǪǣǠǲǪȅǟ ǧǒǠǱ .ȳǠȞȱǟ ȸȝ ǼɅȂɅ Ǡȵ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ǦȞǤǪƫǟ ǯɀȾȺȱǟ ȜɆƤ ȨɆǭɀǩ ǦɆȲȶȝ ǨȩȀȢǪȅǟ ÛȬȱǾȱ

Ǩȅ Ž ȸɅȀȊȞȱǟȿ ǦǪȆȱǟ ǧǟɀȖƪǟ ǿǠȎǪǹǟ Ź ǼȪȥ .ǧǟǒǟȀǱɋǟ ȔɆȆǤǩ Ź ȼȹǕ ǠȶƬȿǕ .ƿƘǤȭ ƾȩȀȥ ǠǭǼǶǪȱ ǢȒǪȪȵ ȰȮȊǣ ǠȵǙ ȴǪɅ ȷǠȭ ɃǾȱǟ) ǠɅǠȒȪȱǟ ȜɆȶƨ ƙȑȀǪȦȵ ǦȞǱǟȀȵȿ ƾȥǟȀȉǙ ƎǪȞɅ ȷǠȭ Ǡȵȿ .ǧǟɀȖǹ

.ǠɅǠȒȪȱǟ ȸȵ ǦɆǝǟɀȊȝ ǦȺĉɆȞȱ ǦȪɆȩǻ ǦȞǱǟȀȵ ǴǤȍǕ (ȧɎȕɋǟ ɂȲȝ ȴǪɅ ɍ ȿǕ

ȷǠȭ ÛƙȺȕǟɀƫǟ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȲȱ ǦǤȆȺȱǠǣȿ .ǧǟǒǟȀǱɋǟ ǦȥǠȭ ǳȀȊɅ ƙȺȕǟɀȶȲȱ ăɎɆȱǻ ǧȀȊȹ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȷǕ ǠȶȾɆȹǠǭȿ.ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǦȶȚȹɉǟȿ ǧǟǒǟȀǱɋǟ ȯɀǵ ǥȀȉǠǤȵȿ ǦɆȝɀȑɀȵ ǧǠȵɀȲȞȵ ɂȲȝ ȯɀȎǶȲȱ Ƃȿɉǟ ȴȾǪȍȀȥ ȰɆȱǼȱǟ ÛȳɀȅȀȱǟȿ ǢǝǟȀȒȱǟ Ȝȥǻ Ž ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ȧȿǼȺȎȱǟ ǒǠȺȵǕ ȸȵ ăɍǼǣ ǦȍǠƪǟ ȫɀȺǤȱǟ ȁǠǣɍ ǦɅǼȲǣ ǨȵǼǺǪȅǟ

Žȿ .ȴȾȺȵ ɂȪǤǩ ȸȵ Ǣǩǟȿǿ Ž ǦȲǝǠȽ ǧǟǻǠɅȁ ȰǣǠȪȵ ƙȦșɀƫǟ ǻǟǼȝǕ Ž ƘǤȭ ȌɆȲȪǩ ƂǙ ɁǻǕ ɃǾȱǟ Ȁȵɉǟ ǿǠȞȅǕ ƂǙ ǼȺǪȆɅ ȔɆȆǣ ǯǽɀƴ ȀɅɀȖǩ Ź ÛǧǠȦȪȆƫǟ ǢǝǟȀȑ ƙȶơ Ž ǘȕǟɀǪȱǟ ȸȵ ǼǶȲȱ ɃǿǾǱ ȫȀƠ ȸ ĉȖǤȵ ǼɅǼő ǻɀǱȿ Ȝȵ ÛȴőǠȮȲǪư ǦȶɆȩ ȴȾȆȦȹǖǣ ǟɀȺ ĉȶƸ ȷǕ ƙȺȕǟɀƫǟ ȸȵ ǢȲ ćȕ ÛŻ ȸȵ .ɃǿǠȪȞȱǟ ȧɀȆȱǟ

ƙȺȕǟɀƫǟ ǼɅȿȂǩ Ź Ǡȶȭ .Ȝȩǟɀȱǟ ȸȵ ƘǮȮǣ ȰȩǕ Ǡŏ ǳĉȀȎƫǟ ǦȶɆȪȱǟ ǨȹǠȭ ȷǙ ȯȁǠȺƫǟ ǒǟȀȉ ǠȾȺȮƹ ǦȱȿǼȱǟ ȷǖǣ Ž ǧǠȦȪȆƫǟ ǦǤɅȀȑ Ǽǝǟɀȝ ǨȞȦǩǿǟ :ȷɀȺȕǟɀƫǟ ȷȿǠȞǩȿ .ǠȾȞȩǟɀȵȿ ȴƬȁǠȺȵ ǧǠȦȍǟɀȵ ǢȆƜ ǧǟǻǠȉǿǚǣ

.ƾǤɅȀȪǩ ǥǼȅǠȦȱǟ ǧǠǤɆǩȀǪȱǟ ȸȵ ȌȲǺǪȱǟ ǼȞǣ Ɠǵ ƘǤȭ ȰȮȊǣ ȁǠǣɍ

Ž ƙȭǿǠȊƫǟ ȴɆɆȪǪȱ ǦȍǠƪǟ ǧǠȆȅǘȶȲȱ ǠɆȦɆȱɀǣ Ž ǦɆȺȕɀȱǟ ǦȵɀȮƩǟ ȳǟǼǺǪȅǟ ɁȀǹɉǟ ǦȲǮȵɉǟ ȸȵ ǧǠȆȅǘƫǟ ȷǕ ɄȽ ǥȀȮȦȱǟ ȷǕ ĉɍǙ ÛǻǠȆȦȱǠǣ ƾȶő ǨȾǱǟȿ ǦɆȲȶȞȱǟ ȻǾȽ ȷǕ Ȝȵȿ .ǦɆȵɀȮƩǟ ǧǟǒǠȖȞȱǟ

ǒǟǿǼƫǟ ƙǣ ǥǼȅǠȥ ǧǠȩɎȝ ȷɀȮɅ ȷǕ ȸȮƹ Ǡȵ ǦǤȩǟȀȵ ɂȲȝ ƎȭǕ ȂȥǠǵ ǠȾɅǼȱ ǠȾǪȞƧ ɂȲȝ ɂȊơ Ɣȱǟ ǦɆȱȿǼȱǟ.ǥǿɀȖǪƫǟ Ƙȡ ǦɆȵɀȮƩǟ ǧǠȆȅǘƫǟ ȸȵ ƙȵǼǺǪȆƫǟȿ

العمل مع البيروقراطية وليس ضدها

.ǦȶȚȺȵ ǧǟƘɆȢǩ ǫǟǼǵǙ ȰǱǕ ȸȵ ȴȾǪǤȩǟȀȵȿ ȴȽǼȊǵȿ ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ ɄȦșɀȵ ȴȝǻ ƙȵǖǩ Ǣƶ

البدء بأمر إيجابي

ȴȾɆȦșɀȵ ɂȲȝ ȳɀǲȽ ȼȹǕ ȿǼǤɅ Ǡƞ ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ ƃȿǘȆȵ ǿǠǤȭ ǕǼǤɅ ȷǕ ǦȶȮƩǟ Ƙȡ ȸȵ ȷǕ ǡǿǠǲǪȱǟ ǠȺȶĉȲȞǩ ɂȲȝ ǢȲȢǪȱǟ Ž ǴƱ ɃǾȱǟ ÛǠȹɎǣ ȸɅȀȥǙ ɄȑǠȪȱǟ ǧǠȶȲȮǣȿ .ǥǼȅǠȥ ǠŒǕ ƾȥȿȀȞȵ ȷǠȭ ȷǙ Ɠǵ ÛȴőǠȆȅǘȵȿ

ȬȺȮƹ ɍ" :ƙǤȲȦȱǟ Ž ǦɆȲǹǟǼȱǟ ǼǝǟɀȞȱǟ ǢǪȮȵ Ž ǠȽǟȀǱǕ Ɣȱǟ ǦȞȅǟɀȱǟ ǧǠǵɎȍɋǟ Ž ȴȚȺƫǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ɄȑǠȪȱǟ Ǿơǟ ".ȴȾȩǠȺȝǕ ȧǼǪȅ ȬȹǙȿ ǿǟȀȉǕ ȜɆȶƨǟ ȷǙ ăɎǝǠȩ ÛȐɆǣɉǟ ȃǿǠȦȱǟ Ȭȹǖȭ ǦȆȅǘȵ ȯɀǹǻ

.ǒǟǻɊȱ ǥǼɅǼǱ ȄɆɅǠȪȵ ȀɅɀȖǪǣ ȳǠȩ ȷǕ ǦȥǻǠȎȵ ȸȮɅ Ɓȿ ÛăɍȿǕ ȼɆȦșɀȵ ǥǼȝǠȆƫ ǦɆǣǠƶǙ ǧǟɀȖǹ

ȷǕ Ǣƶ ɃǾȱǟ ȯǠƫǟ ȐȞǣ ǟɀȞȑȿ ȿǕ ȼǱȿ ȰȶȭǕ ɂȲȝ ȴȾȲȶȝ ǟȿǻǘɅ Ɓ ȴȽ ȷǙ ǥǒǠȦȮȱǟ ɂȲȝ ȰȎƠ ȸȱ ƾȵǠȚȹ ǨȞȑȿ ÛǟǾȱ ...ǥǒǠȦȮȱǟ ɂȲȝ ǥǖȥǠȮȶȲȱ ȳǠȚȹ ƂǙ ǦǱǠƜ ǠȺȭ ÛȬȱǾȱ .ȴŏɀɆǱ Ž ǦȵɀȮǶȲȱ ǢȽǾɅ

ǢǝǟȀȒȱǟ ƙȶǺǪǣ ȷɀȵɀȪɅ ȸɅǾȱǟ ȬǞȱȿǕ ǦȍǠǹ ÛȼȶɆȶȎǩ Ž ȃǠȺȱǟ ǨȭȀȉǕȿ Ûǒǟǻɉǟ ȴɆɆȪǪȱ ƿǼɅǼǱ.ƙȥȀȊƫǟ ƙȺȶǺƫǟ ȐȞǣ ƂǙ ǦȥǠȑɋǠǣ ÛǠȾǪɅǠǤǱȿ

ȸȵ ăɍǼǣ .ǦɆȩȀǪȱǟ ǿǟȀȩ ȻǼɆǣ ɃǾȱǟ ȌǺȊȱǟ ǦȍǠǹ ÛǦɆȎǺȉ ǧǠȶɆɆȪǩ ȷȿȀǲćɅ ȷɀȊǪȦƫǟ ȷǠȭ ÛȨǣǠȆȱǟ Ž ȸȵ ȼǣ ȳǟȂǪȱɍǟ Ź Ǡȵ ǻǼȝȿ ÛȸĉȶƯ Ȱȭ Ǡŏ ȳɀȪɅ Ɣȱǟ ǧǠȺɆȶǺǪȱǟ ǻǼȝ ƂǙ ǼȺǪȆɅ ƾȵǠȚȹ ǨǭǼǶǪȅǟ ÛȬȱǽ ē.ȸĉȶǺƫǟ ǦɆǵɎȍ țɀȹȿ ȴǲǵ ɂȲȝ ǻǠȶǪȝɍǠǣ Ȭȱǽ Ȱȭȿ ÛȰȞȦȱǠǣ ǠȾǪɅǠǤǱ Ź Ɣȱǟ ȠȱǠǤƫǟȿ ÛǧǠȺɆȶǺǪȱǟ

التشديد على املعلومات واحلوافز

ǥǼɅǼǱ Ȃȥǟɀǵ ƂǙ ǦȥǠȑɋǠǣ Ûǒǟǻɉǟ ȯɀǵ ǥǼɅǼǱ ǧǠȵɀȲȞȵ Ƙȥɀǩ ƙȦșɀƫǟ ȂɆȦƠ Ž ǦɅǿɀǶƫǟ ȀȍǠȺȞȱǟ ȸȵ ȴɆȚȺǪȱǟ ǥǻǠȝǙ (Ǖ) ǬɆǵ ȸȵ Ƀǿǟǻɋǟ ǳɎȍɋǟ ɂȲȝ ȷȿȂȭȀɅ ǒǟǿǼƫǟ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǠȥ .ǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǟ ȬȲǪǣ ǦȖǤǩȀȵ ȰȶǪǶƫǟ Ƙȡ ȸȵ ȷǚȥ ÛȴȚȺȵ ǻǠȆȥ ǻɀǱɀǣ ȼȹǕ ɀȽ Ȭȱǽ ɂȲȝ ǠȺȑǟȀǪȝǟ .ǥǼɅǼǱ ǧǟǒǠȦȭ ǦȥǠȑǙ (ǡ)ȿ ȰȮȊǣ ǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǟ ǦǞɆǤǣ ȼǪɆȶȆǩ ȸȮƹ Ǡȵ ƘɆȢǩ ȴǪɅ Ɓ Ǡȵ ÛƿƘǤȭ ƾȩȀȥ ƙǩɀȖƪǟ ƙǩǠȽ ȸȵ ɃǕ ǫǼǶćǩ ȷǕ ȨɆȪǶǪȱ ǦȪɅȀȕ ȰȒȥǕ ÛƾȦȹǓ ǠȹȀȭǽ Ǡȶȭȿ ǠȺɅǕȀǣ .(ǦɆǤȲȆȱǟȿ ǦɆǣǠƶɋǟ) ȂȥǟɀƩǟ ƘɆȢǩ ƂǙ ǦȥǠȑɋǠǣ ÛɃǿǾǱ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǒɎȶȝ ȸȵ ǦȞǱǟȀȱǟ ǦɅǾȢǪȱǟ ȳǼǺǪȆɅȿ ȸɅȀǭǖǪƫǟ ƙȦșɀƫǟ ȫȀȊćɅ ƑɅȀƟ ǰŒ ɄĉȺǤǩ ɄȽ ǧǠɅǠȢȱǟ ȻǾȽ

.ƙȺȕǟɀƫǟȿ

ƘǮȮȱǟ Ž ȼǱɀǪȱǟ ǦɆǣȀȡ ǦɆȕǟȀȩȿƘǣ ǦȶȚȹǕ ȴɆȝǼǩ ǦȱȿǠƮ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ǦȕǠȆǤǣ ȰȒȥǕ ǧǠȵɀȮǵ ǒǠȺǣ ȰȊȥ ǼȪȱ ɂȲȝ .ǦǶǱǠȹ ǦɆȵɀȮǵ ǧǠȆȅǘȵ ǿɀȾȚȱ ƾɆǩǟɀȵ ȄɆȱ ȯȿǼȱǟ ȬȲǩ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ Ž ȧǠɆȆȱǠȥ ÛǦɆȵǠȺȱǟ ȯȿǼȱǟ ȸȵ

:ȯǠǮƫǟ ȰɆǤȅ

ǦɆȲǹǟǼȱǟ ǦǣǠȩȀȱǟ ǦȶȚȹǕ ȨɆȞɅ ɃǾȱǟ Ȁȵɉǟ ÛǠȾǪȦȲȭ țǠȦǩǿǟȿ ǧǠȶɆɆȪǪȱǟȿ ǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǟ Ǵȉ .Č.ǦɆǱǿǠƪǟȿ

ǢǤȆǣ Ȭȱǽȿ ÛɄȆȅǘƫǟȿ ɃǻȀȦȱǟ ƙɅɀǪȆƫǟ ɂȲȝ ǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǟ ǦƨǠȞȵ ǧǟǿǠȾȵ ȤȞȑ .č ǻǼȝ ǻɀǱȿ ƂǙ ǦȥǠȑɋǠǣ ÛȯǠǮƫǟ ȰɆǤȅ ɂȲȝ ȀǩɀɆǤȶȮȱǟ ǥȂȾǱǕ ǦȲȩȿ ǦɆȹǼǪƫǟ ȴɆȲȞǪȱǟ ǧǠɅɀǪȆȵ

.Ȭȱǽ ƂǙ Ǡȵȿ ǒǠȎǵɋǟ ǒǟƎǹȿ ƙȪȩǼƫǟȿ ƙǤȅǠǶƫǟ ȰǮȵ ÛƙȎǪǺƫǟ ȸȵ ƾɆǤȆȹ ȰɆȲȩ

ȷȿǻ ĉȀƹ ƾǤɅȀȪǩ ǒɃǻȀȱǟ ǒǟǻɉǟȿ ǥǖȥǠȮȵ ȷȿǻ ĉȀƹ ƾǤɅȀȪǩ ǼɆƨǟ ǒǟǻɉǟ ȷǕ ƖȞƞ ÛȂȥǟɀƩǟ ȤȞȑ .Ď.ȂȥǟɀƩǟ ǦȶȚȹǕ ǳɎȍɋ ǦɆȲȶȞȱǟ ǴǝǠȎȺȱǟ ȐȞǣ ȀȊȝ ȃǻǠȆȱǟ ȜǣȀƫǟ ȳ ĉǼȪɅ .ǡǠȪȝ

.ǢɆȽȀǩȿ ȤȺȝ ȸȵ ƾȹǠɆǵǕ ǠȾȪȥǟȀɅ Ǡȵȿ ǦɆȅǠɆȆȱǟ ǧǟǿǠȮǪǵɍǟ ǦȺȶɆȽ .ď

ȰȭǠȊȵ ƂǙ ȼȺȵ ǒȂǱ Ž Ȭȱǽ ǻɀȞɅȿ ÛȄȥǠȺȵ Ȝȩɀƞ ȷɀȮǩ Ɣȱǟȿ ǥǻǠȒƫǟ ǧǠȆȅǘƫǟ ȤȞȑ .Đ.ǦȱȿǼȱǟ ȰǤȩ ȸȵ ǦɆǝǟǼȞȱǟ ǧǟǒǟȀǱɋǟ ǢǤȆǣ ƾȒɅǕ ȸȮȱ ÛȂȥǟɀƩǟȿ ǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǟ

ǦǱǠƩǟ ȷȿǻ Ûǒǟǻɉǟ Ž ǦɆȵɀȮƩǟ ǧǠȆȅǘƫǟ ȰȊȥ Ȁ ĉȆȦǩ ǦȞȺȪȵ ǦɅǻǠȎǪȩǟ ǡǠǤȅǕ ȫǠȺȽ ÛƃǠǪȱǠǣ .đ.ȯɀȲǵ ǻǠƶɋ ƿǿɀȥ ǠƬ ǧǠȦǪȱɍǟ ȿǕ ÛǦɆȅǠɆȆȱǟȿ ǦɆȥǠȪǮȱǟ ȰȵǟɀȞȱǟ Ȁȭǽ ƂǙ

6465


:ɄȲɅ Ǡȵ ɂȲȝ ȰȶǪȊǪȅ ǥǼȅǠȦȱǟ ǦɆȕǟȀȩȿƘǤȱǟ ǦȶȚȹɉǟ ǳɎȍǙ ǒɁǻǠǤȵ ȷǚȥ ÛȬȱǽ ɂȲȝ ăǒǠȺǣ

ƾɆƧǿ ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟȿ ƙȝĉȀȊƫǟȿ ǒɎȶȞȱǟ ɃǼɅǕ ƙǣ ǠȾȞȑȿȿ ÛȴɆɆȪǪȱǟ ǧǠɆȲȶȝȿ ǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǟ ȂɅȂȞǩ .Č.(Ȭȱǽ ƂǙ Ǡȵȿ ǥǠȒȪȱǟȿ ȷɀȪȩǼƫǟȿ ȴɆȚȺǪȱǟ ǧǠǞɆȽ) ȣǟȀȉɋǟ ȸȝ

.ǠȾɆȲȝ ȨȦǪƫǟ ȣǟǼȽɉǟ ȨɆȪǶǪǣ ǦȍǠƪǟ ǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǠǣ ǠȾȖǣǿȿ ÛȂȥǟɀƩǟ ƙȆƠ .č ɄȞɅȀȊǪȱǟ ȳǠȚȺȱǟȿ ȳɎȝɋǟȿ ƆǼƫǟ ȜȶǪǲƫǟ ǠȾɆȥ Ǡƞ ı ǦȆȥǠȺƫǟ ǥǻǠȒƫǟ ɁɀȪȱǟȿ ǦȆȥǠȺƫǟ ȂɅȂȞǩ .Ď

ǦȦȲǪǺƫǟ ǧǟɀȍɉǟȿ ſǠȎȶȲȱ ǴȶȆǩ Ɣȱǟ ǧǟǒǟȀǱɋǟȿ ı ǦɆȅǠɆȆȱǟ ǡǟȂǵɉǟȿ ȴȭǠǶƫǟȿ .ǥǿǟǻɋǟȿ ǧǠȅǠɆȆȱǟ Ž ƘǭǖǪȱǠǣ

ȸȵ ǼɅȂƫǟ Ûǻǿǟɀƫǟ ȸȵ ǼɅȂƫǟ ÛǢɅǿǼǪȱǟ ȸȵ ǼɅȂƫǟ :ǼɅȂƫǟ ɂȲȝ ǦȶǝǠȪȱǟ ǯɀȾȺȱǟ Ȝȵ ǰȾȺȱǟ ǟǾȽ ȏǿǠȞǪɅ ǒǟȀǱǙ ȷȿǼȥ .ƗȦȱǟ ǻǠȺȅɋǟ ȸȵ ǼɅȂƫǟ ÛɃȂȭȀƫǟ ȔɆȖǺǪȱǟ ȸȵ ǼɅȂƫǟ ÛȨɆȆȺǪȱǟ ȸȵ ǼɅȂƫǟ ÛǧǠɅǠȺǤȱǟ

ȬȲǪȭ ǧǠȩǠɆȅ Ž ǥǘȦȮȱǟ Ƙȡȿ ǥǼȅǠȦȱǟ ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ǥǿǟǻɋǟ ǦȲȮȊȵ ȰƷ ȸȱ ǼɅȂƫǟ ȷǚȥ ÛǦȶȚȺȵ ǧǠǵɎȍǙ Ž ǥǿɀǭ ǦȞɆȲȕ Ž ȷɀȮǩ ȷǕ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮƫ ȸȮƹ ÛƖȞƫǟ ǟǾŏȿ .ǦɆȵǠȺȱǟ ȯȿǼȱǟ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ Ž ǥǻɀǱɀƫǟ

.ȷǼƫǟ ȷȿǘȉ ǥǿǟǻǙ

املربع السادس عشر – بعض النصائح العملية إلصالحات احلوافز

ǥƘǤȭ ǧǠȒɆȦơ ǟȿǿǠǣǕ ƙȲȮȵ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȄɆǝǿ ɁȀǱǕ ÝǿɀǱɉǟ ǥǻǠɅȂȱ ȯǠƫǟ ɂȲȝ ȰȎƲ ȸɅǕ ȸȵ :ɀȽ ȯȿɉǟ ȯǟǘȆȱǟ .ȻǾȾȭ ǥɀȖǹ ɂȲȝ ǠƬɎǹ ȸȵ ȷɀȞȥǟǼɅ ǦȵȁǕ ȴȾɅǼȱ ȷɀȮɅ ȸȱ ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǒǠȅǗǿ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ ȸȮȱ ÛƙȦșɀƫǟ ǻǟǼȝǕ Ž Ɠǵȿ ÛǠȾȆȦȺǣ ǠȾȦɆȱǠȮǩ ȜȥǼǩ ȷǕ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ȤɆȱǠȮǪȱǟ Ƙȥɀǩȿ Ǽǝǟɀȝ ǼɆȱɀǪǣ ǦȪȲȞǪƫǟ ȀǝǟȿǼȱǠǣ ǕǼǤǩ Ɣȱǟ ǡǿǠǲǪȲȱ ȸȮƹ

ȸȮƹȿ .ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ɁȀǹǕ Ȁǝǟȿǻ Ž ȂȥǟɀƩǟ ɂȲȝ ǡǿǠǲǪȱǟ ȸȵ ǦɆȹǠǭ ǦȱɀǱ ȰɅɀȶǪȱ ǠȾȵǟǼǺǪȅǟ ȸȮƹ Ǽǝǟɀȝ Ǽĉȱɀǩ Ǣǩǟȿǿ ȯǠȶȭǙ ȰǱǕ ȸȵ ǦɆǤȺǱɉǟ ǧǠȹɀȞƫǟ ȯǟɀȵǕ ȳǟǼǺǪȅǟ ƾȹǠɆǵǕ ȸȮƹȿ ÛƙȦșɀƫǟ Ȝȵ ȳǟǼǺǪȅɍǟ ȤɆȱǠȮǩ ȴȅǠȪǩ

.ƙɆȆɆǝȀȱǟ ƙȦșɀƫǟ

ȳǠȚȹȿ ǒǟǻɉǟ ȄɆɅǠȪȵȿ ǦȆȅǘȵ Ȱȭ ȣǟǼȽǕ ǼɅǼƠ Ž ȴȾȆȦȹǕ ƙȦșɀƫǟ ǦȭǿǠȊȵ ȂȥǟɀƩǟ ǧǠǵɎȍǙ ǢȲȖǪǩ.ȂȥǟɀƩǟ

ǠƫǠȕ ÛȷǟȀȩɉǟ ȸȵ Ǧȝɀȶƭ ȰǤȩ ȸȵ ȴɆɆȪǩ ǧǠɆȲȶȝ ȬȱǾȭȿ ÛǧǠǱȀǺȶȲȱ ǦɆȶȭȿ ǦɆȝɀȹ ȄɆɅǠȪȵ ȳǟǼǺǪȅǟ ȸȮƹ.("ȁǠǪư" ȀɅǼȪǩ ɂȲȝ ȜɆȶƨǟ ȰȎƷ ɍ ǬɆƜ ÛɃǕ) "ƖǶȺȵ ɂȲȝ" ǧǟȀɅǼȪǪȱǟ ǨȹǠȭ

.ǦɅǻȀȦȱǟ ȂȥǟɀƩǟ ȸȵ ȀǮȭǕ ǦȲȒȦȵȿ ǦɅǼƭ ǥǻǠȝ ǦɆȝǠȶƨǟ ȧȀȦȲȱ ȂȥǟɀƩǟ ƎǪȞćǩ

ǦȆȅǘȶȲȱ "ǦɆǱǠǪȹɋǟ ǦȦɆșɀȱǟ" ȰɆȲƠ ÛɁȀǹǕ ǥǿǠǤȞǣ Û"ǦɆȆɆǝȀȱǟ ȳǠȾƫǟ" ǼɅǼƠ ǼɆȦƫǟ ȸȵ Ûǒǟǻɉǟ ȄɆɅǠȪȵ ȴɆȶȎǩ ǼȺȝ.ȰȒȥǕ ǦȪɅȀȖǣ

.ǒɎȶȞȱǟ ȸȵ ǧǠȵɀȲȞȵ ȳǟǼǺǪȅǟ

ȸȵ țɀȺȱǟ ǟǾȽ ȨɆȪǶǪȱ ɄȞȆȱǟ ǼȺȝȿ .ǦȭȀǪȊƫǟ ǥǿǟǻɋǟ ȿǕ ǦɆȩɀȆȱǟ ǥɀȪȱǟ Ȝȵ ǧǠŏǠȊǩ ȸȝ ǬǶǤȱǟ .ǒɎȶȞȱǟ ƙȮƢ.ȰȍǟɀǪȵ ȰȮȊǣ "ȂȥǟɀƩǟȿ ǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǟ" Ž ƘȮȦǪȱǟ Ǣƶ ÛǧǠǵɎȍɋǟ

Ǣǩǟȿǿ ǥǻǠɅȂȱ ǠȽǼǝǟɀȝ ȸȵ ǒȂǱ ȳǟǼǺǪȅǟ ȸȮƹ Ɣȱǟ ÛǦɆȺɆȞȱǟ ǧǠƵǠȆƫǟ ȰǮȵ ÛǠȾŏǠȉ Ǡȵȿ ȳǟǼǺǪȅɍǟ ȳɀȅǿ ǢɅȀƟ.ȴƬ ǦȵǼȪƫǟ ǠɅǟȂƫǟȿ ƙȦșɀƫǟ

ȰȵǠȊȱǟ ȃǠɆȪȲȱ Ʉȝǟǻ ɍ ÛƿǼɅǼƠ ǡǿǠǲǪȱǟ ɄȦȥ .ǒǟǻɉǟ ȸȵ ǧǠȺĉɆȝ ɂȲȝ ȂȥǟɀƩǟ ȳǟǼǺǪȅǟ ȸȮƹ .ǦȺĉɆȞȱǟ ǕǼǤȵ Ȁ ĉȭǾǩ.ǧǠȭĉȀǶǪȱǟ ȸȵ țɀȹ Ȱȭ ȸȝ ǦƟǠȺȱǟ ǧǠǱȀǺƫǟ ȸȵ Ǽǵǟȿ ȰȮȱ

Ǣƶ Ǡȶȭ .ǦǣȀǲǪȱǠǣ ȴĉȲȞǪȹ ȷǕ ǠȺɆȲȝ .ǧǠȩȿɉǟ ȜɆƤȿ ǧǠȆȅǘƫǟ ȜɆƤ ɂȲȝ ȨǤȖȺǩ Ɣȱǟ ǦȲȵǠȊȱǟ ȂȥǟɀƩǟ ȔȖǹ ǢȺƟ.ȂȥǟɀƩǟ ǡǿǠƟ ȴɆɆȪǩ Ž ǥȀǭǖǪƫǟ ȣǟȀȕɉǟ ǦȭǿǠȊȵ ȸȵ ǼȭǖǪȱǟ

ÛɄȝɀȑɀȵ ȰȮȊǣ ǠȾɆȥ ǒǟǻɉǟ ȃǠɆȩ ƾɆǤȆȹ ȰȾȆɅ ąǳǟɀȹ Ž ǧǠǵɎȍǙ ǦǣȀƟ ƿǼɅǼƠ Ǣƶ .ǧɍǠƩǟ ȰȾȅǖǣ ǒǼǤȱǟ .ǦǣȀǲǪȲȱ źǟǾȱǟ ȰɅɀȶǪȱǟ Ž ȴȽǠȆɅ ȷǕ ȤɆȱǠȮǩ ȸȵ ȻƘȥɀǩȿ Ǽǝǟɀȝ ȸȵ ȼȞƤ Ź Ǡƫ ȸȮƹ ǬɆǵȿ

ÛȰȪȺȱǟ ÛǦȍǠƪǟ ȳǠȾƫǟ ÛȀȦȆȱǟ ÛǢɅǿǼǪȱǟ ÛǧǠɆȩȀǪȱǟ :ɁȀǹǕ ǧǔȥǠȮȵ ɂȲȝ ȂȥǟɀƩǟ ȰȶǪȊǩ ÛȯǠƫǟ ƂǙ ǦȥǠȑɋǠǣ.ƿȂȥǠǵ ȷɀȮǩ ȷǕ ǠȾȺȮƹ ȰȶȞȱǟ Ž ǒǟǻɉǟ ɁɀǪȆȵ ȯɀǵ ǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǟ Ɠǵ .ȔɆȆǤȱǟ ǴɅǼƫǟ ÛŸǠƶɋǟ ɃǕȀȱǟ ÛȂǝǟɀƨǟ

ȴȾȭȀȊćǩȿ ȴȾȪȲȩ ȸȵ ȤȦơ ǦǣȀƟ ǒǟȀǱǙ ǥȀȮȦȥ .ǢȹǠǱɉǟ ƙƲǠƫǟȿ ǧǟǻǠƠɍǟ ȸȵ ǦȍǠǹ ÛɄȅǠɆȆȱǟ ȴȝǼȱǟ ǼȊǵ.ȴɆɆȪǪȱǟȿ ȴɆȶȎǪȱǟ Ž

ǠƬɎǹ ȸȵ ȳɀȪɅ ǡǿǠƟ ȰɅɀȶǪȱ ƗȦȱǟ ȴȝǼȱǟ ȯǟɀȵǕ ȳǟǼǺǪȅǟ ÛȯǠǮƫǟ ȰɆǤȅ ɂȲȝ .ǢȹǠǱɉǟ ȸȵ ƗȦȱǟ ȴȝǼȱǟ ǦȑǿǠȞȵ ȣȿȀȞȵ ɀȽ Ǡƫ ɄȭǿǠȊǪȱǟ ȌɆǺȊǪȱǟ Ȩȥȿ ǦǣɀȲȖƫǟ "ǧǠȅǟǿǼȱǟ" ǒǟȀǱǚǣ ȷɀɆȵɀȮǵ ȷɀȦșɀȵ Ɠǵȿ ȷɀɆȲƮ ǒǟƎǹ

.ǦȺȮȶƫǟ ȯɀȲƩǟȿ ȰȭǠȊƫǟ ȸȝ ƾȪǤȆȵ

ƇǼȪǪȱ ƾȞȵ ȰȶȞǩ ȳǠȞȱǟȿ ȋǠƪǟ ƙȝǠȖȪȱǟ ȸȵ ǦȺɆǲȽ ǯǽǠƴ ǦǣȀƟ Ȭȱǽ ƗȞɅ ȷǕ ȸȮƹ .ǦȝǼǤȵ ǦȪɅȀȖǣ ǦȎǺȎƪǟ.ǧǠȵǼƪǟ

6667

الفصل السادس

6الفصل

استنتاجات ومالحظات مفّصلة

ȸȮƹ Ɣȱǟ ǧǟɀȖǺȲȱ ǦȵǠȝ ǦǶƫ ƇǼȪǩȿ ǡǠǪȮȲȱ ǦɆȆɆǝȀȱǟ ǿȿǠǶƫǟ ǦȞǱǟȀƞ ȳɀȪȺȅ ÛƘǹɉǟ ȰȎȦȱǟ ǟǾȽ Ž ȁǠǣɍ ǦȱǠǵ ƂǙ ǻɀȞȺȅ ÛŻ ȸȵ .ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ȤɆȦǺǪȱǟ ȰǱǕ ȸȵ ǠȽǽǠơǟ Ž ȀȚȺȱǟ ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ ƃȿǘȆȵ ǿǠǤȮȱ

ȷȀȪȱǟ ȸȵ ǧǠȺɆȹǠȶǮȱǟ Ž ƘǤȭ ȰȮȊǣ ȼǭǠǮǪǱǟ Ź ɃǾȱǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȷǕ ǬɆǵ ÛČĔĔđ ȳǠȝ ƂǙ Ǡŏ ȰȪǪȺȹȿÝǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ǧǟǿǻǠǤȵ ǦȵǟǼǪȅǟ ȯɀǵ Ȭȱǽ ȼɆǵɀɅ ɃǾȱǟ ǟǽǠȵ .ǿɀȾȚȲȱ ǻǠȝ ȸɅȀȊȞȱǟ

نظرة متفحصة على الفساد

ǥɀȉȀȱǟ ɂȲȝ ǥǼȅǠȦȱǟ ȯǠȞȥɉǟ ǦȶǝǠȩ ȰȶǪȊǩȿ .ǦɆƧǿ Ƙȡ ǧǠɅǠȢȱ ǢȎȺƫǟ ȳǟǼǺǪȅǟ ǥǒǠȅǙ ɀȽ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ɀȽ ǼǝǠȆȱǟ ǻǠȪǪȝɍǟ ȷǕ Ȝȵȿ .ǠȽƘȡ ƘǮȮȱǟȿ ȃɎǪǹɍǟȿ ȯǠɆǪǵɍǟȿ ǦȖȅǟɀȱǟȿ ƘǭǖǪȱǟ ȯɎȢǪȅǟȿ ȁǟȂǪǣɍǟȿ ȴȚȞȵ Ž ȓǿɀǪȵ ȋǠƪǟ țǠȖȪȱǠȥ .ȋǠƪǟ țǠȖȪȱǟ Ž ƾȒɅǕ ǻɀǱɀȵ ȼȹǕ ĉɍǙ ÛǦɆȵɀȮǵ ǦǞɆȖǹ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȷǕ

.ǠȾȺȵ ǯȿȀǺȲȱ ǦȪɅȀȕ ǼƱ ȷǕ ǠȺɆȲȝȿ ƾȞȵ ǦȲȮȊƫǟ ǟǾȽ Ž ȸƲ .ɄȵɀȮƩǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ

ȳǠȚȹ ÛȯǠǮƫǟ ȰɆǤȅ ɂȲȝ ı ǦǤȞȲȱǟ Ǽȝǟɀȩ ȏĉɀȪɅ ɃǾȱǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǠȥ .ȼȆȦȹ ǿȀȒȱǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȯǠȮȉǕ ȜɆƤ ǢǤȆǩ ɍ ǻǠȆȦȱǟȿ .ǦɆȅǠɆȆȱǟȿ ǦɅǻǠȎǪȩɍǟ ǦɆȶȺǪȱǟ ȀĉȵǼɅ ı ȏȿȀȪȱǟ ȿǕ ŽȀȎƫǟ ȳǠȚȺȱǟ ȿǕ ǦɆȮȲƫǟ ȧɀȪǵ ȿǕ ǦȱǟǼȞȱǟ

ƾɆǞɆǣ ƾȵǟ ĉǼȽ ȷɀȮɅ ȷǕ ȸȮƹ ɂȑȀƫǟ ȁǟȂǪǣǠǣ ǧǠɆȦȊǪȆȶȲȱ ȿǕ ǿǠŒɉǟ ǢɅȀǺǪǣ ƙǭɀȲȶȲȱ ǴȶȆɅ ɃǾȱǟ ǧɎȶƩǟ ȰɅɀƢ Ž ȔɆȆǤȱǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟȿ ǦȵǠȝ ǧǠȵǼǹ ɂȲȝ ȯɀȎǶȲȱ ɁȿǠȉǿ Ȝȥǻ ȷǚȥ ÛǦȹǿǠȪƫǠǣ .ƾɆȝǠȶǪǱǟȿ

.ƿǿȀȑ ȰȩǕ ȷɀȮɅ

ƾȒɅǕ ȸȮȶƫǟ ȸȵȿ ÛǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ǒɄȉ ȰĉȶƠ ǠȾȺȮƹ ǦȶȚȹɉǟ ȴȚȞȶȥ .ƾȒɅǕ ȴȾȵ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȴǲǵ ȷǚȥ ÛȜǤȖȱǠǣ ȻǿǠǭǓ ȷɀȮǩ ÛɄȞɆǤȖȱǟ Ȝȑɀȱǟ ɀȽ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǴǤȎɅ ǠȵǼȺȝ ȸȮȱ ÛȼȱɎǹ ȸȵ ƿǼǱ ǦȞɆȚȦȱǟ ǦȶȚȹɉǟ ȐȞǣ ƙȆƠ

.ǥĉǿǠȑ

ǦȱǠǵ ȸȵ ȤȲǪơ ȼȱǠȮȉǕȿ ȼȶǲǵ ȷǕ ĉɍǙ ÛǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ƆǠȞǩ ȯȿǼȱǟȿ ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȜɆƤ ȷǕ ȸȵ ȴȡȀȱǟ ɂȲȝ ÛǟǾȱ ȰȩǕ ɄȪǤǩ Ɣȱǟ ǡǠǤȅɉǟ ȸȵ ɀȽȿ ÛǦǤȞȲȱǟ Ǽȝǟɀȩ ǢɆȎǩ Ɣȱǟ țǟɀȹɉǟ ȬǪȥǕ ȴȚȺƫǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ƎǪȞćɅȿ .ɁȀǹɉ

.ǠƬǠǵ ɂȲȝ ƿǿɀȖǩ ǠȺǤȭɀȭ ɂȲȝ ȨȕǠȺƫǟ

ɂȲȝ ǦȶǝǠȪȱǟ ǧǠǵɎȍɋǟȿ ǡǟȂǵɉǟ ǥǻǼȞǪȵ ǦɆȕǟȀȪƹǼȲȱ ȸȮƹ ÝȴȚȺƫǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȯǠɆǵ ȣĉȀȎǪȹ ȤɆȭ Ž ȷǟǼȝǠȆɅ ǠƵǿȿǼǣ ȸɅǾȲȱǟ ÛǦȱǒǠȆƫǟȿ ǦȆȥǠȺƫǟ ȁȂȞɅ ǠȶȾȺȵ ĉɎȭ ȷǕ ǬɆǵ ÛǼȝǠȆǩ ȷǕ ǥȀƩǟ ȧǟɀȅɉǟ

ǦȱǻǠȞƫǟ ȜǤǪɅ ăǥǻǠȝ ǻǠȆȦȱǠȥ ÛǼɆȭǖǪȱǠǣ ɄȦȮǩ ɍ ƿǿȀƠ ȀǮȭɉǟ ȧǟɀȅɉǟȿ ǦɆȕǟȀȪƹǼȱǟ ȸȮȱ .ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ȰɆȲȪǪȱǟ ȷǠȭ ǒǟɀȅȿ .ǦȱǒǠȆƫǟ ȌȩǠȹ ȣȀȎǪȱǟ ǦɅȀǵ Ǽǝǟȁ ǿǠȮǪǵɍǟ ɃȿǠȆɅ ǻǠȆȦȱǟȿǕ Ûȳ ı ǳ + ǟ = ȣ :ǦɆȱǠǪȱǟ

71

استنتاجات ومالحظات مفّصلةاستنتاجات ومالحظات مفّصلة

Ǡȵ ƾǤȱǠȡ ǠȺȹǚȥ ÛȃɀȲƱǕ ȃɀȱ ȿǕ ɃɀȢȹɀȲɆȱ ȿǕ ȁǠǣɍ Ž ǠȺȭ ǒǟɀȅȿ ÛɄƜǿ Ƙȡ ȿǕ ƾȍǠǹ ȿǕ ƾȵǠȝ ȓǠȊȺȱǟ ȿǕ ǠȾƹǼȪǩ Ž ǿǟȀȪȱǟ ǦɅȀǵ ȬȲƹȿ ÛǠȵ ǦȵǼǹ ȿǕ ȳȁǟɀȱ ɂȲȝ ƿǿǠȮǪǵǟ ȴȽǼǵǕ ȬȲǪƹ ǠȵǼȺȝ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǼǲȺȅ

.ǦȱǒǠȆȶȲȱ ƾȞȑǠǹ ȷɀȮɅ ɍȿ ÛǼɅȀɅ ɃǾȱǟ ǿǟǼȪƫǠǣȿ ȃǠȺȲȱ ǠȾƹǼȪǩ ȳǼȝ

ÛǧǟǒǟȀȡɋǟ ȜɆƤ ȷɀȵȿǠȪɅ ȷɀɆȱǠǮȵ ȋǠǺȉǕ ȫǠȺȽ ÛƾȞǤȕ .ǦɆȦȕǠȝ ǦƹȀǱ ȄɆȱȿ ÛǧǠǣǠȆǵ ǦƹȀǱ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǠȾȥǠȊǪȭǟ ȋȀȥ ȷɀȮǩȿ ÛƿƘǤȭ ǥɀȉȀȱǟ ȴǲǵ ȷɀȮɅ ǠȵǼȺȝ ȸȮȱ .ǠȾȶȚȞȵ ȷɀȵȿǠȪɅ ȷɀȾɅȂȹ ȷɀȱȿǘȆȵȿ

.ǒǟȀȡɌȱ ȷɀȞȒǺɆȅ ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ ȷǚȥ ÛǦȖɆȆǣ ǠȾȥǠȊǪȭǟ ȯǠǵ Ž ǦǣɀȪȞȱǟ ȷɀȮǩȿ ÛǦȲǞɆȑ

ǻȿǼǵ ǳǠȒɅǙ Ǣƶ .ǠȾǪȱǟȁǙ ȿǕ ǿǠȮǪǵɍǟ ǦȖȲȅ ȣǠȞȑǙ Ǣƶ .ǦȶȚȹɉǠǣ ǕǼǤǩ ȷǕ Ǣƶ ȯɀȲƩǟ ȷǚȥ ÛȬȱǾȱ ɂȲȝ) ȼɆȲȝ ǧǠǣɀȪȞȱǟ ǼɅǼȊǩȿ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȣǠȊǪȭǟ ȯǠȶǪǵǟ ǥǻǠɅȁ Ǣƶ .ǦȱǒǠȆƫǟ ȂɅȂȞǩ Ǣƶ .ȣȀȎǪȱǟ ǦɅȀǵ

.ǒǟǻɉǠǣ ȂȥǟɀƩǟ Ȕǣǿ Ǣƶȿ .(ȼȲǤȪɅ ȸȵȿ ȯǠƫǟ ȳ ĉǼȪɅ ȸĆȵ

ƘȊǩ ɍ ǠŒǕ ǟɀȚǵɍ ȸȮȱ .ȜǤȖȱǠǣ Ȝȅǟȿ țɀȑɀȵ ȻɎȝǕ ǥǻǿǟɀȱǟ ȸɅȿǠȺȞȱǟ ȸȵ Ǽǵǟȿ Ȱȭ ǨƠ ǯǿǼȺɅ ȿǕ ÛȔǣǟɀȒȱǟ ȸȵ ǼɅȂƫǟ ȿǕ ÛǥǼɅǼǱ ƙȹǟɀȩ :ǻǠȆȦȱǟ Ȁȭǽ ǼȺȝ ǠȺȶȚȞȵ ȯǠǤǣ ȀȖƸ Ǡȵ ȯȿǕ ƂǙ Ƀǿɀȥ ȰȮȊǣ ǧǟɀǶȎȱǟȿ .ǠȽǾɆȦȺǪȱ ǦȶȚȹǕ ǡǠɆȡ Ž ɄȦȮǩ ɍ ȔǣǟɀȒȱǟȿ ƙȹǟɀȪȱǠȥ .ǦɆȩɎǹǕ ǥǿɀǭ ȿǕ ÛǦɆȺȽǾȱǟ Ž ƘɆȢǩ.ȷɀɆȵɀȮƩǟ ȷɀȱȿǘȆƫǟ Ǡŏ ȳɀȪɅ ɃǾȱǟ ȔɆȖǺǪȲȱ ǦǲɆǪȹ ȷɀȮǩ Ǡȵ ƿǿǻǠȹ ǠȾȺȮȱ ÛȰȞȦȱǠǣ ǫǼƠ ǦɆȩɎǹɉǟ

ǦȆȥǠȺƫǟ ȂɆȦƠ Ȭȱǽ Ȝȵ ǠȺȹǠȮȵǚǣ ȷǚȥ ÛǻǠȆȦȲȱ ƙȲǣǠȩ Ƙȡ ƙȺȕǟɀȵȿ ƙȱȿǘȆȵ ǻǠƶǙ ǠȹǿȿǼȪƞ ȸȮɅ Ɓ ȷǙ.ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǢǤȆǩ Ɣȱǟ ǦȶȚȹɉǟ ǳɎȍǙ ǠȺȺȮƹ ÛǿǠȎǪǹǠǣ .ǦȱǒǠȆƫǟ ȂɅȂȞǩȿ ȂȥǟɀƩǟ ƘɆȢǩȿ

ǦǶǱǠȹ ǦȲǮȵǕ ȫǠȺȽ ÛăɍȿǕ .ǠȾɆȲȝ ǻ ĉǼȊȹ ȷǕ ȨǶǪȆǩ ȓǠȪȹ ǫɎǭ ȫǠȺȽ ȸȮȱ ÛȰȾȅ ȀȵǕ ȼȹǙ ȯɀȪȹ ɍ ȸƲ ÛƾɆȹǠǭ .ǠȽȀȅǖǣ ȯȿǼȱǟȿ ǧǟǿǟȁɀȱǟȿ ȜɅǿǠȊƫǟȿ ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟȿ ǧǠȭȀȊȱǟ ɁɀǪȆȵ ɂȲȝ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ȰɆȲȪǪȱǟ ɂȲȝ ȷɀȮǩ ȷǕ ȸȮƹ ÛƾǮȱǠǭ .ƾȪǵɍ ǠȾǪȞǱǟȀƞ ȳɀȪȺȅ ǦŏǠȊǪȵ ǿȿǠƮ ɂȲȝ ȻǾȽ ǳǠǲȺȱǟ ȌȎȩ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ ɃɀǪƠ ǟǾȽ ǦɅǠŒ Ž ȸĉɆǤȹ ǠȺȹǚȥ ÛȬȱǽ ƂǙ ǦȥǠȑɋǠǣ .ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ȨȶȝǕȿ ĉȴȝǕ ǧǠǵɎȍɋ ƾȪȲȖȺȵ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ

.Ȩȶȝɉǟȿ ĉȴȝɉǟ ǧǠǵɎȍɋǟ ȬȲǩ ƂǙ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ Ƀǻǘǩ Ɓ ȷǙ ǻɀȞɆȅ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȷǕ ȰȎȦȱǟ

.ČĔēĐ ȳǠȝ ǧǠɅǟǼǣ Ž ǦǶǱǠȺȱǟ ǦȲǮȵɉǟ Ǽǵɉ ƾǵȀȆȵ ǠɆȦɆȱɀǣ Ž ȁǠǣɍ ǦȺɅǼȵ ǨȹǠȭ

معركة بلدية الباز األولى

ǧǠǣǠǺǪȹǟ ǦǣȀƟ ȯȿǕ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǨȑǠǹ .ƿƘȖǹ ȷǠȭ ČĔēĐ ȳǠȝ ȁǠǣɍ Ž Ȝȑɀȱǟ ȷǕ ƙǤȩǟȀƫǟ ȴȚȞȵ ȨȦǪɅ Ź Ǽȩ ȷǠȭȿ .ǼɅǼƨǟ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȄɆǝǿ ǟȿǿǠǣǕ ƙȲȮȵ ǼȱǠȹȿǿ ǠȽȀǭǙ ɂȲȝ ǴǤȍǕ ÛƾȵǠȝ ƙȞǣǿǕ ǾȺȵ ǦɆȕǟȀȪƹǻ

ǨȺȵǟȂǩ Ǡŏ ǢǵȀƫǟ ǧǟƘɆȢǪȱǟ ȻǾȽ ȸȮȱ ÛȰȽǾȵ ȤȊȪǩ ǰȵǠȹȀǣ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ǠɆȦɆȱɀǣ Ž ȓȀȦƫǟ ȴǺȒǪȱǟ ǴǤȭ Ž ǢǩǟȿȀȱǟ ǨȹǠȭ ǢȎȺƫǟ ƂǙ ǟȿǿǠǣǕ ƙȲȮȵ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȄɆǝǿ Ȱȍȿ ǠȵǼȺȞȥ .ǦɅǼȲǤȱǠǣ ȤȎȞǩ ǨȹǠȭ ǦȵȁǕ Ȝȵ ǼȪȥ .ƾȒɅǕ ȴǺȒǪȱǟ ȸȵ ƆǠȞǩ Ɣȱǟ ǦȆǝǠǤȱǟ ǢǩǟȿȀȱǟ ȸȵ ȴȡȀȱǟ ɂȲȝ ÛǼǝǟɀȞȱǟ ȸȵ ĕČčċ ƂǙ ȰȎǩ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǦȞǣǿǕ ǻȀƭ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȄɆǝǿ Ǣǩǟǿ ȷǠȭȿ ÛȀȾȊȱǟ Ž ƿǿɍȿǻ ƙǭɎǭ ƂǙ ȰȎɅ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ȃǼȺȾƫǟ Ǣǩǟǿ ȷǠȭ

ǧǠȺɆɆȞǪȱǟ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ ǟȿȀǱǕ Ǽȩ ȷɀȪǣǠȅ ǦɅǼȲǣ ǒǠȅǗǿ ȷǠȭ ÛȬȱǽ ƂǙ ǦȥǠȑɋǠǣ .ȀȾȊȱǟ Ž ƿǿɍȿǻ ƙȆƦȿ.ȰȵǠȝ ďċċċ ȴȾȺɆǣ ÛƾȎǺȉ ĐĒċċ ȯǟɀǵ Ȥĉșɀǩ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǨȹǠȭ ÛČĔēĐ ȳǠȝ Žȿ .ǦɆȅǠɆȅ ȏǟȀȡɉ

ı ɄȆɆǝǿ ȰȮȊǣ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǠȾɆȲȝ ȳɀȪǩ ǨȹǠȭ Ɣȱǟ ı ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ȯǠȢȉɉǠȥ .ǻǠȆȦȲȱ ƾȹǠǱȀȾȵ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǨȹǠȭ Ȭȱǽ ƂǙ ȤȑǕ Ûǥǻɀƨǟ ƘɅǠȞȵ ǦɆǤȲǩ Ž ȈȢȱǟ ƂǙ Ûǻɀȩɀȱǟȿ ȜȖȪȱǟ ǦȩȀȅ ȸȵ Ʉȉ Ȱȭ ȰȶȊǩ ǨȹǠȭ

ȰȩǕ ȴɆȪǣ ȯȁǠȺƫǟ ǦȶɆȩ ƙȶơ) ǢȝɎǪȱǠǣ ǰȞǩ ǨȹǠȭ ǢǝǟȀȒȱǟ ǦɅǠǤǱȿ .ǥǒǠȦȮȱǟ ȳǼȝ ȸȵ ƾȞȦǩȀȵ ɁɀǪȆȵ ƾȹǠɆǵǕ ǢȲȖǪɅ ǢǝǟȀȒȱǟ Ȝȥǻ ȷǠȭȿ ÛǠȾȆȦȺǣ ǢǝǟȀȒȱǟ ƑƟ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǨȹǠȭ) ɁȿǠȉȀȱǟȿ (ǥɀȉǿ ȰǣǠȪȵ

ȴǪɅ Ɓ Ǡȵ ǢȱǠȢȱǟ Ž ȀǹǖǪǩ ǨȹǠȭ ǴɅǿǠȎǪȱǟȿ ȌɆǹǟȀǪȱǟ ǧɎȵǠȞȵȿ .(ȰɅɀȕ Ǩȩɀȱ ǿȿǼȱǟ Ž ǿǠȚǪȹɍǟ ǧǠɆȲȶȝ ǨȹǠȭȿ .ɁȀǹǕ ǥɀȉǿ ǢȲȖǪɅ ǦȎǹȀȱǟ ȿǕ ǴɅȀȎǪȱǟ ɂȲȝ ȯɀȎƩǟ ȷǠȭ ÛǦɅǠȾȺȱǟ Žȿ Ûǥɀȉǿ Ȝȥǻ ɁȿǠȉǿ ƂǙ ɃǻǘɅ ɃǾȱǟ Ȁȵɉǟ ÛǦɆȥǠȦȊȱǟ ȸȵ ȰɆȲȪȱǟȿ ǦȒȵǠȢȱǟ ǧǟɀȖƪǟ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ ɂȲȝ ɃɀȖȺǩ ǒǟȀȊȱǟ

ȯǠȶȭǙ ǼȞǣ ǦȪǶǪȆƫǟ ǡǠȞǩɉǟ ɂȲȝ ȯɀȎǶȲȱ ɁȀǹǕ ɁȿǠȉǿ Ȝȥǻ ÛŻ ȸȵȿ ÛǻɀȪȞȱǟ ɂȲȝ ȯɀȎǶȲȱ ȁǟȂǪǣǟȿ Ž ǦɆȺȾƫǟ ȸȮǩ Ɓȿ ÛɄȅǠɆȆȱǟ ƘǭǖǪȱǟ ȿǕ ǦȩǟǼȎȱǟ ɄȅǠȅǕ ɂȲȝ ȰȶȞǩ ǨȹǠȮȥ ÛƙȲȵǠȞȱǟ ǦȶȚȹǕ ǠȵǕ .ȰȶȞȱǟ ǠȾȆȦȹ ɄȽ ǦȑȀćȝȿ ǦǤĉɆȆǪȵ ǠȾȆȦȹ ȨɆȪǶǪȱǟȿ ȨɆȩǼǪȱǟ ǧǠɆȲȶȝ ǨȹǠȭȿ .ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ƾȞǤǪȵ ƿǼɆȲȪǩ ȰȶȞȱǟ

ƘɆȆǪȱ ȴȾǤȍǠȺȵ ȷɀȲȢǪȆɅ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȄȲƭ ǒǠȒȝǕȿ ǿǠǤȮȱǟ ƙɅǾɆȦȺǪȱǟ ƙȦșɀƫǟ ȐȞǣ ȷǠȭ ÛƿƘǹǕȿ .ǻǠȆȦȲȱ.ɁȀǹǕ ǦȝȿȀȊȵ Ƙȡ ǧǟǿǠǤǪȝǟ ȿǕ ǦɆȱǠȵ ǧǟǿǠǤǪȝǟ ȰǣǠȪȵ ȸɅǼȾȞǪȵȿ ǧɎȵǠȞȵ ȸȵ ȷɀȲȒȦɅ Ǡȵ

ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǟǾȽ ǦȾǱǟɀȵ Žȿ .ǠȾȵǠȾȵ ȜɆƤ Ž ȰȊȦǩ ǨȹǠȭ ȣȿȀȚȱǟ ȬȲǩ Ȱș Ž ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȷǙ ȯɀȪȱǟ ȸȝ Ɨȡ ǢȹǠǱ ǦɆǲɆǩǟȀǪȅǟ"øǣ ȼɆ ĉȶȆȹ Ǡƫ ɄȆȅǘȵ ȴɆȝǼǩ ƂǙ ȷɀȝǼɅ ȿǕ ȷɀȶȲȆǪȆɅ ǠȵǙ ȸɅƘǮȮȱǟ ȷǚȥ ÛȴȚȺƫǟ

ȸȵ ǼɅȂƫǟ ÛǢȹǠǱɉǟ ǒǟƎƪǟ ȸȵ ǼɅȂƫǟ ÛǢɅǿǼǪȱǟ ȸȵ ǼɅȂƫǟ :ǼɅȂƫǟ ƂǙ ȷɀȝǼɅ ÛɁȀǹǕ ǥǿǠǤȞǣ ɃǕ Û"ǼɅȿȂǪȱǟ.ǧǠȾǱɀǪȱǟ Ž ƘɆȢǩȿ ɄȩɎǹǕ ȧǠǮɆȵ ƂǙ ȜǤȖȱǠǣȿ ÛǦȶȚȹɉǟ ȸȵ ǼɅȂƫǟ ÛȀǩɀɆǤȶȮȱǟ ǥȂȾǱǕ

ȷǕ ȴȾȥ ǼȪȱ .ǼɅȿȂǪȱǟ ǢȹǠǱ ȸȵ ȀȍǠȺȝ ɂȲȝ ǨȲȶǪȉǟ ǠŒǕ Ȝȵ ÛǦȦȲǪƯ ǟȿǿǠǣǕ ƙȲȮȵ ǦɆǲɆǩǟȀǪȅǟ ǨȹǠȭ + ǟ = ȣ ǦȱǻǠȞȵ ȨɆǤȖǩ Ž țȀȉȿ ÛǦȲȖȞǪȵ ǧǠȵɀȲȞȵȿ Ȃȥǟɀǵ ǦȶȚȹǕ ȜǤȪǩ ɄȆȅǘƫǟ ǡǟȀƪǟ ȴɆȶȍ Ž

.ȳ ı ǳ

التشخيص

ȸɅǕ .ǦɆȎɆǺȊǪȱǟ ǦȖȊȹɉǟ ȸȵ ǻǼȝ ǒǟȀǱǙ ǟȿǿǠǣǕ ƙȲȮȵ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȄɆǝǿ ǠȽǾơǟ Ɣȱǟ Ƃȿɉǟ ǥɀȖƪǟ ǨȹǠȭ Ȝȵ Ȱȶȝ ȇǿȿ ǼȪȝ ǼȝǠȅ Ǽȩȿ ÝǦȺȮȶƫǟ ȼǩǠǱɎȝȿ ȼǣǠǤȅǕ ǨȹǠȭ Ǡȵ ÝȜȑɀȱǟ ǒɀȅ ɁǼȵ Ǡȵ ÝǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȷǠȭ ǥǼɆȦȵ ǧǠȵɀȲȞȵ ȜƤ Ž ȔȪȥ ȄɆȱ ı "ɄȭǿǠȊǪȱǟ ȌɆǺȊǪȱǟ"øǣ ƾȪǣǠȅ ǠȽǠȺɆƧǕ Ɣȱǟȿ ı ǿǠǤȭ ƙȱȿǘȆȵ ǨȹǠȭ Ǡȶȭ .ǳɎȍɌȱ ǦȍǠƪǟ ȴőǠɆǲɆǩǟȀǪȅǟ ȀɅɀȖǩ ɂȲȝ ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟ ȬǞȱȿǕ ȂĉȦǵ Ȱǣ Û(ȀȊȝ ƆǠǮȱǟ ȜǣȀƫǟ)

ȴȽȿ ÛǠɅǿǠǩȀȮȆȱǟ ɄȦșɀȵ Ȝȵ ǧɎǣǠȪȵ) ǦɆƧǿ Ƙȡ ǧǠȅǟǿǻ ƙǣ ǨǵȿǟȀǩ Ɣȱǟ ı ǦȍǠƪǟ ǧǠȅǟǿǼȱǟ.ǒǟȀȊȱǟ ǦȶȚȹɉ ǧɎɆȲƠ ƂǙ (ǧǟȁȿǠƟ ȸȵ ȴǪɅ Ǡȵ ȯɀǵ ǦɆȆȅǘƫǟ ǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǟ ȸȵ țǻɀǪȆȵ

7273


االستراتيجية

Ȱȶȝ ǿǠȕǙ ȸȵ ǦȪǣǠȅ ǦǺȆȹ ǟȿǿǠǣǕ ƙȲȮȵ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȄɆǝǿ ȨĉǤȕ ÛǦǤȞȎȱǟ ȰȭǠȊƫǟ ȻǾȽ ȴǲǵ ȴɆɆȪǩ ǼȞǣ ÛȯǠǮƫǟ ȰɆǤȅ ɂȲȝ) ǦɆȆɆǝȀȱǟ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǧǠȕǠȊȹ ȸȵ Ǽǵǟȿ Ȱȭ ɂȲȝ (ȜǣǟȀȱǟ ȜǣȀƫǟ) ǧǠȅǠɆȆȱǟ ȰɆȲƠ

ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǧǟǾǹǕ ÛȰȞȦȱǠǣȿ .(ȴɆɆȪǪȱǟ ÛȨɆȩǼǪȱǟ ÛǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ ÛȌɆǹǟȀǪȱǟȿ ǴɅǿǠȎǪȱǟ ÛǼǝǟɀȞȱǟ ȜƤ ÛȯǠȢȉɉǟ.ƙȆǶǪȱǟ ɀƲ ǦȶȾƫǟ ǧǟɀȖƪǟ ȸȵ ƿǻǼȝ

ÛƙȦșɀƫǟ ȸȵ ƘǤȭ ǻǼȝ ȰȎȥ ȀɅƎǪȱ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǠǣ ȀƢ Ɣȱǟ ǦɆȱǠƫǟ Ǧȵȁɉǟ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȄɆǝǿ ȰȢǪȅǟ :ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ȯǠȢȉɉǟ ȳɀȪǩ ǬɆƜ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǦȱǠȅǿ ȤɅȀȞǩ ǥǻǠȝɋ ǦȍȀȦȱǟ ȻǾȽ ȰȢǪȅǟ Ǡȶȭ .ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ȯǠȢȉɉǟ ȯǠƭ Ž ƙȲȵǠȞȱǟ ǦȍǠǹ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȣȀȊǩ ȷǕ ǿȀȪǩ ÛǥƘǤȮȱǟ ȜɅǿǠȊƫǟ ǦȱǠǵ ɄȦȥ .ǥƘǤȮȱǟ ȜɅǿǠȊƫǟ ȄɆȱ ȸȮȱ ǦǝǿǠȕ ǴɆȲȎǩ ȜɅǿǠȊƞ ǦɆǤȺǱǕ ǦɆȱǠȵ ǧǟǼȝǠȆȵ ɂȲȝ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȄɆǝǿ ȰȎǵ Ǡȶȭ .ǠȾȆȦȺǣ ǠȽǾȦȺǩ ɍ ȸȮȱ ȯǠȢȉɉǟ ȜɅǿǠȊȵ ɂȲȝ Ž ǥǼȝǠȆȶȲȱ ɂȪǤǩ Ǡȵ ȳǼǺǪȅǟȿ) ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ȯǠȢȉɉǟ ȜɅǿǠȊȵ ɂȲȝ ǥȀȉǠǤȵ ǠȾȶȚȞȵ ȨȦȹǕ ÛǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȯǠȢȉɉ

.(ƙȲȵǠȞȱǟ ȯɀǵ ƃǠǪȱǟ ȴȆȪȱǟ ȸĉɆǤɅ Ǡȶȭ ÛǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǥǿǟǻǙ ǳɎȍǙ

ȸȵ ǦȝɀȺǪȵ Ǧȝɀȶƭ ǟȿǿǠǣǕ ƙȲȮȵ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȄɆǝǿ ȳǼǺǪȅǟ ÝǠȽǗǠȺǣ Ǣƶ Ɣȱǟ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȯǠȢȉǕ ȜɅǿǠȊȵ ɄȽ Ǡȵ ȰȮȊǣ ǦȺɅǼƫǟȿ ǦɆȺȮȆȱǟ ǒǠɆǵɉǟ Ž ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ȯǠȢȉɉǟ ȜɅǿǠȊȵ ȸȵ ǦȦȲǪǺƫǟ țǟɀȹɉǟ ǦȶɆȩ ȀɅǼȪǪȱ ǢɆȱǠȅɉǟ

ȳǟǼǺǪȅǠǣ ǦȦȲȮȱǟ ı ǦȞȦȺƫǟ ǧǠȅǟǿǻ ƂǙ ǦɆȲǶƫǟ ǧǠȝɀȶǲȶȲȱ ǳɀȆƫǟ ȸȵ ǢɆȱǠȅɉǟ ȬȲǩ ǨǵȿǟȀǩȿ .ȳǠȝ.ǦɆȱǠȝ ǥǒǠȦȭ Ƀȿǽ ƙɆǱǿǠǹ ȸɅǿǠȊǪȆȵ

ƃȿǘȆȵ ȳǠȵǕ ȯǠǲƫǟ ȨĉɆȑ Ǡư ÛǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ɄȦșɀȵ ȸȵ ăɍǼǣ ǼǝǟɀȞȱǟ ȰɆȎǶǪǣ ȫɀȺǤȱǟ ȤɆȲȮǩ Ź :ǼǝǟɀȞȱǟ ȰɆȎƠ ƙȶơ"øǣ ǧǟǿǠȪȞȱǟ ƙȶǺǪȱ ǼȪȞƫǟ ȳǠȚȺȱǟ ȯǟǼǤǪȅǟ Źȿ ÛȁǟȂǪǣɍǟȿ ǥɀȉȀȱǟ ǧǠɆȲȶȝ Ž ȓǿɀǪȲȱ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǒǟȀȉ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȷǠȮȵǚǣ ȷǖǣ ȸ ĉȖǤȵ ǼɅǼő ǻɀǱȿ Ȝȵ ÛȴőǟǿǠȪȝ ǦȶɆȩ ȸȝ ǳǠȎȥɋǟ ƙȺȕǟɀȶȲȱ ǴɆǪɅ "źǟǽ

.ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ǽǝǟɀȝ Ž ǥƘǤȭ ǥǻǠɅȁ ǦǲɆǪȺȱǟ ǨȹǠȭȿ .ȼȺȝ ǳǠȎȥɋǟ Ź ɃǾȱǟ ȀȞȆȱǠǣ ȴőǟǿǠȪȝ

ƃǠǪȱǠǣȿ ÛǴɅǿǠȎǩ ƂǙ ǦǱǠƜ ǼȞǩ Ɓ ǬɆƜ ǦȖȊȹɉǟ ȐȞǣ ȀɅȀǶǪǣ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȄɆǝǿ ȳǠȩ :ȌɆǹǟȀǪȱǟȿ ǴɅǿǠȎǪȱǟ.ǿǠȞȅɉǟ ȔǤȑ ǢǪȮȵ ɂȢȱǕȿ ÛǠȾȲǣǠȪȵ ɁȿǠȉǿ ȁǟȂǪǣɍ ǦɆȹǠȮȵǙ ȫǠȺȽ ǻɀȞɅ ɍ

ǬɆƜ ÛȌɆǹǟȀǪȱǟȿ ǴɅǿǠȎǪȱǟ ǧǠǤȲȕ ȜɆȶƨ Ǽ ĉǵɀȵ ȰɆǲȆǩ ǢǪȮȵ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȄɆǝǿ ǖȊȹǕ ÛȬȱǽ ƂǙ ǦȥǠȑɋǠǣ ǴȺȵȿ ȴɆɆȪǩ ȸȝ ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟ ȬǞȱȿǕ ȄɆȱȿ ȰɆǲȆǩ ɀȦșɀȵ ȼɆȥ ȰȶȞɅ ǢǪȮȵ ƂǙ ǧǠǤȲȖȱǠǣ ȷɀȵǼȪǪƫǟ ȀȒƷ

Ž ȰȍǠƩǟ ȳ ĉǼȪǪȱǟ ǦǤȩǟȀȵ ȸȵ ȃǠȺȱǟ ȸ ĉȮƹ ȳǠȚȹ Ž ǢȲȕ Ȱȭ ȯǠǹǻǙ ȴǪɅ ȷǠȭ .ǴɅǿǠȎǪȱǟȿ ȌɆǹǟȀǪȱǟ Ź Ɣȱǟ ǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǟ ȳǟǼǺǪȅǟ ȷǠȮȵɋǠǣ ǴǤȍǕȿ ÛɁȿǠȉǿ ɂȲȝ ȯɀȎƩǟ ȧǠȖȹ ȐɆȦơ Ź ÛǟǾȮȽȿ .ȴőǠǤȲȕ ȰȮȊǣ ȳǠȚȺȱǟ ȨɆǤȖǩ ȴǪɅ Ɓ ȼȹǕ Ȝȵȿ .ƙȦșɀƫǟȿ ǢǩǠȮƫǟ ǒǟǻǕ ȴɆɆȪǩ Ž ǥǼȝǠȆȶȲȱ ȳǠȚȺȱǟ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ǠȾȞƤ

.ƾȩȀȥ ǫǼǵǕ ȼȹǕ ĉɍǙ ÛȰȵǠȭ

ȀȊȹ Ż ȸȵ ÛǴɅǿǠȎǪȱǟȿ ȌɆǹǟȀǪȱǟ ǴȺȵ ǧǟǒǟȀǱǙ ȰɆȾȆǩȿ ȔɆȆǤǪȱ ƘǤȭ ǼȾƛ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȄɆǝǿ ȳǠȩ Ǡȶȭ ȸȵ ȰȞǱȿ ȼȹɀȞȩɀǪɅ Ǡȵ ȷɀȥȀȞɅ ƙȺȕǟɀƫǟ ȰȞǱ Ǡư ÛȰɆȎȦǪȱǠǣ ǧǟǒǟȀǱɋǟ Ȱȭ ǳȀȉ ɃǾȱǟ ƙȺȕǟɀƫǟ ȰɆȱǻ

.ǧǟǒǟȀǱɋǠǣ ȴȾȲȾƨ ȴȽȁǟȂǪǣǟ ǢȞȎȱǟ

țǠȖȪȱǟ ȸȵ ƙɅǿǠȶȞȵ ƙȅǼȺȾȵ ȫǟȀȉɋ ǦȖǹ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȄɆǝǿ ǿĉɀȕ ǼȪȥ ÛǒǠȺǤȱǟ ǴɅǿǠȎǪǣ ȨȲȞǪɅ ǠȶɆȥ ǠȵǕ ǦȞǱǟȀȵ ǦɆȱȿǘȆȵ ȸȵ ǒȂǱ ȰĉȶǶǪǣ ȷɀȅǼȺȾƫǟ ȳɀȪɅ ǬɆƜ ÛǦɅǿǠȶȞƫǟ ǦȅǼȺƬǟ ǦɆȲȭ ȣǟȀȉǙ ǨƠ ȋǠƪǟ țǠȖȪȱǟ ȸȵ ɃǿǠȶȞȵ ȃǼȺȾȵ ǦǞȵ ȸȝ ǼɅȂɅ Ǡȵ ǦȥǠȑǙ ȴȽǠȅ Ǽȩȿ .ǒǠȺǤȱǟ ǧǠȖȖƯ ǦɆȹɀȹǠȩȿ ǥǻɀǱ ȷǠȶȑȿ

.ǧǠȞǱǟȀƫǟ ǦɆȝɀȹ ƙȆƠȿ ǧǠȪȥǟɀƫǟ ǴȺȵ ǦɆȲȶȝ ȜɅȀȆǩ Ž ȋǠƪǟ

ÛǠȾǪǤȩǟȀȵ ƿǼǱ ǢȞȎɅȿ ǧǟɀȖƪǟ ȸȵ ǼɅǼȞȱǟ ǢȲȖǪǩ ȨǣǠȆȱǟ Ž ǨȹǠȭ Ɣȱǟ ǦȶȚȹɉǟ ȔɆȆǤǩ Ź :ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ.ȨɆȩǻ ȰȮȊǣ ǥɀȖǹ Ȱȭ ǦǤȩǟȀƫ ƎȭǕ ǼȾǱ ȯǾǣ ȴǪɅ ǴǤȍǕȿ ȰȩǕ ǧǟɀȖƪǟ ǨǶǤȍǕ ǬɆƜ

ÛǥǿǟǼƨǟ ǢȆǵ ǦɆȩȀǪȱǟȿ ƙɆȞǪȱǟ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ƙȲȵǠȞȱǟ ɁǼȱ ǦɆȺȾƫǟ ǥǻǠɅȂȱ ǻɀȾǱ ȯǾǣ Ź :ȷɀȲȵǠȞȱǟ ǥǻǠɅȁȿ ƙȲȵǠȞȱǟ ǻǟǼȝǕ ȰɆȲȪǩ ȰȒȦǣȿ .(ǦɆǪȦȱǟ ǠɆȦɆȱɀǣ) "ƙȥɀǹ ǠɆȦɆȱɀǣ" ǦȖǹ ȸȶȑ ǡǠǤȉ ƙɆȞǩ Ź Ǡȶȭ .ȋǠƪǟ țǠȖȪȱǟ ȄȥǠȺǩ ǨǶǤȍǕ ƙǪȺȅ ȯɎǹ ǠŒǕ ǦǱǿǼȱ ǢǩǟȿȀȱǟ Ȝȥǿ Ź ÛǦɆǤȺǱɉǟ ǧǟǼȝǠȆƫǟȿ ǼǝǟɀȞȱǟ

ǢȍǠȺƫǟ ȀȢȊȱ ǦɆȪɆȪǵ ǢȽǟɀȵ ǡǠȖȪǪȅǟ ȸȵ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǨȺ ĉȮƢ ÛƙɆȆɆǝȀȱǟ ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟ Ǣǩǟȿǿ Ȝȥǿ ȯɎǹ ȸȵȿ ÛȬȱǽ ƂǙ ǦȥǠȑɋǠǣ .ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ȯǠȢȉɉǟ ȯǠƭ Ž ǦȍǠǹ ÛǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȜɅǿǠȊȵ ɂȲȝ ȣǟȀȉɋǟȿ ȔɆȖǺǪȱǟ Ž ǦȶȾƫǟ ƂǙ ɄȅǠȅǕ ȰȮȊǣ ȣǼȾɅ ƃȿǼȱǟ ȬȺǤȱǟ ȸȵ ȯĉɀư ȋǠǹ ǰȵǠȹȀǣ ǾɆȦȺǩȿ ÛƘǤȭ ȰȮȊǣ ǢɅǿǼǪȱǟ ǥǻǠɅȁ ǨƢ

.ɃǼȲǤȱǟ ǢɅǿǼǪȱǟ ǼȾȞȵ ɄȽȿ ɍǕ ǥǼɅǼǱ ǦȆȅǘȵ ǒǠȊȹǙȿ ÛǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ƙȲȵǠȞȱǟ ɁɀǪȆȵ ƙȆƠ

ǦɆȱǠƫǟ ǥǿǟǻɌȱ ȳǠȚȹ ȨɆǤȖǩȿ ȴɆȶȎǩ ȰǱǕ ȸȵ ǥƘǤȭ ǧǟǿǠȊǪȅǟ ǦȭȀȉ Ȝȵ țȿȀȊȵ ǾɆȦȺǩ Ź :ȨɆȩǼǪȱǟ ǧǠȝǻɀǪȆƫǟȿ ǒǟȀȊȱǟ ǧǠɆȲȶȝ ȸȵ ǠȾȪȥǟȀɅ Ǡȵȿ ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ȯǠȢȉɉǟȿ ǻǟɀƫǟ ǧǠǤȲȕ ȸȶȒǪɅ ÛǦȲȵǠȮǪƫǟ.ǟȿǿǠǣǕ ƙȲȮȵ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȄɆǝǿ ǥǿǟǻǙ ǒǠȾǪȹǟ ȰǤȩ ȳǠȚȺȱǟ ȯǠȶȭǙ ȴǪɅ Ɓ ÛȤȅɊȱ ȸȮȱ .ȣǟȀȉɋǟȿ

التنفيذ

ÛǦɆǣǠƶǙ ǦɆȱȿǻȿ ǦɆȺȕȿ Ɂɀȩ Ȝȵ ȤȱǠƠ .ƾȒɅǕ ǦȱɀȪȞȵ ǾɆȦȺǩ ǦɆǲɆǩǟȀǪȅǟ ǟȿǿǠǣǕ ƙȲȮȵ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȄɆǝǿ ȜǤĉǩǟ ǦȶȚȹɉǟ ȷǕ ǠȽǻǠȦȵ ǦȱǠȅǿ ǬȞǤɆȱ ǥƎȞȭ ȴȾȵǼǺǪȅǟȿ ÛǥȀȮǤȵ ǦȲǵȀȵ Ž "ƘǤȮȱǟ ȬȶȆȱǟ ȐȞǣ ɂȲȩ"ȿ

ǻǠȆȦȱǟ Ȩǵɍ Ż ÛǦɅǟǼǤȱǟ Ž ȻǼȝǠȅ Ȱǣ ÛǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ɄȕǟȀȩȿƘǤȱǟ ȳǠȚȺȱǟ ȴǱǠȾɅ Ɓȿ .ǧȀĉɆȢǩ ǦƹǼȪȱǟ ǥǼȅǠȦȱǟ ɂȞȅ Ǡȶȭ .ǦȆȥǠȺƫǟȿ ȂȥǟɀƩǟȿ ǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǟ ǦȶȚȹǕ ǳɎȍǙ ɂȲȝ ǨȲȶǪȉǟ ǦɆǝǠȩȿ ǦɆǲɆǩǟȀǪȅǟ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ

ǥǼɆȞǣ ǦɆǪǶǪȱǟ ǦɆȺǤȱǟ ǧǠǱǠɆǪǵǟ ȯɀǵ ǦȶȾȵ Ǧȅǟǿǻ ȇǠȞȹǚǣ ȳǠȩ ÛȯǠǮƫǟ ȰɆǤȅ ɂȲȞȥ .ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǥȀȭǟǽ ǥǻǠȞǪȅɍ ǧǠȅǟǿǻ ǨȺȶȒǩȿ ȰǝǠȽ ȰȮȊǣ ǦɆȆȹȀȦȱǟ ǦȵɀȮƩǟ ǠȾǪȱĉɀȵ Ɣȱǟ ı ǦȖƪǟ ȬȲǩ ǨȹǠȭ ǬɆǵ ÛǦȺɅǼȶȲȱ ɁǼƫǟ ƆǠȶǮȱ ǨȦȩɀǩ Ǽȩ ı ǦȵȁɎȱǟ ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ȯǠȢȉɉǟȿ ǧǠȵǼƪǟ ȯɀǵ ǿǠȮȥɉǟ ȴɆȚȺǩ Ž ǧǼȝǠȅ ȧǠȖȺȱǟ ǦȞȅǟȿ

.ǧǟɀȺȅ

ÛȣǠȞȑǕ ǥȀȊȝ ǦȺɅǼƫǟ Ž ǦɆǪǶǪȱǟ ǦɆȺǤȱǟ Ž ǿǠȶǮǪȅɍǟ ȜȦǩǿǟ ÛǧǟɀȺȅ ǫɎǭ ȯɎǺȥ ÛǦȲȽǾȵ ǰǝǠǪȺȱǟ ǧǒǠǱ .ȋǠƪǟ țǠȖȪȲȱ ǦȆȥǠȺȵ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ǢǩǟȿȀȱǟ ǨǶǤȍǕ ÛƙȵǠȝ ȯɎǹȿ .ǦȲǝǠȽ ǥǻǠɅȁ ǼǝǟɀȞȱǟ ǨȪȪǵȿ

ƙȲȮȵ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȄɆǝǿ ǡǠǺǪȹǟ ǼɆȝǕ ÛȬȱǾȱ ǦǲɆǪȹ .ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ȤɆȦǺǪȱǟ ȰȞȦȱǠǣ Ź ÛȀɅǿǠȪǪȱǟ ȜɆƤ ǢȆƜȿ.ƙǩȀȵ ǟȿǿǠǣǕ

7475


ملخص خلطوات مكافحة الفساد

ǧǟɀȖƪǟ ȻǾȽ ȸȮȱ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ǦɅǠȩɀȱǟ ȰǱǕ ȸȵ ǠȾȝǠǤǩǟ Ǣƶ Ɣȱǟ ǧǟɀȖƪǟ ȀȊȝ ȜǣǠȆȱǟ ȜǣȀƫǟ ȌǺȲɅ Ž ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟ ǿǠǤȭ ȂɆȦǶǪȱ ǦȶȶȎȵ ǧǠǵǟȀǪȩǟ Ǧȝɀȶƭ ɄȽ Ȱǣ ÛȳǿǠȍ ȰȮȊǣ ǠȾȝǠǤǩǟ Ǣƶ ǦȦȍȿ ȰĉǮƢ ɍ

.ǼɅǼǱ ȰȮȊǣ ƘȮȦǪȱǟ ɂȲȝ ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ

املربع السابع عشر – خطوات مقترحة للوقاية من الفساد

.ǻǠȆȦȱǟ țǟɀȹǕȿ ȴǲǵ ȌɆǺȊǩ .Č.ǥǼȅǠȥ ǦȶȚȹǕ Ž ƙȕǿɀǪȶȲȱ Ȱȶȝ ȇǿȿ :ɄȭǿǠȊǪȱǟ ȌɆǺȊǪȱǟ . Ǖ

.ǒɎȶȞȱǟȿ ƙȦșɀȶȲȱ ǦɅɀƬǟ ǦȱɀȾƭ ǦȶȚȺȵ ǳɀȆȵ . ǡ."ǻǠȆȦȲȱ ǦɆȲǣǠȪȱǟ ǧǠȶɆɆȪǩ" Ȭȱǽ ȼɆȥ Ǡƞ ÛǦȍǠǹ ǧǠȅǟǿǻ . ǧ

(ȜǣǟȀȱǟ ȜǣȀƫǟ) ǧǠȅǠɆȆȱǟ ȰɆȲǶǪȱ Ȱȶȝ ǿǠȕǙ ȳǟǼǺǪȅǟȿ ÛǦȶȚȹɉǟ ɂȲȝ ȂȭȀǩ ǦɆǲɆǩǟȀǪȅǟ ȴɆȶȎǩ .č ȸɅȿǠȺȞȱǟ .ǥȀȉǠǤƫǟ Ƙȡȿ ǥȀȉǠǤƫǟ ǠȾȦɆȱǠȮǩȿ ǠȽȀǭǕȿ ǦȺȮȶƫǟ ǧǟǿǠɆƪǟ ȯɀǵ ƗȽǽ ȤȎȝ ǒǟȀǱɋ

:ɄȽ Ȭȱǽ Ž ǦɆȆɆǝȀȱǟ .ƙȵǼǺǪȆƫǟ ǿǠɆǪǹǟ . Ǖ

.ǧǠǣɀȪȝȿ ǧǔȥǠȮȵ Ȝȑȿ . ǡ.ǰǝǠǪȺȱǟ ȯɀǵ ǧǠȵɀȲȞȵ ɂȲȝ ȯɀȎƩǟ . ǧ

ȣȀȎǪȱǟ ǦɅȀǵ ǳǠȒɅǙȿ ÛǿǠȮǪǵɍǟ ȸȵ ȰɆȲȪǪȱǟ :ȰɆȶȞȱǟ-ȳǼǺǪȆƫǟ-ȀɅǼƫǟ ǦȩɎȝ ȤɅȀȞǩ ǥǻǠȝǙ . ǫ.ǦȱǒǠȆƫǟ ȂɅȂȞǩȿ ÛǠȽǼɆɆȪǩȿ

.ǻǠȆȦȲȱ "ǦɆȩɎǹɉǟ ȤɆȱǠȮǪȱǟ" Ȝȥǿ . ǯ

.ǾɆȦȺǩ ǦɆǲɆǩǟȀǪȅǟ ȀɅɀȖǩ .Ď.ǦɆȞǱȀȵ ǦɆȎǺȉ ƙɆȞǩȿ ȨɆȆȺǪȱǟ :ǦȵɀȮƩǟ ǻɀȾǱ ȴɆȚȺǩ . Ǖ

.ǦɅǟǼǤȱǟ Ž ƾɆǤȆȹ ǠȾǵɎȍǙ ȰȾȆɅ ǦȲȮȊȵ ǿǠɆǪǹǟ :"ǼɆȱǟ ȯȿǠȺǪȵ Ž Ɣȱǟ ȼȭǟɀȦȱǟ ȤȖȩ" . ǡ.(ǦɆȵɀȮƩǟ Ƙȡ ǧǠȶȚȺƫǟȿ ȋǠƪǟ țǠȖȪȱǟ ȸȵȿ ǦɆȱȿǻȿ ǦɆȺȕȿ) ǦɆǣǠƶǙ Ɂɀȩ Ȝȵ ȤȱǠǶǪȱǟ . ǧ

."ƘǤȮȱǟ ȬȶȆȱǟ ɄȲȩ" ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ǡǠȪȞȱǟ ȸȵ ǧɎȥɋǟ ǦȥǠȪǭ ȴɆȖƠ . ǫ.ȷɎȝɋǟȿ ǦɅǠȝǼȱǟ ȰǝǠȅȿ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ǦɆȲȶȝ ɂȲȝ ǒɀȒȱǟ ȔɆȲȆǩ . ǯ

.ȴȾƤǠȾɅ ȸȵ ȀȾȚƞ ǿɀȾȚȱǟ ȰǤȩ ƙɆȵɀȮƩǟ ƙȱȿǘȆȶȲȱ ǼɆǱ ǒɄȉ Ȱȶȝ . ǳ ǢɅǿǼǪȱǟ ȸȵ ǼɅȂƫǟ) "ǼɅȿȂǪȱǟ ǢȹǠǱ ȸȵ ƘǣǟǼǩ" ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ȔȪȥ ȄɆȱ ǦɆȆȅǘƫǟ ǧǟǿǼȪȱǟ ȂɅȂȞǩ . Ƿ

ǦȶȚȹǕ ƘɆȢǩ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ƿǼɅǼƠ ȸȮȱ Û(ȀǩɀɆǤȶȮȱǟ ǥȂȾǱǙ ȸȵ ǼɅȂƫǟ ȿǕ ǒǟƎƪǟ ȸȵ ǼɅȂƫǟ ȿǕ .ȂȥǟɀƩǟȿ ǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǟ

ȰǮȵ) ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ȨȶȝǕȿ ĉȴȝǕ ǧǟƘɆȢǩ ɂȲȝ ȂɆȦǶǪȱǟ Ž ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ǦȲƥ ǦƵǠȆȵ Ž ƘȮȦǪȱǟ . ǻ(ǦɆȱǠȝ ǥǻɀǱ ǧǟǽ ǦȶȚȹǕ Ȝȵ ǦȎǺȎƪǟ ȿǕ Ûǒǟǻɉǟ ȰǣǠȪȵ ȀǱɉǟ ȿǕ ǒɎȶȞȱǟ ǧǟǿǠȊǪȅǟ

إدامة اإلصالحات

ǦɆȹǠǭ ǴȉȀǪɅ ȷǕ ǟȿǿǠǣǕ ƙȲȮȵ ǼȱǠȹȿǿ ǿȀȩ ÛČĔĔĐ ǡǓ Ž ǡǠǪȮȱǟ ǟǾȽ ȸȵ Ƃȿɉǟ ǥǻɀȆƫǟ ǒǠŒǙ ǼȞǣ ǻɀǱȿ ƗȞɅ ɍ ƗȵȂȱǟ ȰȆȲȆǪȱǟ ÛǥǻǠȝ Ȝȑɀȱǟ ɀȽ Ǡȶȭ ǦȱǠƩǟ ȻǾȽ Ž ȸȮȱ .ȁǠǣɍ ǦɅǼȲǣ ȄɆǝǿ ǢȎȺƫ

ȳȂȽȿ Ûǧǟɀȍɉǟ Ž ǦɆǤȲȡǕ ɂȲȝ ƙǶȉȀƫǟ ȸȵ ɃǕ ȰȎƷ Ɓ ÛƆǠǮȱǟ ȸɅȀȊǩ ǧǠǣǠǺǪȹǟ ɄȦȥ .ǦɆǤǤȅ ǦȩɎȝ ȄȲƭ ǒǠȒȝǕ ƙǣ Ȩǵɍ ǨɅɀȎǩ Ž ǠȾȺɆǵ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȄɆǝǿ ǢȎȺȵ ȰȢȊɅ ȷǠȭ ɃǾȱǟ ȌǺȊȱǟ ǟȿǿǠǣǕ ƙȲȮȵ ȰǱǕ ȸȵ ȁǠǣɍ ƂǙ ǻǿǠȢǪɆȲȭ ǧȀǣȿǿ Ǡȝǻ ÛČĔĔđ ȳǠȝ ǢȎȺƫǟ ȼɆȱɀǩ ǼȺȝȿ .ƙǤǺǪȺƫǟ ȀȊȝ Ǽǵɉǟ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǨȹǠȭ .(ǿɀȒƩǟ ȸȵ ȄɅǿǠǣ ɃȁǼȺɆȱ ȸȮȶǪɅ Ɓ) ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ǠȾǪɆǲɆǩǟȀǪȅǟ ǦȞǱǟȀȵȿ ǦɅǼȲǤȲȱ ƃǠƫǟ Ȝȑɀȱǟ ȴɆɆȪǩ ȄɆǝǿ ǢȎȺȵ ɎȢȉ Ǽȩ ȷǠȎǺȉ ȷǠȭȿ ÛǟȿǿǠǣǕ ƙȲȮȵ ǥǿǟǻǙ ǒǠȾǪȹǟ ɂȲȝ ǧĉȀȵ Ǽȩ ȤȎȹȿ ǧǟɀȺȅ ȜǣǿǕ

.ǿɀȾȚȲȱ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǻǠȝ ȤɆȭ ȈȽǼƫǟ ȸȵ ȷǠȭȿ .ǦɆȱǠȪǪȹɍǟ ǥȀǪȦȱǟ ȬȲǩ ȯɎǹ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ

ČĔēĐ ȳǠȝ Ž ǦȲǝǠȽ ȰȭǠȊȵ ȴǪȾǱǟȿ ƾȞɆƤ ȴȮȹǕ ȣȀȝǕ" :ǿǠǤȮȱǟ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȄɆǝǿ ɄȦșɀȵ ǼǵǕ ȯǠȩ ȻǾƬ ǒƚȅ Ȝȑɀȱǟ .ƿǻǼƭ ȀȦȎȱǟ ȸȵ ǒǼǤȱǟ ǠȺɆȲȝ ȷǕ ǼȪǪȝǕ ƗȮȱ ÛǾǞȺɆǵ ǦɅǠȢȲȱ ǦǞɆȅ ǿɀȵɉǟ ǨȹǠȭȿ

".ǦǱǿǼȱǟ

ǧǠǤȭȀȵ ȸȵ ĕĔĐ Ž ȰɆȢȊǪȱǟ ǦȶȚȹǕȿ ǦȝȀȆȱǟȿ ǦȥǠȆƫǟ ǧǟǻǟǼȝ ȷǕ ǼȪǪȝǕ ÛƿǼǵǟȿ ăɍǠǮȵ ȴȮȱ Ȁȭǽɉ" ȰȎǩ ǧǠȎȎǺƫǟ ȐȞǣ .ǻɀȩɀȱǟ ɂȲȝ ǥȿȀǭ ȨȦȺȹ ȸƲ .ǻɀȩɀȲȱ ȯǼǣ ɂȲȝ ǟɀȲȎǶɆȱ ÝǟǽǠƫ .ǦȲȖȞȵ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ

ƔǞȵ ƂǙ ǠȽǠȺȒȦǹ .ȀȾȊȱǟ Ž ȀǪȱ ǦǞȶǪȅ ƔȦɆșɀȱ ǻɀȩɀȱǟ ǧǠȎȎƯ ǨȹǠȭ ÛȯǠǮƫǟ ȰɆǤȅ ɂȲȝ .ǦȲǝǠȽ ȠȱǠǤȵ ǢȲȖɅ ȜɆȶƨǟȿ ÛǨȩɀȱǟ ȯǟɀȕ ƘȆǩ ǨȹǠȭ ǠŒǖȭ ȿǼǤǩ ȷǕ ǼɅȀǩ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǧǠǤȭȀȵ ȜɆƤ .ǥƘȥȿ ǨȹǠȭȿ ÛȀǪȱ

".ȷɀȲȶȞɅ ȴŒɉ ǒǟǼȡȿ ǿǠȖȥǙȿ ŽǠȑǙ Ǩȩȿ ȯǼǣ ɂȲȝ ȯɀȎƩǟ

.ɄȆȅǘƫǟ ǡǟȀȖȑɍǟ ɂȲȝ ǕɀȅǕ ǦȲǮȵǕ ȫǠȺȽ ȷǠȭȿ

ǥǿǟǻɌȱ ɁȿǠȮȊǣ ı ǦȍǠƪǟ ǧǠȭȀȊȱǟ ȸȵ Ǧȝɀȶƭ ȸȵ ǦȦȱǘƫǟ ı ǧǟǒǠȊȹɋǟ ǦȥȀȡ ǨȵĉǼȪǩ :ȯǠȢȉɉǟ ÛǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ȱǹǟǻ ȋǠǺȉɉǟ ȐȞǣ ǢȆƜȿ .ǠȾȺȵ ɃǕ ƂǙ ǧǠȦǪȱɍǟ ȴǪɅ Ɓ ȸȮȱ ÛȁǟȂǪǣɍǟ ȋɀȎƝ ǦȪǣǠȆȱǟ Ǽȝɀȵ ƙƷȿ ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ȯǠȢȉɉǟ ȯǠȶȭǙ ȴǪɅ ȷǕ ǼȞǣȿ .ĕČĐ-Čċ ǠȾǪǤȆȹ ǥɀȉǿ ǧǟǒǠȖȞȱǟ ǦȱǠǵǙ ǢȲȖǪǩ

ÛƾɆȪɆȪǵ ȜȥǼȱǟ ȳǼȞǣ ǼɅǼȾǪȱǟ ȷǠȭȿ ."[ȴȭǠƩǟ] ǡȂǶȲȱ" ăǥǻǠȝ ĕČċ ƂǙ ȰȎǩ ǥɀȉǿ ǢȲȕ ȴǪɅ ÛȜȥǼȱǟ ƙȵǠȞȱǟ Ž ǻǠǵ ȰȮȊǣ ı ȜȥǼȱǟ ȸȝ ȤȲǺǪȱǟ ǠȾɆȥ Ǡƞ ı ɁǼƫǟ ǥƘȎȩ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȷɀɅǻ ǨȞȦǩǿǟ ǬɆǵ

.ǿɍȿǻ ȷɀɆȲȵ ȸɅȀȊȝ ƂǙ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȷɀɅǻ ǨȲȍȿ ÛČĔĔđ ȳǠȝ ȯɀȲƜȿ .ƙɆȑǠƫǟ

ǴɅȀȎǪȲȱ ȯǠȞȥ ǡǠȪȝ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ǼǱɀɅ ɍ ȼȹǕ ǴȒǩǟ ǠȵǼȺȝ "źǟǾȱǟ ƙȶǺǪȱǟ" ȳǠȚȹ Ȱ ĉȖȞǩ :ǢǝǟȀȒȱǟ ǦɅǠǤǱ ȄɆȱ Ǡŏ ǳȀȎƫǟ ǦȶɆȪȱǟ ȤȞȒǣ ǿǠȪȞȱǟ ǒǟȀȊǣ ǼɅǼȾǪȱǟ ȷǕ ȸĉɆǤǩ) .ǧǟǿǠȪȞȲȱ ǦɆȲȞȦȱǟ ǦȶɆȪȱǟ ȸȵ ȰȩǕ ǦȶɆȪǣ

ǧǠȺɆȶơ ȳĉǼȪɅ ǼɅǼǱ ȳǠȚȹ ǢɆȭȀǩ Ź ÛČĔĔĐ ȳǠȝ Ž .(ȼǪɆȩǟǼȎȵ ǨȱǒǠȒǩ ÛǧǟɀȺȅ ȜȒǣ ǼȞǣȿ ÛƾɆȹɀȹǠȩ ɂȲȝǕ ǦɆǤɅȀȑ ǧǠȺɆȶơ Ȭȱǽ ȸȝ ǰǪȹ .ȴȾȆȦȹǖǣ ȷɀȮȱǠƫǟ ǠȾȺȝ ǳĉȀȎɅ Ɣȱǟ ȸȮȆȱǟ ǧǠȦȍ Ȩȥȿ "ǦɆǝǠȪȲǩ" Ž ȰȵǠȞǪȱǟ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ɂȲȝ Ǣ ĉǱɀǩȿ ÛǥƘǤȭ ǧǠǱǠǲǪǵǟ Ȭȱǽ ȜǤǩ .ǠɆȹǼȱǟ ǦȖȅɀǪƫǟȿ ǥƘȪȦȱǟ ǦȪǤȖȲȱ ƘǮȮǣ

ǼȪǪȞɅȿ .ȀȶǪȅǟ ȳǠȞȱǟ ǢȒȢȱǟ ȸȮȱ .ȼǪȶɆȩ ȐɆȦǺǪǣ ƙȶǺǪȱǟ ȰɅǼȞǩ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ǦɅǻȀȦȱǟ ɁȿǠȮȊȱǟ ȣɍǓ ȄɆǝǿ ǦƹȂȽ ƂǙ ɁǻǕ ǦȲǵȀƫǟ ȻǾȽ ȼǪȦȲǹ ɃǾȱǟ ǒƚȆȱǟ țǠǤȖȹɍǟ ȷǕ ǦȪǣǠȆȱǟ ǥǿǟǻɋǟ Ž ƙȦșɀƫǟ ǼǵǕ

7677


ǴɅȀȎǪȱǟ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ƑɅȀȒȱǟ ǡȀȾǪȱǟ ȸȵ țɀȹ ɁĉǻǕ ÛȯǠǵ ǦɅǕ ɂȲȝ .ǠȾȺɆǵ ǢȎȺƫǟ Ž ȷǠȭ ɃǾȱǟ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ.ǧǠȦȪȆƫǟ ǦǤɅȀȑ Ǽǝǟɀȝ Ž ĕČċċ ȸȝ ȰȪɅ ɍ Ǡƞ ǿĉǼȪǩ ǦǤȆȺǣ Ȃǲȝ ƂǙ Ȝȩǟɀȱǟ ȸȵ ȰȩǕ ȴɆȪǣ

ǧɎȵǠȞƫǟ ȸȵ ǠȽƘȡȿ ǴɅǿǠȎǪȱǟȿ ȌɆǹǟȀǪȱǟ ǧǠǤȲȖȱ Ǽ ĉǵɀƫǟ ȰɆǲȆǪȱǟ ǢǪȮȵ Ȱ ĉȖȞǩ :ȌɆǹǟȀǪȱǟȿ ǴɅǿǠȎǪȱǟ ǸɅǿǠǪǣ ǥȀȭǾȵ Ž Ȭȱǽ ǒǟǿȿ ǡǠǤȅɉǟ ȸȵ "ǦɆǝǠŒɍ ƾǤɅȀȪǩ" ǦȶǝǠȩ ȯȿǘȆƫǟ Ȥșɀƫǟ Ȁȭǽ Ǽȩȿ .ȰȵǠȮȱǠǣ Ž ȴŏȂǵ ſǠȎȵȿ ȴȾƩǠȎȵ ȨɆȪǶǪȱ ƙȝǠȆȱǟ ƙȱȿǘȆȶȲȱ ȜɅȀȆȱǟ ǢȩǠȞǪȱǟ ȯɀǵ ǿɀǶȶǪǩ ČĔĔđ ȓǠǤȉ ȰȎǩ ǥɀȉǿ Ȝȥǻ ı "ȳɀɅ Ȱȭ Žȿ ǧǠȩȿɉǟ ȜɆƤ Ž" ı ƾɆȺɆǩȿǿ ƿȀȵǕ ǴǤȍǕ Ǽȩȿ .ɁȿǠȉȀȱǟ ɂȲȝ ȯɀȎƩǟ

."ǧɎȵǠȞƫǟ ǦȞǱǟȀȵ" ȰǱǕ ȸȵ (ƿǿɍȿǻ ďċ ƃǟɀǵ) ɀȹǠɆȦɆȱɀǣ čċċ ƂǙ

ȷǠȭ .ȳǟɀȝǕ ǦȞǣǿɉ ƿȂȽǠǱ ȷǠȭ ȷǕ ǼȞǣ ÛǒǠȺǤȱǟ ǧǠȖȖǺƫ ƙɅǿǠȶȞƫǟ ƙȅǼȺȾƫǟ ȴɆɆȪǩ ȳǠȚȹ ǾɆȦȺǩ ƿƘǹǕ Ź ǴɅǿǠȎǩ ɂȲȝ ȯɀȎǶȲȱ ƙȵǼȪǪƫǟ ȜɆƤ ǠȾȞȥǼɅ Ɣȱǟ ȳɀȅȀȱǟ ȸȵ ƿǒȂǱ ȷȿǾǹǖɅ ȷɀɅǿǠȶȞƫǟ ȷɀȅǼȺȾƫǟ

ȴȅȀȱǟ Ȝȥǻ Ź ȼȹǕȿ) ǦǶɆǶȍ Ǡŏ ǳĉȀȎƫǟ ǦǵǠȆƫǟ ȷǕ ȷȿǼȭǖǪɅ ȔȪȥ ǟɀȹǠȭ ƙȅǼȺȾƫǟ ȷǕ ȿǼǤɅ ȸȮȱ ÛǒǠȺǣ ǨǶǤȍǕ ÛǧǠȖȖǺƫǟ ǦɆȹɀȹǠȩȿ ǥǻɀǱ ȸȵ ȨȪǶǪȱǠǣ ɄȲȍɉǟ ȧǠȦǩɍǠǣ ȳǟȂǪȱɍǟ ǠȾȺȵ ǢȲ ćȕ ǠȵǼȺȝȿ .(ǴɆǶȎȱǟ

ǦɆȲȮȱǟ ǧǻǟǿǕ ÛȬȱǽ Ȝȵ) ǠȾɆȱǙ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȸȵ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȰȪȹ ǼɅȀǩ ɍ ǠŒǕ ȸȵ ɄȮǪȊǩ ǦɅǿǠȶȞƫǟ ǦȅǼȺƬǟ ǦɆȲȭ.(ȯǠƫǟ ȸȵ ǠȾǤɆȎȹ ɂȲȝ ȯɀȎƩǠǣ ǿǟȀȶǪȅɍǟ

ǦȵǼȪǪƫǟ ǦɆǱǿǠƪǟ ǧǠȭȀȊȱǟ ȷɀȒȥȀɅ ȷȿǼȅǠȦȱǟ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ɀȦșɀȵ ȷǠȭ .ƾȞǝǠȉ ǘȕǟɀǪȱǟ ǴǤȍǕ :ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ ȨȥǟȀǩ ÛƾȪǣǠȅ ǠȹȀȭǽ Ǡȶȭȿ .ǦȶȾǤȵ ǥǻɀǱ ƘɅǠȞȵ ƂǙ ƿǻǠȺǪȅǟ ǧǟǒǠȖȞȲȱ ǠȽƘȡ ȸȵ ȰȩǕ ǦȶɆȪǣ ȏȿȀȞǣ

.ȜȥǼȱǟȿ ǦȱǠǵɋǟ ǦȲǵȀȵ ȸȵ Ȱȭ Ž ɁȿǠȉȀȱǟ Ȝȵ ǧǟǒǠȖȞȱǠǣ ǢȝɎǪȱǟ

ȸȝ ƾȑɀȝȿ .ǒǟǻɉǠǣ ƙȕɀǣȀȵ ǠȹɀȮɅ Ɓ ǦɆȩȀǪȱǟȿ ȀǱɉǟ ȸȮȱ ÛƾɆǤȆȹ ǦȞȦǩȀȵ ǢǩǟȿȀȱǟ ǨɆȪǣ :ȷɀȲȵǠȞȱǟ ȸȵ ĕďċøǣ ǿĉǼȪɅ Ǡȵ ǨȱǼǤǪȅǟ ǦȪǣǠȆȱǟ ǥǿǟǻɋǟ ȷǕ ǦǱǿǼȱ ǦȞǝǠȉ ǦɆȅǠɆȆȱǟ ǧǠȺɆɆȞǪȱǟ ǨȹǠȭ ÛȬȱǽ

ȷǠȭȿ .ȴȾȲȶȝ ǟɀȭȀǩ ǠȾǪȪǤȅ Ɣȱǟ ǥǿǟǻɋǟ Ž ƙȦșɀƫǟ ȸȵ ĕĒċøǣ ǿĉǼȪɅ Ǡȵȿ ÛƙɆȺȦȱǟȿ ƙɅǿǟǻɋǟ ƙȦșɀƫǟ ɄȅǠɆȆȱǟ ǡȂƩǟ ƂǙ ǟɀȶȒȺɅ Ɓ Ǡȵ ȴȾǤǩǟȿǿ ɂȲȝ ǧǟǻǠɅȁ ɂȲȝ ǟɀȲȎƷ ȸȱ ȴŒǙ ǠɅǿǠǩȀȮȆȱǟ ɄȦșɀƫ ȯǠȪɅ ɃǕ ȷǕ ɄȽ ǦȕǠȆǤǣ ǦǣǠǱɋǟ ÝȳǠȞȱǟ ǢȒȢȱǟȿ ɁɀȮȊȲȱ ƿǿǼȎȵ Ȭȱǽ ȸȮɅ Ɓ ǟǽǠƫ ȸȮȱ .ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȄɆǝȀȱ

ǧǟɀȺȅ ȜǣǿǕ ǠȺȊȝ" :ǠɅǿǠǩȀȮȆȱǟ ɄȦșɀȵ ǼǵǕ ȯǠȩ Ǡȶȭȿ .ǨȶȖƠ Ǽȩ ǨȹǠȭ ƗȾȵ ȰǤȪǪȆȵ ǒǠȺǤǣ ƘȮȦǩ ȀȆǺɆȅ ȷǠȭ Û[ǦȝȿȀȊƫǟ Ƙȡ ǦȖȊȹɉǟ ȸȝ] ȌǺȉ ɃǕ ɂȮǪȉǟ ȷǙ .ǦȶȶȮȵ ȻǟɀȥǕȿ ǠȾɆȲȝ ȀȖɆȆȵ ȯɀȪȞǣ

".ɃȀƶ Ǡȵ ȯɀǵ ǦɆȦǹ ȐȞǤȱǟ ȴȾȒȞǤȱ ȷɀȪĉȲȞɅ ȷǠȭ ȜɆȶƨǟ ȸȮȱ .ȼȲȶȝ

.ǥǒǠȦȮȱǟ ȳǼȝȿ ƘǭǖǪȱǟ ǦɆǶȑ ȨɆȩǼǪȱǟȿ ɁȿǠȮȊȱǟ Ž ȨɆȪǶǪȲȱ ǦɆȲǹǟǼȱǟ ǦȶȚȹɉǟ ǨȞȩȿ ÛȬȱǽ ƂǙ ǦȥǠȑɋǠǣ Ȝȵ ȼȪɆǤȖǩ Ź Ǽȩ ȸȮɅ Ɓ ɃǾȱǟȿ ı ǦȲȵǠȮǪƫǟ ǦɆȱǠƫǟ ǥǿǟǻɋǟ ȳǠȚȹ ɂȲȝ ȰȶȞɅ ǒǟƎƪǟ ȸȵ ȨɅȀȥ ǢȆƜȿ ȷǕ Ȝȵȿ .ƾǤɅȀȪǩ ǥǼɆȦȵ Ƙȡ ǨǶǤȍǕ ǧɎǲȆȱǟȿ ǧǠǣǠȆƩǟ ȷǚȥ ı ȳǟɀȝǕ ǦȞǣǿǕ ǾȺȵ ƿȂȽǠǱ ȷǠȭ ȼȹǕ

ǧǠȶȲȮǣ) ȷǠȭ ǼɅǼƨǟ ȳǠȚȺȱǟ ȨɆǤȖǩ Ž ȀǹǖǪȲȱ ɁȀǹɉǟ ǡǠǤȅɉǟ ȸȵ ȷǕ ĉɍǙ ÛƾȵǠƢ ȰȶǪȮɅ Ɓ ȴɆȶȎǪȱǟ ȴŏǠǤȅɉ ǦɆȱǠƫǟ ǥǿǟǻɋǟ ȳǠȚȹ ȸȵ ƿǒȂǱ ǟɀȹɀȮɅ ȷǕ ǟȿǼɅȀɅ Ɓ ȸɅǾȱǟ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ɄȦșɀȵ ǦȵȿǠȪȵ" (ǰȵǠȹƎȱǟ ǒǟǿǼȵ

".ǦȍǠƪǟ

ȨɆȆȺǪȱǟȿ ȔɆȖǺǪȱǟ ǢǪȮȵ ȼƧǟ ƾǤǪȮȵ ȨǣǠȆȱǟ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȄɆǝǿ ǖȊȹǕ"Ǽȩȿ .ɃȂȭȀȵ ǻǠȆȥ ȫǠȺȽ ȷǠȭ Ǡȶȭ ǿǟȀȩ Ȱȭȿ ǒɄȉ Ȱȭ ȰȞǱ ɂȲȝ ǢǪȮƫǟ Ȱȶȝ" ǻȀȖǪȆɅȿ ǢǪȮƫǟ ǟǾƬ ǼɅǼƨǟ ȀɅǼƫǟ ȯɀȩ ǢȆƜ ".ǦǣǠȩȀȱǟȿ Ǽȩȿ .ǼȪȝ Ȱȭȿ ǦȎǹǿ Ȱȭȿ ǴɅȀȎǩ Ȱȭ ɂȲȝ ȼȺȵ ǦȪȥǟɀȵ ɂȲȝ ȯɀȎƩǟ Ǣƶ ȷǠȭ ÛǦɅǠȾȺȱǟ Žȿ .ƾɅȂȭȀȵ

".ɁȿǠȉȀȱǟ ȰɆȎƠȿ ȔɆȖǺǪȱǟ ǢǪȮȵ ǢȪȱ ȼɆȲȝ ǠȺȪȲȕǕȿ .ǧǟǒǠȅɋǟ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȲȱ ƿǿǼȎȵ Ȭȱǽ ǴǤȍǕ

ȴȽǠȅ .ǨɆȪǣ ǠȾȺɆǵ ǨɅȀǱǕ Ɣȱǟ ǧǠǵɎȍɋǟ ȐȞǤȥ .ČĔēĐ ȳǠȝ ȸȵ ȰȒȥǕ ǦȺɆȞȵ ąǳǟɀȹ Ž Ȝȑɀȱǟ ȷǠȭ ȬȲǩ ȨɆǤȖǩ ǢȭǟɀɅ ȨǣǠȆȱǟ Ž ȷǠȭ ɃǾȱǟ ǻǠȆȦȲȱ ǦȶǝǟǼȱǟ Ǧȱǟȁɋǟ Ž ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǻǠȎǪȩǟ ǢȹǟɀǱ ȐȞǣ ȀɅȀƠ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǼȞǩ Ɓ ÛȯǠǮƫǟ ȰɆǤȅ ɂȲȝ .ƾȒɅǕ ǼȝǠȅ ɁȀǹǕ ǧɍǠƭ Ž ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǿȿǻ ȌɆȲȪǩ ȷǕ Ǡȶȭ .ǦȶȚȹɉǟ

ȸȮȱ .ǦɆǤȺǱɉǟ ǧǟǼȝǠȆȶȲȱ țȿȀȊȵ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ȜȦǩǿǟ ǧǟǼȞƫǟ ȸȵ ǠŒȿȂƯ ȷǕ Ȝȵ ÛǦɆȆɆǝǿ ǧǟǒǠȊȹǙ ǦȭȀȉ ǥƘǤȭ ȯǠȮȉǕ ǧǻǠȝȿ ÛƿǿɀȽǼǩ ǠȾɆȲȝ ȣǟȀȉɋǟȿ ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ȯǠȢȉɉǟ ȜɅǿǠȊȵ ǿǠɆǪǹǟ ǦɆȲȶȝ ǧǼȾȉ ÛȤȅɊȱ

.ƿǻǼƭ ǿɀȾȚȲȱ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ

ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ɁɀǪȆȵ" ȷǕ ɂȲȝ ȷǠȮȆȱǟ ȸȵ ĕĐċ Ȩȥǟȿ ÛČĔĔđ ȓǠǤȉ Ž ɃȀǱǕ ƙȺȕǟɀƫǟ ǒǟǿɇ țɎȖǪȅǟ Žȿ ǡǠǱǕ ǬɆǵ Ûȸ ĉȆƠ ȼȹǙ ǼǵǕ ȰȪɅ Ɓȿ ÛȼȱǠǵ ɂȲȝ ɄȪǣ ȼȹǙ ĕďĎ ȯǠȩȿ ".ǕɀȅǕ ǴǤȍǕ Ǽȩ ɄȑǠƫǠǣ ǦȹǿǠȪȵ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȄɆȱȿ ÛǦȵɀȮƩǟ ǧǠɅɀǪȆȵ ȜɆƤ ƂǙ ƘȊɅ ɃǕȀȱǟ țɎȖǪȅǟ ȷǠȭ) ."ɃǿǻǕ ɍ"øǣ ȷɀȪǤǪƫǟ ĕĒøȱǟ ȸȭǠȵǕ Ž ȴȽƘȡ ȸȵ ǦȽǟȂȹ ȰȩǕ ƙɆȦɆȱɀǤȱǟ ƙɆȅǠɆȆȱǟ ȷǙ ȴȽǗǟǿǓ ǦȞȲȖǪȆƫǟ ȸȵ ĕĒď ƃǟɀǵ ȯǠȩȿ (.ȔȪȥ ȿǕ ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ǦȵǼƪǟ ɀȽ ƙɆȅǠɆȆȲȱ ɄȆɆǝȀȱǟ ȜȥǟǼȱǟ ȷǠȭ ȷǙ Ǡȵ ȯǟǘȅ ɂȲȝ ǦǣǠǱǙȿ .ǦɆȺɆǩɎȱǟ ǠȮɅȀȵǕ Ž ɁȀǹǕ ǫǠȹɋǟ ȸȵ ĕĐčȿ ȴȽǗǟǿǓ ǦȞȲȖǪȆƫǟ ǿɀȭǾȱǟ ȸȵ ĕēď ǡǠǱǕ Û"ǦȖȲȆȲȱ ǳɀȶȖȱǟ" ȿǕ "ɃǻǠȎǪȩɍǟ ǳɀȶȖȱǟ"

Č."ǦɆȹǼƫǟ ǦȵǼƪǟ" ǠŒǖǣ ǦȞȶǪǲƫǟ ǦȺĉɆȞȱǟ ȸȵ ĕĔ ĉɍǙ ǢƟ Ɓȿ Û"ɃǻǠȎǪȩɍǟ ǳɀȶȖȱǟ" ȼȹǕ ȸȽǗǟǿǓ ǦȞȲȖǪȆƫǟ

ČĔĔċ ȷǠȭ ǼȪȥ .ƃǠƫǟ ǠȾȞȑȿ Ž ȨȲȪȵ ȼǱɀǩ Ȝȵ ȨȥǟȀǩ ȁǠǣɍ Ž ǻǠȆȦȱǟȿ ǥǿǟǻɋǟ ǒɀȅ ȷǕ ƾǞǱǠȦȵ ȄɆȱȿ ǦȱǠȪǪȅɍǟ ȼɆȲȝ ȷǠȭ ÛɄȦɆȱɀǤȱǟ ȷɀȹǠȪȱǟ ǢȆƜȿ) ǢȎȺƫǟ Ž ǟȿǿǠǣǕ ƙȲȮȵ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȄɆǝȀȱ ȰȵǠȭ ȳǠȝ ȀǹǓ

ȳǟɀȝǕ ƙǣ .(ȳǠȞȱǟ Ȭȱǽ ǦɅǠŒ Ž ȼǣǠǺǪȹǟ ǥǻǠȝɋ ǴȉȀǪȲȱ ȰȽǖǪɅ ȷǕ ȰǱǕ ȸȵ ČĔĔČ ȳǠȝ ȤȎǪȺȵ ƃǟɀǵ Ž ǦɆȱǠƧǕȀȱǟ ǧɎɅɀǶǪȱǟ ǡǠȆǪǵǟ ȷȿǻ) ɃǿǠƨǟ ȰǹǼȱǟ ɂȲȝ ǧǠȪȦȺȱǟ Ž ȂǲȞȱǟ ȜȦǩǿǟ ÛČĔĔĐ ȿ ČĔĔċ

ƿǿɍȿǻ ȷɀɆȲȵ ďċ,Ē ƂǙ (ɃǿǠƨǟ ȰǹǼȱǟ ȸȵ ĕď) ƿǿɍȿǻ ȷɀɆȲȵ Č,č ƃǟɀǵ ȸȵ (ǦɆǤȺǱɉǟ ǧǟǼȝǠȆƫǟȿ ƃǠƤǙ ȜȦǩǿǟ ÛǠȾȺɆǵ ǿɍȿǼȱǟ ȀȞȅ ȳǟǼǺǪȅǠǣ ƾȒɅǕȿ ǥȀǪȦȱǟ ȄȦȹ ȯɎǹ .(ɃǿǠƨǟ ȰǹǼȱǟ ȸȵ ĕēĒ)

ǥƘǩɀǣ ǦɅǿǠƨǟ ǧǠȪȦȺȱǟ ǨȞȦǩǿǟ ƙǵ Ž Ûƿǿɍȿǻ ȷɀɆȲȵ Čď,đ ƂǙ ƿǿɍȿǻ ȷɀɆȲȵ Čċ,ď ȸȵ ǿǠȶǮǪȅɍǟ.ČĔĔĐ Ž ǿɍȿǻ ȷɀɆȲȵ Ďč,ċ ƂǙ ǿɍȿǻ ȷɀɆȲȵ ē,Đ ȸȵ ǨǵȿǟȀǩ ǬɆǵ ƘǮȮǣ țȀȅǕ

ÝȰȭǠȊƫǟ ǦƨǠȞƫ ȷɇǟ ȼǣ ȳǠɆȪȱǟ ȸȮƹ ɃǾȱǟ Ǡȵȿ ÝǫǼǵ ɃǾȱǟ ǖȖƪǟ Ǡȵ

املعلومات واحلوافز

ȼȹǕ ƆǠǮȱǟȿ .ȴȚȺƫǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ Ž ƘǤȭ Ƙǭǖǩ ǫǟǼǵǙ ȸȮƹ ȼȹǕ ȯȿɉǟ .ȁǠǣɍ ǦɅǼȲǣ ǦȱǠǵ ȸȵ ƙȅǿǻ ȴĉȲȞǩ ǠȺȺȮƹ ǿǻǠȎȵ ƂǙ ȯĉɀǶǪǩȿ ȣȀǶȺǩ ȷǕ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ƘǣǟǼǩ ȐȞǤȱ ȸȮƹ ÛǥǼɅǼǱ ǥǻǠɆȩ Ȱș Žȿ Ǩȩɀȱǟ Ȝȵ ǧǠɆȝǟǼǩ ɄȽ Ǡȵ ÝǿɀȽǼǪȱǟ ǫǼƷ ǟǽǠƫ :ǦȲǞȅɉǟ ȸȵ Ǧȝɀȶƭ Ȭȱǽ ƘǮɅȿ .ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ɁȀǹǕ ȯǠȮȉɉ

ÝǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ǧǠȅǠɆȅ ȴɆȶȎǩ

7879


ȼǱǟɀǩ ɁȀǹǕ ȯȿǻȿ ȷǼȶȥ ÛǠȽǼǵȿ ȁǠǣɍ ɂȲȝ ȨǤȖȺɅ ɍ Ȝȑɀȱǟ ǟǾȽ ȷǕ ɄȽ ǠƬ ȼǤȺǪȹ ȷǕ Ǣƶ ǦȖȪȹ ȯȿǕ .ǦȖȪȺȱǟ ȻǾȽ ȰɆȎȦǩ Ž ǠȹǼɆȦɅ ȷǕ Ƞȹɀȭ ȠȹɀȽ ȯǠǮƫ ȸȮƹȿ .ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ǧǟǿǻǠǤȵ ǦȵǟǻǙ Ž ǦǣɀȞȍ

ǦɆȺɆȎȱǟ ǥǻǠɆȆȱǟ ǨƠ ǴǤȎǩ ȷǕ ǼȞǣ Ƞȹɀȭ ȠȹɀȽ ȰǤȪǪȆȵ ȯɀǵ ȫɀȮȊȱǟ" :ȀɅǿǠȪǪȱǟ ǼǵǕ Ž ǒǠǱ ǠȶǤȆǶȥ Ƞȹɀȭ ȠȹɀȽ Ž ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮƫ ǦȲȪǪȆƫǟ ǦǞɆƬǟ ǧȀȭǽ Ǽȩȿ č".ȜɅȀȆȱǟ ǒǟȀǮȲȱ ƿȂȥǠǵ ƘǮǩ ɃǿǠƨǟ ȁɀƢ ȯɎǹ .ČĔĔď ȳǠȝ ƂǙ ČĔĔč ȳǠȝ ȸȵ ĕĐē ǦǤȆȺǣ ǧǻǟȁ ȋǠƪǟȿ ȳǠȞȱǟ ƙȝǠȖȪȱǟ Ž ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȯɀǵ ȀɅǿǠȪǪȱǟ ȷǕ

ǦȭȀȉ ɄȽȿ Û(ǠɆȅǓ) ȯȿȀȭ ǦȭȀȉ Ž ȷɀȲȵǠȝ ȯɀȪɅȿ (.ČĔĔĐ ȳǠȝ Ž ĕČċ ǦǤȆȺǣ ǨȒȦƳǟ Ż) ČĔĔĐ ƆǠǮȱǟ ȷɀȹǠȭ ȸȵ ǨȦȝǠȒǩ Ƀǿǟǻɋǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȯɀǵ ǠȾǪȲȍȿ Ɣȱǟ ǠɅǠȒȪȱǟ ȷǕ ÛǦɆȱȿǻ ǧǟǿǠȊǪȅǟ

ǦȲȪǪȆƫǟ ǦǞɆƬǟ ȿǕ ǦȕȀȊȱǟ ȸȵ ƾɅǕ ȷǕ ȸȵ ȁȀȮɆȥ ȸȦɆǪȅ ǦȭȀȊȲȱ ȳǠȞȱǟ ȀɅǼƫǟ ɀȮȊɅȿ .ČĔĔđ ȷǟȀɅȂǵ ƂǙ.ƙɆȑǠƫǟ ƙȵǠȞȱǟ Ž ǦȶȭǠǶȶȲȱ ǥƘǤȭ ǧǠȭȀȊȱ ǻǠȆȥ ǠɅǠȒȩ ǨȵĉǼȩ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮƫ

ɂȲȝ ǨȲȎǵ ǬɆǵ ÛǠɆȅǓ Ž ƿǻǠȆȥ ȯȿǼȱǟ ȀǮȭǕ ƎǪȞćǩ ƙȎȱǟ ȷǖǣ ƾȞȅǟȿ ƾȝǠǤȖȹǟ ȫǠȺȽ ȷǕ ɄȽ ǦȲȮȊƫǟ ǻǠȺǪȅɍǠǣ ÛČĔĔđ ǿǠɅǕ Ž ǦɆȱȿǼȱǟ ǦɆȥǠȦȊȱǟ ǦȶȚȺȵ ȼǩȀȊȹ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȴɆɆȪǪȱ ȴȲȅ Ž ȻɀǤȊƫǟ ǢɆǩȀǪȱǟ ǟǾȽ

ȴȲȅ ȸȵ Ȁǹɇǟ ȣȀȖȱǟ ȸȵ ǦǤɅȀȩ ǦǤǩȀȵ ǨȲǪǵǠȥ Ƞȹɀȭ ȠȹɀȽ ǠȵǕ .ǦɅǿǠǲǪȱǟ ȴɆɆȪǪȱǟ ǧǠȵǼǹ ȸȵ ǻǼȝ ƂǙ ǧǟǻǠȝ ǠȾȞȵ ǢȲǲǪȅ Ƞȹɀȭ ȠȹɀȽ Ž ǦȲȵǠȞȱǟ ǥǾȦȺǪƫǟ ǦɆȺɆȎȱǟ ǧǠȭȀȊȱǟ ȷǕ ȸȵ ȃǠȺȱǟ ȣɀơȿ ÛȴɆɆȪǪȱǟ

.ǠȽƘȡȿ ǦȪɅȀȖȱǟ ȻǾŏ ƘȢǪǪȅ ǦǤȞȲȱǟ Ǽȝǟɀȩ ȷǕȿ ÛǥǼȅǠȥ

ǻɀȾǱ Ž ȄɆȱȿ ÛǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ȱȶȝ Ʉǵǟɀȹ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ Ž ƾǤȞȍ ƿȀȵǕ ɁȀǹɉ ǥǿǟǻǙ ȸȵ ǧǠȅǠɆȆȱǟ ǦȵǟǻǙ ƎǪȞćǩ ǦɆȵǠȺȱǟ ȯȿǼȱǟ Ž ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȸȵ ƿǼǱ ăɎɆȲȩ ƿǻǼȝ ȷǚȥ ÛȴǝǠȊǪȵ ǬɅǼǵ ȀɅȀȪǩ ǢȆƜȿ .ȔȪȥ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ǿɀȱǠȢȺǣ ǦȺɅǼȵȿ ÛǠǤɆǪɅǿɀȭ" ȰǮȵ ǳǠƱ ȌȎȩ .ǻǠȞǣɉǟ ȸȵ ǼȞǣ ɃǕ Ž ɁǼƫǟ ƘȎȩ ǳǠƱ ɂȲȝ ǦȚȥǠǶƫǟ ȼȺȮƹ ɀȶȺȱǟ ǨȆɆȱ ǥƘȪȦȱǟ ȷǼƫǟ ȼǱǟɀǩ Ɣȱǟ ǦɆȪɆȪƩǟ ǦȲȮȊƫǟ ȷǕ ƂǙ ƘȊǩ Ǽȩ ǦȲǮȵɉǟ ȸȵ ȰɆȲȩ ȀǹǓ ǻǼȝȿ ÛǦɅǼȺƬǟ ɂȪǤǩ Ɣȱǟ ǦȶɆȲȆȱǟ ǧǠȅǠɆȆȱǟȿ ǦȶȚȹɉǟȿ ǥǘȦȮȱǟ ǥǻǠɆȪȱǟ Ž ȌȪȹ ǠȾȺȮȱ ÛǠȾɅǼȱ ǻǿǟɀƫǟ ǥǼȝǠȩ ȿǕ ƆǠȮȆȱǟ ɂȲȝ ƿǼǱ ǦǤȞȍ ȳǠȝ ȰȮȊǣ ǠŒɀȭ ȰȭǠȊƫǟ ȷǼȺɆȱ ȳɀȲɅ ÛǥǻǠɆȪȱǟ ǡǠɆȡ ǢȹǠǱ ƂǙȿ Ď".ɁȀǹɉ ǥǿǟǻǙ ȸȵ Ž ǻɀȭȀȱǟ ÛǦɆƫǠȞȱǟ ǧǟǿǠȶǮǪȅɎȱ ǦȞɅȀȆȱǟ ǦȭȀƩǟ ÛɄǞɆǤȱǟ ǿɀȽǼǪȱǟ ÛȀȪȦȱǟ ÛǥȀǲƬǟ :ǦɆȵǠȺȱǟ ȯȿǼȱǟ ȷǼȵ

.ǦɆȹǼƫǟ ǧǠȝǟƕȱǟȿ ǦƹȀƨǟ ǢȆȹ Ž țǠȦǩǿɍǟ ÛɄǝǟǾȢȱǟ ǯǠǪȹɋǟ

ÝȳǟǼǪȆȵ ȰȮȊǣ ȼɆȲȝ ǢȲȢǪȱǟ ǢȞȎɅ ǦȕǠȆǤǣ ȰȽ ÝƾȒɅǕ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ɂȲȝ Ȭȱǽ ȨǤȖȺɅ ȰȽ

ǦȹǿǠȪȵȿ .ȸɅǼȅǠȦȱǟ ȋǠǺȉɊȱ ƾɆǤȆȹ ǦȲȾȅ ƾȥǟǼȽǕȿ ƾɆǤȆȹ ǦƜȀȵ ȰȚǪȅ ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȷǕ ɄȽ ǦȖȪȹ ȯȿǕ Ȁȵɉǟ ÛƅǻǕ ƙɆȺȾȶȲȱ Ǣǩǟȿǿ ȴȲȅȿ ÛǥǻǠȞȱǟ Ž ȤȞȑǕ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǦɅǿǟǻɋǟ ǦȶȚȹɉǟ ȷǚȥ ÛǦɆȺȕɀȱǟ ǧǠȵɀȮƩǠǣ ȴȾǱǟǿǼǪȅǟ ǦɆȹǠȮȵǙ ȷǚȥ ÛǢǩǟȿȀȱǟ ȴȲȅ ǿǠǭǓ ǢǤȆǣȿ .ăɍǠƤǙ ƙȲȵǠȞȱǟ ȸȵ ƅǻǕ ɁɀǪȆȵ ƂǙ ɃǻǘɅ ɃǾȱǟ ÛǕɀȅɉǟ ȿǕ ȰȒȥɊȱ Ȭȱǽ ȷǠȭ ǒǟɀȅȿ .ƎȭǕ ȿǼǤǩ ǦɆȲǶƫǟ ǦɆǤȞȊȱǟ ǧǠȝǠȶƨǟ ȿǕ ǦɆȲǶƫǟ ǢǺȺȱǟ ȰǤȩ ȸȵ ǟǾȱ .ǠȾɆȱǙ ȯɀȍɀȱǟ ȰȾȆɅ Ɣȱǟ ǦȱȿǼȱǟ ǽɀȦȹȿ ǥȿȀǭ ȯǠȮȉǕ ȀǮȭǕ ȸȵ ȯȿǼȱǟ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ Ž ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ ƎǪȞćǩ ƂǙ ǦȱɀȾȆǣ ȯɀǶǪǩ ȷǕ ȸȮƹ ǥǿǟǻɋǟ ɂȲȝ ȸɅǿǻǠȪȱǟ Ƙȡ ƙɆȱǠǮƫǟ ȿǕ ȸɅǼȅǠȦȱǟ ƙɅȁǠȾǪȹɍǟ ɃǼɅǕ Ž ǠŒǚȥ

.ǠȾɆȥ ǦȲȍǖǪȵ ǠȾȾǱǟɀǩ Ɣȱǟ ǧǟǼɅǼȾǪȱǠȥ ÛǠȶȾɆȲȭ ȿǕ ȴȚȺƫǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȿǕ ȀȢȎƫǟ ǻǟǼǤǪȅɎȱ Ȝȩǟɀȵ

ȸȵ ȸɅǼȅǠȦȱǟ ȋǠǺȉɉǟ ȸ ĉȮƢ Ɣȱǟ ǧǠȕǠȊȺȱǟ ɂȲȝ ȂȭȀȹ ȷǕ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ Ž ɃǻǠȎǪȩɍǟ ǰȾȺȱǟ ǢȲȖǪɅ

ǢĉȺƟȿ ǦɆȎǺȉ ǢȅǠȮȵ ȨɆȪǶǪȱ ƾɆƧǿ ȴƬ ǦǵɀȺȶƫǟ ȣȀȎǪȱǟ ǦɅȀǵ ȯɎȢǪȅǟȿ ǦɅǿǠȮǪǵǟ ǳǠǣǿǕ ǼɆȱɀǩ ƂǙ Ƀǻǘǩ ȷǕ ȸȮƹ Ɣȱǟ ȰȶȞȱǟ ǧɍǠƭ ȸȵ ǦȵɀȮƩǟ ǯǟȀǹǙ ȬȱǾȱ ɃĉǼȎǪȲȱ ǥǼɆȦƫǟ ǿǠȮȥɉǟ ȸȵȿ .ǦȱǒǠȆƫǟ ȷǕ ǿǠǤǪȝɍǟ ƙȞǣ Ǿǹɉǟ Ȝȵ ÛǧǠȵǼƪǟ ȬȲǩ ƇǼȪǩ ǠȾȺȮƹ ǦȆȥǠȺȵ ǧǠȭȀȉ ȫǠȺȽ ȷɀȮɅ ǠȵǼȺȝ ǿǠȮǪǵɍǟ

ȰȶȞǩ Ǧȱȿǻ ǦɅɉ ƃǠǮƫǟ Ȝȑɀȱǟ ƘǮȮǣ ɁǼȞǪǩ ȀɅȀƠ ǦȅǠɆȅ ƂǙ ɃǻǘɅ Ǽȩ ǦȶȚȹɉǟ Ž ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǫȿǼǵ ǦɆȹǠȮȵǙ .ȴȲȚȱǟȿ ǥǒǠȦȮȱǟ ȳǼȝȿ ǻǠȆȦȱǠǣ ȀȕǠƯ ɂȲȝ ȀɅȀǶǪȱǟȿ ǦȎǺȎƪǟ ɃɀȖȺǩ ÛɁȀǹǕ ǦȾǱ ȸȵ .ȴɆȲȅ ȰȮȊǣ

ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ Ž ǦǮɅǼǵ ǡǿǠƟ ĉȯǼǩ Ǡȶȭ ÛǥǼȅǠȥ ǴǤȎǩ ȷǕ ǠȾȆȦȹ ǦȎǺȎƪǟ ǦɆȲȶȞȱ ȸȮƹ ÛȤȅɊȱȿ ǧǠǞɆǤȱǟ Ž ȸȮȱ ÛǦɆȝǠȶǪǱǟ Ǽǝǟɀȥ ɂȲȝ ɃɀȖȺǩ ǦȶȚȹɉǟ ȸȮǩ Ɓ ȷǙ Ǡŏ ȃǖǣ Ɏȥ ȀɅȀǶǪȱǟ ǦȅǠɆȅ ǠȵǕ .ȯȿǼȱǟ ȷǚȥ ÛȬȊȱǟ ȸȵ ǦȞȦǩȀȵ ǧǠɅɀǪȆȵȿ ǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǟ ȤȞȑȿ ǦɅǿǠȮǪǵɍǟ ǧǠȞȶǲǪȱǟȿ ǦȊƬǟ ȧǟɀȅɉǠǣ ȴȆǪǩ Ɣȱǟ

.ǥǒǠȦȮȱǟ ȳǼȝȿ ȴȲȚȱǟ ȸȵ ǦȲǝǠȽ ǧǠɅɀǪȆƫ ǦȑȀćȝ ǴǤȎɅ Ǽȩ ȼȆȦȹ ǿȀǶƫǟ ȧɀȆȱǟ

ȴȚȺƫǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ Ǽȑ ǦȱǠȞȥ ǧǠɆǲɆǩǟȀǪȅǟ ȀɅɀȖǩ ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ƙȶȾȲƫǟ ǿǠǤȮȱǟ ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟ ȷǠȮȵǚǣ ȤɆȭ ǠȺɅǕǿ ȸȵ ȰȲȪǩ ǦȪɅȀȖǣ ȂȥǟɀƩǟȿ ǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǟ ǦȶȚȹǕ ƘɆȢǩ ȴȾȺȮƹ ÛȯǠǮƫǟ ȰɆǤȅ ɂȲȝ .ƘȎȪȱǟ ɁǼƫǟ ɂȲȝ ǴǲȺǩ ǻɀȾǱ ǨǪȊǪǩ ȷǕ ƿǼǱ ȸȮȶƫǟ ȸȵ ÛǥǻǠɆȪȱǟ ƘȢǪǩ ǠȵǼȺȝ ȰɅɀȖȱǟ ɁǼƫǟ ɂȲȝ ȸȮȱ .ǦɅǿǠȮǪǵɍǟ ǳǠǣǿɉǟ ǥǿǟǻɋǟ ȳǠȚȹ ȔȖǹ Ĉǧǘǩ Ɓȿ ÛȬ ĉȮȦǩ ȁǠǣɍ Ž ǧɎȵǠȞȶȲȱ Ǽ ĉǵɀƫǟ ȰɆǲȆǪȱǟ ǢǪȮȶȥ ÛǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ

ǦȶȚȺȵ ǦɆȱǓ ǻɀǱȿ ȳǼȝȿ ÛȴőǠȮȲǪȶƫ "źǟǾȱǟ ƙȶǺǪȱǟ" ȳǠȚȹ ȷɀȺȕǟɀƫǟ ȏĉɀȩȿ ÛǼȞǣ ǠȾȲȭǕ ǦȲȵǠȮǪƫǟ ǦɆȱǠƫǟ Ȱ ĉȒȦɅ ȷǠȭ) .Ǩȩɀȱǟ Ȝȵ ǧɎǲȆȱǟ ȸȵ ȨȪǶǪȱǟ ǧǠȖȲȆȱǟ ɂȲȝ ȰɆǶǪȆƫǟ ȸȵ ȰȞǱ ǧɎǲȆȱǟ ȘȦƩ ǧǠȞȥǻ ȰǣǠȪȵ ǻǟȀȥɉǟ ȸȵ ɁȿǠȉȀȱǟ ȁǟȂǪǣǟ ȸȵ ǟɀȺ ĉȮȶǪɆȱ ǦȶȚȺȵ Ƙȡ ǿɀȵɉǟ ǨȲș ɀȱ ǢǝǟȀȒȱǟ ɀȱȿǘȆȵ

ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ǠɆȲȞȱǟ ǢȍǠȺƫǟ ȯɎȢǪȅǟ ǟȿǻǟǿǕ ȸɅǾȱǟ ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǒǠȅǗǿ ǼȆȥǕ ÛȬȱǽ ƂǙ ǦȥǠȑɋǠǣ (.ȰȩǕ ǦɆǤɅȀȑ.ȧǠȪǶǪȅɍǟ ȃǠȅǕ ɂȲȝ ǦɆȩȀǪȱǟȿ ƙɆȞǪȱǟ ǧǠȅǿǠư ǥǠǣǠǶȶȲȱ

.ǥǼȅǠȥ ǠȾȆȦȹ ɄȽ ǴǤȎǩ ȷǕ ȸȮƹ Ȱǣ ÛǢȆǶȥ ǟǾȽ ȄɆȱ ȸȮȱ ÛȰȖȞǪǩ ȷǕ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ƘǣǟǼǪȱ ȸȮƹ ƘɆȢǩ Ž ǦȶȾȵ ǥɀȖǹ ǦɆȆɆǝȀȱǟ ǦɆȺȦȱǟ ǢȍǠȺƫǟ Ž ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟ Ǣǩǟȿǿ ǥǻǠɅȁ ǨȹǠȭ ÛȁǠǣɍ ǦɅǼȲǣ ǦȱǠǵ Ž

ǧɎȶƩǟ Ž ǿǠǮćǩ ǦɆȒȩȿ ɄȅǠɆȅ ȯǼǱ ǿǼȎȵ Ȭȱǽ ǴǤȍǕ ÛČĔĔČ ȳǠȝ ȯɀȲƜ ȸȮȱ .ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž țǠȑȿɉǟ ÛǦɅǼȲǣ ǒǠȅǗǿ ǥǼȝ ƘȢǩ ǼȞǣ Ż .(ǦȵɀȮƩǟ Ž ǥǼɆǱ Ǣǩǟȿǿ ɂȲȝ ȃǠȺȱǟ ȰȎƷ ǠȵǼȺȝ ȯǠƩǟ ɀȽ Ǡȶȭ)

ǠɆȲȝ ǢȍǠȺȵ Ž ǦȖȲȆȱǟ Ž ɄȅǠɆȆȱǟ ǡȂƩǟ ȸȵ ǒǠȒȝɉǟȿ ǒǠȩǼȍɉǟ Ȝȑɀȱ ǦȲɆȅȿ ǢǩǟȿȀȱǟ ȬȲǩ ǨǶǤȍǕ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ăɍȿǕ ǦȵǿǠȎȱǟ ǦȶȚȹɉǟȿ ǦȎǺȎƪǟ ƙǣ Ȝȶƨǟ ǥȀȮȥ ǻǠȆȥǙ ȴǪɅ ȷǕ ȸȮƹȿ .ǠƬ ƙȲȽǘȵ ǟɀȹɀȮɅ Ɓ ǦȲȭɀƫǟ ǥǻɀƨǟ ǦǤȩǟȀȵȿ ȣǟȀȉɋǟ ȳǠȾȵ ǦȩǠȝǙ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ Ż ȸȵȿ ÛǻɀȪȞȱǟ ǦȱǠǵǙȿ ǧǟǒǠȖȞȱǟ ǧǠɆȲȶȝ ȐɅɀȪǩ ǿǠȮǪǵǟ ǦȲɆȅȿ ȼǩǟǽ ǼƜ ǴǤȎɅ ȷǕ ǒǟȀȊȱǟ ǧǠɆȲȶȝ ȜɆƤ ǥǿǟǻɋ ɃȂȭȀȵ ȳǠȚȺȱ ȸȮƹ ÛȜǤȖȱǠǣȿ .ǦȵɀȮƩǠǣ

.ǥǼȅǠȥ

ǦɆȕǟȀȪƹǼȱǟ ǦɆȲȶȞȱǠȥ ÛǻǠȆȦȱǟ ɂȲȝ ǻɀɆȪȱǟ ȐȞǣ ǦɅǻǠȎǪȩɍǟ ǦȆȥǠȺƫǟȿ ǦɆȕǟȀȪƹǼȱǟ ǧǠǣǠǺǪȹɍǟ Ɂɀȩ Ȁĉȥɀǩ .ǥȿȀǮȱǟ ȜɅȁɀǩ ǥǻǠȝǙȿ ǦɆǤȞȊȱǟ ȰǝǠȆƫǟ ɂȲȝ ǒɀȒȱǟ ȔƋȲȆɅ ǠȵǼȺȝ Ɠǵ ÛǦɆȲǶƫǟ ǦɅǻǟǼǤǪȅɍǟ ǦȶȚȹɉǟ ȨɆȞǩ Ź ȷǙ Ȱȩɉǟ ɂȲȝ ÛǘȕǟɀǪȱǟ ǧǠǤɆǩȀǩȿ ǦɅǿǠȮǪǵɍǟ ǧǠȞȶǲǪȱǠǣ ǦǵǠȕɋǟ ƂǙ ȰɆȶɆȥ ɄȆȥǠȺǪȱǟ ǻǠȎǪȩɍǟ ǠȵǕ ǦȦȅɎȦȱǟ ǢȆƜȿ ÛȸȮȱ .ǧǠȭȀȊȱǟȿ ǦȵɀȮƩǟ ƙǣ ǦȩɎȞȱǟ Ž ǦɆȥǠȦȊȱǟ ȷǠȶȒȱ ƿǼǱ ǦȖɆȆǣ ǻɀȾǱ ȯǾǣ

ď.ǻǠȆȦȱǟ Ǽȑ ǦȹǠȶȑ ǨȆɆȱ ǦɆȕǟȀȪƹǼȱǟ ȷǚȥ ÛǻǼƨǟȿ ɂȵǟǼȪȱǟ

ǒɁǻǠǤȵ ɂȲȝ ƗǤǩ ǦɆǩǟǾȱǟ ǦǶȲȎȶȲȱ Ɩćǣ ȀɅɀȖǩ Ž ȸȶȮǩ ǿɀȽǼǪȱǟ ǦȱǠƩ ɁǼƫǟ ǦȲɅɀȕ ȯɀȲƩǟ ȷǕ ȿǼǤɅȿ

8081


ǥǿǼȩ ȸȵ ǼɅȂƫǠǣ ƙȺȕǟɀƫǟ ȸȵ ǥǼȅǠȦȱǟ ǦȶȚȹɉǟ ǠɅǠǶȑ ɄȚǵ ȷǙ ȼȹǕ ǦǱǿǼȱ .ȀƩǟ ȧɀȆȱǟȿ ǦɆȕǟȀȪƹǼȱǟ ǦȖȊȹɉǟ ǻɀǱȿ ȷǚȥ ÛǠƬɀǵ ǦȞǱǟȀȱǟ ǦɅǾȢǪȱǟ Ƙȥɀǩȿ ǠȾɆȲȝ ǥȀȖɆȆȱǟȿ ǥǼȅǠȦȱǟ ǦȶȚȹɉǟ ƂǙ ȯɀȍɀȱǟ ɂȲȝ ȯǠȶȝɉǟ ȜȶǪǲƫȿ .ȀǮȭǕ ǥǼȝǟȿ ǴǤȎǪȅ ȳǟǼǪȆƫǟ ǳɎȍɋǟ ȋȀȥȿ ƾǵɀȑȿ ȀǮȭǕ ǴǤȎɆȅ ǦȝȿȀȊƫǟ Ƙȡ ǧǠȵǼƪǟȿ ȳǟȁɀȲȱ ȄȥǠȺƫǟ ƘȥɀǪȱǟ Žȿ ǥǒǠȦȭ ȀǮȭǕ ǦɅǼȲǣ ǧǠȵǼǹ ǻɀǱȿ Ž ǦǶȲȎȵ ı ȼɆȹǠȞȵ Ȝȅȿǖǣ ı

ǡȀȾǪȱǟ ȿǕ ǦȦȲȭ ȰȩǕ ǧǠȵǼǹ ƇǼȪǩ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ǥǻǠȦǪȅɎȱ ǒǟȀȡɋǠǣ ȷɀȞȦǪȺƫǟ ȀȞȊɆȅ ÛȜǤȖȱǠǣ .ȳǠȝ ȰȮȊǣ ȸȵ ɄȝǠȶƨǟ ȫĉȀǶǪȱǟ ȜɆǲȊǩ Ź ȯǠǵ Ž ȸȮȱ .ɁȿǠȉǿ Ȝȥǻ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ǿǠȮǪǵɍǟ ȷǠȶȑ ȿǕ ǢǝǟȀȒȱǟ ȸȵ ƙȹǟɀȩ ȨɆǤȖǩ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ăɎǮȵ ÛȳǠȞȱǟ țǠȖȪȱǟ ȸȵ ǥǼȝǠȆȵ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ƾȹǠɆǵǕ Ǡƞǿȿ ı ȯǠȶȝɉǟ ȯǠǱǿ ȰǤȩ

ȴȽǠȆǪȅ ȻǾȽ ǦȭȀǪȊƫǟ ȴȾǪǶȲȎȵ ȷǚȥ ÛȰɅɀȖȱǟ ɁǼƫǟ ɂȲȞȥ ı ɄȆȥǠȺǩ ȫɀȲȅ ȿǕ ǥǻɀǱ ƘɅǠȞȵ ȿǕ ȷɎȝɌȱ.ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ɂȲȝ ǥȀȖɆȆȱǟ Ž

Ž ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟ ǿǠǤȭ ȷǕ ǒȀƫǟ ȜȩɀǪɅ ǼȪȥ .ƾȒɅǕ ǦɅǿɀƮ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ȂȥǟɀƩǟ ǦȶȚȹǕ ƎǪȞćǩ ÛȬȱǽ ƂǙ ǦȥǠȑɋǠǣ ȴȾɅǼȱ ı ȳǠȝ ȰȮȊǣ ǥǼȅǠȦȱǟ ǧǠȞȵǠƨǟȿ ǦɆȵɀȮƩǟ Ƙȡ ǧǠȶȚȺƫǟȿ ǧǠȭȀȊȱǟȿ ı ǥǼȅǠȦȱǟ ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ

Ž ȬȱǾȭ ȷǠȭ Ȝȑɀȱǟ ȷǕ ȿǼǤɅ ÛȰȞȦȱǠǣ .ȻƘȡ ȸȵ ȀǮȭǕ ǼǝǟɀȞȱǟ ȯǠƭ Ž ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȤɆȚȺǩ Ž ƎȭǕ ǦǶȲȎȵ ǦȹǿǠȪƫǠǣ) ǠȾȆȦȺǣ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǠȾȞȶƟ Ɣȱǟ ǼǝǟɀȞȱǟ Ž ǥǻǠɅȁ ƎȭǕ ǨȲȎǵȿ ÛǦȺɅǼƫǟ Ǽǝǟɀȝ ǨȞȦǩǿǟ ǬɆǵ ÛȁǠǣɍ

ɁɀǪȆƫǟȿ ȁǠǣɍ ɁɀǪȆȵ ɂȲȝ ǠȾȲɆȎƠ ȴǪɅ Ɣȱǟ ǢǝǟȀȒȱǟ ȸȵ ǒȂƨ ǦɆȱǟǿǼȦȱǟ ǦȵɀȮƩǟ ȸȵ ǧɎɅɀǶǪȱǠǣ ǥǿǟǻɋ Ɠǵ ȸȮƹ ÛǠȺȽȿ .ǧǠǤȭȀƫǟ ɂȲȝ ǢǝǟȀȒȱǟȿ ǧǠȦȪȆƫǟ ǦǤɅȀȑ (ČĔĔĎ ȳǠȝ ǾȺȵ) ȰǮȵ Û(Ɨȕɀȱǟ

.ȴȝǼȱǟȿ ǻǿǟɀƫǠǣ ȻǻĉȿȂǩȿ ǦɆȱǠȝ ǥǒǠȦȭ ǟǽ ƿȀɅǼȵ ȸĉɆȞǩ ȷǕ ǦǤɆȆǪȵȿ ǥǼȅǠȥ

ǟȿǿǠǣǕ ƙȲȮȵ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȄɆǝǿ ɁȀǱǕ Ǽȩȿ .ǻǠȆȦȱǟ Ž Ȁǭǘǩ ǦɆȕǟȀȩǟȿƘǤȱǟ ǦȶȚȹɉǟ Ž Ǧȵ ĉǼȪƫǟ ȂȥǟɀƩǟ ȷǕ Ǡȶȭ ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ǦȶȚȹɉǟ ǦȆȅǖƞ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȴȪǩ ȴȲȥ ÛǠȾǪȆȅǖȵ ȴǪɅ Ɓ ȸȮȱ Ûǒǟǻɉǟ ȰǣǠȪȵ ȀǱɉǟ ɂȲȝ ǡǿǠǲǪȱǟ ȐȞǣ ǧǟǿǟǻɋǟ ɂȲȝ ȰȾȆȱǟ ȸȵ ȷǠȭ ǼȪȥ ÛǥǿǟǼƨǟ ȳǠȚȹ ǠȵǕ .ǠȽȀǝǟȿǻ Ž ǒǟǻɉǟ ƂǙ ƿǻǠȺǪȅǟ ǦɆȩȀǪȱǟȿ ȀǱɊȱ

Ûǒǟǻɉǟ ƂǙ ǼȺǪȆɅ ȀǱǕ ɂȲȝ ȰȶǪȊǩ ȷǕ Ǣƶ ǦȵǟǼǪȆȵ ǦɆǲɆǩǟȀǪȅǟ ǦɅǕ ȷǕ Ȭȱǽ ƗȞɅȿ .ȼȒɅɀȪǩ ǦȪǵɎȱǟ .ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǢȺƟȿ ǒǟǻɉǟ ɂȲȝ ǦȚȥǠǶƫǟ Ž ƎȭǕ ǦǶȲȎȵȿ ǧǠȵɀȲȞȵ ȫɎǪȵǟ ȸȵ ǠȽǠȒǪȪƞ ȃǠȺȱǟ ȸȮȶǪɅȿ

ÛȴȝǼȱǟ ǧǠȩǠȖǣ ǕǼǤȵ ȼǤȊǩ ɁȀǹǕ ǿǠȮȥǕȿ ȳǟǼǺǪȅɍǟ ȳɀȅǿ ȷǖȊȱǟ ǟǾȽ Ž ȳǠȶǪȽɎȱ ǥƘǮƫǟ ǧǟǿǠɆƪǟ ȸȵȿ ǒǟǻǕ ȃǠɆȩ Ž ȀǮȭǕ ȃǠȺȱǟ ȫǿǠȉ ǠȶȲȭ ÛȳǠȝ ȰȮȊǣ .ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǧǠȵǼǹ ƇǼȪǩ Ž ǦɅȂȭȀȵɎȱǟ ƂǙ ǦȥǠȑɋǠǣ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǴǤȎǩ ȷǕ ȏȀǪȦćɅ ÛǦɆȱǠȵ Ȃȥǟɀǵ ƂǙ ǨȱĉɀƠȿ ǿǠǤǪȝɍǟ ƙȞǣ ǧǠȶɆɆȪǪȱǟ ȬȲǩ ǧǾǹǕ ǠȶȲȭȿ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ.ȂȥǟɀƩǟȿ ǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǟ ǦȶȚȹǕ ȸȵ Ȱȭ Ž ǧǠǵɎȍǙ ǦȭǿǠȊƫǟ ȻǾȽ ǢȲȖǪǩȿ .ǥǒǠȅɋǟȿ ǻǠȆȦȲȱ ǦȵȿǠȪȵ ȀǮȭǕ

ǧɎȎǶƫǟ ǬɆǵ ȸȵ ÛƙȦșɀƫǟ ǻɀȾǱȿ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǦȖȊȹǕ ǰǝǠǪȺǣ ǦȵȁɎȱǟ ǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǟ ȨȲȞǪǩ .Č.ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȰǮȵ ÛǦɆǤȲȆȱǟȿ ǦɆǣǠƶɋǟ

ǦȍǠƪǟ ǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǠǣ ǠȾȖǣǿ ǦɆȦɆȭȿ ǢǩǠȮƫǟȿ ƙȦșɀȶȲȱ ǧǠǣɀȪȞȱǟȿ ǧǔȥǠȮƫǟ ɄȽ ȂȥǟɀƩǟ .č.ǰǝǠǪȺȱǠǣ

ǴȺȵȿ ǢǝǟȀȒȱǟ ǦɅǠǤǱȿ ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ȯǠȢȉɉǟ ȯɀǵ ǦɆȩǟǼȎȵ ǧǟǽ ǧǠȵɀȲȞȵ ǦɅǕ ƾǤɅȀȪǩ ȁǠǣɍ ǦɅǼȲǣ ȬȲƢ Ɓ ȐɅɀȪǩ ƂǙ ɁǻǕ ɃǾȱǟ Ȁȵɉǟ ÛǢȎȺƫǟ ȳǟǼǺǪȅǟ ǥǒǠȅǙȿ ǒǟȀȊȱǟ ǧǠɆȲȶȝ ǥǒǠȦȭȿ ǴɅǿǠȎǪȱǟȿ ȌɆǹǟȀǪȱǟ Ž ǡɀɆȞȱǟ ȻǾƬ ɃǼȎǪȲȱ ǦɆǱɎȝ ǦɆǲɆǩǟȀǪȅǟ ƂǙ ǦǱǠǵ ȫǠȺȽ ÛǟǾȱ .ǥǠǣǠǶƫǟ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ȂȥǟɀƩǟ ǦȶȚȹǕ

.ȳǠȚȺȱǟ

ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǦȶȾƫǟ ȰȵǟɀȞȱǟ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ ɁǼȞǪǩ ÝȻǾȽ ǒǟǻɉǟ ǧǟȀȉǘȵȿ ǦȞǱǟȀȱǟ ǦɅǾȢǪȱǟ ƘȆɆǩ ȸȮƹ ȤɆȭ ȸȮȱ ǦȶȚȹǕ ǻɀǱɀǣ ǠȾȺȵ ȰɆȲȪǪȱǟ ȸȮƹ Ɣȱǟ ǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǟ ȤɆȱǠȮǩȿ ǧɎȵǠȞƫǟ ȤɆȱǠȮǪǣ Ȭȱǽ ȼɆǤȊǩ ǠȺȺȮƹȿ .ǠȾȆȦȹ .Ȭȱǽ ȼǣǠȉ Ǡȵȿ ǧɍǠȎǩɎȱ ȰȒȥǕ ǦɆǪƠ ǦɆȺǣȿ ȰȒȥǕ ǦɆȹɀȹǠȩ ǦȶȚȹǕȿ ǦɅȀǵ ȀǮȭǕ ǦȥǠǶȍȿ ȰȒȥǕ ǦɆȶɆȲȞǩ ȸȵ ǦȞǱǟȀȱǟ ǦɅǾȢǪȱǟ ȸȵ ǼɅȂƫǟ ȜȩɀǪȹ ȷǕ ǠȺȺȮȶɆȥ ÛɁȀǹǕ Ȱȵǟɀȝ ȸȵ ǧǠȦȝǠȒȵ ǫȿǼǵ ȳǼȝ ȯǠǵ Žȿ

Đ.ƾȵ ĉǼȪǩ ȀǮȭǕ ȻǾȽ ƘȆɆǪȱǟ ǧǠɆȱǓ ǨȹǠȭ ǠȶȲȭ ǒɎȶȞȱǟ

ǿǠȮǪǵɍǟ Ɂɀȩ ǬɆǵ ȸȵ ǿɀȽǼǪȱǟ ǳȀȉȿ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ Ž ɃǻǠȎǪȩǟ ǿɀȚȺȵ ɄĉȺǤǩ ȸȮȶƫǟ ȸȵ ǟǾȱ ǡǠǤȅɉȿ .ǦȱɀȾȆǣ ǠȾȒɅɀȪǩ ȸɅǼȅǠȦȱǟ ȋǠǺȉɊȱ ȸȮƹ Ɣȱǟ ȂȥǟɀƩǟ ǦȶȚȹǕȿ ǦȦɆȞȒȱǟ ǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǟ ǦȶȚȹǕȿ

ȸȵ ǧǟǒǠȺǮǪȅɍǟ Ȝȑȿ Ȝȵ ı ǦɅȀȊǤȱǟ ǦȞɆǤȖȱǟ Ž țǠȶȖȱǟ ǢȹǠƨǟ ȷǚȥ ÛǠȾȶȾȥ ǻǠȎǪȩɍǟ ǒǟƎƪ ȸȮƹ ȬȮȦǪȱǟȿ ǿǟȀȪǪȅɍǟ ȳǼȝȿ ȀȪȦȱǠǣ ǦȶȆǪƫǟ țǠȑȿɉǟ Ž ǦǤȎǹ ǦǞɆǣ Ǽƶ ı ƾǤȹǠǱ ǦȲɆǤȺȱǟ ǧǠɆȎǺȊȱǟ

.ɄȝǠȶǪǱɍǟ

ǥǿǠǤȞǣ .ƾȩȀȥ ȷɀȲ ĉȮȊɅ ǒǠȦȭɉǟ ȷɀȦșɀƫǟȿ ǥǼɆƨǟ ǥǻǠɆȪȱǠȥ ÛǨƜ ȰȮȊǣ ǦɅǻǠȎǪȩǟ ǨȆɆȱ ǦȎȪȱǟ ȸȮȱ ǥǒǠȅǙ ǦɆȹǠȮȵǙ ȸȵ ȷɀȪȲȩ Ƞȹɀȭ ȠȹɀȽ Ž ƙȺȕǟɀƫǟ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ .ǠȾȒɅɀȪǩ ȸȮƹ ǥǼɆƨǟ ǦȶȚȹɉǟ Ɠǵ ÛɁȀǹǕ ȯǼǩ Ǡȶȭȿ .ǦɆȺɆȎȱǟ ǥǻǠɆȆȲȱ ǦȺɅǼƫǟ ȯǠȪǪȹǟ ǼȞǣ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮƫ ǦȲȪǪȆƫǟ ǦǞɆȾȲȱ ǦɆǝǠȺǮǪȅɍǟ ɁɀȪȱǟ ȳǟǼǺǪȅǟ ȷǠȭ ȷǙ ȰȊȦǩ ȷǕ ȸȮƹ ǦɆȶɆȚȺǪȱǟ ȰȭǠɆƬǟȿ ǦɆȹɀȹǠȪȱǟ ǦȶȚȹɉǟ ȰȒȥǕ ȷǚȥ ÛȯȿǼȱǟ ȸȵ ǼɅǼȞȱǟ Ž ǡǿǠǲǪȱǟ

.ȂɆȦǶǪȱǟȿ ǥǒǠȦȮȲȱ ȸɅǼȩǠȥ ȷɀȦșɀƫǟ

ȯǟǼǤǪȅǟ ƂǙ Ƀǻǘǩ ȷǕ ȸȮƹ ǠȽƘȡȿ ǦɆȅǠɆȆȱǟ ɁɀȪȱǟȿ ı ƾȒɅǕ ȰȒȥɉǟȿ ǕɀȅɊȱ ı ȷȿƘȢǪɅ ǥǻǠȪȱǟȿ ǨȹǠȭ ȷǙ Ɠǵ ÛȂȥǟɀƩǟȿ ǦǣǠȩȀȱǟȿ ǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǟ ǦȶȚȹǕ ǥǿǟǻǙ ɂȲȝ ȸɅǿǻǠȩ Ƙȡ ȸɅȀǹǔǣ ǒǠȦȭɉǟ ƙȦșɀƫǟ

:ǦȵǟǼǪȅǟ ȀǮȭǕ ȼǪǶȥǠȮȵ ǻɀȾǱ ȰȞǱ ǠȺȹǠȮȵǚǣ ȸȮȱ ÛǻǠȆȦȲȱ ɃǼǣǕ ǯɎȝ ǼǱɀɅ ɍ .Ȭȱǽ Ž ǦǤȡȀȱǟ ȴȾɅǼȱ

.ǦɆȆȥǠȺǩ ȀǮȭǕ ǧǠȵǼƪǟȿ ȳȁǟɀȲȱǟ ǼɅȿȂǩ ǦɆȲȶȝ ǠȺȲȞǱ ȷǙ Ļ.ƿǼɆȪȞǩ ȰȩǕȿ ȔȆǣǕ ǴɅǿǠȎǪȱǟȿ ǦȶȚȹɉǟ ǠȺȲȞǱ ȷǙ Ļ

.ǥǒǠȦȭ ȀǮȭǕ ǦǞɆȆȱǟȿ ǥǼɆƨǟ ǿɀȵɉǟ ȯɀǵ ƙȺȕǟɀƫǟ ȸȵ ǦȞǱǟȀȱǟ ǦɅǾȢǪȱǟ ǨǶǤȍǕ ȷǙ Ļ ƃȿǘȆȵ ȳǠȵǕ ǦǵǠǪƫǟ ǦɆȱǠƫǟ Ƙȡȿ ǦɆȱǠƫǟ ǧǔȥǠȮƫǟ Ȝȵ ȨǭȿǕ ȰȮȊǣ ǦȞǱǟȀȱǟ ǦɅǾȢǪȱǟ ȻǾȽ ǠȺȖǣǿ ȷǙ Ļ

.ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ .ǦɆȥǠȦȉ ȀǮȭǕ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȷȿǘȉ ǨǶǤȍǕ ȷǙ Ļ

ǥǿǟǻɋ ǥǼɆǱ ǧǠȶɆȲȞǩ ƾȒɅǕ ȷɀȮǩ ȷǕ ǠȾȺȮƹ ȻǾȽ ȷǕ ǡǠǪȮȱǟ ȸȵ ǦȲǵȀƫǟ ȻǾȽ Ž ȘǵɎȹ ȷǕ ǥǖǱǠȦȵ ȄɆȱ.ǧǠɅǼȲǤȲȱ ǦȱǟǼȝȿ ǥǒǠȦȭ ȀǮȭǕ

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ملحق

امللحق

الفساد في املشتريات

ȬȲǩ ȜȺȍ ǠȵǙ ǠƵ ƙȲɅǼǣ ƙǣ ǿǠɆǪǹɍǟ ǠőǿǟǻǙ ȷǠȮȵǚǣ ȷǚȥ Ûȳȁǟɀȱ ȿǕ ǧǠȵǼǹ ƂǙ ǦɅǼȲǣ ǯǠǪƠ ǠȵǼȺȝ ǠȽǗǟȀȉ ȿǕ ǠȾȆȦȺǣ ȳȁǟɀȲȱǟ ȿǕ ǧǠȵǼƪǟ Ƙȥɀǩ ǠȵǙ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȷǠȮȵǚǣ ȷǕ ɃǕ :ǠȽǗǟȀȉ ȿǕ ȳȁǟɀȲȱǟ ȿǕ ǧǠȵǼƪǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ɂȲȝ ȼȶȚȞȵ Ž ǡǠǪȮȱǟ ǟǾȽ Ȃ ĉȭǿ Ǽȩȿ .ǿǠɆƪǟ ǟǾȽ ǻǠȞǣǕ ǼǵǕ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ƎǪȞćɅȿ .ȋǠƪǟ țǠȖȪȱǟ ȸȵ

ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǠȾɆȥ ǿȀȪǩ Ɣȱǟ Ȥȩǟɀƫǟ ɂȲȝ Ȃ ĉȭƘȥ ȨǶȲƫǟ ǟǾȽ ǠȵǕ ÛǠȵ ǦȵǼǹ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ȁĉȥɀǩ ǠȵǼȺȝ ǫǼƷ ɃǾȱǟ Ǽȩȿ .ǠȾǪȾǱǟɀƫ ǦȺȮȶƫǟ ƘǣǟǼǪȱǟ ȈȩǠȺɅȿ ȀȾȚǩ Ǽȩ Ɣȱǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ țǟɀȹǕ Ž ȀȚȺɅȿ ȋǠƪǟ țǠȖȪȱǟ ȸȵ ǒǟȀȊȱǟ ȷɉȿ .ȯǠƫǟ ȸȵ ǧǠɆȶȭ ƎȭǕ ɂȲȝ ɃɀȖȺɅ ɃǾȱǟ ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȯǠƭ ǴǱǿɉǟ ɂȲȝ ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ ȷɀȮǩ ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ ȷǚȥ ı ȫɀȺǤȱǟ ɂȲȝ ȻɀȖȅ ǢǤȅ ƾǶȑɀȵ ȸǩǠȅ ɄȲɅȿ ȯǠȩ Ǡȶȭ ı "ȯǠƫǟ ȸȶȮȵ" ɀȽ ǼȩǠȞǪȱǟ

.ǻǠȆȦȱǠǣ ƾȶǝǟǻ ǻǼȾȵ ȯǠƭ ɄȽ

ɂȲȝǕ ǿǠȞȅǕ /ȤɆȱǠȮǩ ƂǙ ɃǻǘɅ ɃǾȱǟ Ȁȵɉǟ) ǧǟǒǠȖȞȱǟ Ž ǘȕǟɀǪȱǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ǦɆȆɆǝȀȱǟ țǟɀȹɉǟ ƙǣ ȸȵȿ ǢȝɎǪȲȱ ǧǠȭȀȊȱǟ ȸȵ ǦɆǤȹǠƨǟ ǧɍɀȶȞȱǟȿ (ɍ ȿǕ ȸɅǼȅǠȦȱǟ ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟ Ȝȵ ǠőǠȞȥǻ ȫćǿǠȊǩ ȴǪɅ Ǽȩ ÛǦɅǼȲǤȲȱ Ǽȩ ɃǾȱǟ Ȁȵɉǟ) ǒǠȖȞȱǟ ȼɆȲȝ ȯǠǶƫǟ ǼȾȞǪƫǟ ȫɀȲȅ ȴɆȚȺǪǣ ƙȦȲȮƫǟ ƙȱȿǘȆȶȲȱ ɁȿǠȉǿȿ ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ ǦȆȥǠȺƞ ȯɎǹ ȸȵȿ ǦɅȀɅǼȪǪȱǟ ǦȦȲȮȱǟ ȁȿǠƟ ǢǤȆǣ ƾȪǵɍ ǠȾȲɅǼȞǩ ȴǪɅ ÛǦɆȹǼǪȵ ǦɆȱǠȵ ȀɅǻǠȪƞ ǧǟǒǠȖȝ ƇǼȪǪǣ ǴȶȆɅ

.(ǻɀȪȞȱǟ ǧǠȦȍǟɀȵ Ž ǦɅǿȿȀȑ Ƙȡ ǧǟƘɆȢǩ ǒǟȀǱǙ

ǦȥȿȀȞƫǟ ǧǠɆȎǺȊȱǟ ȸȵ ǦȞȅǟȿ Ǧȝɀȶƭ ȰȶȊǩȿ ǦȲǝǠȕ ǦɆȱǠȵ ȠȱǠǤȵ ɂȲȝ ǥǻǠȞȱǟ Ž ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ ǻɀȪȝ ɃɀȖȺǩ ȋǠǹ ȰȮȊǣ ƿȀȒȵ ȷɀȮɅ ȷǕ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ țɀȺȱǟ ǟǾƬ ȸȮƹ ÛƃǠǪȱǠǣȿ .ǠȾǱǿǠǹȿ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ȱǹǟǻ ǥǾȦȺǪƫǟȿ

.ǦȖȲȆȱǟȿ ǥȿȀǮȲȱ ǒżǠȮǪƫǟ Ƙȡ ȜɅȁɀǪȱǟȿ ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ǦȪǮȱǟ ȐɅɀȪǩȿ ȂȥǟɀƩǟ ǻǠȆȥǙ ǬɆǵ ȸȵ ǦɅǼȲǤȲȱ

ǦɆȲȶȝ ȰǵǟȀȵ ȸȵ ǦȲǵȀȵ Ȱȭ Ž ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ɀƲ ȰɆƫǟ ȴȾȦȱ ƾȶɆȲȅ ƾȅǠȅǕ ȳ ı ǳ + ǟ = ȣ ǦȱǻǠȞȵ ȳ ĉǼȪǩ ǥǼǵǟȿ Ȱȭ ǳǠȒɅǙ Ž ǦȞȦǩȀȵ "ȳ"ȿ "ǦɆȹǼǪȵ" (ǳ)ȿ "ǦɆȹǼǪȵ" (ǟ) ȸȵ ǦɆȱǠǮȵ ǦȱǠǵ ȨɆȪƠ ǼȝǠȆɅȿ .ǒǟȀȊȱǟ

ǦȞȦǩȀȵ ǦɆȱǠǮƫǟ ǦȱǠƩǟ ȻǾȽ ȨɆȪƠ ǦȦȲȮǩ ȷɀȮǩ Ǽȩ ÛȣȿȀȚȱǟ ȐȞǣ Ž ȼȹǕ ȫǟǿǻǙ ƂǙ ǦȥǠȑɋǠǣ ÛǧǟɀȖƪǟ ȸȵ ÛȯǠǮƫǟ ȰɆǤȅ ɂȲȝ .ǦȞǝǠȒȱǟ ȋȀȦȱǟȿ ǦɅǿǟǻɋǟ ȤɆȱǠȮǪȱǟȿ ǥǻɀƨǟȿ ǧǟƘǹǖǪȱǟ ǬɆǵ ȸȵ Ȭȱǽȿ ÛǦɅǠȢȲȱ

ȯɀȎƩǟ ɄȦȮɅ ȿǕ ƾȎɆȎǹ ȜĉȺȎȵ ǰǪȺȵ ǡɀȲȖƫǟ ȰȽ ɀȽȿ ÛǒǟȀȊȱǟ ǧǠɆȲȶȝ ȜɆƤ Ž ɃǿɀƮ ǿǠɆǪǹǟ ȫǠȺȽ ȰǣǠȪȵ ƾȎɆȎǹ ȜĉȺȎƫǟ ǰǪȺƫǟ ǒǟȀȉ ȸȵ ǦȪȪǶǪƫǟ ǥǒǠȦȮȱǟ Ž ǢȅǠȮƫǟ Ǧȹȁǟɀȵ ȴǪɅ ǬɆƜ ÛȂȽǠǱ ǰǪȺȵ ɂȲȝ ǰǪȺƫǟ ǒǟȀȊǣ ǦȖǤǩȀƫǟ (ǥƘǤȭ ȷɀȮǩ Ǽȩ Ɣȱǟȿ) ǻǠȆȦȲȱ ǦɆȦƪǟ ȤɆȱǠȮǪȱǟ ǢȺƟȿ ȀȞȆȱǟ Ž ǦȲȶǪǶƫǟ ǧǟǻǠɅȂȱǟ

."ɃǿǠɆȞƫǟ"

Ž ǻǠȆȦȱǟȿ ǥǒǠȦȮȱǟ ȰɆȲƠ Ž ǥǼɅǼǱ ǧǟƘɆȢǩ ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ǧǠȅǠɆȆȱǟȿ ǻǠȎǪȩɍǟ Ž ǦǮɅǼǵ ǧǠȅǟǿǻ ǳȀǪȪǩ ǦɅȀǵ ǥǻǠɅȁ ƂǙ ǦȶȾƫǟ ǧǠȅǟǿǼȱǟ ȐȞǣ ɀȝǼǩ ÛƾȪǵɍ ɁȀȺȅ Ǡȶȭȿ ȯǠǮƫǟ ȰɆǤȅ ɂȲȝ .ǒǟȀȊȱǟ ǧǠɆȲȶȝ

ȐȞǣ ȷǕ ȸĉɆǤǩ ÛȷɀǮǵǠǤȱǟ ǠȾȅǿǻ ɁȀǹǕ ȣȿȀș Žȿ .ǠȾȲɆȲȪǩ ȄɆȱȿ ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ ƃȿǘȆƫ ǦǵǠǪƫǟ ȣĉȀȎǪȱǟ ȤɆȱǠȮǪȱǟ ȯɀǵ ǦȲǝǠƬǟ ȫɀȮȊȱǟ ǼɅǼǤǩ ɂȲȝ ǧǠȭȀȊȱǟ ǼȝǠȆɅ ȷǕ ȼȹǠȮȵǚǣ ȷɉ ƿǼɆȦȵ ȷɀȮɅ Ǽȩ ǘȕǟɀǪȱǟ

Ɣȱǟ ǦɆȝɀȺȱǟ ȃȿǿǼȱǟ ȸȵȿ .ƘȖǹ ȰȮȊǣ ǦȒȦǺȺƫǟ ǧǟǒǠȖȞȱǟ ǢȺƟ Ž ǠȽǼȝǠȆɅ Ǡư ÛțȿȀȊȶȲȱ ǦɆȪɆȪƩǟ ÛǠȺȽ ǼɆǵɀȱǟ ȣǼƬǟ ǨȆɆȱ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ȷǕȿ ÛǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ Ž ǦɆȶǪǵ ǧɍȁǠȺǩ ȫǠȺȽ ȷǕ ǠȾȶȲȞǩ ȸȮƹ

.ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ǥǿǟǻɋǟ ȸȵ ɁȀǹǕ ǢȹǟɀǱ Ž ȯǠƩǟ ɀȽ Ǡȶȭ

عملية شراء مبسطة من أربع خطوات

ȳǠɆȪȲȱ ȸɅǼȾȞǪȵ ȸȵ ƾȑȿȀȝ ǯǿǼǪȆǩȿ ȳȁǟɀȱ ȿǕ ǧǠȵǼƪ ǦǱǠǵ ǦȵɀȮƩǟ ǻ ĉǼƠ ǠȵǼȺȝ ǒǟȀȊȱǟ ǦɆȲȶȝ ǕǼǤǩ ȿǕ "ȏȿȀȞȱǟ ǯǟǿǼǪȅǟ" ǦȲǵȀƞ ǒǟȀȊȱǟ ǦɆȲȶȝ Ž ǦǱǠƩǟ ȷɎȝǙ ǥɀȖǹ ȣȀȞćǩȿ .ǧǠȵǼƪǟ ƇǼȪǩ ȿǕ ȰȶȞȱǠǣ ǦȆȅɀƫǟ ȴĉɆȪǩ ÛǦǮȱǠǮȱǟ ǥɀȖƪǟ Žȿ .ȴőǟǒǠȖȝ ȷɀȶǪȾƫǟ ȷȿǼȾȞǪƫǟ ȳ ĉǼȪɅ ÛǦɆȹǠǮȱǟ ǥɀȖƪǟ Ž ."ǒǠȖȞȱǟ ǥɀȝǻ" ǾĉȦȺɆȥ ÛǦȞǣǟȀȱǟ ǥɀȖƪǟ Ž ǠȵǕ .ǼȪȞȱǟ ȯɀǵ ȏȿǠȦǪǩȿ ȂǝǠȦȱǟ ǼȾȞǪƫǟ ǿǠǪơȿ ȸɅǼȾȞǪƫǟ ȏȿȀȝ ǦɆȵɀȮƩǟ

ȣȀǵ ȸȵ Ȥȱǘȵ ȂȵȀǣ ǦȹǠǹ Ȱȭ ǼɅǼƠ Ź ǬɆǵ ÛȰǵǟȀƫǟ ȻǾȽ ȨǶȲƫǟ Ž ȯȿɉǟ ȜǣȀƫǟ ȸĉɆǤɅ .ǼȪȞȱǟ ǼȾȞǪƫǟ.(ďǻ ƂǙ ČǕ ȸȵ) ȰǝǠȵ ȔƝ ȴȩǿȿ

ȁɀȵȀȱǟ ƘȊǩ ÛǦɆȱǠǪȱǟ ǧǟȀȪȦȱǟ Žȿ .Ȁǹɇǟ ɀȲǩ ƿǻɀȶȝ ǒɄȊȱǟ ȐȞǣ ƾǤȞȍ ȿǼǤɅ ɃǾȱǟ ȯȿǼƨǟ ǳȀȊǣ ȳɀȪȺȅ ȴȾȥ ɀȽ Ȭȱǽ ȸȵ ǠȺȥǼȽȿ .ȯȿǼƨǟ Ž ǠƬ ǦȲǣǠȪƫǟ ǧǠȹǠƪǟ ƂǙ ([čǯ ǦȹǠƪǟ] ÛăɎǮȵ) ȰǝǠƫǟ ȐɅȀȞȱǟ ȔƪǠǣ

.ǠȾȦɆȱǠȮǩȿ ǥǻǠȒƫǟ ƘǣǟǼǪȱǟ Ž ȀȚȺȱǟȿ ǥɀȖǹ Ȱȭ Ž ȀȾȚǩ Ǽȩ Ɣȱǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ țǟɀȹǕ

84

85

ملحقملحق

أ. أنواع الفساد عملية شراء مبسطةواملشاكل

ب. الظروف املواتية للفساد

ج. مؤشرات الحتمال وقوع الفساد

د. سياسات عالجية تقليدية للحد من

الفساد أو الوقاية منه

1 ǥɀȖƪǟ ȸȝ ȸȲȞǩȿ ǦȵɀȮƩǟ ǻǼƠȳȁǟɀȱ ȿǕ ǧǠȵǼƪ ǠȾǪǱǠǵ

1 ǕȰɆȎȦǪȱǟ Ž ȓǟȀȥɋǟǦɅȀȎƩǟ ǧǠȦȍǟɀƫǟ

1 ǡ ɂȲȝ ǦȵɀȮƩǟ ǥǿǼȩ ȳǼȝ

ȰȮȊǣ ǧǠǱǠɆǪǵɍǟ ǼɅǼƠǼɆǱ

Ɨȥ ɁɀǪȆƞ ȜɅǿǠȊȵ .ǦǮɅǼǵ ǧǠɆȺȪǩ /ȜȦǩȀȵ ɀȹǼǪȵ ǦȵǼǹ ɀȦșɀȵ.

ɁɀǪȆƫǟ ƗȾƫǟ ǿɀȖǪȱǟ ǦȶȚȹǕ ȤȞȑ

ǧǔȥǠȮƫǟȿ ǿɀǱɉǟȿ

1 ǯ Ƙȡ ȿǕ ǦȶȾǤƫǟ ǧǠȦȍǟɀƫǟ

ǥǻɀǱɀƫǟ ǦȦɆșȿ ȿǕ ȸĉɆȞȵ țɀȹ ȓǟȀǪȉǟ

ǧǟǼȞȶȲȱ ǥǻǼƮ¬ǦǝǿǠȕ¼ ǦǱǠǵ /ǼȪȝ. Ȝȑȿ Ž ǼȾȞǪƫǟ ǼȝǠȅ

ǧǠȦȍǟɀƫǟ

1 ǻ ƂǙ ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ ǦȖȲȅ Ȝȥǿ ȷǕ ȏȀǪȦćɅ) ȜɆȥǿ ɁɀǪȆȵ ȀȽǠȵ ȌǺȊȱ Ȭȱǽ ȴǪɅ

(ǦȽǟƕȱǟ ȸȵ ƘǤȭ ǿǼȩ ɂȲȝ ȸɅǿǠȊǪȆȵ ȳǟǼǺǪȅǟ ǥǼȝǠȆȶȲȱ ƙɆǱǿǠǹ ǧǠǤȲȖǪƫǟ Ȝȑȿ Ž ǻȿǼǵ ȣǠȊȮǪȅǟȿ

ǧǠȹǠȮȵɋǟ

2 ǥɀȖƪǟ ƾȑȿȀȝ ȷȿǼȾȞǪƫǟ ȴĉȲȆɅ

ǦǱǠƩǟ ȬȲǩ ǦɆǤȲǪȱ

2 Ǖ ǢȝɎǪȱǟ /ǘȕǟɀǪȱǟ

ǧǟǒǠȖȞȱǠǣǦȦɅȂƫǟ ǧǟǒǠȖȞȱǟ.

ƇǼȪǩ ȸȝ ȳǠǲǵɋǟ.ǧǟǒǠȖȞȱǟ

ǧǟǒǠȖȞȱǟ ɂȲȝ ǡȿǠȺǪȱǟ. ȃǠȅǕ ɂȲȝ) ȧɀȆȱǟ ȜɅȁɀǩ.

(ăɎǮȵ ȨȕǠȺƫǟ

2 ǡ ȀȞȆȱǟ ȃǠȅǕ ɂȲȝ ǦȆȥǠȺȵ

ȔȪȥ ǥǻɀƨǟ ȿǕɄȵɀȮƩǟ ǢȲȖȱǟ ǦȹȿȀȵ ȳǼȝ

ǧǟǒǠȖȞȲȱ ƗȲȞȱǟ ȀȊȺȱǟ ƙȎȩǠȺƫǟ ǦɅɀȽȿ

ǧǠȭȀȊȱǟ ƙǣ ȄȹǠǲǪȱǟ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ ǠȾȭɎǪȵǟȿ

ȰȍǟɀǪȲȱ ȋȀȦȱǟ ƙȵǼǺǪȆƫǟ ȫɎǪȵǟ

ȣȀȎǩ ǦɅȀǵ ƙɆȵɀȮƩǟǥƘǤȭ

2 ǯ ǻǼȝ ǧǠǤǭ ȿǕ ȀȢȍ ǦȎƩǟ ȿǕ ǧǠȭȀȊȱǟ.Ǩȩɀȱǟ Ȝȵ ǦɆȩɀȆȱǟ

.Ǩȩɀȱǟ Ȝȵ ȓǠƴɉǟ ǿɀȖǩ ȷǖǣ ǧǠȵɀȲȞȵ ǻɀǱȿ

ǿǠȞȅɉǟ ȸȵ ɂȲȝǕ ǧǟǒǠȖȞȱǟ.ǦɆȹȁǟɀǪȱǟ

ǼȾȞǪƫ ǦȪȆǪȵ ĶǧǠȶȎǣķ.ǧǟǒǠȖȞȱǟ ȜɆƤ ɂȲȝ ƙȞȵ

2 ǻǦȆȥǠȺƫǟ ȸȵ ǼɅȂƫǟ ȂɅȂȞǩ

ǧǟǒǠȖȞȱǟ ǿǠɆǪǹǟ ǧǠǣɀȪȞȱǟȿ ǧǔȥǠȮƫǟ ƘɆȢǩ

ƙȎȩǠȺƫǟ ȼǱǟɀǩ Ɣȱǟ ǥǻǠɅȂȱ ǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǟ ȳǟǼǺǪȅǟ ǘȕǟɀǪȱǟ ȣǠȊǪȭǟ ǦɆȱǠȶǪǵǟ

ȼɆȲȝ ǦǤȩǠȞƫǟȿ ƙǣ ǦȩɎȞȱǟ ȰɆȮȊǩ ǥǻǠȝǙ

ȌȩǠȺƫǟȿ ɃȀǪȊƫǟǦȥǠȪǮȱǟ /ǧǠȽǠƟɍǟ ƘɆȢǩ

3 ǥɀȖƪǟ ȏȿȀȝ ǦȵɀȮƩǟ ȴĉɆȪǩȂǝǠȦȱǟ ǿǠǪơȿ ȸɅǼȾȞǪƫǟ

3 ǕɄȕǟȀȩȿƘǤȱǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ

ɁȿǠȉȀȱǟ .ǦɆǤȹǠƨǟ ǧɍɀȶȞȱǟ . ǦɆȅǠɆȅ ǧǟǿǠǤǪȝǟ .(ǦɅȁǠȾǪȹɍǟ ǦȅǠɆȆȱǟ)

ȀɅǼƫǟ ƙǣ ȨǣǠȖǪȱǟ ȳǼȝȳǼǺǪȆƫǟȿ

ȿǕ ǦȦȲȮǪȱǟ ɂȲȝ ȂɆȭȀǩ .ǥǻɀƨǟ

ǦȭȀȉ ǢȅǠȺǩ ǧǠȦȍǟɀȵ .ǦȺĉɆȞȵǥǠǣǠǶƫǟ .

ȂȥǟɀƩǟ Ž ȨǣǠȖǪȱǟ ȳǼȝ . ǠȾȾǱǟɀɅ Ɣȱǟ ȀȕǠǺƫǟȿ

ȷɀȵǼǺǪȆƫǟ

3 ǡ ǦȹǿǠȪȵ) ǦȶǺȑ ǻɀȪȝ

(ȧǟɀȅɉǠǣ ǥȀǮȮǣ ȴȆǪǩ ǧǠɅȀǪȊȵ ǦǞɆǣǠŏ ŽȀƩǟ ǼĉɆȪǪȱǟȿ ǦȶȚȹɉǟ ɄȽ (ȀȞȆȱǟ ȿǕ) ǥǻɀƨǟ

ȧǠȪǶǪȅɎȱ ǼɆǵɀȱǟ ȃǠɆȪƫǟǦȱǠǵɋǟ ǦɆȲȶȝ Ž

3 ǯ Ɓ ǼȾȞǪȵ ɂȲȝ ǒǠȖȞȱǟ ǦȱǠǵǙ

.ȀȞȅ ƅǻǕ ȳǼȪɅ ɍ ǼȾȞǪȵ ɂȲȝ ǒǠȖȞȱǟ ǦȱǠǵǙ

.ǒǟǻǕ Ȱǲȅ ȼɅǼȱ ǼǱɀɅ.(ǒǠȖȝ ȷȿǻ) ǼɆǵȿ ǿǼȎȵ

.ǒǠȖȞȱǟ ǳȀȕ ǥǻǠȝǙ ǦǱǠƩǟ ȷɎȝǙ ƘɆȢǩ

ȷɎȝɋǟ ǼȞǣ ǦȵɀȮǶȲȱ .ǦǱǠƩǟ ȸȝ ƃȿɉǟ

ɂȲȝǕ ȴɆȪǣ Ƙǩǟɀȥ ȯǠȅǿǙ .Ȝȩǟɀȱǟ ȸȵ

3 ǻ ƂǙ ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ ǦȖȲȅ Ȝȥǿ

ȜɆȥǿ ɁɀǪȆȵǧǠǣɀȪȞȱǟ ǥǻǠɅȁ

ȴɆɆȪǩ ǦɆȲȶȝ ǦɆȥǠȦȉ ǥǻǠɅȁ ȸɅǼȾȞǪƫǟ ǿǠɆǪǹǟȿ ȏȿȀȞȱǟ

ǴǪȥ ÛǦɆȖǹ ǧǟǿƎȵ) ÛƗȲȝ ȰȮȊǣ ǧǟǒǠȖȞȱǟ

(ǦɆǱǿǠǹ ǧǠȞǱǟȀȵ ǦɅȀȅ ǧǠɆȲȶȝ ȸȝ ȷɎȝɋǟ

ǦɆǝǟɀȊȝ

4 ǥɀȖƪǟǼȪȞȱǟ ǼȾȞǪƫǟ ǾĉȦȺɅ

4 Ǖ ǿɀǱǕ) Ȩǵɍ ǻǠȆȥ

(Ǡŏ ȠȱǠǤȵ ǦȦɅȂȵ ȤɆȱǠȮǪǣ ǴɅȀȎǪȱǟ.

(ǦȶǺȒȵ) Ƙȡ ǦɆȲɆȢȊǩ ȤɆȱǠȮǩ.(ƗɆǣ ȴȝǻ) ǦǶɆǶȍ

4 ǡǼɆǵȿ ǿǼȎȵ ǻɀǱȿ

ȧǟɀȅǕ Ȝȵ ȰȵǠȞǪɅ ǼȾȞǪƫǟ ȳǠȞȱǟ ƙȝǠȖȪȱǟ Ž ǥƘǮȭ

ȋǠƪǟȿ

4 ǯȤɆȱǠȮǪȱǟ Ž ǦȪǵɍ ǥǻǠɅȁ

Ž ȸɅǼȾȞǪȶȲȱ ǦɆȥǠȑǙ ȰȾȵǼɆǵɀȱǟ ǿǼȎƫǟ ǦȱǠǵ

ǧɍǠǵɋǟ ǒǠȢȱǙǦɆȝɀȺȱǟ ǥǒǟǻǿ

ƘɆȢǪȱǟ ȀȵǟȿǕ ȸȵ ǼɅǼȞȱǟ ǯǠǪȹɋǟ ǼɆȝǟɀȵ Ž ǦȱǠȕɋǟ

ȴɆȲȆǪȱǟ ȿǕ

4 ǻ ȷɀǣȿǠȺǪɅ ƙȵǼǺǪȆƫǟ ȰȞǱ

ȤǝǠșɀȱǟ ɂȲȝ Ž ǦɅǿȿǻ ǦȆȥǠȺȵ ȓǟȀǪȉǟǦɆȺɆǩȿȀȱǟ ǒǟȀȊȱǟ ǧǠɆȲȶȝ

ǻǿǟɀƫǟ ȸȵ ǼɅȂƫǟ ȌɆȎơ ÛȯǠǮƫǟ ȰɆǤȅ ɂȲȝ)

ǦȖȊȹɉ (ƙȵǼǺǪȆƫǟȣǟȀȉɋǟ

/ȧɀȆȱǟ ǳɀȆȵ ȳǟǼǺǪȅǟǦȦȲȮǪȱǟ

أنواع الفساد التي متّيز كل خطوة

ɂȲȝ ǒɀȒȱǟ ȔɆȲȆǪȱ Ȭȱǽȿ ǥȀȮǤȵ ǦȲǵȀȵ ǾȺȵ ǦǱǠƩǟ ȷɎȝǙ ɂȲȝ ƘǭǖǪȱǟ ǼȾȞǪƫǟ ǦǶȲȎȵ ȸȵ [ČǕ ǦȹǠƪǟ] ǫȿǼǵ ȋȀȥ ȁƎǩ Ǽȩȿ .ǥȁǠǶȺȵ ǦȆȥǠȺƫǟ ȰȞƶ ɃǾȱǟ Ȁȵɉǟ ÛȼȦȞȑ ȓǠȪȹ ȸȝ ȂɆȭȀǪȱǟ ȰɅɀƠȿ ȼǩɀȩ ȓǠȪȹ Ȥȩǟɀƫǟ Ž ǦȍǠǹ ÛǦǱǠƩǟ ȷɎȝǙ ȀȊȹ ȰǤȩ ǦȵɀȮƩǟ Ȝȵ ǧǠȵɀȲȞȶȲȱ ǦɆȺɆǩȿȀȱǟ ǧɍǻǠǤǪȱǟ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ Ȭȱǽ ÛȬȱǽ ƂǙ ǦȥǠȑɋǠǣ .ǦȵɀȮƩǟ ȸȵ ȀǮȭǕ ǼȾȞǪƫǟ ǠȾȶȾȦɅ ȜȦǩȀȵ Ɨȥ ɁɀǪȆƞ ǧǠȦȍǟɀȵ ɂȲȝ ɃɀȖȺǩ Ɣȱǟ .ǦȦȎȺȵ Ƙȡ ǦɆȲȒȥǕ ƙȺĉɆȞȵ ȸɅǼȾȞǪȵ ǴȺƫ ǼȅǠȥ ȰȮȊǣ ǦɆȲǹǟǻ ǧǠȵɀȲȞȵ ȀȊȺǣ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ɀȱȿǘȆȵ ȳɀȪɅ Ǽȩ

ǒǠȺǮǪȅǠǣ ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ ɀȱȿǘȆȵ ȼȱɎǹ ȸȵ ȳɀȪɅ Û¬ȰɆȎȦǪȱǟ Ž ȓǟȀȥɋǟ¼ ɀȽȿ ɍǕ ÛȀǹǓ ȯǠȶǪǵǟ ȫǠȺȽȿ ǧǠǤȲȖǪȵ Ȝȑȿ ȿǕ ǦǱǠƩǟ ȸȝ Ǽǝǟȁ ȰȮȊǣ ǥȂɆư ǧǠȦȍǟɀȵ ǧǟǽ ǧǠǲǪȺȵ ǢȲȕ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ȸɅǼȾȞǪȵ

.ƿǼǵǟȿ ĉɍǙ ȸɅǼȾȞǪƫǟ ȜɆƤ ƗǮǪȆǩ Ɣȱǟ ɄȾȥ ÛǦɅȀȎƩǟ ǧǠȦȍǟɀƫǟ ǠȵǕ .ǥɀȉǿ ȰǣǠȪȵ ǦǤȞȍȿ ǥƘǮȭ

Ž ǢȝɎǩ ȿǕ ǦɆȹǠǮȱǟ ǥɀȖƪǟ ȯɎǹ ȸɅǼȾȞǪƫǟ ȸȵ ɃǿǠȮǪǵǟ ȜȶƟ ƙǣ ǘȕǟɀǩ ǫǼƷ ȷǕ ȸȮƹ [čǕ ǦȹǠƪǟ] ȸȵ ǧǠǞȥ ȜǣǿǕ ƙǣ ǟǼȺȭ Ž ǦȆȥǠȺƫǟ ǧǠȅǠɆȅ ǢǪȮȵ ȂĉɆƹȿ .ǼȪȞȱǠǣ ȼǝǠȒȝǕ ǼǵǕ ȁɀȥ ȷǠȶȒȱ ǧǟǒǠȖȞȱǟ

:ǧǟǒǠȖȞȱǠǣ ǢȝɎǪȱǟ

ı ǥǻǠȞȱǟ Ž ǦɅǠȢȲȱ ǦȞȦǩȀȵ ȷɀȮǩ ı ǦɅȂȵǿ ǧǟǒǠȖȝ ǧǠȭȀȊȱǟ ȳ ĉǼȪǩ :ǦȦɅȂƫǟ ǧǟǒǠȖȞȱǟ .Č.ǼȪȞȱǠǣ ƾȪǤȆȵ ȻǿǠɆǪǹǟ ȴǪɅ ɃǿǠȮǪǵɍǟ ȜȶǲǪȱǟ Ž ɀȒȝ ȁɀȥ ȷǠȶȒȱ ǦȶȶȎȵ

ǦȆȥǠȺƫǟ ȸȵ ǠȾȆȦȹ ɄȎȪćǩ ȿǕ ǦȎȩǠȺƫǟ ȸȝ ǧǠȭȀȊȱǟ ȜȺǪƢ :ǧǟǒǠȖȞȱǟ ƇǼȪǩ ȸȝ ȳǠǲǵɋǟ .č.ƾȪǤȆȵ ȻǿǠɆǪǹǟ Ź ǻĉǿɀȵ ȳǠȵǕ ƾȮȱǠȅ ȨɅȀȖȱǟ ȫȀǪǪȱ

ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ȸȶȒǩȿ ǠȾȺɆǣ ǥȂǝǠȦȱǟ ǧǟǒǠȖȞȱǟ ǧǠȭȀȊȱǟ ǡȿǠȺǪǩ :ǧǟǒǠȖȞȱǟ ɂȲȝ ǡȿǠȺǪȱǟ .Ď.Ǩȩɀȱǟ Ȝȵ ȜɅǿǠȊƫǟ ȸȵ ¬ȯǻǠȝ¼ ǢɆȎȹ ɂȲȝ ǠȾȺȵ ǥǼǵǟȿ Ȱȭ ȯɀȎǵ ǦɆǤȹǠƨǟ ǧɍɀȶȞȱǟ

Ȭȱǽ Ƙȡ ȿǕ ǧǠǲǪȺƫǟ ȿǕ ȨȕǠȺƫǟ ǢȆƜ ǠȾȺɆǣ ǠȶɆȥ ȧɀȆȱǟ ǧǠȭȀȊȱǟ țȁɀǩ :ȧɀȆȱǟ ȜɅȁɀǩ .ď.ǠȾȺȵ ȰȮȱ ǦȎȎǺƫǟ ǻȿǼƩǟ ǯǿǠǹ ǦȆȥǠȺƫǟ ȸȝ ȜȺǪƢȿ ǧǠȦɆȺȎǪȱǟ ȸȵ

ȫɀȲȆȱǟ ȸȵ ăɎȮȉ ȷɀȮɅ Ǽȩ Ȱǣ ÛɄȵɀȮǵ ȯȿǘȆȵ ǥɀȉǿ ɂȲȝ ǘȕǟɀǪȱǟ ɃɀȖȺɅ ɍ Ǽȩ .ƿǼȅǠȥ ǥǿȿȀȒȱǠǣ ȄɆȱ ȸȮȱ ƆɀȹǠȩ Ƙȡ ƎǪȞćɅ ɃǾȱǟ ǦȆȥǠȺȶȲȱ ǻǠȒƫǟ ȓǠȊȺȱǟ ȿǕ ɃǿǠȮǪǵɍǟ

ǼɅǼő ȿǕ ǥɀȉȀȱ ǥɀȪȱǟ ƾȹǠɆǵǕȿ ǻǿǟɀƫǟ ǧǟǒǠȖȞȱǠǣ ǢȝɎǪȱǟ ǧǠȪȲǵ ȬȲƢ ÛȰǣǠȪƫǟ Ž.ǠȽȀȵǕ ȷɀǶȒȦɅ Ǽȩ ȸɅǾȱǟ ƙɆȵɀȮƩǟ ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟ

ȂɆɆƢ ȰǣǠȪȵ ǦɆǤȹǠǱ ǧɍɀȶȝȿ ɁȿǠȉǿ ƂǙ ı ǦǮȱǠǮȱǟ ǥɀȖƪǟ ɄȽȿ ı ȴɆɆȪǪȱǟ ǦɆȲȶȝ Ƀǻǘǩ Ǽȩ [ĎǕ ǦȹǠƪǟ] ǦɆǣǠǺǪȹɍǟ ȴȾȪȕǠȺȵ ȂĉɆƢ ǧǟǒǠȖȝ ȴȝǼǣ ȷɀɆȅǠɆȆȱǟ ǠƬɎǹ ȸȵ ȳɀȪɅ ǦɅȁǠȾǪȹǟ ǧǠȅǠɆȅ ƂǙȿ ǧǟǒǠȖȞȱǟ ǼǵǕ ȳǼȝ ƂǙ ČȳǼǺǪȆƫǟȿ ȀɅǼƫǟ ǦȩɎȝ Ž ȨǣǠȖǪȱǟ ȳǼȝ ɃǻǘɅ Ǽȩ ÛȬȱǽ ƂǙ ǦȥǠȑɋǠǣ .ȴőɎƥ Ž ƙƵǠȆƫǟ ȿǕ Ǡȵ ƙǣ ȂɆɆȶǪȱǟ ƾȹǠɆǵǕ ǢȞȎȱǟ ȸȵ ȷɀȮɅȿ ǧǟȀȉǘƫǟ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ ȼǣǠȊǪǩ Ǽȩȿ .ƾȒɅǕ ǘȕǟɀǩȿ ȰȶȞȱǟ Ž ǥǒǠȦȭ

.ƾȞȵ ƙȺǭɎȱ ǟɀȚȪɆǪɅ ȷǕ ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ǿǠǤȮȱǟ ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟ ɂȲȝ ÛǟǾȱ .ǻǠȆȥ ɀȽ Ǡȵȿ ǥǒǠȦȭ ȳǼȝ ǻȀƭ ɀȽ

ÛǠȾȺȝ ȠȲǤƫǟ ȤɆȱǠȮǪȱǟ Ž (ȴɆǺȒǩ) ȤɆɅȂǩ ɂȲȝ ɃɀȖȺɅ ȷǕ ǦȱǠƩǟ ȻǾȽ Ž ǻǠȆȦȲȱ ȸȮƹ [ďǕ ǦȹǠƪǟ] ɂȲȝ ȰȾȅɉǟ ȸȵ ȷɀȮɅ Ǽȩȿ .ǦǶɆǶȍ Ƙȡ ǦɆȲɆȢȊǩ ȤɆȱǠȮǪǣ ǧǠǤȱǠȖȵ ȿǕ ÛǧǠȦȍǟɀƫǟ Ž ǧǟƘɆȢǩ ȿǕ

8687

املربع األول – عملية الشراء والفساد: إطار عمل للمسؤولني احلكوميني

ملحقملحق

ǦȖȊȹǕ Ž ȓǿɀǪǩ ȷǕ ȰȶȞȲȱ ƗɆǣ ȴȝǻ ǫȿǼƩ ȋȀȥȿ ǥƘǮȭ ȳǠȆȩǕ ɂȲȝ ɃɀǪƠ Ɣȱǟ ǥƘǤȮȱǟ ǧǠȭȀȊȱǟ ǼȅǠȦȱǟ ȫɀȲȆȱǟ ɀƲ ȰɆƫǟ ɂȲȝ Ȁǭǘǩ ǦȲǵȀƫǟ ȻǾȽ Ž ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȋȀȥ ȷǕ ǠȺȽ ȘǵɎȺȱ .ǦȲǵȀƫǟ ȻǾȽ Ž ǥǼȅǠȥ

ǦɆȱǠȵ ȀɅǻǠȪƞ ǦɆȱȿɉǟ ȴőǟǒǠȖȝ ƇǼȪǩ ȸɅǼȾȞǪȶȲȱ ȸȮƹ ÛȯǠǮƫǟ ȰɆǤȅ ɂȲȝ .ǦɆȹǠǮȱǟȿ Ƃȿɉǟ ƙǩɀȖƪǟ Ž ǢȝɎǪȱǟ Ź ȿǕ ǼȪȞȱǟ ǾɆȦȺǩ ȯɎǹ ǦȶǺȒƫǟ ȤɆȱǠȮǪȱǠǣ ǦǤȱǠȖƫǟ ȰȾȆȱǟ ȸȵ ȷǠȭ ȷǙ ǻɀȪȞȱǠǣ ȁɀȦȲȱ ǦɆȹǼǪȵ ǥɀȉǿ Ź ȯǠǵ Ž ȼɆȲȝ ȨȦǪƫǟ ȸȵ ȰȩǕ ǥǻɀǱ ɁɀǪȆȵ ƇǼȪǩ ǻǠȆȦȲȱ ɁȀǹɉǟ ȯǠȮȉɉǟ ȸȵȿ .ƾȪǤȆȵ Ǡŏ

.ȀȚȺȱǟ ǟɀȒȢɆȱ ȓȿȀȊȱǟ ɄȞȑǟȿ ȿǕ ƙȊǪȦƫǟ

الظروف املواتية للفساد

ÛǦǮɅǼƩǟ ǧǠɆȺȪǪȱǟ ȯǠƭ Ž ǦȍǠǺȥ .ǠőǠǱǠɆǪǵǟ ǼɅǼǶǪȱ ǥǖĉɆȾȵ Ƙȡ ƾȹǠɆǵǕ ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȷɀȮǩ [Čǡ ǦȹǠƪǟ] ƙȦșɀƫǟ ȸȵ ǦȵɀȮƩǟ ǧǠǱǠɆǪǵɍ ȰȒȥǕ ƾȶȾȥȿ ǦȥȀȞȵ ȷɀȮȲƹ ȸɅǼȾȞǪƫǟ ȷǕ ǼƱ ȷǕ ǢɅȀȢȱǟ ȸȵ ȄɆȱ ȸȝ ƘǤȞǪȱǟ ɁɀǪȆƫǟ ɄĉȹǼǪȵ ƙɆȵɀȮƩǟ ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ ƃȿǘȆȵ Ȝȅɀǣ ȄɆȱ ȼȹǕ Ǡȶȭ .ȴȾȆȦȹǕ ƙɆȵɀȮƩǟ

ȴǪɅ ɃǾȱǟ ǻǠȆȦȲȱ ƾǵɀǪȦȵ ȯǠǲƫǟ ɂȪǤɅ ÛȯǠǵ ɃǕ ɂȲȝ .ǥǼɆǱ ǦɅǟǿǻ ȄȮȞɅ ȰȮȊǣ ǦȵɀȮƩǟ ǧǠǱǠɆǪǵǟ.ƾȪǤȆȵ ȂǝǠȦȱǟ ǼȾȞǪƫǟ ǼɅǼƠ ȼȱɎǹ ȸȵ

Ž ȰȭǠȊȵ ǕȀȖǩ ȷǕ ȸȮƹȿ ÛǦȪȲȖȵ ǦǣǠǱǙ ǼǱɀɅ ɍ ÝǦȹȀȵ ȿǕ ǦȪɆȩǻ ȷɀȮǩ ȷǕ ǧǠȦȍǟɀƫǟ ɂȲȝ ȰȽ ǒǟǻǕ ɂȲȝ ȸɅǿǻǠȩ Ƙȡ ȸɅǼȾȞǪȵ ȜǲȊǩ ȷǕ ƘǤȭ ȰȮȊǣ ǦȶȾǤƫǟ ǧǠȦȍǟɀȶȲȱ ȸȮƹ ÛǦȾǱ ȸȶȥ .ƙǪȱǠƩǟ ȸȵ ȰȲȪɅ ǠȾȪɆɆȒǩȿ ǧǠȦȍǟɀƫǟ ȰɆȎȦǩ Ž ǦȢȱǠǤƫǟ ȷǚȥ ÛɁȀǹǕ ǦȾǱ ȸȵȿ .ǒǠȖȞȲȱ ȳǼȪǪȱǟ ɂȲȝ ȰȶȞȱǟ

ȰȮȊǣ ǦɅǿǟǻɋǟ ȤɆȱǠȮǪȱǟ ȜȦǩȀǩ ÛƂȿɉǟ ǦȱǠƩǟ Žȿ .ǦɆȞȩǟȿ ǧǟǒǠȖȝ ƇǼȪǩ ɂȲȝ ȸɅǿǻǠȪȱǟ ȸɅǼȾȞǪƫǟ ǻǼȝ ǦȱǠƩǟ Žȿ .ǡɀȲȖƫǟ ɁɀǪȆƫǠǣ ǦȵǼƪǟ ȿǕ ǰǪȺƫǟ ǒǟǻǕ ȸȮɅ Ɓ ȯǠǵ Ž Ǡƞǿȿ ȴɆɆȪǪȱǟ ǦɆȲȶȝ Ž ƿǼǱ ƘǤȭ

ȸȵ ǼƠ ǦȪɆȩǼȱǟ ǧǠȦȍǟɀƫǠȥ ÛǻǠȆȥ ǫȿǼƩ ȋȀȥ ȁƎǩ ÛƙǪȱǠƩǟ ǠǪȲȭ Žȿ .ǥǻȿǼƮ ǦȆȥǠȺƫǟ ȷɀȮǩ ÛǦɆȹǠǮȱǟ ǥǒǠȦȮȱǠǣ ȨȲȞǪɅ ǠȶɆȥ ǦɆǝǠȾȺȱǟ ǿǠǭɇǟ ȷǕ ɂȪǤɅȿ .ȸɅǼȾȞǪƫǟ ɁǼȱ ǿǠȮǪǵɍǟ ȁȂȞǩ ƾȒɅǕ ǠȾȺȮȱ ȣȀȎǪȱǟ ǦɅȀǵ

.ɁȀǹɉ ǦȱǠǵ ȸȵ ȤȲǪơ ǻǠȆȦȱǟȿ

ǠɅǟȂȵ ǴȺƹ ǒɄȉ Ƀǖȥ ÛǦȶɆȲȅ ǧǟǻǠȉǿǙ ȳ ı ǳ + ǟ = ȣ ǦȱǻǠȞȵ Ȁȥɀǩ ÛǦɆȹǠǮȱǟ ǥɀȖƪǟ Ž [čǡ ǦȹǠƪǟ] ȣȀȎǪȱǟ ǦɅȀǵ ȜȦǩȀǩ ǠȵǼȺȝ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦɆȱǠȶǪǵǟ ǻǟǻȂǩ Ûȼǩǟǽ Ǩȩɀȱǟ Ž .ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȯǠȶǪǵǟ ȸȵ ǼɅȂɅ ǦɅǿǠȮǪǵǟ

ǥǻɀǱ ƘɅǠȞȵ ɂȲȝ ȔȪȥ ǦȶǝǠȪȱǟ ǒǟȀȊȱǟ ǧǠɆȲȶȝ Ž ȯǠƩǟ ɀȽ Ǡȶȭ ÛǦɆȹǼǪȵ ǦȱǒǠȆƫǟ ȷɀȮǩȿ ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟ ɁǼȱ ǦɅȀǵ ȸȵ ȜȦǩȀƫǟ ɁɀǪȆƫǟȿ ǦɅǿǠȮǪǵɍǟ ǧǠǤɆǩȀǪȱǟ ȷɀȮǩ ÛƾȪǵɍ ɁȀȺȅ Ǡȶȭ ǧɍǠƩǟ ȐȞǣ Žȿ .ǦɆȎǺȉ

.ƾȒɅǕ ǿǠǤǪȝɍǟ ƙȝ Ž ǻǠȆȦȱǟȿ ǥǒǠȦȮȱǟ ȳǼȝ ȀȕǠƯ ǾǹǕ Ǣƶ ȸȮȱ ÛǥǿƎȵ ȣȀȎǪȱǟ

ȳǠȵǕ ȜȅȿǕ ăɍǠƭ ȧɀȆȱǟ ȴǲƜ ǦȹǿǠȪȵ ǦȶǺȒȱǟ (ǦɆȱǠƫǟ) ǻɀȪȞȱǟ ǴɆǪǩ ÛȴɆɆȪǪȱǟ ǥɀȖǹ Ž [Ďǡ ǦȹǠƪǟ] ăɍȁǠȺǩ ȫǠȺȽ ȸȮȱ ÛǦȲȮȊȵ ƎǪȞćǩ ȣȀȎǪȱǟ ǦɅȀǵ ȷǕ Ǵȑǟɀȱǟ ȸȵȿ .ǦȝȿȀȊƫǟ Ƙȡ ȯǟɀȵɉǟ ǒǠȦǹɋ ȸɅǼȅǠȦȱǟ ǧǠȦȍǟɀƫǠǣ ȨȲȞǪɅ ǠȶɆȥ ǧǠȶɆɆȪǪȱǟ ǦǲɆǪȹ ȴȾȆȦȹǖǣ ǟȿǿȀȪɆȱ ǦɆȥǠȑǙ ǦɅȀǵ ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ ƃȿǘȆȵ ǴȺȵ ƙǣ ǠȺȽ ȣȀȎǪȱǟ ǦɅȀǵ ȨɆɆȒǩȿ Û(ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȳǠȵǕ ȯǠǲƫǟ ǴǪȦɅ ȀȵǕ ɀȽȿ) ǦȾǱ ȸȵ ǠȽǼɅǼƠ ǢȞȎɅ Ɣȱǟ ȿǕ ǦȶȾǤƫǟ ȻǽǠơǟ ȴȾȺȮƹ ǿǟȀȩ Ȱȭ ȴȮƠ ǦȶȚȹǕȿ Ǽȝǟɀȩ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ Ǽǝǟȁ ȰȮȊǣ ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ ƃȿǘȆȵ ȳǠȵǕ ǦǵǠǪƫǟ

ǦǞɆǤȱǟȿ ǦɆȺȞƫǟ ǧǠȵǼƪǟ ȿǕ ȳȁǟɀȲȱǟ ɂȲȝ ǼȶǪȞǩ Ɣȱǟ ȻǾȽ ȯȁǠȺǪȱǟ ǥȀȮȥ ƂǙ ƾȪǵɍ ǻɀȞȺȅ) ɁȀǹǕ ǦȾǱ ȸȵ.(ǒǟȀȊȱǟ ǦɆȲȶȝ ǠȾɆȥ ȴǪǩ Ɣȱǟ ǻǠȆȦȲȱ ǦɆǩǟɀƫǟ

ȸȵȿ .Ǩȩɀȱǟ Ȝȵ ǦɆȎǺȉ ǦȩɎȝ ǿɀȖǪǩȿ ǦȆȥǠȺƫǟ ȀǭǖǪǩ ÛȔȪȥ ǼɆǵȿ ǿǼȎȵ ǻɀǱȿ ǦȱǠǵ Ž [ďǡ ǦȹǠƪǟ] ǧǠɆȱǠȶȭ ǦȥǠȑǚǣ ȴőǠǲǪȺȵ ¬ȨɆȶȺǪøǣ ȸɅǼȾȞǪƫǟ ǴǣȀȱǟ ǠȾɆȱǙ ƾȥǠȒȵ ǦȦȲȮǪȱǟ ǥǻȀǪȆȵ ǻɀȪȞȱǟ ɃȀȢǩ ÛǠȾǪɆǵǠȹ

ǠȵǼȺȝ ÛȬȱǽ ƂǙ ǦȥǠȑɋǠǣ .ɄȲȍɉǟ ȴȽǠȦǪȱǟ Ž ȼɆȲȝ ȧǠȦǩɍǟ Ź Ǡȵ ɁǼȞǪǩ ǠȾɆȲȝ ǦɆȥǠȑǙ ȌǝǠȎǹȿ ȸɅǼȅǠȦȱǟ ǒǟǿǼƫǟ ȷǠȮȵǚǣ ȷǚȥ ÛǦȝɀȺǪȵ ȯǠȶȝǕ ǧɍǠƭ Ž ȷɀȎȎǺǪɅȿ ǥƘǤȭ ǧǠȭȀȉ ȷȿǼȾȞǪƫǟ ȷɀȮɅ ȓȿȀȊȱǟ ɄȞȑǟȿ ȷɀȮɅ ÛȳǠȝ ȰȮȊǣȿ .ȰȒȥǕ ȰȮȊǣ ǥǿȿȂƫǟ ǦɆȲɆȢȊǪȱǟ ȤɆȱǠȮǪȱǟȿ ƗɆǤȱǟ ȴȝǼȱǟ ǒǠȦǹǙ

ɄȎǺȊȱǟ ȴȾȝɀȒǹ ȷǠȭȿ ǦȶȾǤȵ ǦɅȀɅǼȪǪȱǟ ȤɆȱǠȮǪȱǟ ȁȿǠƟ ƘɅǠȞȵ ǨȹǠȭ ǠȶȲȭ ɁȿǠȉȀȲȱ ǦȑȀȝ ȀǮȭǕ.ƾǵɀȑȿ ȰȩǕ ǦȱǒǠȆȶȲȱ

مؤشرات على األنشطة التي يحتمل أن تكون فاسدة

.ǥǒǠȦȮȱǟ ȳǼȝȿ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ƙǣ ȂɆɆȶǪȱǟ ǦǣɀȞȎȱ ƿǼȪȞȵ ǥǼȅǠȦȱǟ ǒǟȀȊȱǟ ǧǠɆȲȶȝ ȣǠȊǪȭǟ ȷɀȮɅ ǥǻǠȞȱǟ Ž ƃǠǪȱǠǣȿ ÛǦȺɆȞȵ ǦȱǠǵ Ž ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ɂȲȝ ǥǼɆȭǕ ǧǠȵɎȝ Ǡőǟǽ ǼƜ ǨȆɆȱ ǦɆȱǠǪȱǟ ǧǟȀȉǘƫǟ ȷǕ ȀȭǾȱǠǣ ȀɅǼǱȿ

.ăɎȎȦȵ ƾȪɆȪƠ ǢǱɀǪȆǩ Ǽȩ Ɣȱǟ ɄǵǟɀȺȱǟ ȸĉɆǤǩ ǧǟǻǠȉǿǙ ǻȀƭ ǠŒǚȥ

ǦɅǿǠɆȞƫǟ ǧǠȅǿǠȶƫǟȿ ǥƘǩɀȱǟ ȸȝ ȣȀǶȺɅ ȫȀƠ ɃǕ ƘȊɅ Ǽȩ ÛǧǠǱǠɆǪǵɍǟ ǼɅǼƠ ǥɀȖǹ Ž [Čǯ ǦȹǠƪǟ] Ƙȡ ȿǕ ǦȶȾǤƫǟ ǧǠȦȍǟɀƫǟ :Ȭȱǽ Ž ǦȲȶǪǶƫǟ ǧǟȀȉǘƫǟ ȸȵȿ .ǦȝȿȀȊȵ Ƙȡ ǦȖȊȹǕ ǻɀǱȿ ƂǙ ǧǠɅȀǪȊȶȲȱ ȰȮȊǣ ǥǼɆȪȵ ǧǠȦȍǟɀȵ) ȨɆȑ ȯǠƭ Ž ȰȶȞǩ ȷǕ ǠȾɆȲȝ ǥǻǼƮ ǧǟǼȞȵ ȿǕ țǟɀȹǕ ǢȲȕ ÛăɎȍǕ ǥǻɀǱɀƫǟ Ž ɃǻǠȝ Ƙȡ ȰȮȊǣ ȸɅǼȾȞǪƫǟ ǦȭǿǠȊȵ ɂȲȝ ȰɆȱǻ ǻɀǱȿ ÛǦȚƩ ȀǹǓ Ž ǦǝǿǠȖȱǟ ǧǠȵȁɉǟ Û(ȼɆȥ ȠȱǠǤȵ

.ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǧǠǱǠɆǪǵǟ ǼɅǼƠ

ǥɀȖǹ Ž ǘȕǟɀǩ ǻɀǱȿ ȸȝ ȤȊȮȱǟ Ž ǥǼɆȦȵ ǠŒǕ ǨǪǤǭǕ Ɣȱǟ ǧǟȀȉǘƫǟ ȸȵ ǼɅǼȞȱǟ ȫǠȺȽ [čǯ ǦȹǠƪǟ] ǻǼȝ ǒǠȪǣ ÛȯǠǮƫǟ ȰɆǤȅ ɂȲȝ .ǧǟǒǠȖȞȱǟ Ž ǠȽƘȆȦǩ ǢȞȎɅ ȓǠƴǕ ȀȾȚǩ ȷǕ ȸȮƹȿ .ǧǟǒǠȖȞȱǟ ȴɆȲȆǩ ɂȲȝ Ǩȩɀȱǟ ǿȿȀȵ Ȝȵ ƾǪǣǠǭ ȿǕ ƿƘȢȍ ǦȺɆȞȵ ǦȪȖȺȵ Ž ȿǕ ǧǟǒǠȖȞȱǟ ȸȵ ƙȞȵ țɀȺȱ ǦȵǼȪǪƫǟ ǧǠȭȀȊȱǟ

ǧǠȝɀȶƭ ȿǕ ǠȽǻȀȦƞ ǧǠȭȀȉ ǠȾȮȲƢ Ɣȱǟ ȌȎƩǟ ǧǠǤǭ ÛƙȲȶǪǶƫǟ ƙȆȥǠȺƫǟ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ ǻɀǱȿ ȸȵ ȴȡȀȱǟ ǠȾȵǼȪɅ Ɣȱǟ ǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǟ ȤȊȭ ÛƙȆȥǠȺƫǟ ȸȵ ƎȭǕ ǻǼȝ ǻɀǱȿ Ȝȵ ȳǠȞȱǟ țǠȖȪȱǟ ǧǠȆȅǘȵ Ž ǧǠȭȀȉ ȿǕ ǦɆȪɆȪƩǟ ȧɀȆȱǟ ǿǠȞȅǕ ȸȝ ƘǤȭ ȰȮȊǣ ȤȲǪơ ƿǿǠȞȅǕ ȳǼǺǪȆǩ ǧǟǒǠȖȝ ȸȝ ȷɀȪȪǶƫǟȿ ȷɀȪȩǼƫǟ

ǿɀȵɉǟ ȻǾȽ ȸȵ ɃǕ .ǦȵǼȪƫǟ ǧǟǒǠȖȞȱǟ ȜɆƤ Ž ƙȞȵ ǼȾȞǪƫ ǦǣǠǪȮȱǟ ǡɀȲȅǕ ȿǕ Ȕƪǟ ȄȦȹ ǿɀȾș ÛǦɆǤȆȺȱǟ ȨɆȪƠ ǴǪȥ ǿƎɅ Ǽȩ ȼǩǟǽ Ǩȩɀȱǟ Ž ǠȾȺȵ ǻǼȝ ǻɀǱȿȿ ÛǧǟǒǠȖȞȱǟ Ž ǢȝɎǩ ǻɀǱȿ ƂǙ ǥǿǠȉɋǟ ȼȺȮƹ

.Ȱ ĉȎȦȵ

Ž ǼȾȞǪƫǟ ǿǠɆǪǹǟ ǥɀȖǹ ȯɎǹ ǻǠȆȥ ǻɀǱȿ ȯǠȶǪǵǟ ƂǙ ƘȊǩ ȷǕ ǫǟǼǵɉǟ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȲȱ ȸȮƹ [Ďǯ ǦȹǠƪǟ] ȬȲƹ ɍ ǼȾȞǪȵ ȿǕ ǦȶɆȩ ǧǟǒǠȖȞȱǟ ȰȩǕ ȳ ĉǼȪɅ Ɓ ǼȾȞǪȵ ɂȲȝ ǒǠȖȝ ǦȱǠǵǙ ÛȯǠǮƫǟ ȰɆǤȅ ɂȲȝ .ǒǟȀȊȱǟ ǦɆȲȶȝ

ƂǙ ȣǠȒɅȿ .ǒǠȖȞȲȱ ǳȀȕ ǥǻǠȝǙ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ǦȱǠǵɋǟ ȴǪǩ .ǼȪȞȱǟ ȼɆȥ ȌȎǺǪɅ ɃǾȱǟ ȯǠǲƫǟ Ž ǦȪǣǠȅ ǥƎǹ ɃǻǘɅ Ǡư ǦȵɀȮƩǠǣ ȋǠƪǟ ȰȶȞȱǟ ȷǠɆǣ ɂȲȝ ǧɎɅǼȞǩ ǒǟȀǱǙ ÛǼɆǵȿ ǿǼȎƫ ǼȪȞȱǟ ȿǕ ǒǠȖȞȱǟ ǴȺȵ ǧǟɀȖƪǟ ǫȿǼǵ ȸȮȱ ÛǥǼɆȭǕ Ǧȱɍǻ ǧǟȀȉǘƫǟ ȻǾȽ ȸȵ ɃǕ ƎǪȞćǩ ɍ ÛƿǻǼƭ .ǠȾȲȵǠȮǣ ǒǟȀȊȱǟ ǦɆȲȶȝ ǴǪȥ ǥǻǠȝǙ ƂǙ

.ǦǣɀȲȖƫǟ ǥǒǠȦȮȱǠǣ ǨȆɆȱ ǒǟȀȊȱǟ ǦɆȲȶȝ ȷǕ ɂȲȝ ȯǼɅ ǨǣǠǭ ȔȶȺȭ ǿɀȵɉǟ ȻǾȽ

8889

ملحقملحق

ȸȮȱ ÛǻɀȪȞȱǟ ǾɆȦȺǩ ǦȲǵȀȵ Ž ǥǒǠȦȮȱǟ ȳǼȝȿ ǻǠȆȦȱǠǣ ȔǤǩȀǩ Ɣȱǟ ǧǟȀȉǘƫǟ ȸȵ ǼɅǼȞȱǟ ȫǠȺȽ [ďǯ ǦȹǠƪǟ] ÛȯǠǮƫǟ ȰɆǤȅ ɂȲȝ .ȰȶȞȱǟ Ž ǥǒǠȦȭ ȳǼȝȿ ǻǠȆȥ ǻɀǱȿ ɂȲȝ ƾɅǿȿȀȑ ȿǕ ƾɆȥǠȭ ăɎɆȱǻ ƎǪȞćɅ ɍ ǠȽǻɀǱȿ

ÛǧǠȦȍǟɀƫǟ ȰɅǼȞǩ ȿǕ ȴǺȒǪȱǠǣ ȻȀɅƎǩ ȸȮƹ Ǡȵ ɁǼȞǪɅ Ǡƞ ǦɅȀɅǼȪǪȱǟ ȤɆȱǠȮǪȱǟ Ž ǦȞȩɀǪȵ Ƙȡ ǥǻǠɅȁ ǿɀȾș ǒǠȢȱǙ ÛǼɆǵɀȱǟ ǿǼȎƫǟ ǦȱǠǵ Ž ǼȪȞȱǟ ǾɆȦȺǪȱ ǦɆȥǠȑǙ ȰȾȵ ǴȺȵ ÛǼȪȞȱǟ Ž ǥǼɅǼȝ ȿǕ ǦȶȾȵ ƘɆȢǩ ȀȵǟȿǕ ǿɀȾș

ȄɆɅǠȪƫǟ ȸȵ ƘǮȮǣ ɂȲȝǕ ȷɀȮǩ Ɣȱǟ ȤɆȱǠȮǪȱǟ ȷǕ Ǡȶȭ .ȴɆȲȆǪȱǟ ȿǕ ǯǠǪȹɋǟ ǼɆȝǟɀȵ Ž ǦȱǠȕɋǟ ÛǦȱǠǵɋǟ.ǦȝȿȀȊȵ Ƙȡ ǦȖȊȹǕ ǻɀǱȿ ƂǙ ƘȊǩ Ǽȩ ǦɆȱȿǼȱǟ ȿǕ ǦɆȺȕɀȱǟ

السياسات العالجية

ȸȵ ǦɅǠȩɀȲȱ ɂȞȆƫǟ Ž ǳǠǲȺȱǟ ǢȲȖǪɅȿ ÛǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ Ž ȴȚȺƫǟ ǻǠȆȦȲȱ ɃĉǼȎǪȲȱ ƘǣǟǼǪȱǟ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ ȫǠȺȽ ǻǿǟɀȵ ȄɅȀȮǩȿ ÛǥɍǠǤȵɎȱǟ ǦɆȺȽǽȿ ǥǻǠǪȞƫǟ ǦȪɅȀȖȱǠǣ ȰȶȞȱǟ ƘɆȢǪǣ ȜȕǠȩ ȳǟȂǪȱǟ ȰȶȞǣ ǥǻǠȪȱǟ ȳɀȪɅ ȷǕ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ɃǕ ɂȲȝ ǦǤǩȀǪƫǟ ȤɆȱǠȮǪȲȱ ƙȝǟȿ ǟɀȹɀȮɅ ȷǕ ǥǻǠȪȱǟ ɂȲȝ Ûȼǩǟǽ Ǩȩɀȱǟ Ž ȸȮȱ .ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮƫ ǦȵɀȮƩǟ

.ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ƘǣǟǼǩ ȸȵ

ȯǠƭ Ž ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǣǿǠƮ Ž ǠȶȾȪȪƠ ǼȝǠȆɅ ƙȶȾȵ ƙȥȀș ȀȭǾȹ ȷǕ ǠȺɆȲȝ ÛǥǻǼƮ ǧǟɀȖǹ Ž ȀȚȺȱǟ ȰǤȩ Ž ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟ ǿǠǤȭ ɂȲȝ .ǦɆȹǼƫǟ ǦȵǼǺȲȱ ǳɀȑɀǣ Ȱ ĉȎȦȵ ɄȦɆșȿ ȳǠȚȹ ǻɀǱȿ ǥǿȿȀȑ ÛăɍȿǕ .ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ ÛǥǿǟǼƨǟ ǢȆǵ ȴȾǪɆȩȀǩ ȴǪɅ ȷǕȿ ÛǦȶǝɎȵ ƙɆȵɀȮƩǟ ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟ Ǣǩǟȿǿ ȷɀȮǩ ȷǕ ǟɀȺȶȒɅ ȷǕ ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȰȮȊǣ ȰȶȞȱǟ ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǒǠȅǗǿ ɂȲȝ ÛƾɆȹǠǭ .ƗȾƫǟ ȴȾȲǤȪǪȆȵ ǿɀȖǪȱ ǦǶȑǟȿ ȔȖǹ ȴȾɅǼȱ ȷɀȮɅ ȷǕȿ

Ź ȷǙ ǦǱȀǵ ǒǠȖǹǕ ǢȺƟ ȸȮȶƫǟ ȸȵ ǬɆǵ ÛǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǯǿǠǹ ȷɀȹǠȪȱǟ ȨɆǤȖǩȿ ȨɆȪǶǪȱǟ ǧǠȆȅǘȵ Ȝȵ ȨɆǭȿ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ Ž ǳǠǲȺȱǟ ȋȀȥ ȁȂȞǪǩ ÛȜǤȖȱǠǣȿ .ǘȕǟɀǩ ȿǕ ȯǠɆǪǵǟ ǻɀǱɀǣ ȻǠǤǪȉɍǟ ǦɅǟǼǣ ȸȵ ǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǟ ȫǿǠȊǩ

.ǠȾȲȶȝ Ž ǦȾɅȂȹȿ ǥȀȽǠȵ ǧǠȆȅǘƫǟ ǨȹǠȭ ȷǙ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ

ǥĉȀǵ ǦȥǠǶȍȿ ǦɆȕǟȀȪƹǻ ǧǠȆȅǘȵ ǻɀǱȿ ȰǮȵ ÛǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ Ž ȴȽǠȆǩ ɁȀǹǕ ǦȵǠȝ ȣȿȀș ȫǠȺȽȿ ǠȵǼȺȝ ȼȹǕ ǦȦȲǪǺƫǟ ȷǟǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ǦɆǝǠȎǵɋǟ ǧǠȅǟǿǼȱǟ ƘȊǩȿ .ǦȹǠȵɉǟ ɂȲȝ ȜǲȊǩ ǦɆȝǠȶǪǱǟ ƘɅǠȞȵȿ ÛǦɅɀȩȿ ȷɉ ǼȲǤȱǟ Ȭȱǽ Ž ǦɆȅǠɆȆȱǟȿ ǦɅǻǠȎǪȩɍǟ ȧɀȪƩǟ ȰɆƢ ÛƾȞȦǩȀȵ Ǡȵ ǼȲǣ Ž ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ɁɀǪȆȵ ȷȿȀȶǮǪȆƫǟ ƎǪȞɅ ǿǟȀȪǪȅɍǟ ȳǼȝȿ ǻǠȎǪȩɍǟ Ž ǦȱȿǼȱǟ ȰǹǼǩȿ ǦȶȚȹɉǟ ȏȀȥ ȸȵ ǦȞȦǩȀȵ ǧǠɅɀǪȆȵ ȰǣǠȪȵ ǦȦɆȞȑ ȷɀȮǩ

č.ɃǻǠȎǪȩɍǟ ɀȶȺȱǟ ȸȵ ǦȒȦǺȺȵ ǧǠɅɀǪȆȵȿ ÛɄȅǠɆȆȱǟȿ ɃǻǠȎǪȩɍǟ

ȧǠȖȹ ȰɆȲȪǩ ȴȾȺȮƹ ÛȬȱǽ Ȝȵ ÛǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟ ǿǠǤȭ ǥȀȖɆȅ ǯǿǠǹ ȣȿȀȚȱǟ ȻǾȽ ȴȚȞȵ ÛȜǤȖȱǠǣ:ȯǠǮƫǟ ȰɆǤȅ ɂȲȝ .ȳ ı ǳ + ǟ = ȣ ǦȱǻǠȞȵ ȨȖȺȵ țǠǤǩǟ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ Ž ǻǠȆȦȱǟ

ɃǻǘɅ Ǽȩ Ɣȱǟ ɄǵǟɀȺȱǟ Ž ǦɆȆȥǠȺǪȱǟ ǦǞɆǤȱǟ ȜɆǲȊǩ ȷǖȉ ȸȵ .ƾɅǼƭ Ȭȱǽ ȷǠȭ ǠȶǮɆǵ ǦɆȆȥǠȺǩ ȣȿȀș ȂɅȂȞǩ ȫɀȲȆȲȱ ȋȀȦȱǟ ȐȞǣ ȰɅȂɅ ȷǕ (¬ǦɆȞɆǤȖȱǟ¼ ǧǟǿǠȮǪǵɍǟ ǟǼȝ Ǡȵ) ǿǠȮǪǵɍǟ ƂǙ ǠȾɆȥ ǦȆȥǠȺƫǟ ǡǠɆȡ

ȰȶȞȱǟ ɂȲȝ ȷɀȆȥǠȺǪɆȅ ȰȶȞȲȱ ƙȆȶǶǪƫǟ ƙȲȽǘƫǟ ȸɅǼȾȞǪƫǟ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ ȷǕ ɄȽ ǠȺȽ ǦȲȝǠȦȱǟ ǦɅȀȚȺȱǟ .ǼȅǠȦȱǟ ǦȶɆȩ ɂȲȝǕ ȷǠȶȑȿ ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ ǦȦȲȮǩ ȐȦǹ ƂǙ ɃǻǘɅ ɃǾȱǟ Ȁȵɉǟ ÛǥǒǠȦȭ ȸɅǻǿɀƫǟ ȀǮȭǕ ȼǣ ȁɀȦɆȅ ɃǾȱǟ Ȝȵ ȰȵǠȞǪȱǠǣ ǼɅǼȾǪȱǟ ǦȱɀȾȅ ȰȮǣ (ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ) ɃȀǪȊȶȲȱ ȸȮƹ ÛȬȱǽ ƂǙ ǦȥǠȑɋǠǣ .ȃǠȺȲȱ (ȐǝǠȥ ȨɆȪƠ ɃǕ)

ƂǙ ȰɆƢ ǦȲȵǠȮǪƫǟ Ƙȡ ǦɆȆȥǠȺǪȱǟ ǧǠȝǠȺȎȱǟ ȷǕ ǦɆǤɅȀǲǪȱǟ Ǧȱǻɉǟ ȐȞǣȿ ǦɅȀȚȺȱǟ ȸȵ Ȱȭ ƘȊǩȿ .ȰɅǼǣ ǻĉǿɀȵ Ď.ǦȩǼǣ ǦȲ ĉȎȦƫǟ ǻɀȪȞȱǟȿ ǦɆƧǿ ǦȪɅȀȖǣ ȴǪǩ Ɣȱǟ ǒǟȀȊȱǟ ǧǠɆȲȶȝ ȰɆȒȦǩ

ǥȀǝǟǻ ȜɆȅɀǪȱ Ȭȱǽȿ ÛȀȢȍǕ ȜɅǿǠȊȵ ƂǙ ǥƘǤȮȱǟ ȜɅǿǠȊƫǟ ȴɆȆȪǩ ǦȆȥǠȺƫǟ ȂɅȂȞǩ ȧȀȕ ɁǼǵǙ ȸȵ ȷɀȮɅ Ǽȩ ǡɀȲȅɉǟ ǟǾȽ ƎǪȞćɅȿ .ǦȲǝǠȽ ǧǠȹǠȮȵǙ ȷɀȮȲƹ ȸɅǾȱǟ ȿǕ ǿǠǤȮȱǟ ȸɅǼȾȞǪƫǟ ɁǼȞǪɅ Ǡƞ ƙȲȶǪǶƫǟ ƙȆȥǠȺƫǟ ǦɆȝɀȹȿ ȤɆȱǠȮǩ ǧǟǽ ǧǠǲǪȺȵ Ȝȵ ȰȵǠȞǪǩ Ɣȱǟ ȿǕ ƾȶǲǵ ǥƘǤȮȱǟ ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ Ž ȋǠǹ ȰȮȊǣ ƿǼɆȦȵ

.ǦǶȑǟȿ

Ž ȨȅǠȺǪȱǟ ȳǼȝ :ƿǼɆǱ ǦȥȿȀȞƫǟ ȧȀȖȱǟ ȸȵ ǻǼȞǣ ɄȆȥǠȺǪȱǟ ǯǽɀȶȺȱǟ ȴȖǶǪɅ ÛƾȪǵɍ ɁȀȺȅ Ǡȶȭ ƙǣ ȨǣǠȖǪȱǟ ȳǼȝȿ ÛǦɆȺȦȱǟ ǦɆǵǠȺȱǟ ȸȵ ǥǼȪȞȵ ȿǕ ƘǤȭ ȰȮȊǣ ǦȎȎǺǪȵ ǧǠǱǠɆǪǵɍǟ ȷɀȭȿ ÛǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǟ ȂɅȂȞǪȱ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ǦȱȿǠƮ ǦɅǕ Ž ǦɅǟǼǣ ǦȖȪȺȭ ȸȮȱ .(ƆǠǮȱǟ ȜǣȀƫǟ Ž ǦȺĉɆǤȵ) ǠȽƘȡȿ ÛȳǼǺǪȆƫǟȿ ȀɅǼƫǟ ȷǙ ǠȽǼɆȱɀǩȿ ÛǦȆȥǠȺƫǟ ȸȵ ȰȩǕ ȄɆȱȿ ɂȲȝǕ ɁɀǪȆȵ ȰɆȒȦǩ ǼɆȦƫǟ ȸȵ ȷǚȥ ÛǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵȿ ǥǒǠȦȮȱǟ

.ȸȮȵǕ

املربع الثاني – عندما يتحطم النموذج التنافسي

ȏȿȀȞȱǟ ǢȲȖȱ ǦǣǠǲǪȅɍǠǣ ƙȲȽǘƫǟ ȸɅǼȾȞǪƫǟ ȸȵ ƘǤȭ ǻǼȝ ȼɆȥ ȳɀȪɅ ƾȞȑȿ ɄȆȥǠȺǪȱǟ ǯǽɀȶȺȱǟ ȏȀǪȦɅ ǦȶɆȪȱǟ ȴɆȚȞǪȱ ɂȞȆǩ ȂɆɆȶǪȱǟ ɂȲȝ ǥǿǻǠȩ ǦȖȲȅ ȳɀȪǩȿ Û(ȋǠƪǟ țǠȖȪȱǟ ȿǕ) ǦȵɀȮƩǟ ǧǠǱǠɆǪǵǟ ǦɆǤȲǪȱ

.ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ǦǶȲȎƫǟ ȁȂȞɅ Ǡư ÛȸȮư ȀȞȅ Ȱȩǖǣ ǧǠȵǼƪǟ ȿǕ ȳȁǟɀȲȱǟ ƇǼȪǩ ȼȺȮƹ ɃǾȱǟ ǼȾȞǪƫǟ ǿǠɆǪǹǠǣ

.ǠȾǱǠǪȹɋ ǠɆȹǼȱǟ ǦȦȲȮǪȱǟ ǢȆƜ ȳȁǟɀȲȱǟ ǿǠȞȅǕ ǼɅǼƠ ȴǪɅ ÛɄȮɆȅɎȮȱǟ ɃǻǠȎǪȩɍǟ ǯǽɀȶȺȲȱ Ǽǵ ɂȎȩǕ Ž ȸȶȒɅ ɃǾȱǟ ı ǨǶǤȱǟ ɄȆȥǠȺǪȱǟ ǯǽɀȶȺȱǟȿ ÛƃǠǮƫǟ Ȝȑɀȱǟ ȸȝ ƘǤȭ ȰȮȊǣ ǦȪɆȪƩǟ ȤȲǪơ ÛȤȅɊȱ ȸȮȱ

:ǠȾɆȥ Ǡƞ ÛǦȲȶǪƮ ȧȀȕ ǥǼȞǣ ȴȖǶǪɅ ȷǕ ȸȮƹ ı ǥǒǠȦȮȱǟȿ ǦȽǟƕȱǟȿ ǘȥǠȮǪȱǟ

Ž ȯǠȞȥ Ƙȡ ɄȆȥǠȺǪȱǟ ǯǽɀȶȺȱǟ ȰȞƶ ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ ƃȿǘȆƫ ǦǵǠǪƫǟ ǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǟ ȸȵ ǼȭǖǪȱǟ ȳǼȝ .Č.(ƾȒɅǕ ƿǘȦȭ ȷɀȮɅ ɍ Ǽȩ ȼȹǕ ƂǙ ǦȥǠȑɋǠǣ) ǻǠȆȥ ǫȿǼǵ ȳǼȝ ȷǠȶȑ

ȜȦǩȀƫǟ ƗȦȱǟ ɁɀǪȆƫǟ ǧǟǽ ȜɅǿǠȊƫǟ Ž ǦȍǠǹ ÛƿǼɆǱ ǠőǠǱǠɆǪǵǟ ǦȵɀȮƩǟ ȣȀȞǩ ɍ ƾȹǠɆǵǕ .č.(ȯǠǮƫǟ ȰɆǤȅ ɂȲȝ ǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǟ ǦȶȚȹǕ ǧɍǠƭ) ǥƘǤȭ ȌȎǺǪȱǟ Ǽǝǟɀȥ ǠȾɆȥ ȷɀȮǩ Ɣȱǟ

Ǽȩ Ɣȱǟ ȿǕ ǥǼɅȀȥ ȴɆȵǠȎǩ ǧǟǽ ǠɅǟȂƞ ǦɅǠȢȲȱ ǦȎȎǺǪȵ ǧǠǲǪȺȵ ǢȲȖǪǩ Ɣȱǟ ǒǟȀȊȱǟ ǧǠɆȲȶȝ .Ď Ž Ȱǣ ÛȸɅǼȾȞǪƫǟ ȸȵ ǦȺȦǵ ȸȵ ȀǮȭǕ ɂȲȝ ȰȎƠ ɍ Ǽȩ ǦɆȺȪǪȱǟ ȸȵ ƿǼǱ ǦǮɅǼǵ ƾȝǟɀȹǕ ǢȲȖǪǩ

.ȔȪȥ ƙȺǭǟ ȿǕ Ǽǵǟȿ ÛǧɍǠƩǟ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ ȼȹɉ ǥƘǤȭ ¬ǦȶȚȹɉǟ Ȩȥȿ ǦȆȥǠȺƫǟ¼ ȸȵ ȃǠȺȱǟ ɂȲȝ ǦȞǝǠȒȱǟ ȋȀȦȱǟ ȤɆȱǠȮǩ ȷɀȮǩ Ǽȩ .ď

ǟɀȹǠȭ Ɣȱǟ ǻɀȪȞǣ ǥǻǼǶƫǟ ǦɅǿǠɆǪǹɍǟ ǧǟǿǠȶǮǪȅɍǟ ȐȞǣ Ž ȯɀǹǼȱǟ ȸȝ ȷɀȞȺǪƹ Ǽȩ ȸɅǼȾȞǪƫǟ ɍ ȼȹɉȿ ÛǦȪǵɍ ǻɀȪȞǣ ȁɀȦȲȱ ǿǠɆȞȶȭ ǦȱɀǤȪȵ ǦȪǣǠȆȱǟ ǥƎƪǟ ǨȹǠȭ ȷǙ ǠȾɆȥ ȷɀȭǿǠȊɆȅ .ǧǠǱǠɆǪǵɍǟ ȀɅɀȖǩ Ž ǥƎǹȿ ǦȶȮǵ ȸȵ ȼȹɀȮȲƹ Ǡȵ ȫćǿǠȊǪȱ ȸɅǼȾȞǪƫǟ ȳǠȵǕ ȂȥǠǵ ǼǱɀɅ

.(ǕȠɆȲǣ ȰȮȊǣ ȓǠȪȺȱǟ ȻǾȽ ȸȝ ȷǠȶȲɆȭ ȀĉǤȞɅ) ȬȱǾȱ ÛƿǼǱ ǦȶǺȒȱǟ ȜɅǿǠȊƫǟ Ž ǦȍǠǹ ÛǦȥȁǠǲȶȲȱ ȸɅǼȞǪȆȵ Ƙȡ ȷȿǼȾȞǪƫǟ ȷɀȮɅ Ǽȩ .Đ

Ž ǦɆȩɎǹǕ ȰȭǠȊƞ ǼĉȱɀɅ ɃǾȱǟ Ȁȵɉǟ ÛǦȥȁǠǲƫǟ ȸȵ ǒȂǱ ȰĉȶƠ ɂȲȝ ǦȵɀȮƩǟ ǬƜ ȷɀȵɀȪɅ .ǒǟȀȊȱǟ ǦɆȲȶȝ

9091

ملحقملحق

.ǻɀȪȝ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ǠȾȪɆǤȖǩ ȴǪɅ ȓȿȀȉ ƂǙ ǠȾǪƤȀǩȿ ¬ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ǦǶȲȎƫǟ¼ ȤɅȀȞǩ ǢȞȎȱǟ ȸȵ .đ ǿǠȞȅǖǣ ȳȁǟɀȲȱǟ ǒǟȀȊǣ ȷɀȦȲȮƫǟ ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ ɀȱȿǘȆȵ ȫǿǠȊɅ ɍ ƾȹǠɆǵǕ ÛȬȱǽ ƂǙ ǦȥǠȑɋǠǣ

ǦȲȮȊȵ) Ǡŏ ȳǠɆȪȲȱ ȷȿǼȞǪȆȵ ȴȽ Ɣȱǟ ǧɍȁǠȺǪȱǟȿ ǠŒɀȲȒȦɅ Ɣȱǟ ǿɀȵɉǟ ȃǠȺȱǟ ƾɆȝǠȶǪǱǟ ǦǤȅǠȺȵ .(ȳǼǺǪȆƫǟȿ ȀɅǼƫǟ

ǟɀǵȀǪȩǟȿ ¬ǦǵɀǪȦƫǟȿ ǦȱǻǠȞȱǟ¼ ǦȆȥǠȺƫǟ ǯǽɀƴ Ž ǡɀɆȞȱǟ ȸȵ ǠȽƘȡȿ ȻǾȽ ɂȲȝ ȷɀǤȩǟȀƫǟ ȐȞǣ ǻǼȉ ǼɆȪǪȱǠǣ ǒǟȀȊȱǟ ǦɆȲȶȞǣ ȳǠɆȪȱǟ ȁȿǠƟȿ ÛɁǼƫǟ ǦȲɅɀȕ ǧǠȩɎȞȱǟ ǠɅǟȂȵ ȨɆȪǶǪȱ ǠƬɎǹ ȸȵ ȷɀȞȆɅ ɁȀǹǕ ȰǝǟǼǣ ƃȿǘȆȵ ǴȺȵ ǠȾȺȵ ǥǼɅǼȝ ƘǣǟǼǪǣ ȷǠȶȲɆȭ ɄȍɀɅȿ .ȨǣǠȆȱǟ ǒǟǻɉǟ ǥǖȥǠȮƫ Ȃȥǟɀǵ ǻǠƶǙȿ ÛǦȶȚȹɉǠǣ ƾɆȥȀǵ

ǡ.ȸɅǼȾȞǪƫǟ ǿǠɆǪǹǟ ǦɆȲȶȝ ȸȵ ȨǣǠȆȱǟ ǒǟǻɉǟ ǒǠȺǮǪȅǟ ȳǼȝȿ ȣȀȎǪȱǟ ǦɅȀǵ ȸȵ ǼɅȂƫǟ ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟKelman, Procurement and Public Management .Ǖ :ǧǠȚǵɎȵ

Kelman, Procurement and Public Management .ǡ

ǥǼɅǼǱ ǦȶȚȹǕȿ Ǽȝǟɀȩ Ž ƘȮȦǪȱǟ ȷɀȮɅ ÛǦɆȒȩ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǴǤȎɅ ǠȵǼȺȝ .ǦȶȚȹɉǟȿ ǼȝǟɀȪȱǟ ǳǠȒɅǙȿ ȔɆȆǤǩ ǒɁǻǠǤȵ ǦɅǠƥȿ ǦȆȥǠȺƫǟ ȂɅȂȞǩȿ ǦɆȕǠǤǪȝɍǟ ȣȀȎǪȱǟ ǦɅȀǵ ȰɆȲȪǩ ɄȽ ǥȀȮȦȱǟ .ɃǻǟǿǙɍ ȰȞȥ ǻǿ ȼȱ ȰǶȭ

ȣǟȀƲɍǟ ȣǠȊǪȭǟ ȰȾȆȱǟ ȸȵ ǴǤȎɅȿ ǦȥǠȦȉ ȷɀȮǪȱ ǦɅǿǠɆȞȵ ǧǟǒǟȀǱɋǟ ȰȞǱ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ǥǒǠȦȮȱǟȿ ǦȱǟǼȞȱǟ.ƘɅǠȞƫǟ ȸȝ

ǿǟǼȍɋ ǦɆȹɇǟ ȤɆȱǠȮǪȱǟ ȿǼǤǩ Ǽȩ ÛǴɆǶȎȥ .ǥɀǱȀƫǟ ǰǝǠǪȺȱǟ ȄȮȞǣ ǦɆǲɆǩǟȀǪȅɍǟ ȻǾȽ źǖǩ Ǡȵ ƿƘǮȭ ȸȮȱ ȿǼǤɅ Ǽȩȿ ÛǦɆȅǠɆȅ Ǽǝǟɀȥ ǼĉȱɀɅ ǦȵǟȀȎȱǟ ȸȵ țɀȺȱǟ ǟǾȽ ȷǕ ȷɀɆȅǠɆȆȱǟ ǼȪǪȞɅ Ǽȩȿ ÛǦȲɆȲȩ ǥǼɅǼǱ Ǽȝǟɀȩ

ǫȿǼǵ ȯǠǵ Ž ǧǠȹǠȶȒȱǟ ȸȵ ƿǼɆǱ ƾȝɀȹ Ȱ ĉȮȊɅ ǥǼɅǼǱ ȣǟȀȉǙ ǧǠɅɀǪȆȵȿ Ǽȝǟɀȩ ǫǟǼǶǪȅǟ ȷǕ ȴƬ ƂǙ ǥǼɅǼƨǟ ȣǟȀȉɋǟ ǧǠɅɀǪȆȵȿ ǼȝǟɀȪȱǟ Ƀǻǘǩ ÛǧɍǠƩǟ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ Ž ȸȮȱ ÛɁȀǹǕ ǻǠȆȥ ǴǝǠȒȥ

ȏȀȥ ɃǻǘɅ Ǽȩ ÛȜȩǟɀȱǟ Žȿ .ăɎɆȪǭ ǠƬ ǢǵǠȎƫǟ Ƀǿǟǻɋǟ ǒǢȞȱǟ ȷɀȮɅ ȷǕ ȸȮƹ Ǡȶȭ ÛǦȶǺȑ ȤɆȱǠȮǩ ǥǼɅǼǱ ǦɅǿǠȮǪǵǟ ǧǠȖȲȅ ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟ ǴȺȵȿ ǦȆȥǠȺƫǟ ȸȵ ǼƩǟ ƂǙ ȨɆȩǻ ȰɆȲǶǪǣ ǠŒǟȀȩǙ ȷȿǻ ǥǼɅǼǱ Ǽȝǟɀȩ

.ǠƬɎǹ ȸȵ ɁȿǠȉǿ țǟȂǪȹǟ ȴȾȺȮƹ

ȷǙ ȼȹǕ ɄȽȿ ÛǠȺȽ ǥǼɆǱ ǦȵǠȝ ǥǼȝǠȩ țǠǤǩǟ ȸȮƹȿ .ǠȾȲɆȲȪǩ ȿǕ ǻǠȆȦȲȱ ȋȀȥ ǻǠƶǙ ǠȵǙ ǦȶȚȹɊȱ ȸȮƹ ǥǼɅǼǱ ȣȀȎǩ ǦɅȀǵ ǧǼǱȿǕ ȷǙȿ Û(ǥǼɅǼǱ ȴɆȚȺǩ ǦǞɆȽ ȰǮȵ) ǥǼɅǼǱ ǿǠȮǪǵǟ ǦȖȲȅ ǦȶȚȹɉǟ ǧǼǱȿǕ

ȷǠȮȆȱǟ ɂȲȝ ǢȞȍɉǟ ȸȵ ǨȲȞǱ ȷǙȿ ÛǠȽǿǠǭǓ ȿǕ ǠȾǪɆȩɀǩ ȿǕ ȨɆǤȖǪȲȱ ǦȶȚȹɉǟ ȬȲǩ ǦɆȲǣǠȩ ǼɅǼƠ Ž ȯǼǣ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǥǻǠɅȁ ƂǙ ȰɆȶǪȅ ǦȶȚȹɉǟ ȷǚȥ ÛɃȀƶ Ǡȵ ǦȥȀȞȵ ɁȀǹǕ ǦɆȵɀȮǵ ǧǠȆȅǘȵȿ ƙȎȩǠȺƫǟȿ

.ȼȲɆȲȪǩ

ƾȕɀȖǹ ǨƧǿ ȷǙȿ ÛǦȆȥǠȺƫǟ ǦɆȵɀȮƩǟ ǧǠȆȅǘƫǟ ȿǕ ȸɅǻǿɀƫǟ ɂȲȝ ȰȾȅɉǟ ȸȵ ǦȶȚȹɉǟ ǨȲȞǱ ȷǙ ȸȮȱ ǧǟȀȉǘȵ Ȝȑȿ ǦǵǠǩǙ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ǦȱǒǠȆƫǟ ǧȁȂȝ ȷǙȿ ÛǦɆȎǺȊȱǟ ȳǠȮǵɉǟ ȳǠȵǕ ȯǠǲƫǟ ȨĉɆȒǩ ǴȑȿǕ

ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ȱȶȝ Ž ǥǒǠȦȮȱǟ ȷǕ ƂǙ ǦȥǠȑǙ ÛȯɎǶȶȑɍǟ ƂǙ ȰɆȶɆȅ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȷǚȥ ÛǧǟǿɀȚǶƫǟȿ ǒǟǻɊȱ ǥǼɅǼǱ.ȸȆǶǪȱǟ ƂǙ ȰɆȶǪȅ

.ȨɆȪǶǪȱǟȿ ȈɆǪȦǪȱǟȿ ȨɆȩǼǪȱǟ ȸȵ ǦȹĉɀȮƫǟ ǫɎǮȱǟ ȣǟȀȉɋǟ ǧǠɆȱǓ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ǦɆȥǠȦȊȱǟȿ ǦȱǒǠȆƫǟ ȴɆȝǼǩ ȈɆǪȦǪȱǟ ǢɆȱǠȅǕȿ ȋǠƪǟ țǠȖȪȱǟ ȰǤȩ ȸȵ ǦɆǩǟǾȱǟ ǦǤȩǟȀƫǟȿ ǥǼɅǼƨǟ ǦɆȱǠƫǟ ǦȶȚȹɉǟȿ ȨɆȩǼǪȱǟ ǦȶȚȹɉ ȸȮƹȿ

ƿƘɆȢǩ ǫǼǶćǩ ȷǕ (ǦɅȀȆȱǟ ȌɆǺȊǪȱǟ ǧǠɆȲȶȝ ȰǮȵ) ȀǩɀɆǤȶȮȱǟ ǥǼȝǠȆƞ ȰɆȲǶǪȱǟ ǧǠɆȲȶȝȿ ȨɆȪǶǪȱǟȿ ȨɆǤȖǩȿ ÛțȿȀȊƫǟ Ƙȡ ȫɀȲȆȱǟ ȓǠƴǕ ȣǠȊǪȭǟȿ ÛȨɆȩǻ ȰȮȊǣ ǧǠɆȱȿǘȆƫǟ ȜɅȁɀǩ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ƾɆȆȅǘȵ

.ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȝ țǻȀǩ ǧǟǿǻǠǤƫǟ ȻǾȽ ȷǚȥ ÛȬȱǽ ƂǙ ǦȥǠȑɋǠǣ .ǦȱǒǠȆƫǟ

Ž ɁȀǹǕ ǦȾǱ ȸȵ ȣȀȎǪȱǟ ǦɅȀǵȿ ǦȾǱ ȸȵ ǦȶȚȹɉǟȿ ǼȝǟɀȪȱǟ ƙǣ ȴǝɎƫǟ ȷȁǟɀǪȱǟ ǻǠƶǙ ǦȱǖȆȵ ǾǹǕ Ǣƶ ǦȶȚȹɉǟȿ ǼȝǟɀȪȱǟ ȷǕ ǬɆǵ ÛǦɆǝǠǣȿ ǧǠɅɀǪȆƞ ȄɆȱ ȸȮȱ ǻǠȆȥ ǠȾɆȥ ǼǱɀɅ Ɣȱǟ Ȥȩǟɀƫǟ Ž ǿǠǤǪȝɍǟ ƙȝ ǦȵǼƪǟ ɄȦșɀȵ ȳǠȵǕ ȋȀȦȱǟ ǴɆǪǩ ȣȀȎǪȱǟ ǦɅȀǵȿ ÛǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ ȳǠȚȺȱ ǦɆȝȀȊȱǟȿ ǳɀȑɀȱǟ ȸȵ ƾǞɆȉ ɄȦȒǩ ǦȶȚȹǖǣ ȋǠƪǟ ȴȆȪȱǟ Ž ȯĉɀȖȵ ȰȮȊǣ ȈȩǠȺȺȅȿ .ȂɆȶǪȱǟ ƂǙ ȯɀȍɀȲȱ ǥǿǻǠǤƫǟ ǦɆȲȪȞȱǟ Ƀȿǽ ǒǠȽƕȱǟ ǦɆȹǼƫǟ ƘɆȢǩ ǥǻǠȞȱǟ Ž ƗȞɅ ɃǾȱǟ Ȁȵɉǟ) ǧǠȆȅǘȶȲȱ ǦɆȅǠȅɉǟ ǦȶȚȹɉǟ ǦɆȺǣ ƘɆȢǩ ǥȀȮȥ ƾǮɅǼǵ ǦȵǼǺǪȆƫǟ ȂȥǟɀƩǟ ȴɆȶȍ Ž ȸȶȮǩ Ɣȱǟȿ (ǰǝǠǪȺȱǟ ȨɆȪƠ ɂȲȝ ǦɆȺǤȵ Ȃȥǟɀǵ ǦȶȚȹǕ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ȳǼǺǪȆƫǟȿ ȀɅǼƫǟ ƙǣ ǦȩɎȞȱǟ

.ǧǟǻǠȉǿɋǟ ȸȵ ǒȂƨǟ ǟǾȽ ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ ƃȿǘȆƫ ȸȮƹ .ǒǟȀȊȱǟ ǦɆȲȶȝ ȰǵǟȀȵ ȸȵ ǦȲǵȀȵ ȰȮǣ ǦȲȎȱǟ ǧǟǽ ǴǝǠȎȺȱǟ ȸȵ ǼɅǼȞȱǟ ȫǠȺȽ

.ǦɆȅǠɆȆȱǟ ƘǣǟǼǪȱǟȿ ǧǠȅǠɆȆȱǟ ȰɆȲƠ ȸȵ ǦɆȱȿǕ ǦǺȆȹ ȀɅɀȖǪȱ ȨǶȲƫǟ Ž ȯȿɉǟ ȜǣȀƫǟ Ž ǧǠȹǠƪǟ ȳǟǼǺǪȅǟ țɀǱȀȱǟ ƙȱȿǘȆȶȲȱ ȸȮƹ ÛȼǩǟȀȉǘȵȿ ȼȥȿȀșȿ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ȼǭȿǼǵ ȰȶǪƷ ɃǾȱǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ țǟɀȹǕ ȴɆɆȪǩ ǼȞǣȿ

.Ȱ ĉȎȦȵ ȰȮȊǣ ǠȾɆȥ ȀȚȺȱǟ ǼɆȦƫǟ ȸȵ Ɣȱǟ ǦɆȅǠɆȆȱǟ ǧǟǿǻǠǤƫǠǣ ǦȶǝǠȩ ɂȲȝ țɎȕɎȱ ǻɀȶȞȲȱ

ȰȒȥǕ ƙɆȞǩ ȸȶȒǩ ȷǕ ǦȵɀȮƩǟ ɂȲȝ ÛƂȿɉǟ ǥɀȖƪǟ Ž ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ǦɅǠȩɀȱǟ ȰǱǕ ȸȵ [Čǻ ǦȹǠƪǟ] ȜȦǩȀȵ ɁɀǪȆȵ ƂǙ ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ ǦȖȲȅ Ȝȥǿ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ Ȭȱǽ ȨɆȪƠ ȸȮƹ .ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ ǢȍǠȺȵ Ž ƙȦșɀƫǟ ȸȮȱ .ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ ɂȲȝ ǒǠȺȵǕȿ ȷɀȅȀȶǪȵ ȷɀȱȿǘȆȵ ȀȖɆȆɅ ǬɆƜ ǦɅǿǟǻɋǟ ǦɆȲȮɆƬǟ Ž ǦɆȥǠȮȱǟ ǦǱǿǼȱǠǣ

Ȭȱǽȿ Ûƅǻɉǟ ǧǠɅɀǪȆƫǟ Ž ȸɅǿǻǠȩ ǦɆȹǼȵ ǦȵǼǹ ɄȦșɀȵ ǻɀǱȿ ǢȲȖǪǩ ǦɆȵɀɆȱǟ ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ ǦȖȊȹǕ ǥǿǟǻǙ ǥǼȾǲƫǟ ȰɆȍǠȦǪȱǟ ɂȲȝ ȴȽǻǠȞǣǙȿ ȳǠȝ ȰȮȊǣ ȳǠȚȺȱǟ ɂȲȝ ȂɆȭȀǪȲȱ ǦǱǿǻ ɂȲȝɉǟ ǒǟǿǼƫǟ ȳǠȵǕ ȯǠǲƫǟ ǦǵǠǩɋ

ǥǿǟȁȿ ǠőǾȦȹ Ɣȱǟ ǒǟȀȊȱǟ ǧǠɆȲȶȝ ɂȲȝ ǧǠǵɎȍɋǟ ǨȲȶǪȉǟ ÛǥǼǶǪƫǟ ǧǠɅɍɀȱǟ Ž .ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ ǻɀȪȞȱ ȸɅǾȱǟ ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟ ȜɆȶƨ ǦȵǿǠȍ ǥƎǹȿ ȴɆȲȞǩ ƘɅǠȞȵ ɂȲȝ ɄȑǠƫǟ ȷȀȪȱǟ ȸȵ ǧǠȺɆȹǠȶǮȱǟ ȔȅǟȿǕ ǾȺȵ țǠȥǼȱǟ ɀȲɆȲȩ ƁǠȞȱǟ ȯɀǵ ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ Ž ǧǠȞɆǤƫǟ ƃȿǘȆȵ ȸȮȱ .ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǠǣ ǦȖǤǩȀƫǟ ǢȍǠȺƫǟ Ž ȷɀȵǼƸ ǦɆǤȹǠƨǟ ǧɍɀȶȞȱǟ ȸȵ ǢȅǠȮƫǟ ƗǱ ȰǱǕ ȸȵ ǦɆȅǠɆȅ ǡǠǤȅɉ ȴȾȺɆɆȞǩ ȴǪɅ ƾȹǠɆǵǕȿ ÛǿɀǱɉǟȿ ǢɅǿǼǪȱǟ ǧǟɀȖƪǟ ȿǕ ǡɀɆȝ ȸȵ ƆǠȞǩ Ɣȱǟ ȂȥǟɀƩǟȿ ǦȶȚȹɉǟ ǢǤȆȱǟ ȷǠȭ ǒǟɀȅȿ .ȴȭǠƩǟ ɄȅǠɆȆȱǟ ǡȂƩǟ ſǠȎȱ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ ǢȲȩ Ž ȂɆȦǶǪȱǟȿ ǦɆȺȾƫǟ ȴȾȎȪȺǩ ǧǠȞɆǤȵ ƃȿǘȆȵ ǼƱ ǠȺȹǚȥ ÛǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ƙɆȅǠɆȆȲȱ ǥǻɀȎȪƫǟ

.ǥǼȅǠȦȱǟ ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ

ǧǠǱǠɆǪǵɍǟ ǼɅǼƠ Ž ǥǼȝǠȆȶȲȱ ǧǠȞɆǤƫǟ ǥȀǝǟǻ ǯǿǠǹ ȸȵ ǒǟƎǹ ȳǟǼȪǪȅǟ Ž ȸȶȮɅ ąȷǠǭ ǰŒ țǠǤǩǟ ȸȮƹ ȸȮƹ .ǥȀǝǟǼȱǟ ȯɎȢǪȅǟ ƙɆȩɎǹɉǟ Ƙȡ ȸɅǼȾȞǪȶȲȱ ȸȮƹ ǠŏǠɆȡ Ž Ɣȱǟ ǦɆȺȦȱǟ ǦȥȀȞƫǟ Ž ǧǟɀǲȦȱǟ Ǽȅȿ ǥǿǟǻǙ ȌɆȎơ ȿǕ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ȁǝǟȿǻ ȤȲǪƯ ȸȵ ǦȎȎǺǪȵ ǧǠɅȀǪȊȵ ȄȱǠƭ ȳǟǼǺǪȅǟ ǰȾȺȱǟ ǟǾȽ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ

ǯǠǪȱǟ ǒɎȶȝȿ ǦǣǠȩȀȲȱ ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ǦɅȀȆɅɀȆȱǟ ǦɆȞȶƨǟ ȰǮȵ ǦȎȎǺǪȵ ǧǠȆȅǘȵ ȫǠȺȾȥ .ǒǟȀȊȱǟ ǧǠɆȲȶȝ ȴɆɆȪǩȿ ǦɆǱǿǠƪǟ ǧǠȆȅǘƫǟ ȻǾȽ ȳǟǼǺǪȅǟ ȸȮȱ .ǥǼȪȞƫǟ ǒǟȀȊȱǟ ǧǠɆȲȶȝ ǾɆȦȺǩȿ ȴɆȶȎǩ Ž ǥƎǹ ȬȲƢ ƆǠȖɅƎȱǟ ǦȞȶȆȱǟ ǦȶɆȩȿ ǦɆȺȕɀȱǟ ǻȿǼƩǟ ɁǼȞǪɅ ɃǾȱǟ ȰȶȞȱǟ ȧǠȖȹ ȸȮȱ ÛȰȵǠȭ ȰȮȊǣ ǘȕǟɀǪȱǠǣ ǧǟǒǟȀȡɋǟ ɄȢȲɅ ɍ

.ǦȽǟƕȱǟ ȰɆȒȦǩ ƂǙ ȀǮȭǕ ȰɆƢ ǦɆȲǹǟǼȱǟ ȂȥǟɀƩǟ ȷǕ ƗȞɅ ȳɉǟ ǦȭȀȊȲȱ ǦǤȆȺȱǠǣ ǦȵǠȪǪȅɍǠǣ

9293

ملحقملحق

ȸȵ ɂȪǤǩ Ȭȱǽ Ȝȵ ǠȾȺȮȱ ÛǧǟǒǠȖȞȱǟ Ž ǘȕǟɀǪȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ȯɀǵ ǥƘǮȭ ǧǠȅǟǿǻ ȫǠȺȽ [čǻ ǦȹǠƪǟ] ȯȿǼǱ Ž ǦȶȾƫǟ ǦȹǠƪǟ ȻǾƬ ăɎɆȎȦǩ ȃǻǠȆȱǟ ȜǣȀƫǟ ȳ ĉǼȪɅȿ .ǠȾȺȝ țǻȀȱǟȿ ǠȾȥǠȊǪȭǟ ǢȞȎɅ Ɣȱǟ ȰȭǠȊƫǟ

.ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ

ÛǦɆȱǠƫǟ ǧǠȹǠȮȵɋǟȿ ǦȽǟƕȱǟ ȸȵ ǼȭǖǪȲȱ ďȨǣǠȆȱǟ ǒǟǻɉǟ ȌǶȥ ǥȂǝǠȦȱǟ ǧǟǒǠȖȞȱǟ ǿǠɆǪǹǟ ǢɆȱǠȅǕ ƙǣ ȸȵ Ɏǣ¼ ǠȾȞȵ ȏȿǠȦǪȱǟȿ ǥǼǵǟȿ ǦȭȀȉ ǿǠɆǪǹǟȿ ÛȴɆȲȆȱǟ ǒǟǻɉǟȿ ǒǠȖȞȱǟ ǦȽǟƕȱ ǦɆǱǿǠǹ ǧǠȹǠȶȑ ƂǙ ǒɀǲȲȱǟȿ ǨȝǿǠȅ ǠȶȲȭ ÛȳǠȝ ȰȮȊǣ ȼȹǕ ƂǙ ȼǤȺǪȱǟ ǠȺɆȲȝ Đ.ɄȆȥǠȺǪȱǟ ǯǽɀȶȺȱǟ ǠȾɆȥ ȴȖǶǪɅ Ɣȱǟ ǧɍǠƩǟ Ž ¬ǥǻǟɀȽ ǦɆȲȶȝ ȸȵ ǥȀȮǤȵ ȰǵǟȀȵ Ž ȸɅǼȅǠȥ ǟɀȹɀȮɅ ȷǕ ȰȶǪƷ ɃǾȱǟ ȸɅǼȾȞǪƫǟ Ȝȵ ȰȵǠȞǪȲȱ ǧǟɀȖǹ ǽǠơǠǣ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ

.ǦǣɀȞȍ ȰȩǕ ǧǟǒǠȖȞȱǟ Ž ǦȭǿǠȊƫǟ ȸȵ ǧǠȭȀȊȱǟ ȷǠȵȀƩ ǦȵȁɎȱǟ ƙȽǟƎȱǟ ƘɅǠȞȵ ǨǶǤȍǕ ÛǒǟȀȊȱǟ

ǦȍǠƪǟ ǼȝǟɀȪȱǟ ǼɆȪȞǩ ǢǤȆǣ Ȭȱǽȿ ȯǠƫǟȿ Ǩȩɀȱǟ ǬɆǵ ȸȵ ȤȲȮȵ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ țɀȩȿ ǼȞǣ ɄȑǠȪǪȱǟ ȷǕ Ǡȶȭ ȸȮƹ ÛǻǠȆȦȱǟ țɀȩȿ ȰǤȩ ȸȮȱ .ǦȵɀȮƩǟ ɂȲȝ ǦȑȿȀȦƫǟ ȼǩǠǤǭǙ ǦɆȱȿǘȆȵ ǧǠǤȲȖǪȵȿ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȣǠȊǪȭǠǣ

Ɠǵ Ȱǣ ÛɄȕǠǤǪȝǟ ȫɀȲȅ ǻɀǱȿ ȯǠȶǪǵǟ ȰǤȪǩ ǥǿȿȀȑ Ȝȵ ÛȫȀǶǪȱǟ Ž țȀȅǕ ȷɀȮǩ ȷǕ ǕǼǤƫǠǣ ǦȵɀȮǶȲȱ ƾȒɅǕ ɃɀȖȺɅ Ȭȱǽ ȸȮȱ ÛțȀȅǕ ȰȮȊǣ ȫȀǶǪȱǟ ȷǠȮȵɋǠǣ ȷɀȮɅ Ǽȩ ÛȣȀȎǪȱǟ ǦɅȀǵ ǥǻǠɅȁ Ȝȶȥ .ǼȅǠȥ ǕǼǤȵ ȳǟǼǺǪȅǟ ǥǒǠȅǙ ǦɆȹǠȮȵǙ ƃǠǪȱǟ ȇǠȪȺȱǟ ǴȑɀɅȿ .țȿȀȊȵ Ƙȡ ȰȮȊǣ ǦȖȲȆȱǟ ȳǟǼǺǪȅǟ ǦɆȹǠȮȵǙ ɂȲȝ

.ǼȅǠȥ ȰȮȊǣ ȨǤȆƫǟ ȰɆȽǖǪȱǟ

ȸȮƹ ÛȯǠǮƫǟ ȰɆǤȅ ɂȲȝ .ȴőǠǣǠȆǵ ƘȢɅ ȷǕ ȼȺȮƹ ƙȎȩǠȺƫǟ ȼǱǟɀǩ Ɣȱǟ ǧǠǣɀȪȞȱǟȿ ǧǔȥǠȮƫǟ ƘɆȢǩ ȷǙ ȿǕ ǦɆȱǠƫǟ ǧǔȥǠȮƫǟ Ȕǣǿ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ (ȸɅǘȦȮȱǟȿ) ƙɆȩɎǹɉǟ ƙȎȩǠȺƫǟ ȰȒȦǩ ȷǕ ȂȥǟɀƩǟ ɂȲȝ ǦȶǝǠȪȱǟ ǻɀȪȞȲȱ ǦȭǿǠȊƫǟ ȸȵ ȷǠȵȀƩǟȿ ǦɆȶǪǵȿ ǥǻǼȊȵ ǧǠǣɀȪȞȱǟ ȰȞƨ ȸȮƹ Ǡȶȭ .ǥǻɀƨǟȿ ȤɆȱǠȮǪȱǠǣ ǦɆȲǤȪǪȆƫǟ ǻɀȪȞȱǟ

Ǽȩ ȌǺȉ ɃǕ țǻǿ Ž ǼȝǠȆǩ ǠŒǚȥ ǟǾȱ ÛǦȦȱǠǺƫǟ ǧǠȭȀȊȱǟ ǦȞȶȆǣ ǿǟȀȑɋǟ ǿǠȾȉɋǟȿ ǦɆǝǠȺƨǟ ǧǠǣɀȪȞȱǟȿ.ǧǟǒǠȖȞȱǠǣ ǢȝɎǪȱǟ Ž ȀȮȦɅ

ƾȝǻǟǿ Ȱ ĉȮȊǩ ǠŒǚȥ ƃǠǪȱǠǣȿ ÛǘȕǟɀǪȱǟ ȣǠȊǪȭǟ ȯǠȶǪǵǟ ǼɅȂǩ ȷǕ ǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǟ ǧǠɆǲɆǩǟȀǪȅǟ ȷǖȉ ȸȵ ǦȶȚȹǕ ȳǟǼǺǪȅǟ :ɄȽȿ ÛȬȱǽ Ž ǥǻǼƮ ǯɀŒ ǦȞǣǿǕ ȫǠȺȽȿ .ǥǻǼȊȵ ǧǠǣɀȪȞǣ ǠŒǟȀǪȩǟ ǼȺȝ ǦȍǠǹ ÛƾɅɀȩ ɂȲȝ ƙǣǿǼƫǟ ƙȵǼǺǪȆƫǟ ǻǼȝ ǥǻǠɅȁȿ ÛǧǟǒǠȖȞȱǟ ȓǠƴǕ ǼɅǼƠ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ǘȕǟɀǪȱǟ ȣǠȊǪȭɍ ȀǩɀɆǤȶȮȱǟ

ȣǟȀȕǕ ȸȵ ȰǹǟǼȱǟ ȸȵ ǧǠȵɀȲȞȵ ɂȲȝ ȯɀȎƩǟȿ ÛȧɀȆȱǟ ǳɀȆȵȿ ǦȦȲȮǪȱǟ ȀɅǼȪǩȿ ǦǤȩǟȀƫǟȿ ɃȀȆȱǟ ȰȶȞȱǟ ȯɀȎƩǟȿ Û(ƙȪȩǼƫǟȿ ȸɅǿǠȊǪȆƫǟȿ ǦȎȎǺǪƫǟ ǦɆȺȾƫǟ ǦɅǿǠǤǹɋǟ ǧǟȀȊȺȱǟ ȸȵ ÛȯǠǮƫǟ ȰɆǤȅ ɂȲȝ) ǦǮȱǠǭ

Ɓ Ɣȱǟȿ ǧǟǒǠȖȞȱǟ ǧȀȆǹ Ɣȱǟ ǧǠȭȀȊȱǟȿ ȷɀȖǹǠȆȱǟ ȷɀȦșɀƫǟ) ȴȾȆȦȹǕ ƙȎȩǠȺƫǟ ȸȵ ǧǠȵɀȲȞȵ ɂȲȝ.(ǠȾɆȥ ȫǿǠȊǩ

ǧǠȭȀȊȱ ɃɀȪȱǟ ȜɆǲȊǪȱǟ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ǦȆȥǠȺƫǟ ǥǻǠɅȁ ȌȩǠȺƫǟȿ ɃȀǪȊƫǟ ƙǣ ǦȩɎȞȱǟ ǢɆǩȀǩ ǥǻǠȝɋ ȸȮƹȿ ȣȀȎǩ ǦɅȀǵ ȰɆȲȪǩ ÛȜȅȿɉǟ ǦɅǠȝǼȱǟȿ ȀȕǠǺƫǟ ȫǿǠȊǩȿ ǦɅǠȝǼȱǟ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ǦȭǿǠȊƫǟ ɂȲȝ ǥǼɅǼǱ

ǧɍǠǵȿ ǼɆǵɀȱǟ ǿǼȎƫǟ ǦȱǠǵ Ž ǻɀȪȞȱǟ ǦȞǣǠǪȵȿ ƘɆȢǪȱǟ ȀȵǟȿǕ ȴȚȺǩ Ǽȝǟɀȩ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ ƃȿǘȆȵ ǦȦȱɉǟ ǿĉɀȖǩ ȸȵ ǼƩǟ ȰǱǕ ȸȵ ȤǝǠșɀȱǟ ɂȲȝ ȷɀǣȿǠȺǪɅ ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ ƃȿǘȆȵ ȰȞǱȿ ÛĳĳǒɁǿǠȖȱǟĳĳ ȰɆȽǖǪȱǟ

ǦɅǿǠɆȞȵ ȳȁǟɀȱ ǒǟȀȉ ȷǠȮȵɋǠǣ ǴǤȎɆȱ ǦȶȚȺƫǟ ǧǠǱǠɆǪǵǟ ǼɅǼƠ ǥǻǠȝǙȿ ÛȸɅǼȾȞǪƫǟ ƙǣȿ ȴȾȺɆǣ ǥǼǝǟȂȱǟ Ȝȑȿȿ ÛƗȲȝ ȰȮȊǣ ǠȽƘȥɀǩȿ ȳǟȁɀȲȱǟ ǯǠǪȹǙ ȰǱǕ ȸȵ ɄȅǕȀȱǟ ȰȵǠȮǪȱǟ ȨɆȪƠȿ ÛǥǻǼƮ ȧɀȅ ǿǠȞȅǖǣ

.ǒǟǻɉǠǣ ǦȍǠƪǟ ǥǿǟǼƨǟ ȄɆɅǠȪȵȿ ǧɎǹǼȶȲȱ ǦɆȺȦȱǟ ǧǠȦȍǟɀƫǟ Ȝȑȿ ǼȺȝ ĳĳǻǠȆȦȲȱ ǦɆȲǣǠȪȱǟĳĳøȱ ǿǠɆȞȵ ȸȵ Ǧȝɀȶǲƞ ǻǠȆȦȱǠǣ ǧǟǒǟȀȡɋǟ ȯǟǼǤǪȅɍ ȸɅǼȾȞǪƫǟȿ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ƙǣ ǦȩɎȞȱǟ ȴɆȚȺǩ ɄȽ ǠȺȽ ǦɅǿɀǶƫǟ ǥȀȮȦȱǟȿ ǦȶɆȩ ȷǠȪȪƷ ȸɅǾȲȱǟ ǼȾȞǪƫǟȿ ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ ȯȿǘȆȵ ȸȵ ăɎȭ ǒżǠȮǩ ǠȾȺȮȱ ǒƚȆȱǟ ǒǟǻɉǟ ǢȩǠȞǩ Ɣȱǟ ǧǔȥǠȮƫǟ

.ǦɅǼȲǤȲȱ (ƾȒǝǠȥ ȷǠȪȪƷ ɃǕ)

Ǡ ĉȶȝ ȼȲȎȥ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ǘȕǟɀǪȱǟ ɀƲ ǦɆȥǠȪǮȱǟ ǧǠȽǠƟɍǟ Ž ƘɆȢǪȱǟ ȁȂȞǩ ȷǕ ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ ǦȖȲȆȱ ȸȮƹ ÛƿƘǹǕȿ ɄȽǠƢ ȂɅȂȞǩȿ ÛǦɆȆȥǠȺǪȱǟ ǧǟǒǠȖȞȱǟ ǰŒ ȯɀǵ ȸɅǼȾȞǪƫǟ ȤɆȪǮǩȿ ÛȣǟǼȽǕȿ ǧǠȅǿǠư ȸȵ ăɍɀǤȪȵ ƎǪȞćɅ

.ǼȪȞȲȱ ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ȿǕ ǦɆȝǠȶǪǱɍǟ ǦɅǠȢȱǟ Ȝȵ ƙȎȩǠȺƫǟ

ǬɆǵ .ǥǼɅǼȝ ăɍǠȮȉǕ Ǿǹǖǩ ȷǕ ǒǟȀȊȱǟ ǦɆȲȶȝ Ž ǦǮȱǠǮȱǟ ǥɀȖƪǟ Ž ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮƫ ȸȮƹ [Ďǻ ǦȹǠƪǟ] ǧǠǱǿǼȱǟ ǧǠȞǱǟȀȵ ȸȵ ǥǻǠȦǪȅɍǟ ȬȱǾǣ ȴǪɅ ȷǕ ȏȀǪȦćɅȿ ÛȜɆȥǿ ɁɀǪȆȵ ƂǙ ǿǟȀȪȱǟ ǽǠơǟ ǦȖȲȅ Ȝȥǿ ȸȮƹ

ȸȵ ȴőǟǿǠȆǹ ȷɀȮǩ Ǽȩ ȸɅǾȱǟ ı ƙȥȿȀȞƫǟ ƃǠǪȱǠǣȿ ı ǿǠǤȮȱǟ ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ ƃȿǘȆȵ ǦȶȮǵȿ ǦɆȦɆșɀȱǟ ƙɆȵɀȮƩǟ ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟ ȼǱǟɀǩ Ɣȱǟ ǧǠǣɀȪȞȱǟ ǼɅǼȊǩ ȷǕ Ǡȶȭ .ȴȾǤȅǠȮȵ ȸȵ ƎȭǕ ǥǠǣǠǶƫǟ Ž ȓǿɀǪȱǟ

ȸȝ țǻȀȱǟ ȼȺȮƹ ǦȝȿȀȊȵ Ƙȡ ǼȩǠȞǩ ǧǠȖȖƯ Ž ȴȾȕǿɀǩ ȤȊǪȮćɅ ȸɅǾȱǟ (ȋǠƪǟ țǠȖȪȱǟ ȸȵ ȴȾǝǟȀȚȹȿ) ǧǟǿƎȵ ǻɀǱȿ ȓǟȀǪȉǟ (Č :ǥǻǼȞǪȵ ȧȀȖǣ ȴɆɆȪǪȱǟ ǧǠɆȲȶȝ ǦɆȥǠȦȉ ȂɅȂȞǩ ȬȱǾȭ ȸȮƹȿ .ȴǝǟȀƨǟ ǿǟȀȮǩ ǒǟȀȊȱǟ ǧǠɆȲȶȝ Ž ȿǕ ƿȀȞȅ Ȱȩɉǟ ǒǠȖȞȱǟ ƘȢȱ ǻɀȪȞȱǟ ǦȱǠǵǙ ȴǪǩ ǠȵǼȺȝ ɁɀǪȆƫǟ ǦȞɆȥǿ ǧǠȞǱǟȀȵȿ ǦɆȖǹ ȰȶȞȱǟ ǧǠȹǠɆǣȿ ǼɆǵɀȱǟ ǿǼȎƫǟ ǻɀȪȝ ȿǕ ǒǠȖȞȱǟ ǳȀȕ ǥǻǠȝǙ ȰǮȵ ǦɅǻǠɆǪȝǟ Ƙȡ ǧǟɀȖǹ ɂȲȝ ɃɀȖȺǩ Ɣȱǟ ǠȵǙ ÛǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ ǧǟǿǟȀȪȱ ǦɆǱǿǠǹ ǦȞǱǟȀȵ ǻɀǱȿ ȓǟȀǪȉǟ (Ď ÛƗȲȝ ȰȮȊǣ ǧǟǒǠȖȞȱǟ ǴǪȥ (č ÛǦȱǼȞƫǟ

.ɄǝǟɀȊȝ ȰȮȊǣ ȿǕ ǒǟȀȊȱǟ ǧǠɆȲȶȝ ȜɆƤ Ž ȴȚǪȺȵ ǼȺǤȭ

ǦɆǝǟɀȊȞȱǟ ǦɅȀȆȱǟ ǧǠɆȲȶȞȱǟ ȸȵ ǨǣǠǭ ǻǼȝ ȸȝ ǦȵǠȞȲȱ ȷɎȝɋǟ ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ ƃȿǘȆƫ ȸȮƹ ÛțǻȀȱǟ ǧǠɅǠȢȱȿ ȸȵ țɀȺȱǟ ǟǾȽ ȷǕ ƿǼɆǱ ȷɀȥȀȞɅ ƙȎȩǠȺƫǟ ȷǕ Ȝȵȿ .(ȯǠǮƫǟ ȰɆǤȅ ɂȲȝ ȳǠȝ) ǥǻǼƮ ǦɆȺȵȁ ǥȀǪȥ ȯɎǹ ȴǪǪȱ ǧǠɆȲȶȞȱǟ ȸȵ ƘȢȍ ǻǼȝ ǒǟȀǱǙ ǦɆȶǪǵ ȸȝ ȷɎȝɋǟ ȷǕ ĉɍǙ ÛȄɆȱǟɀȮȱǟ ǒǟǿȿ ȴȚǪȺȵ ȰȮȊǣ ȴǪɅ ǦǤȩǟȀƫǟ ȼǪǤȩǟȀȵ ȴǪɅ ɃǾȱǟ ǻǼǶƫǟ țɀȑɀƫǠǣ ǦȖǤǩȀȵ ǦǤȩǟȀƫǟ ǥȀȮȥ ȰȞƶ ǻǿǟɀƫǟ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ ǢȲȖǪǩ Ɣȱǟ ǦɅȀȆȱǟ

ǻǻȀǪɅ ȧɎǹɉǟ ƇǼȝ ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ ȯȿǘȆȵ ȿǕ ǼȾȞǪƫǟ ȰȞǱ Ž Ȭȱǽ ǼȝǠȆɅȿ .ƾɆȵɎȝǙ ǠȾɆȲȝ ǒɀȒȱǟ ȔȲȆɅȿ.ȻȀȵǕ ȣǠȊǪȭǟ ȷȿǻ ȬȱǾǣ ȳǠɆȪȱǟ ȤɆȱǠȮǩ ȜȥȀɅ Ȱȩɉǟ ɂȲȝ ȿǕ ÛǘȕǟɀǪȱǟ Ž ȓǿɀǪȱǟ Ž

ȰɆȲȪǩȿ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȝ țǻȀȲȱ ǥǻǠȞȱǟ Ž ƙȞǤǪȵ ƙǣɀȲȅǕ ƂǙ ǒɀǲȲȱǟ ȸȮƹ ÛǦȞǣǟȀȱǟ ǥɀȖƪǟ Ž [ďǻ ǦȹǠƪǟ] .ǦǤȩǟȀƫǟȿ ǧǠȪɆȪǶǪȲȱ ǻǿǟɀƫǟ ȸȵ ǼɅȂƫǟ ȌɆȎơȿ ȤǝǠșɀȱǟ ɂȲȝ ȷɀǣȿǠȺǪɅ ƙȵǼǺǪȆƫǟ ȰȞǱ ǠƵȿ ÛȼȍȀȥ

ȰǵǟȀȵ Ž ȴȾȞȵ ǼȩǠȞǪȱǟ ȴǪɅ ȸɅǾȱǟ ȸɅǼȾȞǪƫǟ ƘɆȢǩ ȸȮƹ ÛǦɆȅǠȅɉǟ ȳȁǟɀȲȱ ǦɆȺɆǩȿȀȱǟ ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǠǣ ȨȲȞǪɅ ǠȶɆȥȿ ȴȚǪȺȵ ȰȮȊǣ ǻɀȪȝ ǴȺȵ ǼȺȝ ǦȦȲȮǩȿ ȧɀȅ ǳɀȆȵ ǒǟȀǱǙ ǼɆȦƫǟ ȸȵ ÛȬȱǽ ƂǙ ǦȥǠȑɋǠǣ .ǦȶȚǪȺȵ ǦɆȺȵȁ

.ǼɆǵȿ ǿǼȎƫ (ƾɅɀȺȅ Ǡƞǿ)

الدراسات احلديثة على املشتريات

ǦɆȲȶȝ ȰȞƨ ȧȀȕ ɂȲȝ ȂɆȭȀǪȱǟ ȷɀɆƹǻǠȭɉǟȿ ǦɆȵɀȮƩǟ ǧǠȅǠɆȆȱǟ ɀȞȑǟȿȿ ȷɀǤǺǪȺƫǟ ȷɀȱȿǘȆƫǟ ȰȍǟɀɅ Ž ǦȲȍǟɀǪȵ ǥǻǠɅȁ ȫǠȺȽ ÛȯǠǮƫǟ ȰɆǤȅ ɂȲȝ .ǻǠȆȦȲȱ ǦȑȀȝ ȰȩǕ ȼǩǟǽ Ǩȩɀȱǟ Žȿ ǥǒǠȦȭ ȀǮȭǕ ǒǟȀȊȱǟ

ȰȮȊǣ ǼȺǪȆǩ Ɣȱǟ ǻɀȪȞȱǟ ɂȲȝ ǠȽȂɆȭȀǩȿ ȳǼǺǪȆƫǟȿ ȀɅǼƫǟ ǦȲȮȊȵ ȷǖȊǣ ǦɆƹǻǠȭɉǟȿ ǦɆȅǠɆȆȱǟ ǧǠɆǣǻɉǟ ȳǠȝ ȰȮȊǣ ɄȽȿ ÛǒǟȀȊȱǟ ǦɆȲȶȝ ǧǟɀȖǹ ȜɆƤ ɂȲȝ ǦǮɅǼƩǟ ǧǟǿɀȖǪȱǟ ǧǕȀȕ Ǽȩȿ .ȂȥǟɀƩǟ ɂȲȝ ƘǤȭ ǦɆȕǟȀȪƹǼȱǟ ǠɅǟȂȵ ȐȞǤǣ ȜǪȶǪǩȿ ÛƙǣɀȽɀȵ ǦɆȹǼȵ ǦȵǼǹ ɄȦșɀȵ ȳǼǺǪȆǩ Ɣȱǟ ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ ɂȲȝ ȀǮȭǕ ȨǤȖȺǩ ȸȵ ǧɎȥɋǟ ǦȥǠȪǭ¼ ȴɆȖƠ Ž ȳǼȪǩ ȁǟȀǵǙ ȸȵ ǨȺȮƢȿ Û(ȴȭǠǶƞ ȳɀȝǼȵ ȔǣǟȀǪȵ ƆɀȹǠȩ ȳǠȚȹ ǦȍǠǹ)

.ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǠȾɆȥ ȀȽǻȂɅ Ɣȱǟ ¬ǡǠȪȞȱǟ ǦǞɆǤȱǟ ǻȿǼǵ ǴɆȑɀǪȱ ƾȶǝɎȵ ȷǠȭ ǠȶȾȵ ÛǦǪǶǤȱǟ ǦȆȥǠȺƫǟ ǯǽɀƴ ȷǕ ȫǟǿǻǙ ǧǟǿɀȖǪȱǟ ȻǾȽ ȴɆȶȍ Ž ȸȶȮɅ

9495

ملحقملحق

.ɄȪɆȪƩǟ ƁǠȞȱǟ Ž ƾȶǝɎȵ ȷɀȮɅ ɍ ƾȹǠɆǵǕ ÛǦɆȱǠǮȵ ǦȱǠǶȭ ƿǾǤƮ ȷǠȭ ǠȶȾȵȿ ǒǟȀȊȱǟ ǦɆȲȶȝ ǠȾɆȥ ȴǪǩ Ɣȱǟ ǠȾȝɀȹ ȸȵ ǥǼɅȀȦȱǟ ǧǟǿǠȮǪǣɍǟȿ ǦȞȩɀǪƫǟ Ƙȡ ǦɆȺȪǪȱǟ ǧǠȥǠȊǪȭɍǟȿ ǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǟ Ž ȄȹǠǲǪȱǟ ȳǼȝ ȰǮȵ ǿɀȵǖȥ

ǦɆȲȒȥǕ ȿǕ ɁȿǼƛ țǠȺȩɋǟ ǢȞȎȱǟ ȸȵ ȰȞƟ ǠȾȅǠɆȩ ǢȞȎɅ Ɣȱǟ ȿǕ ǥǼɆȭɉǟ Ƙȡ ǥǻɀƨǟ ǧǠȦȍǟɀȵȿ.ǦȵǠǩ ǦȩǼǣ ǦȲȎȦƫǟ ǻɀȪȞȱǟȿ ǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǟ ȫǿǠȊǩ ȳǼȝȿ ǦɆȆȥǠȺǪȱǟ ǧǟǒǠȖȞȱǟ

ȯǠƫǟ ǒǠȖȞȱǟ ǠȾɆȲȝ ȯǠƷ Ɣȱǟ ǦȭȀȊȱǟ ȀȆơ ǠȵǼȺȝ ǫǼƷ ɃǾȱǟ ¬ȂǝǠȦȱǟ ǿǠɆŒǟ¼ ƿǼɆǱ ǦȥȿȀȞƫǟ ǦȲǮȵɉǟ ȸȵȿ ȰȩǕ ǒǟǻǕ ƇǼȪǩ ƂǙ ƃǠǪȱǠǣ Ǡŏ ɃǻǘɅ ɃǾȱǟ Ȁȵɉǟ ÛǦɆȲȞȦȱǟ ȤɆȱǠȮǪȱǟ ȸȵ ȰȩǕ ǨȹǠȭ ǦȦȲȮǪȲȱ ǠőǟȀɅǼȪǩ ȷɉ

ȫǿǠȊǪǣ ƙȎȩǠȺȶȲȱ ǳǠȶȆȱǟ ɃǻǘɅ Ǽȩ ÛȣȿȀȚȱǟ ȐȞǣ Žȿ đ.ǼȪȞȱǟ ǻɀȺǣ ǾɆȦȺǩ ȸȝ ȤȲǺǪȱǟ ȿǕ ȜȩɀǪƫǟ ȸȵ ȜǤȖȱǠǣ ȬȱǾǣ ȳǠɆȪȱǟ ȸȮȱ ÛǦɆȝǠȶǪǱɍǟ ǦɆǵǠȺȱǟ ȸȵ ȰȒȥǕ ǧǟǒǠȖȝ ƂǙ ȤɆȱǠȮǪȱǟ ȯɀǵ ǦȍǠǹ ǧǠȵɀȲȞȵ ǘȕǟɀǪȱǟ ȷɀȮɅ Ǽȩ ÛǦɅǠȢȲȱ ǦɆǝǠȺǮǪȅǟ ȣȿȀș Ž ȼȹǕ ƙɅǻǠȎǪȩɍǟ ǒǟƎƪǟ ȐȞǣ ɁȀɅȿ .ƾȒɅǕ ǘȕǟɀǪȱǟ ȰĉȾȆɅ

Ē.ǦȲȪǪȆƫǟ ǧǟǒǠȖȞȱǟ ȸȵ ȰȒȥǕ

ƿƘǤȭ ƿǿǟǼȪȵ ǻǿɀƫǟ ǿĉɀȖɅ ÛǼȪȞȱǠǣ ȁɀȦɅ ȷǕ ǼȞǤȥ .¬ȰɆȖȞǪȱǟ ǦȲȮȊȵ¼ ɂȶȆɅ Ǡƞ ȨȲȞǪɅ ȀǹǓ ȯǠǮȵ ȫǠȺȽ ǻǿɀȶȲȱ ȸȮƹ ÛǦȍǠƪǟ ǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǟ ȻǾŏȿ .ɁȀǹɉǟ ǧǟǒǠȖȞȱǟ Ž ǦɆȲȒȥǕ ȼǶȺƢ Ɣȱǟ ǦȍǠƪǟ ǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǟ ȸȵ ɃǼȎǪȲȱ ǦȱǠȞȦȱǟ ǢɆȱǠȅɉǟ ȸȵȿ .ȸȶǮȱǟ ȜȥȀȱ (ǼȪȞȱǠǣ ȁǠȥ ȷǕ ǼȞǣ) ǦɅǿǠȮǪǵǟ Ɂɀȩ ƾɆȲȞȥ ƎǪȞćɅ Ǡȵ ȳǟǼǺǪȅǟ

źǖǩ Ǽȩ ÛɁȀǹǕ ǦȾǱ ȸȵ ǠȾȺȮȱ ÛǦȦȲȮǪȱǟ Ž ǦȭǿǠȊƫǟȿ ǥǻǼȞǪȵ ǿǻǠȎȵ Ȝȵ ǼȩǠȞǪȱǟ ƂǙ ǒɀǲȲȱǟ ǦȲȮȊƫǟ ȻǾƬ.ȌȎǺǪȱǟȿ ȴǲƩǟ ǧǟǿɀȥȿ ǡǠȆǵ ɂȲȝ

Ž ǻǠȆȦȱǟȿ ǥǒǠȦȮȱǟ ȯɀǵ ȇǠȪȺȱǟ ǒǟȀǭǙ Ž ǠȾɆȥ ǥǼɅǼǱ ǧǠȵɀȲȞȵ ǡǠȆǪȭǟ ǼȝǠȆɅ ɁȀǹǕ ǦȲǮȵǕ Ž ȀȚȺȺȱ ǦɆȱǓ - ǦǮȱǠǮȱǟȿ Ƃȿɉǟ ƙǩɀȖƪǟ Ž ǦȍǠǹ - Ȝȅǟȿ ȰȮȊǣ ǠȾȪɆǤȖǩ ȸȮƹ Ɣȱǟ ǧǠɆȱɇǟ ȸȵ .ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ

ǦȆȥǠȺƫǟ ȸȵ ǠȾɆȎȪɅ ǦǱǠƩǟ ȷǠɆǣ ȷǖǣ ǠȽǻǠȪǪȝǟ ȯɀǵ ɁȿǠȮȉ ƇǼȪǩ ǧǠȭȀȊȲȱ ȸȮƹ ǬɆǵ Û¬ǯǠǲǪǵɍǟ¼ ȻǾȽ ǢǱɀƞȿ .ɁȀǹǕ ǦȪɅȀȖǣ ǦȶǝɎȵ Ƙȡ ȿǕ ǥȁǠǶȺȵ ǨȹǠȭ ȴɆɆȪǪȱǟ ǦɆȲȶȝ ȷǕ ȿǕ ȤȎȺȵ Ƙȡ ȰȮȊǣ

ȴɆɆȪǩ ǥǻǠȝǙȿ ƙɆȵɀȮƩǟ ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟ ǢɅǻǖǩȿ ȨǝǠǭɀȱǟ ǢȲȕ ǦȖȲȆǣ ɄǝǠȒȩ ȼǤȉ ȄȲƭ ȰɅɀơ ȴǪɅ ÛǥǿǻǠǤƫǟ ǦȍǠǹ ǦɅǿǟǻǙ ȤɆȱǠȮǩȿ ǦȲɅɀȕ ȷɀȮǩ Ǽȩ ǧǟƘǹǖǩ ɂȲȝ ɃɀȖȺǩ ǧǠǱǠǲǪǵɍǟ ȸȮȱ .ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ ǧǟǿǟȀȩ

ǦȆȥǠȺǪƫǟ ǧǠȭȀȊȱǟȿ ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ ȯȿǘȆƫ ǦȦȲȮȵ ȷɀȮǩ Ǽȩ ǠŒǚȥ ȬȱǾȱȿ ÛȴȮƩǟȿ ǦȞȥǟǼƫǟȿ ɁȿǠȮȊȱǟ ƇǼȪǪǣ Ǡȶȭ .ȸɅǼȾȞǪƫǟȿ ǦȵɀȮƩǟ ǢȹǠǱ ȸȵ ȴɆȪǪȆƫǟ ȫɀȲȆȲȱ ȂȥǟɀƩǟ ȂɅȂȞǩ ȸȮƹ ÛɁȀǹǕ ǦȾǱ ȸȵ .ȃǠȺȱǟȿ

ȰǱǕ ȸȵ ȴȾȆȦȹǕ ǦȵǼƪ ǯǠǲǪǵɍǟ Ž ƙǞȕǟɀǪƫǟ Ƙȡȿ ȸɅȀȅǠƪǟ ƙȎȩǠȺƫǟ ǦǤȡǿ ƘǺȆǩ ǦȵɀȮǶȲȱ ȸȮƹ ǧǟǼȾȞǪȱǟ Ž ǦȆȥǠȺƫǟ ȷɀȹǠȩ Ž ǦɅǿɀǶƫǟ ǻɀȺǤȱǟ ȸȵ ǯǠǲǪǵɍǟ ǦɆȲȶȝ ƎǪȞćǩȿ .ȼǪǤȩǟȀȵȿ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȣǠȊǪȭǟ

ǦƨǠȞȵȿ ǧɍǠȎǩɍǟ ǧǟǼȞƞ ǦȍǠƪǟ ǒǟȀȊȱǟ ǧǠɆȲȶȝ ǦɆȖȢǪȱ ČĔēď ȳǠȝ ɄȮɅȀȵɉǟ ȃȀȢȹɀȮȱǟ ȻȀȩǕ ɃǾȱǟē.ǦǪƢǖƫǟ ǧǠȹǠɆǤȱǟ

ǒǟǻǖǣ ǦȖǤǩȀȵ ȂȥǟɀƜ ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ ƃȿǘȆȵ ȂɆȦǶǪǣ ȸȶȮǩ ǦȶȾȵ ɁȀǹǕ ǥǿǻǠǤȵ ȳǟǼǺǪȅǟ ȬȱǾȭ ȸȮƹȿ ǒǟǻɉǟȿ ȀǱɉǟ ƙǣ ȔǣȀȱǟ ȸȝ ǦɆȹ ǒɀȅ ȷȿǻ ȤȩɀǪȱǟ Ź ȼȹǕ ĉɍǙ ÛǥǼɅǼǱ ǨȆɆȱ ǥȀȮȦȱǟ ȻǾȽ ȷǕ Ȝȵȿ .ǻɀȪȞȱǟ ȋǠƪǟȿ ȳǠȞȱǟ ƙȝǠȖȪȱǟ Ž ǒǟǿǼƫǟ ɄȞȅ Ȝȵ ƿǼɅǼǱ ƾǭǠȞǤȹǟ ǼȾȊǩ ǥȀȮȦȱǟ ȸȮȱ ÛǦɅȀɅɀȺǪȱǟ ǦɆȲȪȞȱǟ ǦǤȪǵ Ž

ǦȱǒǠȆƫǟȿ ǥǿǟǼƨǟ ǦȶȚȹǕȿ ǦȆȥǠȺƫǟ ɂȲȝ ȂɆȭȀǪǣ ȴőǠȆȅǘȵ ȓǠȊȹ ȌɆȲȪǩȿ ǰȵǼȱǟ ǧǠɆȲȶȞǣ ȳǠɆȪȱǟ ƂǙ ¬ȂȥǟɀƩǟ ǥɀȩ¼ ǕǼǤƫ ȸȮƹȿ Ĕ.ȰƽǕȿ ȰȒȥǕ ȰȮȊǣ ǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǟ ȜƤ ǢȲȖǪǩ ǿɀȵǕ ǠȾȞɆƤ ɄȽȿ Ûǒǟǻɉǟ ɂȲȝ

ȂɆȦǶǪǣ ȴȾɅǼȱ ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ ȧȀȥȿ ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ǿǠǤȮȱǟ ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟ ǼȝǠȆɅ ȷǕ ȳǼǺǪȆƫǟȿ ȀɅǼƫǟ ǦȩɎȝ Ž

ȜɆƤ Ž ǥǼȅǠȥ ǧǠɆȭɀȲȆǣ ȓǿɀǪȱǠǣ ǧǟǒǟȀȡɋǟ ȰɆȲȪǩȿ ǦȵɀȮƩǟ Ž ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ Ȁǝǟȿǻ ¬ɄȵǼǺǪȆȵ¼ ǦǵǠǪƫǟ ȂȥǟɀƩǟ ȷǖǣ ȂȥǟɀƩǟ ǥɀȩ ǕǼǤȵ ɄȒǪȪɅȿ .ǦȞǣǟȀȱǟȿ ǦǮȱǠǮȱǟȿ Ƃȿɉǟ ǦȍǠǹ ÛǒǟȀȊȱǟ ǦɆȲȶȝ ǧǟɀȖǹ

ǦǣǠǲǪȅǟ ɁǼȵȿ Ûǒǟǻɉǟ ȃǠɆȩ Ǧȩǻȿ ÛȳǠȾȶȲȱ ǦɅǼƩǟ ǼǝǟɀȞȱǟ Ȝȵ ǥǼɅǟȂǪȵ ǦȩɎȞǣ ȔǤǩȀǩ ȷǕ Ǣƶ ƙȵǼǺǪȆȶȲȱ ȰȶǪȊɅ ɃǾȱǟ ɄȆȅǘƫǟ ǳɎȍɋǠǣ ȷȀǪȪɅ ǠȵǼȺȝȿ Čċ.ȀȕǠǺƫǟ ȰĉȶƠ ɂȲȝ ȳǼǺǪȆƫǟ ǥǿǼȩȿ ÛȂȥǟɀǶȲȱ ȰȶȞȱǟ ǥǟǻǕ ȷɀȮǩ ȷǕ ȂȥǟɀƩǟ ɂȲȝ ǦȶǝǠȪȱǟ ǿɀǱɉǟ ȷǠȮȵǚǣ ȷǚȥ ÛƙȲȵǠȞȱǟ ǦȭǿǠȊȵȿ ȰȒȥǕ ǧǠȵɀȲȞȵ Ƙȥɀǩ ɂȲȝ

ČČ.ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟ ǿǠǤȭ ǼɅ Ž ǦɅɀȩ ǦȲɆȲȪȱǟ ȳǟɀȝɉǟ Ž ȀɅɀȖǪȱǟ ȸȵ ǼɅȂƫǟ ƂǙ ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ ǻɀȪȝ Ž ƙȎȩǠȺȶȲȱ ȨǤȆƫǟ ȰɆȽǖǪȱǟ ǥȀȮȥ ǨȞȒǹ

ǿǠɆǪǹǟȿ ȌǶȥ ǧǠɆȲȶȝ ƂǙ ƙȎȩǠȺƫǟ țǠȒǹǚǣ ǦȞǝǠȊȱǟ ǥȀȮȦȱǟ ȁȿǠƟ ɂȲȝ ǥǿǻǠǤƫǟ ȻǾȽ ȰȶȞǩȿ .ǦɆȑǠƫǟ ȤȊȮȱǟ ȰǱǕ ȸȵȿ .ǥǻǠȞȱǟ Ž ȷǠɆǤǪȅǟ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ Ȭȱǽȿ ÛǦȺȲȞȵȿ ǦɆƧǿ ǦɆȲȶȞȱǟ ȻǾȽ ȰȞǱ ƂǙ ȨǤȆȵ ȴȾǪȞƧ) ǦȎȩǠȺƫǟ ǧǠȭȀȊȱǟ Ž ȋǠǺȉɉǟ ȁȀǣɉ ǦȞǱǟȀȵ ǧǠɆȲȶȝ ǒǟȀǱǙ ȴǪɅ ÛǦȲȶǪƮ ǧǠȦȱǠƯ ǦɅǕ ȸȝ

ÛȯǠǮƫǟ ȰɆǤȅ ɂȲȝ) ǧǠȭȀȊȱǟ ǧǠȕǠǤǩǿǟȿ (ǠȾǱǿǠǹ ȿǕ ǦɆȺȞƫǟ ǦȝǠȺȎȱǟ ȸȶȑ ɁȀǹǕ ǧǠȭȀȊǣ ȴȾȕǠǤǩǿǟȿ.ǦȪǣǠȆȱǟ ǧǟƎƪǟȿ ǦɆȱǠƫǟ ǧǠȵǟȂǪȱɍǟȿ ȯɀȍɉǟȿ (ǦȞȕǠȪǪƫǟ ǦɅǿǟǻɋǟ ȄȱǠǲƫǟ

ɂȲȝ ȫǿɀɅɀɆȹ ǦȺɅǼȵ ǡȀǵ Ž ǦȵǼǺǪȆƫǟ ǦɅǿǟǻɋǟ ǧǟȿǻɉǟ ȸȵ Ǧȝɀȶƭ ȴɆȶȍ Ž ȨǤȆƫǟ ȰɆȽǖǪȱǟ źǖɅȿ ȸȮȱ ƆɀȹǠȪȱǟ ȳǠȚȺȱǟȿ ȷɀȹǠȪȱǟ ȨɆǤȖǩ ȳǠȚȹ Ȝȵ ȨȥǟȀǪȱǠǣ ȼȵǟǼǺǪȅǟ ȴǪɅ ǬɆǵ ÛȃǿǟǼƫǟ ǒǠȺǣ ǻɀȪȝ Ž ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȜɆƤ țǠȒǹǚǣ ȫǿɀɅɀɆȹ ǦȺɅǼȵ Ž ȃǿǟǼƫǟ ǒǠȺǣ ǦȖȲȅ Ž ȳǠȞȱǟ ȈǪȦƫǟ ǢǪȮȵ ȳɀȪɅȿ .ǠȶȾȺȵ ǒȂǲȭ ȄɆȱ

ƙȞǣǿǕ ȸȵ ȷǠɆǤǪȅǟ ȳǟǼǺǪȅǠǣ ȨǤȆȵ ȰɆȽǖǩ ǦɆȲȶȝ ƂǙ ȃǿǟǼƫǟ ǒǠȺǣ ǻɀȪȝ ɂȲȝ ȯɀȎǶȲȱ ǦɆȝǠȆȱǟ ǧǠȭȀȊȱǟ ǧǠȭȀȊȱǟ ȸȵ ǻǼȝ ǴȑȿǕ¼ :ƃǠǪȱǟ ȨɆȲȞǪȱǟ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ǦɆȲȶȞȱǟ ȻǾȽ ǦɆȱǠȞȥ ɂȲȝ ȯɍǼǪȅɍǟ ǠȺȺȮƹȿ .ǦǶȦȍ ÛȳǟɀȝǕ ǦȆƦ ȯɎǹȿ .ĳĳǦɆǝǠȺƨǟ ǦȪǵɎƫǟ ȸȵ ȀǮȭǕ ǦȭǿǠȊƫǟ ǠŒǠȵȀǵ ȴǪɅ ȷǖǣ Ƀǿǟǻɋǟ ǡǠȪȞȱǟ ɂȊơ ǠŒǕ

Čč.ǻǠȆȦȱǟ Ǧȭɀȉ ȀȆȭ Ž ɁȀǹǕ ǦɅǿǟǻǙ ǧǠǣɀȪȝ Ȝȵ ȨȥǟȀǪȱǠǣ ǦɆȲȶȞȱǟ ǨǶƱ

ȸȵ ȰȞƶ ÛȣǟȀȉɋǟ ȤɆȱǠȮǩ ȼɆȱǙ ƾȥǠȒȵ ÛǦȵɀȮƩǟ ǧǠɅɀǪȆȵ ȜɆƤ Ž ǧǠɅȀǪȊȶȲȱ Ȝȅǟɀȱǟ ȓǠȊȺȱǟ ɄǝǠȺǮǪȅɍǟ ƗȪǪȱǟ ȳǼȪǪȱǟ ȸȮȱ ÛțȿȀȊȵ Ȱȭ Ž ȰȶǪǶƫǟ ǼȅǠȦȱǟ ȫɀȲȆȲȱ ǦȲȎȦȵ ǧǠȪɆȪƠ ǒǟȀǱǙ ȰɆǶǪȆƫǟ ȧǠȖȹ ɂȲȝ ǦǪƢǖȵ ɃǻǠȎǪȩǟ ȃǠɆȩ ȰɆȲƠȿ ȨɆȩǼǩ ǧǠɆȲȶȝ ǒǟȀǱǙ ǴɆǪɅ ǴǤȍǕ ȀǩɀɆǤȶȮȱǟ ǦȶȚȹǕ Ž ȰȍǠƩǟ ǧǠɆȲȶȝ ȸȵ ǥǠȪǪȆȵ ǧǠȵɀȲȞȵ ɂȲȝ ǧǟǿǟȀȪȱǟ Ž ȴȮƩǟ ǻǠȶǪȝǟ Ȝȵȿ .ȷɇǟ ȰǤȩ ǦȺȮư ȸȮǩ Ɓ ǧǠɅɀǪȆȵȿ ǧǠȦȱǠǺƫǟ ȸȵ ǧɍǠǵ ǻɀǱɀǣ ǿǟǾȹɋǟ Ž ǦɅǠȢȲȱ ǦȪɆȩǻ ȷɀȮǩ ǯǽǠȶȺȱǟ ȷǚȥ ÛȸȵȂȱǟ Ǝȝ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ Ž ȨɆȪǶǪȱǟ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ǦȞɅȀȆȱǟ ȧȀȖȱǟ ǒǠȊȹǙ ǧǟǒǠȖȝ Ž ǢȝɎǩ ǻɀǱɀǣ ǿǟǾȹɋǟ ȴǪɅ ÛȯǠǮƫǟ ȰɆǤȅ ɂȲȞȥ .ǦȲȶǪǶƫǟ

ƙȶǪȺƫǟ Ƙȡȿ ǦɅǿǠȮǪǵǟ ǧǠȞȶƟ ƂǙ ƙȶǪȺƫǟ ƙȎȩǠȺȶȲȱ ǧǟǒǠȖȞȱǟ ȓǠƴǕ ƙǣ ȷǿǠȪɅ ɃǻǠȎǪȩǟ ȃǠɆȩ ǯǽɀƴČĎ.ǠȾɆȱǙ

ǥȀȮȦȱǟ ɂȲȝ ƗǤǩ Ɣȱǟ) ǦȲȪǪȆƫǟ ǧǠȶɆɆȪǪȱǟȿ ǥǠɆƩǟ ǥǿȿǻ ƘɅǠȞȵȿ ƾȦȹǓ ǥǿɀȭǾƫǟ ǯǠǲǪǵɍǟ ǦɆȱǓ ȨǤȖȺǩ ǦȩɎȝ Ž ȂȥǟɀƩǟ ǥɀȩȿ ȳǠȞȱǟ țǠȖȪȱǟȿ ȋǠƪǟ țǠȖȪȱǟ ƙǣ ƙȦșɀƫǟ ȰȪȺǪǣ ǦȍǠƪǟ ǧǠȞɅȀȊǪȱǟȿ (ǦɅǼɆȲȪǪȱǟ

ƇǼȪǩ ȸȵ ǼƩǟ ȰǱǕ ȸȵȿ .ǒǟȀȊȱǟ ǦɆȲȶȝ Ž ǿǠɆǪǹɍǟȿ ȴɆɆȪǪȱǟ ǦȲǵȀȵ Ž ɄȆɆǝǿ ȰȮȊǣȿ ȳǼǺǪȆƫǟȿ ȀɅǼƫǟ ƘɅǠȞȵ ȳǼǺǪȆǩ Ǽȩ ǒǟȀȊȱǟ ǧǠɆȲȶȝ ȐȞǣ ȷǚȥ ÛƾȪǵɍ ǿǠȞȅɉǟ ȴɆǺȒǪȱ Ǧȝƕȱǟȿ ǦȒȦǺȺȵ ǦɆȱȿǕ ǿǠȞȅǕ țǠƤɋǟ ɂȲȝ ǦȶǝǠȪȱǟ ȴɆɆȪǪȱǟ ǧǠǞɆƬ ȸȮƹȿ .ǼǶȲȱǟ ƂǙ ǼȾƫǟ ȸȵ ÛǰǪȺȶȲȱ ǦȲȵǠȮȱǟ ǥǠɆƩǟ ǥǿȿǻ ƂǙ ǼȺǪȆǩ

ȰȩǕ ɁȿǠȉȀȱǟ ȬȲǩ ȰȞǱ ȿǕ ɁȿǠȉȀȲȱ ȷɀȶȲȆǪȆɅ ȋǠǺȉɉǟ ȰȞƟ Ɣȱǟ ǧǟǒǟȀȡɋǟ ȸȵ ǼƩǟ Ž ǼȝǠȆǩ ȷǕ ǦȞǱǟȀȵ ȰȶȞǣ ǦȵǠǪȱǟ ȴȾǪȽǟƕǣ ȷɀȥȿȀȞȵ ȷɀɆǱǿǠǹ ȷȿǿǠȊǪȆȵ ȳɀȪɅ ȷǕ ȸȮƹȿ .ǠȾǭȿǼǵ ȯǠǵ Ž ǦɆȱǠȞȥ

9697

ملحقملحق

ǧǟɀȺȩ ǴǪȦɅ ȼȹǕ Ȝȵ) ƙȵǼǺǪȆƫǟ ǢȹǠǱ ȸȵ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦȍȀȥ ɄȢȲɅ ɃǾȱǟ Ȁȵɉǟ ÛȸɅȂǝǠȦȱǟ ǿǠɆǪǹǟȿ ȏȿȀȞȲȱ ǦɅȀȆɅɀȆȱǟ ǦɆȞȶƨǟ ȰǮȵ ǦɆȱȿǼȱǟ ǧǠȶȚȺƫǟ ȐȞǣ ȫǠȺȽȿ .(ɁȀǹǕ ȸȭǠȵǕ Ž ǻǠȆȦȱǟ țǟɀȹǕ ȄȦȺȱ ǦǶȑǟȿ

ǧǠȵɀȮƩ ǒǟȀȉ ǧǠɆȲȶȝ ǥǿǟǻǚǣ ǨȵǠȩ Ɣȱǟ ÛƾȦȹǓ ƙǩǿɀȭǾƫǟ ƆǠȖɅƎȱǟ ǯǠǪȱǟ ǒɎȶȝȿ ǦǣǠȩȀȲȱ ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ȋǠƪǟȿ ȳǠȞȱǟ ƙȝǠȖȪȱǟ ƙǣ ƙȦșɀƫǟ ȰȪȺǪǣ ǦȍǠƪǟ ǧǠȞɅȀȊǪȱǟ ȰȞƟ ÛǠȾǪȾǱ ȸȵ .ƁǠȞȱǟ ȯɀǵ ǧǠȭȀȉȿ

ȯɎǹ ǦȩɎȝ ǠȾȞȵ ǟɀȵǠȩǕ ǧǠȭȀȉ Ž ȤǝǠșȿ ɂȲȝ ȯɀȎƩǟ ƙɆȵɀȮƩǟ ƙȦșɀƫǟ ɂȲȝ ǢȞȍɉǟ ȸȵ ȷǕ ȳǼǺǪȆƫǟȿ ȀɅǼƫǟ ǦȩɎȝ Ž ȂȥǟɀƩǟ ǥɀȪȱ ȸȮƹ ÛƿƘǹǕȿ .Ǩȩɀȱǟ Ȝȵ ǒǟȀȉ ǧǠɆȲȶȝ ǥǼȝ Ž ǠȾǪȭǿǠȊȵ

.ǦǱǠƩǟ ǢǤȆǣ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ Ž ȓǿɀǪȲȱ Ǧȝƕȱǟ ȸȵ ȰȲȪǩ ȼǩǟǽ Ǩȩɀȱǟ Žȿ ǥǒǠȦȮȱǟ ȸȆƠ

.ȴɆȲȆǪȱǟ ǦȲǵȀȵ ȯɎǹ ǒǟȀȊȱǟ ǦɆȲȶȝ ƙȆƠ Ž ǥǼȝǠȆƫǟ Ž ǥǼȝǟɀȱǟ ǥǼɅǼƨǟ ǧǠǣǿǠȪƫǟ ȸȵ ǼɅǼȞȱǟ ȫǠȺȽ ȷǕ ȴȲȞǪȱǟ ƖǶȺȵ Ž ǧǠȺɆȆǶǪȱǟȿ ǦɆȺȪǪȱǟ ǧǟǿɀȖǪȲȱ ȸȮƹ ı ȀǩɀɆǤȶȮȱǟ ȰǮȵ ı ǦȵǼȪǪƫǟ ǦɆȺȪǪȱǟ ǧɍǠƭ ɄȦȥ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ǧǟǿɀȖǪȱǟ ȻǾȽ ǠɅǟȂȵ ȐȞǣ ǢȆȮǩ ȷǕ ǦȵɀȮǶȲȱ ȸȮƹȿ ÛǦȝȀȆǣ ȏǠȦƳɍǟ ƂǙ ǿǠȞȅɉǠǣ ȜȥǼǩ ɄȶƠ ǬɆƜ ǻɀȺǤȱǟ ȻǾȽ ǦȡǠɆȍ Ǣƶȿ .ǦȪǵɍ ǧǟǿɀȖǩ ǦɅǕ ȸȵ ǥǻǠȦǪȅɍǠǣ ǦȍǠǹ ǻɀȪȞȱǟ Ž ǻɀȺǣ Ȝȑȿ

ǦɆȺȪǪȱǟ ǧǟǿɀȖǪȱǠǣ ǦȖǤǩȀȵ ȳɀȅǿ ǒǠȦɆǪȅǠǣ ȷɀȵɀȪɆȅ ȸɅǾȱǟ ȸɅǼȾȞǪƫǟ ȰǤȩ ȸȵ ȯɎȢǪȅɍǟȿ ǦɆȺȪǪȱǟ ȳǻǠȪǩ ȸȵ ȰɆǱ ƇǼȪǩ ȸɅǼȾȞǪȶȲȱ ǻɀȺǤȱǟ ȻǾȽ ǴɆǪǩ ÛȜȩǟɀȱǟ Žȿ .ǼȺǤȱǟ ǟǾȽ ȰǮȵ ǻɀǱȿ ȳǼȝ ȯǠǵ Ž ȴȲȞǪȱǟ ƖǶȺȵ ȀǭǕȿ ȃǠȅɉǟ Ž ǠȾɆȲȝ ǦȎȩǠȺƫǟ ǨƢ Ɣȱǟ ǧǟǼȞƫǠǣ ǦȍǠƪǟ ǦɆȺȦȱǟ ǧǠȦȍǟɀƫǟ ȧɀȦǩ ȿǕ ƑȲǩ ǧǟǼȞƫǟ ȸȵ Ȩǵɍ

.ɄȲȍɉǟ ǒǠȖȞȱǟ ǿǠȞȅǕ ȸȝ ǼɅȂǩ ɍ ǿǠȞȅǖǣ

ǦǶȲȅɉǟ ǒǟȀȉ ǼȺȝ ƾȹǠɆǵǕ ǦɆȮɅȀȵɉǟ țǠȥǼȱǟ ǥǿǟȁȿ ȼȵǼǺǪȆǩ ɃǾȱǟȿ - ǿǻǠȎƫǟ ǻǼȞǩ ȷǚȥ ÛȼǪȾǱ ȸȵ ǒǟȀȉ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ǼɆǵȿ ǿǼȎȵ ǻɀǱȿ ǦȱǠǵ Ž ǦȪǵɎȱǟ ȳɀȅȀȱǟ ȿǕ ǿǠȮǪǵɍǟ ȜȺƫ ȴȶȎȵ - ƾɆȺȪǩ ǦȵǼȪǪƫǟ ȳǟǼǺǪȅǟ ȯǠǵ Žȿ .ɄȆȥǠȺǩ ǒǠȖȝ Ž ąȷǠǭ ǼȾȞǪȵ ƂǙ ƾȪǵɍ ȼȲȪȹ ȸȮƹ ǦɆȺȪǪȱǠǣ ǦȖǤǩȀƫǟ ¬ǦȥȀȞƫǟ¬øȱ ƃȿǕ ǦȲȎȦȵ ȀɅǿǠȪǩ ƂǙ ǦȥǠȑɋǠǣ Ûǥǻɀƨǟȿ ǦȦȲȮǪȱǠǣ ȨȲȞǪɅ ǠȶɆȥ ȧɀȆȱǟ ǳɀȆƫ ȸȮƹ ÛǼɆǵɀȱǟ ǿǼȎƫǟ ǻɀȪȝ ȳǼǺǪȅǟ Ǽȩȿ .ǦȪǵɎȱǟ ǻɀȪȞȲȱ ǳǠǣǿɉǟȿ ǿǠȞȅɉǟ ǼɅǼƠ Ž ǼȝǠȆǩ ȷǕ ÛǦɆȺȞƫǟ ǦȭȀȊȲȱ ǦɆȲȞȦȱǟ ȤɆȱǠȮǪȲȱ

ǒǟǻɉǟ ǦɆȱǠȝ ǧǟȀǝǠȖȱ ǦǭǠȦȹ ǧǠȭȀƮ ǒǟȀȉ Ž ȯǠȞȥ ȰȮȊǣ ƆǠǮȱǟ ǡɀȲȅɉǟ ɄȮɅȀȵɉǟ ǦɅȀǶǤȱǟȿ ɀƨǟ ǳɎȅ ǻɀȪȞȱǟ Ž ȀȚȺȱǟ ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ǿǠǤȮȱǟ ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟ ɂȲȝ .ƗǪɅȿ ǼȹǕ ǧǟȀǣȿ ȬɅȀǪȮȱǙ ȯǟȀȺǱ :ȸɅƋǻǿɀȵ ȸȵ ǿǠȕǙ ȸȶȑ ǧǠǲǪȺƫǟ ȷɀȮǩ ǠȵǼȺȝȿ ÛȳǻǠȪǪȲȱ ƾɆǤȆȹ ǦȑȀȝ Ƙȡ ȳǟȁɀȲȱǟ ȷɀȮǩ ǠȵǼȺȝ ǿǻǠȎƫǟ ǥǻǼȞǪȵ

Čď.ǧǟɀȺȆȱǟ ȸȵ ǼɅǼȞȲȱ ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ ǻɀȪȝ ǦȱǠǵǙ ȷǠȮȵɋǠǣ ȷɀȮɅ ǠȵǼȺȝȿ ÛǦȥȿȀȞƫǟ ǦɆȺȪǪȱǟ ǻȿǼƩǟ

ȜɆȶƛ ǥǻǼƮ ǦȲȍ ǧǟǽȿ ǬɅǼƩǟ ȀȎȞȱǟ ǢȅǠȺǪȱ ǦƹǼȩ ǥȀȮȥ ǬɅǼƠ ɂȲȝ ƗǤǩ ɁȀǹǕ ǥȀȮȥ ȫǠȺȽȿ ȷɀȮɅ ɍ ÛǦȕǠȆǤǣ .ǦɆǱǿǠƪǟ ȣǟȀȉɋǟ /ȨɆȩǼǪȱǟ ǧǠȖȲȅ ȳǟǼǺǪȅǟ ɄȽȿ ĉɍǕ ÛǒǟȀȊȱǟ ǦɆȲȶȝ ǧǟɀȖǹ

ƙɆǱǿǠƪǟ ƙȪȩǼƫǟ ȰǮȵ ȳȂƩǟȿ ǦɆȩǟǼȎƫǟ ȸȵ ǦǱǿǼȱǟ ȄȦȹ ɂȲȝ ǧɍǠƩǟ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ Ž ȷɀɆȲǹǟǼȱǟ ȷɀȪȩǼƫǟ Ž ǻǠȆȦȱǟ Ž ƾǮɅǼǵ ǧȀȚȹ Ɣȱǟ ǦȺǲȲȱ ǦɆȆɆǝȀȱǟ ǧǠɆȍɀǪȱǟ ȸȵ ɄǱǿǠƪǟ ȣǟȀȉɋǟ ƂǙ ǒɀǲȲȱǟ ȷǠȭ Ǽȩȿ . ǦɆȺȕɀȱǟ ǧǠɅɀǪȆƫǟ ɂȲȝ ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ ǧǠȅǠɆȅ Ž ȼȪɆǤȖǩ ȷǠȮȵɋǠǣ ȷǕ Ǡȶȭ ÛȫǿɀɅɀɆȹ ǦȺɅǼȵ ǦȕȀȉ ǥȀǝǟǻ ɂȶȚȞȱǟ ǠɆȹǠȖɅȀǣȿ ǥǼǶǪƫǟ ǧǠɅɍɀȱǟ) ȯȿǼȱǟ ȐȞǣ Ž Ɨȕɀȱǟ ɁɀǪȆƫǟ ɂȲȝ ȰȞȦȱǠǣ ȃǿǠƹ ɀȽȿ ÛǦɆȝȀȦȱǟ ǦɆȲȶȝ ǒǠȪǣǙ ɂȲȝ ǥȀȮȦȱǟ ƖǤćǩ ǬɆǵ Û(ǦȲȪǪȆȵ ȣǟȀȉǙȿ ȨɆȪƠ ǧǠǞɆȽ ǠǪȵǼǺǪȅǟ ǠƫǠȖȱ ÛȯǠǮƫǟ ȰɆǤȅ ɂȲȝ

ČĐ.ǦɆȦɆșɀȱǟ ǦɆǵǠȺȱǟ Ž ǦȱǒǠȆƫǟ ɂȲȝ ǦȚȥǠǶƫǟ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ǦȲȪǪȆȵ ȣǟȀȉɋǟ

ȣǟȀȉɋǟ ȸȵ ȰȮȉ Ƙȥɀǩ Ž ǼȝǠȆǩ ȷǕ ȋǠƪǟ țǠȖȪȱǟȿ ƙȺȕǟɀƫǟ ǧǠȝǠȶƨ ȸȮƹ ÛȌȺȱǟ Ž ǠȺȊȩǠȹ Ǡȶȭȿ ǦȶȚȺȵ) .ǦȵǠȪǪȅɍǟ ǠȽǻɀȆǩ ȣȿȀș Ž ȰȶȞȱǠǣ ȳɀȪǩȿ ǦȱǻǠȞȱǟ ǦȆȥǠȺƫǟ ȂɅȂȞǩ ǦȶɆȩ ȫǿǼǩ ǠȵǼȺȝ ɄǱǿǠƪǟ

ǬƩ ǥǼɅǼȞȱǟ ȧȀȖȱǟ Ž ȀȚȺȱǟ ƾȒɅǕ ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǒǠȅǗǿ ɂȲȝȿ .(Ȭȱǽ ɂȲȝ ǦȲǮȵɉǟ ȸȵ ɄȽ ǦɆȱȿǼȱǟ ǦɆȥǠȦȊȱǟ.ȴȾȆȦȹǕ ǦǤȩǟȀȵȿ ǥǼȅǠȦȱǟ ǧǠȅǿǠȶƫǟ ȸȝ ȤȊȮȱǟ ɂȲȝ ƙȎȩǠȺƫǟ

آثار غير مباشرة

Ȱǣ ÛȔȪȥ ǥȀȉǠǤȵ ȤɆȱǠȮǩ ɂȲȝ ɃɀȖȺǩ ɍ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ǦɅǠȩɀȱǟ ɂȲȝ ȰȶȞǩ Ɣȱǟ ǥǻǠȒƫǟ ƘǣǟǼǪȱǟ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ ǬǶǤȱ ǥȀǭǘƫǟ ǧǠȞǤǪȱǟ ȿǕ ǠȾȆȦȹ ǥǻǠȒƫǟ ƘǣǟǼǪȱǟ ǢǤȆǣ ǫǼƠ ǧǟƘȢǩ ɄȽȿ :ƾȒɅǕ ǥȀȉǠǤȵ Ƙȡ ǿǠǭǓ ȐȞǣ .ƾǮɅǼǵ ǦȑȿȀȦƫǟ ȰȶȞȱǟ ǦȪɅȀȕ ɂȲȝ ȣǠȦǪȱɎȱ ȰǤȅ ȸȝ ǼȩǠȞǪȱǟ ǦɆȲȶȝ Ž ǦȾɅƕȱǟ Ƙȡ ȣǟȀȕɉǟ

ǒǟȀȊȱǟ ǦɆȲȶȝ ȰȞƶ ǦȕǠȆǤǣ Ȁǹɇǟ ǠȾȒȞǣȿ ÛǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ɁȀǹǕ țǟɀȹǕ ȳǠȵǕ ȯǠǲƫǟ ǴǪȥ ȸȶȒǪɅ ǿǠǭɇǟ ȻǾȽ ÛǦȶȚȹɉǟȿ ǼȝǟɀȪȱǟ ȨɆǤȖǩ ɄȽȿ ɍǕ ÛǥȀȉǠǤȵ ǧǟȿǻɉǟ ȀǮȭǕ Ɠǵȿ .ȃǠȺȲȱ ǦǤȆȺȱǠǣ ȀǮȭǕ ǦȦȲȮȵȿ ǦȲȝǠȥ Ƙȡ

.ȤɆȱǠȮǩȿ ǻǠȆȥ ƂǙ Ƀǻǘǩ ȷǕ ǠȾȺȮƹ

ǼǵǕ ȷǕ ƃǟȿǠɆȡ ȀȭǾɅ ÛȯǠǮƫǟ ȰɆǤȅ ɂȲȝ .ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ɁȀǹǕ țǟɀȹɉ ƾȍȀȥ ȨȲơ ȷǕ ǼȝǟɀȪȲȱ ȸȮƹ ÛăɍȿǕ ǫǼƷ¼ ȧȀȖȱǟȿ ɄǶȎȱǟ ȣȀȎȱǟȿ ɃȀȱǠǣ ǦȍǠƪǟ ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ȯǠȢȉɉǟ ȜɅǿǠȊȵ Ž ǻǠȆȦȲȱ ǦɅǻǠɆǪȝɍǟ ȓǠƴɉǟ Ƙȡ ǢȆȮȲȱ ƾɆȱǠǮȵ ăǒǠȖȡ Ȱ ĉȮȊɅ ȼȹǕ ǦǱǿǼȱ ƾȦɆǮȭ ǥǻǠȞȱǟ Ž ȷɀȮɅ ǦȶȚȹɉǟȿ ǼȝǟɀȪȱǟ ȸȵ ǿǠȕǙ ȸȶȑ

Čđĳĳ.ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ǦɅǠȩɀȲȱ ǦȶȶȎƫǟ ǼȝǟɀȪȱǟ ȜɆȶƛ ȨɆȩǼȱǟ ȳǟȂǪȱɍǟ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǫǼƷ .țȿȀȊƫǟ

ǥǒǠȦȭ ɂȲȝ ƾǤȲȅ Ȁǭǘǩ ȷǕ ǠȾȺȮƹȿ ǦȞȦǩȀȵ ȷɀȮǩ ȷǕ ǥǼɅǼƨǟ ǼȝǟɀȪȲȱ ǦɅǿǟǻɋǟ ȤɆȱǠȮǪȲȱ ȸȮƹ ÛƾɆȹǠǭ ǼɅ ȸȵ ǠȾȖȆǣǕ ĉɍǙ ɄȎǺȊȱǟ ȴȮǶȲȱ ǦȭȿȀǪƫǟ ǧǟǿǟȀȪȱǟ ȜɆƤ ǢǶȅ ȷǚȥ ÛȬȱǽ ƂǙ ǦȥǠȑɋǠǣ .ȰȶȞȱǟ ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ Ž ȂɆȶǪȱǟ ȨɆȪƠ Ž ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟ ǒɍǘȽ ȋȀȥ ȸȵ ǼƩǟ ƂǙ ƾȒɅǕ ɃǻǘɅ ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ ƃȿǘȆȵ

Ɣȱǟ ǦɆȆɆǝȀȱǟ ǦǲƩǟ ɄȽ ȻǾȽ) .ǻɀȪȞȱǠǣ ȴȾǪȥȀȞȵȿ ȴɆȲȆȱǟ ȴȾȪȖȺȵȿ ȴőǟƎǹ ȸȵ ǥǻǠȦǪȅɍǟ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ǧǠɅɍɀȱǟ Ž ȀǩɀɆǤȶȮȱǟ ǦȶȚȹǕ Ž ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ Ž ȣȀȎǪȱǟ ǦɅȀǵ ȂɅȂȞǩ ȼǤȲȕ Ž ȷǠȶȲɆȭ ȸȦɆǪȅ ǠȾȵǼǺǪȆɅ

( ČĒ.ǥǼǶǪƫǟ

ǼȝǟɀȪȱǟ ȷɀȮǩ Ɠȵ ȸȮȱ .ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ɂȲȝ ƾɆǝǠȪȲǩ ƿǻǿ ȷɀȮɅ ȷǕ ǦɆȥǠȑǙ ǦȶȚȹǕȿ Ǽȝǟɀȩ ȨɆǤȖǪȱ Ǣƶ ɍ ÛȬȱǾȱ ƂǙ ȰɆƢ ǼȝǟɀȪȱǠȥ .ȯǟǘȆȱǟ ɂȲȝ ǦǣǠǱɋǟ Ž ǼȝǠȆǩ ȷǕ ȳ ı ǳ + ǟ = ȣ ǦȱǻǠȞƫ ȸȮƹ ÝǥǼɆȦȵ ǦȶȚȹɉǟȿ ǦȱǒǠȆƫǟ ȰȞƟȿ ȣȀȎǪȱǟ ǦɅȀǵ ǻȿǼǵ Ǵȑɀǩȿ ǿǠȮǪǵɍǟ ǦȖȲȅ ȸȵ ȰȲȪǩ ǠȵǼȺȝ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ȤɆȦǺǪȱǟ ǦɅȀǵ ȰȞƟȿ ǥǼɅǼǱ ǿǠȮǪǵǟ ǧǠȖȲȅ ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟ ǴȺƢ ǠȵǼȺȝ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ɂȲȝ ȂȦƠ ǠŒǚȥ ȰǣǠȪƫǠǣȿ ÛȰȾȅǕ

.ǦȦɆȞȑ ǦȱǒǠȆƫǟȿ ǦȶȾǤȵ ȣȀȎǪȱǟ

ȳǟǼǺǪȅǠȥ .ǥȀȉǠǤƫǟ Ƙȡ ǿǠǭɇǟ ȻǾŏ ǢǤȆǪȱǟ ǦɆȱǠȶǪǵǟ ɁȀǹɉǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ǧǟǿǻǠǤȵ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ ȸȶȒǪǩ ȨȲƸ ȼȺȮȱ ǻɀȪȞȱǟ Ž ǘȕǟɀǪȱǟ ǦȾǤȉ ȸȝ ƙɆȵɀȮƩǟ ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟ ǼȞǤćɅ ȯǠǮƫǟ ȰɆǤȅ ɂȲȝ ƙɆǱǿǠǹ ȸɅǿǠȊǪȆȵ ȰȵǠȮǪȱǟ ȷǕ Ȝȵȿ .ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ ȯȿǘȆȵȿ ǿǠȊǪȆƫǟ ƙǣ Ɠǵȿ ÛȼɅȂȹ Ƙȡ ǼȾȞǪȵȿ ǿǠȊǪȆƫǟ ƙǣ ǘȕǟɀǪȲȱ ƾȍȀȥ

ȼȹǕ ĉɍǙ ÛȜȅǟȿ ŽǠȪǭ ȯɀǤȩ ǟǽ ƾȭɀȲȅ ƎǪȞćɅȿ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǠȾɆȥ ɂȊȦǪɅ Ɣȱǟ ǧɍǠƩǟ ȐȞǣ Ž ɄȶǪǵ ɄȅǕȀȱǟ Ȝȑȿ ɀȽȿ ÛǠȾǱǠǪȹǙ ȋǠƪǟ țǠȖȪȲȱ ȸȮƹ ǧǠǲǪȺȵ ɂȲȝ ȋǠƪǟ țǠȖȪȱǟ Ȝȵ ǦȆȥǠȺȵ Ž ǦȵɀȮƩǟ ȜȒɅ ȿǕ ǰǪȺǩ ȷǕ ǠȵǙ¼ ɄȽȿ ÛƙɆȵɀȮƩǟ ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟ ȼǱǟɀǩ Ɣȱǟ ǦɅǿǠɆȞƫǟ ǦȲȮȊȵ ɂȲȝ ɃɀȖȺɅȿ ǦȆȥǠȺƫǟ ȐȩǠȺɅ ÛȬȱǾǣ ǠȾȵǠɆȩ ȣǠȊǪȭǟ Źȿ ÛȤɆȚȹ Ȱǲȅ ǧǟǽ ǧǠȭȀȉ ǦǤȩǟȀƞ ǦȵɀȮƩǟ ǨȵǠȩ ȯǠǵ Žȿ .¬ɃȀǪȊǩ

ȁȿȀǣ ȯǠȶǪǵǟ ȸȵ ǥȀȕǠǺƫǟ Ž ǦȭǿǠȊƫǟ ǻɀȪȝ ǼɅȂǩ ÛǠȾǪȾǱ ȸȵ .Ǡŏ ȀȒǩ Ǽȩ Ȭȱǽ ȸȝ ǦƟǠȺȱǟ ǦɅǠȝǼȱǟ ȷǚȥ ȷǕ Ǡȶȭ .Čēĳĳȸĉȵǘȵĳĳ ȼǪȥȁǠƭ ȸȵ ƿǒȂǱ ȷɉ ȸɅǼȾȞǪƫǟ ȰǤȩ ȸȵ ǿǠȶǮǪȅɍǟ ǿɀȎȩ ȰǮȵ ÛǦɆȩɎǹǕ ȰȭǠȊȵ

ÛȋȀȦȱǟ țǠɆȒȱ ȤɆȱǠȮǩ ɂȲȝ ȰȶǪȊɅ ǦȦȲǪǺƫǟ ȤǝǠșɀȱǟ ȿǕ ȀǝǟȿǼȱǟ ƙǣ ȷɀǣȿǠȺǪɅ ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ ƃȿǘȆȵ ȰȞǱ ǳɀȆƫ ȸȮƹȿ .ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ Ž ǥǻǼƮ ǢȹǟɀǱ Ž Ǩȩɀȱǟ Ȝȵ ǦǤȆǪȮƫǟ ǥƎƪǟ ǠɅǟȂȵ ȸȵ ȴŒǠȵȀǵ ǦȍǠǹ

9899

ملحقملحق

ǒɀǲȲȱǟ ȿǕ ǿǠȞȅɉǟ ȴɆǺȒǩ ɂȲȝ ȸɅǻǿɀƫǟ ȜǲȊɅ ȷǕ ǦȵǻǠȪȱǟ ǦɆȺȵȂȱǟ ǥȀǪȦȲȱ ȜȥǼȱǟ ȯȿǼǱ ǼɅǼǶǪȱ ǦȦȲȮǪȱǟ.ɂȲȝǕ Ǽǝǟɀȝ ȨɆȪƠ ȷǠȶȒȱ ɂȲȝǕ ȤɆȱǠȮǩ ǧǟǽ ǢɆȱǠȅǕ ƂǙ

ÛƙȱǠǮȵ Ž ȀȚȺȺȅ ÛǻǼȎȱǟ ǟǾȽ Žȿ .ǥȀȉǠǤȵ Ƙȡ ȰȭǠȊȵ ƂǙ Ƀǻǘǩ ǦǮɅǼƩǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ƘǣǟǼǩ Ɠǵ.ȰɆȎȦǪȱǟ ȸȵ ǒɄȊǣ ƆǠǮȱǟ ȯǠǮƫǟ ȈȩǠȺȹȿ ÛǻɀȪȞȱǟ ɂȲȝ ǧǠǱǠǲǪǵɍǟȿ ǿǻǠȎƫǟ ǻǼȞǩ ǠƵ

تعدد املصادر

ǳǠǣǿɉǟ ȷɉ ÛăɍȿǕ .ǕȀȖǩ Ǽȩ ǥȀȉǠǤȵ Ƙȡ ȰȭǠȊȵ ȷǕ ĉɍǙ ÛǧɍǠƩǟ ȐȞǣ Ž ǴǲȺɅ Ǽȩ ǿǻǠȎƫǟ ǻǼȞǩ ȷǕ Ȝȵ ȳǼȝ ǿǠǪơ Ǽȩ ı Ǡŏ ǡɀȡȀƫǟ ȬȲǩ Ɠǵ Ǡƞǿ ı ǧǠȭȀȊȱǟ ȐȞǣ ȷǚȥ ÛǦɅǟǼǤȱǟ ȸȵ ȰȩǕ ȷɀȮǩ ǦȞȩɀǪƫǟ

ȂȥǟɀƩǟ ȷɀȮǩ ÛƾɆȹǠǭ .ǻɀȪȞȱǠǣ ȁɀȦȱǟȿ ǦȭǿǠȊȶȲȱ ɂȲȝǕ ǿǠȞȅǖǣ ƙǲǪȺƫǟ ȳǠȵǕ ȯǠǲƫǟ ȬȱǾǣ ǦǶɆǪȵ ǦȆȥǠȺƫǟ ǦɆȲǤȪǪȆƫǟ ǡǠȞǩɉǟ ȷɉ ÛȰȩǕ ȯǠƫǟ ȃǕǿȿ ȀɅɀȖǪȱǟȿ ǫɀǶǤȱǟ Ž ǿǠȶǮǪȅɎȱ ¬ǦȥȀȞƫǟ ǒǟȀȉ¼ ǻɀȪȞǣ ȸɅȂǝǠȦȲȱ ǻǠȆȦȱǠǣ ǠȾȪȲȞǩ ȸȵ ȀǮȭǕ ǦɅǻǠȎǪȩɍǟ ǥǒǠȦȮȱǠǣ ȨȲȞǪǩ ȻǾȽ ǥȀȉǠǤƫǟ Ƙȡ ǿǠǭɇǟ ȷǕ Ȝȵȿ .ȰȩǕ ȷɀȮǪȅ ǦȞȩɀǪƫǟ

ǦȲǵȀƫǠǣ ȂǝǠȦȱǟ ȀȞȊɅ ǼȪȥ ÛǥȀȮǤƫǟ ȰǵǟȀƫǟ Ž ǘȕǟɀǪȲȱ ȯǠǲƫǟ ǴǪȦɅ Ǽȩ ǦȆȥǠȺƫǟ ȰɆȲȪǩ ȷǕ ĉɍǙ Ûȼǩǟǽ ǼƜ ɍ Ǽȩ ǿɀǱǕ ɂȲȝ ȯɀȎƩǟ ȰǱǕ ȸȵ ƙȆȥǠȺƫǟ ȸɅǼȾȞǪƫǟ Ȝȵ ǘȕǟɀǩ ǧǠǤɆǩȀǩ Ž ȓǿɀǪȲȱ ǒǟȀȡɋǠǣ Ƃȿɉǟ

.ȰȵǠȮȱǟ ǰǪȺƫǟ ǒǟȀȊȱ ǦɆȹǠǭ ǦȲǵȀȵ Ž ǦǵǠǪȵ ȷɀȮǩ

ȸɅǼȾȞǪƫǟ ȸȵ ǼɅǼȞȱǟ ǒǠȢȱǙ ǒǟȀȊȱǟ ǧǠɆȲȶȝ Ž ƙȎȩǠȺȶȲȱ ȨǤȆƫǟ ȰɆȽǖǪȱǟ ǦɆȲȶȞȱ ȸȮƹ ÛȰǭǠư ɀƲ ɂȲȝ ǼɆȞǩ Ȁȵɉǟ Ȝȩǟȿ Ž ȨǤȆƫǟ ȰɆȽǖǪȱǟ ǦɆȲȶȝ ȸȮȱ .ǘȕǟɀǪȱǟ Ž ȓǿɀǪȲȱ ƙȱǠɆȵ ȷɀȹɀȮɅ Ǽȩ ȸɅǾȱǟ ƙȲȶǪǶƫǟ

ǿȿȀƫǟ ȴɆȚȺǩ ȴǪɅ ɁȀǹǕ ¬ȈɆǪȦǩ ǦȖȪȹ¼ ȜȒǩ ɄȾȥ ÛǼȩǠȞǪȱǟ ǦɆȲȶȝ Ž ȤȲƪǟ ƂǙ ǥɀȖǹ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǧɍǠȶǪǵǟ ǦȶǝǠȩ ƂǙ ȯɀȍɀȲȱ ȰɆȽǖǪȱǟ ǦɆȲȶȝ ǼȅǠȦȱǟ ȓǠȊȺȱǟ ȂȭȀȵ ǴǤȎɅ Ǽȩ ÛƃǠǪȱǠǣ .ǦȺɆȞȵ ǦɆȱǓ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ǠȽƎȝ ǿǠɆǪǹǟ ǢȲȖǪǩ Ƀǿǟǻɋǟ ȳǠȚȺȱǟ Ž ǦȲǵȀȵ ǦɅǕ Ž ǒǢȞȱǟ ǥǻǠɅȁ ...¼ :ȷǠȶɆȽ ƘȊɅ Ǡȶȭȿ .ȨǤȆƫǟ ȰɆȽǖǪȱǟ

Ž ǦɅȀǵ ƂǙ ƾȶǝǟǻ ɃǻǘɅ ǟǾȽȿ ÛȼȱɎǹ ȸȵ ȃǠȺȲȱ ƾǵǠǪȵ ȷɀȮɆȅ ɃǾȱǟ ǢɆǩȀǪȱǟ ȿǕ ȼȺȵ ǥǻǠȦǪȅɍǟ ȼȺȮƹ ȸȵ ǠȾȞɆǣ ȴǪɅ ȷǕ ȻǾȽ ȣȀȎǪȱǟ ǦɅȀƩ ȸȮƹȿ .ăɍȿǕ ǠȾɆȲȝ ȰȎǶɆȅ ȸȵȿ ăɎȍǕ ǦȵǼƪǟ ɂȲȝ ȰȎǶɆȅ ȸȵ ȀɅȀȪǩ ȃǠȺȱǟ ǥǿǼȪǣ ȴȮǶǪɅ ǼɆȝǟɀƫǟ ȸȝ ȯȿǘȆȵ ƘǩȀȮȅ ȿǕ ǼɅǼǱ ǒǠȺǣ ɂȲȝ ǦȪȥǟɀƫǠǣ ȯɀƯ ȈǪȦƫ ǨȹǠȭ ǒǟɀȅ

ČĔĳĳ.ɁɀǪȆƫǟ ȜɆȥǿ ȯȿǘȆȵ ƂǙ ȯɀȍɀȱǟ ɂȲȝ

آليات االحتجاج

Ƙȡ ǥȀȉǠǤȵ Ƙȡ ǿǠǭǓ ƂǙ Ƀǻǘǩ Ǽȩ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮƫ ƾɆǤȆȹ ǦǮɅǼǵ ǥǟǻǕ ɂȲȝ ȀǹǓ ăɍǠǮȵ ǯǠǲǪǵɍǟ ǦɆȱǓ ǼȞćǩ ǯǠǲǪǵɍǟ ǦɆȱǓ ɂȲȝ ÛɃɀȩ ƆɀȹǠȩ ȳǠȚȹȿ ȨɆǤȖǪȲȱ ǦȲǣǠȪȱǟȿ Ǡŏ ȣȀǪȞƫǟ ƙȹǟɀȪȱǟ ȸȵ ȳǠȚȹ Ȱș ɄȦȥ .ǦǣɀȡȀȵ ȰȒȥǕ ȨȪƠ Ɣȱǟ ǧǟǿǟȀȪȱǟȿ ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ ƃȿǘȆȵ Ȃȥǟɀǵ ƙǣ Ǧȵǒǟɀƫǟ Ž ǼȝǠȆǩȿ ǦȆȥǠȺƫǟ ȁȂȞǩ ȷǕ ƾɅȀȚȹ

ȷɀȞǪȶǪɅ ȷȿǼȾȞǪȵ) ¬ǠɅǠǶȒȱǟ¼ ǴȺȵ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȝ ǦɆȱɇǟ ȻǾȽ țǻȀǩ ǬɆǵ .ǦȥǠȒȵ ǦɆȝǠȶǪǱǟ ǦȶɆȩ ȼǤȉ ǦǞɆȽ ƂǙ ǦȝȿȀȊƫǟ ȴȽǟȿǠȮȉ ȯǠȎɅɋ ǦȲɆȅȿ (ǥȀȆȦȵ Ƙȡ ǡǠǤȅɉ ǧǟǒǠȖȞȱǟ ȷȿȀȆƸ ǦɆȱǠȝ ǥǻɀƛ

.ǦɆȥǠȦȊȱǟ ȁȂȞɅ ǧǠǱǠǲǪǵɍǟ ȜɆǲȊǩ ȷǚȥ ÛȰȞȦȱǠǣȿ .ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǴȒȥ Ž ǼȝǠȆǩ ƃǠǪȱǠǣȿ ÛǦɆǝǠȒȩ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ȀȉǠǤȵ ȰȮȊǣ ÛǦȵǠȞȱǟ ǦǶȲȎƫǟ ǡǠȆǵ ɂȲȝ Ǡȵ ƾȝɀȹ źǖǩ ǧǠǱǠǲǪǵɍǟ ȷǚȥ ÛȬȱǽ Ȝȵ

ȸȵ ȀȉǠǤȵ Ƙȡ ȰȮȊǣȿ ÛȼȹǖȊǣ ȴȮƩǟȿ ȻǼȑ ȜȥǼȱǟȿ ǯǠǲǪǵɍǟ ƇǼȪǪȱ ǦɆȹɀȹǠȪȱǟȿ ǦɅǿǟǻɋǟ ȤɆȱǠȮǪȱǟ ǻɀȪȞȱǟ Žȿ . ąțǟǻ ȷȿǻ ǦȵȁɎȱǟ ǒǟȀȊȱǟ ȿǕ ǒǠȺǤȱǟ ǧǠɆȲȶȝ ƘǹǖǪǣ ǦȖǤǩȀƫǟ ǦȞǝǠȒȱǟ ȋȀȦȱǟ ȤɆȱǠȮǩ ȯɎǹ

ǠȽǾɆȦȺǩ ȴǪɆȅ Ɣȱǟ ȬȲǩ ǦȍǠǹ ı ȏȿȀȞȱǟ ǻǟǼȝɋ ǦȲǝǠȽ ȤɆȱǠȮǩ ȿǕ ǦɅǠȢȲȱ ǦȞȦǩȀȵ ǦȶɆȩ ɂȲȝ ɃɀȖȺǩ Ɣȱǟ ǦǤȡȀȱǠǣ ȷȿȀȞȊɆȅ ǦȶǝɎȵȿ ǦȝȿȀȊȵ ǡǠǤȅɉ ȷȿȀȆƸ ȸɅǾȱǟ ȷȿǼȾȞǪƫǟ ƓǶȥ ı ǦȲɅɀȕ ǦɆȺȵȁ ǥȀǪȥ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ȏȿȀȞȱǟ ȤɆȱǠȮǩ ȸȵ ǒȂǱ ȰɆȎƠ ɂȲȝ ǼȾȞǪƫǟ Ȭȱǽ ǼȝǠȆɅ Ɓ ȷǙ Ɠǵȿ .ǦɆǝǠȪȲǩ ǦǲɆǪȺȭ ǯǠǲǪǵɎȱ ȰȶȞȱǟȿ) ǼȪȞȱǠǣ ȁɀȦȱǟ ȷǠȮȵɋǠǣ ȷǠȭ ȼȹǖǣ ǦȭȀȊȱǟ ǒǟǿǼȵ ƂǙ ǥǿǠȉǙ ȰȅƘȅ ȼȹǚȥ ÛǯǠǲǪǵɍǟ ǦɅɀȆǩ ȯɎǹ ǬȲǭ ƃǟɀǵ¼ ȷǕ ȷǠȶȲɆȭ ȸĉɆǤɅȿ .ǿǠɆǪǹɍǟ ǦɆȲȶȝ Ž ǒǠȖǹǕ ǻɀǱȿ ɍɀȱ (ȷɀɆȺȞƫǟ ȷɀȦșɀƫǟ ȼǣ ȳǠȩ ɃǾȱǟ

ǯǠǲǪǵɍǟ Ź ɄȵɀȮƩǟ ȀǩɀɆǤȶȮȱǟ ǒǟǿǼȵ ǴȆȵ Ž ȷɀȭǿǠȊƫǟ ǠȾȊȩǠȹ Ɣȱǟ ƿȀǹǘȵ ǦȱǠǶƫǟ ǦȶǺȒȱǟ ǻɀȪȞȱǟ ȁɀȦɅ ɍ ǠȵǼȺȝ ÛǥǻǠȞȱǟ Ž¼ ȼȹǕ ƂǙ ǦɆȮɅȀȵɉǟ ǦȝǟǿȂȱǟ ǥǿǟȁȿ Ž ȁǿǠǣ ǼȩǠȞǩ ȯȿǘȆȵ ƘȊɅ Ǡȶȭ čċĳĳ.ǠȾɆȲȝ

čČĳĳ.ƾǱǠǲǪǵǟ ȫǠȺȽ ȷǚȥ ÛƆǼǪƫǟ ȀȞȆȱǟ ǢǵǠȍ ǼȾȞǪƫǟ

čč:ǧǠǞȥ ǫɎǭ Ž ǧǠǱǠɆǪǵɍǟ ǦɆȲȶȞȱ ǥǻɀȎȪƫǟ Ƙȡ ǿǠǭɇǟ ȷȿȀǹǓȿ ȯǠȉǿǠȵ ȤĉȺȍ Ǽȩȿ

ɀȽ ȄɆȱ ǿǟȀȩ ƂǙ ı ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ ȯȿǘȆȵ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ı ǦȵɀȮƩǟ ȰȍɀǪǩ :țǻȀȱǟ Ž ȓǟȀȥɋǟ .Č Ȱǲȅ ɄȦȒɅ Ǽȩȿ .ȼǭȿǼƜ ǼɅǼő ȿǕ ȯǠȶǪǵǟ ȫǠȺȽ ǯǠǲǪǵǟ ȤɆȱǠȮǩ ȰĉȶƠ ǢȺǲǪǣ ȰȒȥɉǟ ȫǠȺȽ ȷǠȭ ǒǟɀȅ ÛǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ ȯȿǘȆȵ ǿǟȀȪȱ ǦɆȝȀȊȱǟ ǧǠǱǠǲǪǵɍǟ ƇǼȪǩ Ž ȸɅǼȾȞǪƫǟ ǼǵǕ

.ɍ ȳǕ ǻǠȆȥ Ž ǧǠȾǤȊȱǟ ȧɀȥ ȷǠȹɀȮɅ Ǽȩ ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ ȯȿǘȆȵȿ ǒǟȀȊȱǟ ǦɆȲȶȝ ȷǕ Ȝȵ :ɄȵɀȮƩǟ ȁǟȂǪǣɍǟ .č

ǢȺǲǪȱ ǦɆȱǠȵ ǧǠȞȥǻ ǦǲǪǶƫǟ ǧǠȭȀȊȱǟ ɂȲȝ ȏȀȞǩ Ǽȩ ǦȵɀȮƩǟ ȷǕ ĉɍǙ ÛȸĉɆȞȵ ǒǟȀȉ țȿȀȊȵ .ǧǟƘǹǖǪȱǟȿ ǦɆȹɀȹǠȪȱǟ ȤɆȱǠȮǪȱǟ

ȸȵ ǦɆȱǠȵ ǧǠȞȥǻ ȰǣǠȪȵ ǦɅɀȆǪȱǠǣ ǦɅǼǱ ǧǠǱǠǲǪǵǟ ǨȵǼȩ Ɣȱǟ ǧǠȭȀȊȱǟ ȰǤȪǩ :ɁȿǠȉȀȱǟ .Ď ƙȎȩǠȺȶȲȱ ȳǼȪǩ¼ ǦɅɀȆǪȱǟ ǦɆȲȶȝ ȷǕ ƂǙ ȷȿȀǹǓȿ ȯǠȉǿǠȵ ƘȊɅȿ .ǻɀȪȞȱǠǣ ǥȂǝǠȦȱǟ ǧǠȭȀȊȱǟ Ȝȵ ȨȥǟȀǪƫǟ ȀƩǟ ȯǠȎǩɍǟ ȷɀȮɅ ǬɆƜ ÛȴƬǠȶȝǕ ǠȾɆȥ ȷȿȀɅǼɅ ǦȲȽǾȵ ǦɆȹɀȹǠȩ ǥǼȝǠȩ ƙǞȕǟɀǪƫǟ ȧȀȥ ȫǠȺȽ ȷɀȮɅ ɍ Ǽȩ ÛǧɍǠƩǟ ȐȞǣ Žȿ čĎĳĳ.ƾɅȀȽǠș ƙȆȥǠȺǪȵ ƙǣ ǦɆȺɆȝ ȿǕ ǦɆȱǠȵ ǧǠȞȥǻ

ǨȹǠȭ ɃǾȱǟ ȠȲǤƫǟȿ ǦɅɀȆǪȱǟ ǦɆȲȶȝ ǢǱɀƞ ȼȞȥǼǩ Ɣȱǟ ȠȲǤƫǟ ƙǣ ǦȵɀȮǶȲȱ ǦǤȆȺȱǠǣ ƘǤȭ čď.ǧǠȎȩǠȺƫǟ Ž ǘȕǟɀǩ ȫǠȺȽ ȷǠȭ ȯǠǵ Ž ȼȞȥǼǪȅ

ƘǮȮȱǟ Ž ǦɆȹɎȪȞǣ ǟɀȥȀȎǪɅ ȷǕ ȏȀǪȦćɅȿ ÛǯǠǲǪǵɍǟ ƇǼȪǩ Ǽǝǟɀȥȿ ȤɆȱǠȮǩ ǡǠȆƜ ȷȿǼȾȞǪƫǟ ȳɀȪɆȅ ÛȯǠǮƫǟ ȰɆǤȅ ɂȲȝ) ǯǠǲǪǵɍǟ ǦɆȲȶȝ ȤɆȱǠȮǩ ȌɆȎơ ǦȪɅȀȕ ȃǠɆȩ ǼȝǠȆɅ Ǽȩȿ .ǒǟȀȊȱǟ ǧǠɆȲȶȝ ȸȵ ǦȎǪǺƫǟ ǦɆȵɀȮƩǟ ȀǝǟȿǼȱǟ ȿǕ ȸɅȀȅǠƪǟȿ ȸɅȂǝǠȦȱǟ ƙǲǪǶƫǟ ǿǠǤǱǙȿ ǒǠȢȱɌȱ ǦȲǣǠȩ ǧǟǼȺȅ ȳǟǼǺǪȅǟ

ǦȽǟƕȱǟȿ ǦɆȥǠȦȊȱǟ ǰȵǻ ȴǪɅ ǬɆƜ ÛȳǠȚȺȱǟ Ž ȷȁǟɀǩ ǻǠƶǙ Ž (ǯǠǲǪǵɍǟ ǦɆȲȶȝ ǧǠȪȦȹ ȰĉȶǶǪǣ ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǠǣ.ǦɆȝǠȶǪǱɍǟ ǼǝǟɀȦȱǟ ȂɅȂȞǩ ȼǩǟǽ Ǩȩɀȱǟ Žȿ ÛǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ ȳǠȚȹ Ž

ǠȾȞȑȿ ȴǪɅ ɁȀǹǕ ǧǟǿǻǠǤȵ ȫǠȺȽ ÛȜǤȖȱǠǣ .ǥȀȉǠǤȵ ǦȪɅȀȖǩ ȴǪǩ ɍ ǿǠǭɇǟ ȻǾȽ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ȷǕ Ǵȑǟɀȱǟ ȸȵ ǧǟǿǻǠǤȵ ɃǕ) ȯȿɉǟ ȳǠȪƫǟ Ž ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȫɀȲȆȱǠǣ ǧǟǒǟȀȡɋǟ ȯȿȂǩ ǬɆƜ ȳǠȚȺȱǟ ȰɅǼȞǪȱ ȿǕ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȝ țǻȀȲȱ

ȸȵ ȤɆȦǺǪȱǟ ɂȲȝ ǼȝǠȆǪȅ (ǦɆȥǠȦȊȱǟ ǥǻǠɅȁȿ ǥɀǱȀƫǟ ǰǝǠǪȺȱǠǣ ǦȖǤǩȀȵ Ȃȥǟɀǵ ǻǠƶǙȿ ǿǠȮǪǵɍǟ ȤɆȦơ.ȰȵǠȮȱǠǣ ǦɅɀȪȱǟ ǿǠǭɇǟ ȻǾȽ ǢȺƟ ȸȮƹ ɍ ÛȬȱǽ Ȝȵ ÛƾȒɅǕ ȀȉǠǤƫǟ Ƙȡ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǥ ĉǼǵȿ ǿǟȀȮǩ

ǡǠȪȞȱǟ ȸȵ ǧɎȥɋǟ ǦȥǠȪǭ ȴɆȖƠ ȷǕ ɄȽ ȴȾȺȽǽ Ž ǠȽǗǠȪǣǙ ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ǿǠǤȮȱǟ ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟ ɂȲȝ Ɣȱǟ ǦȖȪȺȱǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮƫ ǦɆǲɆǩǟȀǪȅǟ ǾɆȦȺǩ ǢȲȖǪɅȿ .ƾɅɀȩ ăǒǟȿǻ ǢȲȖǪɅ ǒǟȀȊȱǟ ǦɆȲȶȝ Ž ȴȚȺƫǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǠȽǼǱȿǕ Ɣȱǟ ƿǼɅǼǱ ƾȹȁǟɀǩ ȨȲơ ȷǕ ǠőǠɅɀǪȆȵ ȤȲǪǺƞ ǥȀȉǠǤƫǟ Ƙȡ ǿǠǭɇǟ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ǠȾȺȮƹ ƘǣǟǼǪȱǟ ȸȵ Ǧȝɀȶƭ ȨɆǤȖǩ

100101

ملحقملحق

ǿǠǤȮȱǟ ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟ ɂȲȝȿ ÛǥƘǤȭ ȷɀȮǩ ȷǕ ȸȮƹ ǥȀȉǠǤƫǟ Ƙȡ ǿǠǭɇǟ ȻǾƬ ǦɆȦƪǟ ǦȦȲȮǪȱǟ .ǒǟȀȊȱǟ ǦɆȲȶȝ Ž ǼȺȝ ı ǠȾȺȵ ǦɅǠȩɀȱǟ ɂȲȝ ȷɀȲȶȞɆȅ ǟɀȹɀȮɅ Ɓ ȷǙ ı ǿǠǭɇǟ ȻǾȽ ǻɀǱȿ ǟɀȭǿǼɅ ȷǕ Ȱȩɉǟ ɂȲȝ ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž

.ȴőǠɅǼȲǤȱ ȋǠƪǟ Ȝȑɀȱǟ Ȝȵ ǢȅǠȺǪǩ ǬɆƜ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ǧǟǿǻǠǤȵ ȸȵ ǦɆǲɆǩǟȀǪȅǟ ȴɆȶȎǩ

مالحظات ختامية

ȷǕ ȸȮƹ ÝȼȲȞȦɅ ȷǕ ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ Ž ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ǦɅǠȩɀȱǠǣ ȴǪȾȵ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ƘǤȭ ȯȿǘȆȵ ɂȲȝ ɃǾȱǟ Ǡȵ ÛƿǽǙ ȷǕ ǦȶȾǤƫǟ ǧǠȦȍǟɀȶȲȱ ȸȮƹ ÛȯǠǮƫǟ ȰɆǤȅ ɂȲȝ .ȐȞǤȱǟ ǠȾȒȞǣ Ȝȵ ǦȑǿǠȞǪȵ ǦɆȅǠɆȆȱǟ ǧǠȦȍɀȱǟ ȿǼǤǩ ǧǠȦȍǟɀƫǟ ȸȮȱ ÛǧǟǒǠȖȞȱǟ ȸȵ ȰǝǠȽ ǻǼȝ ƇǼȪǩ ȳǠȵǕ ȯǠǲƫǟ ǴǪȥ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ǦɅǿǟǻɋǟ ȤɆȱǠȮǪȱǟ ǼɅȂǩ ǳǠȶȆȱǟ ȷǕ Ǡȶȭ .ȰȾȅǕ ǘȕǟɀǪȱǟ ȰȞƟȿ ǧǟǒǠȖȞȱǟ ȸȵ ƿǼǱ ȰɆȲȩ ǻǼȝ ɂȲȝ ĉɍǙ ȰȎƠ ɍ Ǽȩ ǥǼɅǼȊȱǟ Ž ȓǟȀȥɋǟ ȸȮȱ ÛǥǒǠȦȮȱǟ ƙȆƠ ƂǙ ɃǻǘɅ Ǽȩ ǦȍǠǹ ǧǠȵɀȲȞȵ ȫǿǠȊǩ ɂȲȝ ȴȽǿǠǤǱǙ ȿǕ ƙȎȩǠȺȶȲȱ

ȰȲȪǩ ȷǕ ǥȀȉǠǤƫǟ Ƙȡ ǿǠǭɈȱ ȸȮƹȿ .ȨǣǠȆȱǟ Ž ǠȾɆȥ ƿǻɀǱɀȵ ȸȮɅ Ɓ ǢȹǟɀǱ Ž ǘȕǟɀǪȱǟ ȰȾȆɅ Ǽȩ Ȭȱǽ Ž ǥǼɅǼƨǟ ǧǟǿɀȖǪȱǟ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ ȷǚȥ ÛȬȱǽ ƂǙ ǦȥǠȑɋǠǣ .ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ǼǶȲȱ ǦȪǤȖƫǟ ǧǟǿǻǠǤƫǟ ǥǒǠȦȭ ȸȵ ǦɆȵǠȺȱǟ ȯȿǼȱǟ Ž ǠőƘȚȹ ȸȵ ǦȵǼȪǪƫǟ ȯȿǼȱǟ Ž ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǠǣ ǦȲȍ ȀǮȭǕ ȷɀȮǩ Ǽȩ Ɣȱǟȿ - ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ƙǣ ȂɆɆȶǪȱǟ Ž ȸȶȮǩ Ɣȱǟ ǦȲȍǖǪƫǟ ǦȲȮȊƫǟ ȬȱǾȭ ȫǠȺȽȿ .ɄȪɆȪƩǟ ƁǠȞȱǟ ȰǹǼǩ ƙƩ ǦǣǟǾǱ ȿǼǤǩ Ǽȩ -

.ƾɅǻǠȎǪȩǟ ǦɅǼƭ Ƙȡ ǦȕǠȆǤǣ ɄȽ Ɣȱǟ ȬȲǩȿ ǥǼȅǠȦȱǟ ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ

ȰȮǣ ǦȍǠƪǟ ȣȿȀȚȱǟ Ȱș Ž ǦȍǠǹ ÛǦǣǿǠȒǪȵ ǧǠȦȍȿ ǠŒǕ ȿǼǤɅ Ǡȵ ƙǣ ȔǣȀȱǟ ǢȞȎȱǟ ȸȵ ȷɀȮɅ Ǽȩ ǒǠȅǗǿ ȸȮȱ ÛǧɍǠƩǟ ȜɆƤ ɂȲȝ ȨǤȖȺǩ ȷǕ ȸȮƹ Ɣȱǟ ƘǣǟǼǪȱǟ ȸȵ ǥǼǵǟȿ Ǧȝɀȶƭ ǼǱɀǩ ɍ ÛȜǤȖȱǠǣ .ǦɅǼȲǣ ǼȞǣ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ƂǙ ȷɀȲȎɅ ȴȚȺƫǟ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ɂȲȝ ƎȭǕ ȳɀǲȽ ȸȵ ǒȂǲȭ ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ ǦƨǠȞƫ ȷȿǼȞǪȆƫǟ ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȸȵȿ .ȀȊȝ ȜǣǠȆȱǟ ȜǣȀƫǟ Ž ǥǻǿǟɀȱǟ ȬȲǩ ǦȍǠǹ ÛǡǠǪȮȱǟ ǟǾȽ Ž ǦȺĉɆǤƫǟ ǧǟɀȖƪǟ ǟȿǾơǟ Ǽȩ ǟɀȹɀȮɅ ȷǕ

ȴɆɆȪǩ ǒǟȀǱǙȿ ÛǦɅǼȲǣ ȰȮǣ ȋǠƪǟ ȜȑɀȲȱ (ȜǣǟȀȱǟ ȜǣȀƫǟ Ž ȸĉɆǤƫǟ) ǧǠȅǠɆȆȱǟ ȰɆȲƠ Ȱȶȝ ǿǠȕǙ ȨɆǤȖǩ ȯɎǹ ǠȽǾɆȦȺǪǣ ǒǼǤȱǟȿ ǦȶȚȹɉǟ ɂȲȝ ȂȭȀǩ ǦɆǲɆǩǟȀǪȅǟ ȴɆȶȎǩȿ Û(ȀȊȝ ɃǻǠƩǟ ȜǣȀƫǟ ǳȀǪȪɅ Ǡȶȭ) ǻǠȆȦȲȱ ǦɆȲǣǠȪȲȱ

ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟ ǿǠǤȭ ȷǚȥ Û(¬ǼɆȱǟ ȯȿǠȺǪȵ Ž Ɣȱǟ ȼȭǟɀȦȱǟ¼ ȤȖȩ ȿǕ ¬ƘǤȮȱǟ ȬȶȆȱǟ ɄȲȩ¼ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ Ǡƞǿ) ȯǠƭ Ž ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮƫ ǦȶǝɎƫǟ ǧǟǿǻǠǤƫǟ ȯɀǵ ǦȶȾȵ ǧǠȵɀȲȞȵ ǟɀǤȆǪȭǟ Ǽȩ ȷɀȹɀȮɆȅ ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž

.ƘǤȭ ȬƧ ɂȲȝ ɃɀǪƷ ȿǕ ǼɆȱǟ ȯȿǠȺǪȵ Ž ȼȭǟɀȥ ɂȲȝ ƾȒɅǕ ȰȶǪȊɅ Ǽȩ ɃǾȱǟȿ ÛǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ

ɂȲȝ ȰȶȞȱǟ ǟȿǕǼǣ Ǽȩ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ǿǠǤȮȱǟ ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟ ȸȵ ȻƘȡȿ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȄɆǝǿ ȷɀȮɆȅ ÛȬȱǽ ƂǙ ǦȥǠȑɋǠǣ ƙȲȽǘƫǟ ȋǠǺȉɉǟ Ȝȑȿ ȷǠȶȑ ȰǱǕ ȸȵ ı ȂȥǟɀƩǟȿ ǧǔȥǠȮƫǟ ǦȍǠǹ ı ǦɆȹǼƫǟ ǦȵǼƪǟ ȳǠȚȹ ǦȆȅǖȵ

ȷɀȮɆȅ ÛȌȺȱǟ Ž ƾȪǣǠȅ ǠȹȀȭǽ Ǡȶȭȿ .ǦɆȆɆǝȀȱǟ ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ ǢȍǠȺȵ Ž ǦǶɆǶȎȱǟ ȜȥǟȿǼȱǟ Ƀȿǽ ɃǾȱǟ ȨɅȀȦȱǟ Ž ı ǦȕȀȊȱǟ ǦȍǠǹ ı ȷɀȹǠȪȱǟ ȨɆǤȖǩ ǧǠȖȲȅ ǟɀȭȀȉǕ Ǽȩ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ǿǠǤȮȱǟ ȷɀȱȿǘȆƫǟ

.ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ Ž ǻǠȆȦȲȱ ɁĉǼȎǪɆȅ

ȯǠƵɋǟ ȸȵ ǷǠȺȵȿ ǦȦɆȞȑ ǦɆȕǟȀȪƹǻ ǧǠȆȅǘȵȿ ąȀȊǪȆȵ ǻǠȆȥ ɂȲȝ ȰȶǪȊǩ ǦɆǝǠȺǮǪȅǟ Ȥȩǟɀȵ Ž ÛȜǤȖȱǠǣ ǦɅȂȭȀȵɎȱǟ ȣȀȎǪȱǟ ǦɅȀǵ ǥȀȮȥ ǦǣȀƟ ǦɆȽǠȥǿ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ǿǠǤȮȱǟ ƙȱȿǘȆƫǟ ɁǼȱ ȷɀȮɅ ȸȱ ÛǼɆȶƩǟ

ȤɆȱǠȮǪȱǠȥ ÛȳǠȚȺȱǟ Ž ȷȁǟɀǩ ǻǠƶɋ ǦɅǼɆȲȪǩ ȀǮȭǕ ǦȶȚȹǕȿ Ǽȝǟɀȩ ȨɆǤȖǩ ǦɅǟǼǤȱǟ Ž ȳȂȲɆȅ ǬɆǵ ÛǥǼɅǼƨǟ ǟǾȽ Žȿ .ȣȀȎǪȱǟ ǦɅȀǵ ȸȵ ǼɅȂƫǠǣ ǳǠȶȆȲȱ ǦȲȶǪǶƫǟ ȤɆȱǠȮǪȱǠǣ ǦȹǿǠȪȵ ǥƘȢȍ ȷɀȮǪȅ ǦɆȕǟȀȩȿƘǤȱǟ

ăɎȾȅȿ ȂȥǟɀƩǟ ɂȲȝ ƾȶǝǠȩȿ ăɍǻǠȝ ȷɀȮɅ ǦɆȹǼƫǟ ǦȵǼƪǟ Ž ƗȾƫǟ ǿɀȖǪȲȱ ȳǠȚȹ ȀɅɀȖǩ ȁƎɅ ÛɁɀȎȪȱǟ ǦȱǠƩǟ ȀɅɀȖǩ ɂȲȝ ǡǿǠǲǪȱǟ ȷǕ ĉɍǙ ÛǦȖɆȆǣ ǦɅǿǟǻɋǟ ǧǟǿǠȾƫǟ ȷǕ Ȝȵȿ .ǦɆƵɉǟ Ž ǦɅǠȡ ǥɀȖǺȭ ȴȾȦȱǟ ɂȲȝ

čĐ.ɁɀȎȩ ǦɅɀȱȿǕ ȨǶǪȆǩ Ǡŏ ǦȖǤǩȀƫǟ ȂȥǟɀƩǟȿ ǒǟǻɊȱ ǧǟȀȉǘȵ

ǧǟǿǠɆƪǠǣ ǦȶǝǠȩ Ȝȑȿ ɂȲȝ ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǒǠȅǗǿ ǥǼȝǠȆƫ ǥǼɆȦȵ ȨɅȀȕ ǦȕǿǠǹ ȨǶȲƫǟ Ž ȯȿɉǟ ȜǣȀƫǟ ȳǼȪɅ:ɄȲɅ Ǡȵ ǦɆȆɆǝȀȱǟ ȓȿȀȊȱǟ /ǧǟƘȢǪƫǟ ƙǣ ȸȵȿ .ȴőǠɅǼȲǤȱ ǼɅȀȦȱǟ Ȝȑɀȱǟ ǢȅǠȺǪȱ ǦȶȶȎƫǟ ǦɅǼɆȲȪǪȱǟ

ȃɀȶȲȵ ǒɄȉ ɀȽ ȰȽ ÝǧǠȹǠɆǣ ǥǼȝǠȩ ȿǕ ǰȵǟȀǣ ǦȵȂǵ ȿǕ ǧǟǼȞȵ ǦȞȖȩ ǰǪȺƫǟ ȰȽ :ǰǪȺƫǟ țɀȹ ï Ǡƞǿ ȿǕ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȸȝ ǦǣǠɆȹ ǼȾȞǪƫǟ ǠȾɅǻǘɅ ǦȵǼǹ ǰǪȺƫǟ ȰȽ ȳǕ ÝǼȪȞȱǟ ȳǠƢɋ ǦɅǼȲǤȲȱ ȼȶɆȲȆǩ ȴǪɅ

ȌǝǠȎǹ ȸȵ ȴɆɆȪǪȱǟ ɂȲȝ ȰȾȅǕ ǧǟǼȞȶȲȱ ǥǻɀƨǟ ȌǝǠȎǹ ȷɀȮǩ ǥǻǠȞȱǟ ɄȦȥ ÝǠȾȥǟȀȉǙ ǨƠ ǠȵǼȺȝ ƎȭǕ ȷɀȮǩ ȷȁǟɀǪȵ ɁɀǪȆȵ ƂǙ ǦɆȆȥǠȺǪȱǟ ǧǠȎȩǠȺƫǟ ȯɀȍȿ ȯǠȶǪǵǟ ȷǕ Ǡȶȭ .ǧǠȵǼƪǟ

.ȃɀȶȲȵ ǰǪȺƞ Ȁȵɉǟ ȨȲȞǪɅ ƆǼǪȵ ɃǻǠȝ ǰǪȺȵ ɀȽ ȰȽ ȳǕ ÝƾɆȺȪǩ ǦɅǠȢȲȱ ǬɅǼǵȿ ȀȮǪǤȵ ǰǪȺƫǟ ȰȽ :ǰǪȺȶȲȱ ƗȪǪȱǟ ɁɀǪǶƫǟ ï ɁǼǶǪǩ Ɣȱǟ ǧǠɆȺȪǪȲȱ ǢǵǠȎƫǟ ȬȊȱǟ ȷǙ .ɃǻǠȞȱǟ ȫɎȾǪȅɎȱ ǦȶȶȎƫǟ ǧǠǲǪȺƫǟ ȰǮȵ ǦɆȺȪǪȱǟ ǦɆȱǠƫǟ ȴɆȪȱǟ ǧǟǽ ǻɀȪȞȱǟ Ž ǦȍǠǹ ÛǦȥȁǠǲƫǟ ɄȉǠƠ ƂǙ ƾɆǝǠȪȲǩ ǧǠȭȀȊȱǟ ȜȥǼɆȅ ǦȥȀȞƫǟ ǻȿǼǵ

ȀȕǠǺƫǟ ȰȭǠȊȵ ǢȺǲǪǩȿ ǦǶȑǟȿ Ȃȥǟɀǵ ɂȲȝ ȘȥǠƠ Ɣȱǟ ǻɀȪȝ ǦȡǠɆȍ ȸȮȱ .ǦȶǺȒȱǟ .ǢȞȍǕ ƎǪȞćǩ ǦɆȩɎǹɉǟ

ǠȾȲȊȥ ȿǕ ǒǟȀȊȱǟ ǦɆȲȶȝ ǳǠƱ ȸȵ ǼȭǖǪȱǟ ȸȮƹ ȰȽ :ȃǠɆȪȲȱ ǒǟȀȊȱǟ ǦɆȲȶȝ ǳǠƱ /ǰǝǠǪȹ ǦɆȲǣǠȩ ï ÝǠȾǪȞɆǤȕ Ž ɄȎǺȊȱǟ ǿɀȚȺȶȲȱ ǦȞȑǠǹȿ ǦɆȝɀȹ ɄȽ ȰȽ ȳǕ ÝȃǠɆȪȲȱ ȰǣǠȩ ȿǕ ǴɅȀȍ ȰȮȊǣ

ÛǦȞȩɀǪƫǟ ȼǪȦȲȮǩȿ ȼǩǻɀǱ ȴɆɆȪǩ ȰȾȅɉǟ ȸȵ ȷɀȮɅ ÛȴȾȦȱǟ ɂȲȝ ăɎȾȅȿ ƾɅǻǠȝ ǰǪȺƫǟ ȷǠȭ ǠȶȲȮȥ .ǼȪȞȱǟ ǦɆȩǠȦǩǟ Ž ȂȥǟɀƩǟ ǥɀȩ ȂɅȂȞǩ ȷǠȮȵɋǠǣ ǴǤȎɅȿ

ȤȺȎȱǟ ȿǕ ǥǻǠƫǟ ȻǾƬ ǒǟȀȉ ǧǠɆȲȶȝ ǒǟȀǱǚǣ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ ȳɀȪǩ ȰȽ :ǒǟȀȊȱǟ ǧǠɆȲȶȝ ǿǟȀȮǩ ɁǼȵ ï ȫǿǠȊǩ ȸɅȀȵǔǪƫǟ ɂȲȝ ȸȮȶƫǟ ȸȵ ȰȞƟ ǥǿȀȮǪƫǟ ǒǟȀȊȱǟ ǧǠɆȲȶȞȥ Ýɍ ȳǕ ǿȀȮǪȵ ȰȮȊǣ ǻǟɀƫǟ ȸȵ

.Ǩȩɀȱǟ Ȝȵ ǧǟǒǠȖȞȱǠǣ ȁɀȦȱǟ ɂȲȝ ǡȿǠȺǪȱǟȿ ǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǟ ȏǿǠȞǪǩ ǦɅǿǠȮǪǵɍǟ ǦȖȲȆȱǠȥ ÝǼǵǟȿ Ǡƞǿ ȿǕ ÛǦȲȩ ȿǕ ȀǮȭ ȴȽ ȰȽ :ƙȲȶǪǶƫǟ ȸɅǼȾȞǪƫǟ ǻǼȝ ï

.ǦȆȥǠȺƫǟ ǥȀȮȥ Ȝȵ ǦȹȿȀȵ Ȝȶȥ Ýȼȝɀȹ ȸȵ ǼɅȀȥ ɀȽ ȰȽ ȳǕ ǰǪȺƫǟ ǟǾƬ ȰǝǟǼǣ ȫǠȺȽ ȰȽ :ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ǢȲȖȱǟ ǦȹȿȀȵ ï

.ǿǠȞȅɉǟ ȀɅǼȪǪȱ ǦȍȀȥ ȸɅǻǿɀƫǟ ɁǼȱ ȷɀȮɅ Ǽȩ ÛǢȲȖȱǟ ɂȲȝ ăǒǠȺǣ ǒǠȪǩǿɍǟ ǦɆȹǠȮȵǙ ɂȲȝ ȰȶǪȊɅȿ ǿɀȖǪȵ ȳǠȚȺȱǟ ȰȽ :ǦɆȹǼƫǟ ǦȵǼƪǟ Ž ƗȾƫǟ ȳǠȚȺȱǟ ï ɀȽ ȰȽ ȳǕ ÝǥȀȅɉǟ ǧǠǱǠɆǪǵǟ ǦɆǤȲǪȱ ɄȦȮɅ Ǡƞ ȂȥǟɀƩǟ ɂȲȝ ǦȶǝǠȩ ǳǠǣǿǕȿ ǿɀǱǕȿ ǥǿǟǼƨǟ

ǧǔȥǠȮȵȿ ǿɀǱǕ ɂȲȝ ȰȶǪȊɅȿ ÛǦȦɆșɀȱǟ Ž ǒǠȪǤȱǟ ǥǼȵ ɂȲȝ ȴǝǠȩȿ ÛŽǠȮȱǟ ȰȮȊȱǠǣ Ȱ ĉȎȦȵ Ƙȡ ɄȦɆșɀȱǟ ǿɀȖǪȱǟ ȳǠȚȺȥ ÝǦɅɀȱȿǕ ǦɆȪȥɉǟ ǦȱǟǼȞȱǟ ƎǪȞɅȿ ÛƇȀȮȱǟ ȈɆȞȱǟ ɁɀǪȆȵ ȨȪƠ ɍ ȿǕ ǦɆȹǼǪȵ ǒǟǻɉǟ ƙǣ ȔǣȀɅ ɍȿ ǦɆȹǼǪȵ ǿɀǱǕ ɂȲȝ ȷɀȦșɀƫǟ ȼɆȥ ȰȎƷ ɃǾȱǟȿ ÛǴȑǟȿ ȰȮȊǣ ȰȎȦƫǟ Ƙȡ ƂǙ ɃǻǘɆȅ ȼȹǕ Ǡȶȭ ÛƾȍɎǹǙ ǦɆȹǼƫǟ ǦȵǼƪǟ ɄȦșɀȵ ȀǮȭǕ ɁǼȱ Ɠǵ ǧǟǒǟȀȡǙ ǼĉȱɀɅ ÛȀǱɉǟȿ ǟǾȽ Ž ǧǠǵɎȍɋǟ ȷǚȥ ȬȱǾȱ .ɁȀǹǕ ȸȭǠȵǕ Ž ȤǝǠșȿ ȸȝ ǦǤȽɀȵ ȋǠǺȉɉǟ ȀǮȭǕ ǬƜ

.ǦȪǣǠȅ ȳǠȆȩǕ Ž ǡǠǪȮȱǟ ǟǾȽ ǳȀǪȪɅ Ǡȶȭ ÛǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ǦɅǠȩɀȱǟ Ž ǦɅǿɀƮ ƎǪȞćǩ ȯǠǲƫǟ ÝǦȲȖȞȵ ȿǕ ǥǻɀǱɀȵ Ƙȡ ɄȽ ȰȽ ȳǕ ÝǦȱǠȞȥȿ ǥȀȊǪȺȵ ǦɆȕǟȀȪƹǼȱǟ ǧǠȆȅǘƫǟ ȰȽ :ǦɆȶȭǠƩǟ ǿǠȕǙ Ļ

.ǦɅɀȑɀȥ ȣȿȀș Ž ȀȽǻȂǩ ȷǕ ȸȮƹ ɍ ǦȦɅȀȊȱǟ ǦȆȥǠȺƫǠȥ Ž ƾɆǤȆȹ ƿƘȢȍ ƿǿȿǻ ȳǠȞȱǟ țǠȖȪȱǟ ǢȞȲɅ ȰȽ :ȰȝǠȥ ɃǻǠȎǪȩǟ ȣȀȖȭ ȳǠȞȱǟ țǠȖȪȱǟ ȁȿȀǣ Ļ

ɃǻǠȎǪȩɍǟ ȓǠȊȺȱǟ ȳǠȞȱǟ țǠȖȪȱǟ ȳĉȂȪɅ ȰȽ ȳǕ ÝǦȖɆǶƫǟ ǦȪȖȺƫǟȿ ǦɅǼȲǤȱǟ Ž ɃǻǠȎǪȩɍǟ ȓǠȊȺȱǟ Ǽȩ (Ǽǵǟȿ ɃȀǪȊȵ ǻɀǱȿ ǦȱǠǵ) ǿǠȮǶǪȅɎȱ ǦɆǝǟȀȊȱǟ ǥɀȪȱǠȥ ÝȋǠƪǟ țǠȖȪȱǟ Ž ȤɆșɀǪȱǟȿ

.ǦȱǠȞȥ Ȕǣǟɀȑ ǡǠɆȡ Ž ǻǠȆȦȱǟ Ǽĉȱɀǩ

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مالحظات

الفصل األول

1. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Symposium on Corruption and Good Governance, Paris, Session 3, March 13-14, 1995, p.2.2. Thomas D. Thacher II, “The New York City Construction Authority’s Office of the Inspector-General: A Successful New Strategy for Reforming Public Contracting in the Construction Industry,” unpublished case study, June 1995. ȻǿǠǤǪȝǠǣ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȀɅƎǩ ƂǙ ȰɆƢ ȸɅȀȊȞȱǟ ȷȀȪȱǟ ȸȵ ǧǠȺɆǪȆȱǟ Ž ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȯɀǵ ǧǠɆǣǻɉǟ ȐȞǣ ǨȹǠȭ .3 ȷɀȮǩ ǠȵǼȺȝ ȏȿȀȞȱǟ ƇǼȪǪȱ ǥɀȝǻ ȰǮȵ ȿǕ ǦǵɀȶȆȵ ȧǟɀȅɉǟ ȷɀȮǩ ɍ ǠȵǼȺȝ ȧɀȆȱǟ ȀȞȅ ȰǮȵ ƾǞɆȉ ȃǠȺȱǟ ȴȚȞȵ ǦɆǤɅȀǲǪȱǟȿ ǦɅȀȚȺȱǟ ǧǠȅǟǿǼȱǟ ǨȞȺȩǕ ÛƙƩǟ Ȭȱǽ ǾȺȵ .ǦǵǠǪȵ Ƙȡ ǦɆȕǟȀȪƹǻ ȀǮȭɉǟ ȰǤȆȱǟ Ɣȱǟ ǦȝǠȶǲȲȱ ƾȹǠɆǵǕ ǥǼɆȦȵ ǨȹǠȭ ȷǙȿ Ɠǵ ÛƾɆȅǠɆȅȿ ƾɅǻǠȎǪȩǟ ǦȦȲȮȵ ǼȅǠȦȱǟ ȫɀȲȆȱǟ țǟɀȹǕ ǦɆǤȱǠȡ ȷǖǣ

:ȀȚȹǟ ÛǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǟ ȸȵ ǼɅȂȶȲȱ .ǦȖȲȆȱǟ ŽRobert Klitgaard, Controlling Corruption (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1988), especially pp. 30-48.

:ȀȚȹǟ .4- Luis Moreno Ocampo, En Defensa Propia: Cómo Salir de la Corrupción (Buenos Aires: Editorial Sudamericana, 1993)- Herbert W. Werlin, “Understanding Corruption: Implications for World Bank Staff,” unpublished manuscript, August 1994.

:ȀȚȹǟ ÛȳǠȞȱǟ ǻǠȆȦȲȱ ȀǹǓ Ȥȍȿ ɂȲȝ țɎȕɎȱȿJean-François Bayart, L’État en Afrique: La politique du ventre (Paris : Fayard, 1989).5. Dipak Gyawali, “Structural Dishonesty: Corruption Culture in Public Works,” unpublished manuscript, 1994.6. John T. Noonan, Jr., Bribes (New York: Macmillan, 1985).7. Audit Commission, Protecting the Public Purse. Probity in the Public Sector: Com-bating Fraud and Corruption in Local Government (London: HMSQ, 1993), p. 3.8. Claudio Orrego, “Citizen Participation and the Strengthening of Accountability in Chile’s Municipal Governments,” unpublished manuscript, April 1995, p.5.

ǥǠǪȥ ǒǟɀȡǙȿ ɄȅǠɆȆȱǟ ȁǟȂǪǣɍǟ ȸȵ Ȱȭ ƂǙ ƘȊɅ corrumpere ĶǻǠȆȦȱǟķ ǦȶȲȮȱ ƗɆǩɎȱǟ ǿǾƨǟ .9.ǒǟǿǾȝ

10. Noonan, Bribes, pp. 599-600, 701-702. :ȀȚȹǟ ÛǥǼǶǪƫǟ ǧǠɅɍɀȱǟ Ž ǦȕȀȊȱǟ ǻǠȆȥ ȸȝ ǧǟǿȿǼȱǟ ȸȵ țɀȺȱǟ ǟǾȽ ȯɀǵ ǼɅȂȶȲȱ .11

- Lawrence Sherman, Scandal and Reform (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1979)- Milton Mollen et al., Commission Report: Commission to Investigate Allegations of Police Corruption and the Anti-Corruption Procedures of the Police Department (New York: City of New York, July 1994).

:Ž ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȸȵ ȌȲǺǪȱǟ ǦǣɀȞȎȱ ɃȀȚȹ ǯǽɀƴ ɂȲȝ țɎȕɍǟ ȸȮƹ ǠȶȭJean Tirole, “Persistence of Corruption,” IPR55, Working Paper Series (Washington, D.C.: Institute for Policy Reform, October, 1992).12. Amitai Etzioni, “The Fight against Fraud and Abuse,” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 2, no. 4 (Fall 1982).

:ȀȚȹǟ .13Accountability and Transparency in International Economic Development: The Launching of Transparency International in Berlin, May 1993, ed. Fredrik Galtung (Berlin: German Foundation for International Development and Transparency Inter-national, 1994).

الفصل الثاني

:ȸȵ ǧǠȦȖǪȪȵ .ČSecond Report of the Commission of Enquiry under Sir Alistair Blair-Kerr (Hong Kong, 1973).

2. Klitgaard, Controlling Corruption, p. 100.

3. Frank Anechiarico and James B. Jacobs, The Pursuit of Absolute Integrity: How Corruption Control Makes GovernmentIneffective. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.

Ž ǠȾȑȀȝ Ź Ɣȱǟ ǦɆȱǠǪȱǟ Ǧȩǿɀȱǟ ȀȚȹǟ ÛȠȹɀȭ ȠȹɀȽ ȼǪȪȪǵ ɃǾȱǟ ȳǼȪǪȱǟ ȯɀǵ ǼɅȂƫǟ ɂȲȝ țɎȕɎȱ .ď Čď-ČČ ƙǣ ɃǟȿǠȽ ÛɀȱɀȱɀȹɀȽ Ž ǦɅɀɆȅɇǟ ǧǠȅǟǿǼȱǟ ǦȆȅǘƫ ƙȞǣǿɉǟȿ ȸȵǠǮȱǟ ɃɀȺȆȱǟ țǠȶǪǱɍǟ

:ČĔĔđ ȷǠȆɆȹ “Policy Instruments and Political Context: Transforming a Culture of Corruption in Hong Kong”

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ǿɀȵǖǣ ȨȲȞǪȵ ǻǠȆȦȱǠȥ .ǳȀȖȱǟȿ Ȝȶƨǟ ǥȀȮȦǣ ȨȲȞǪɅ ǠȶɆȥ ǦȍǠǹȿ ÛɄǵǟɀȺȱǟ ȸȵ ƘǮȮȱǟ Ž ǦɅȁǠƭ ǦȱǻǠȞƫǟ .Đ ɁǼȱ ȣȀȎǪȱǟ ǦɅȀǵ ȴǲǵȿ ǿǠȮǪǵɍǟ ǦǱǿǼǣ ȨȲȞǪɅ ǠȶɆȥ ǦɆǣǠƶǙ "ǦɆǝȂǱ ǧǠȪǪȊȵ" ǻɀǱȿ Ȝȵ ÛǥƘǮȭ ǥǻǼȞǪȵ ǧǟƘȢǪƫǟ ȻǾȽ ȸȵ ǥǼǵǟȿ Ȱȭ ȷǕ Ǡƞȿ .ǦȱǒǠȆƫǠǣ ȨȲȞǪɅ ǠȶɆȥ ǦɆǤȲȅ ǦɆǝȂǱ ǧǠȪǪȊȵȿ ÛƙȱȿǘȆƫǟ

.ȔȪȥ ɃȀɅǼȪǩ ɄȑǠɅȀȱǟ ȼɆǤȊǪȱǟ ȷǚȥ ÛǦȩɀǭɀȵ ȄɆɅǠȪȵ ǼǱɀɅ ɍ ȼȹǕ Ǡƞȿ ǻǠȞǣɉǟ

ǟلفصل الثالث

1. Francisco Ramírez Torres, Los Delitos Económicos en los Negocios (Managua : Tallares de Don Bosco, 1990), pp. 22-26, 40-50.

ǧǠȚǵɎȵ ɂȲȝ ɃɀǪƷ ɍ الفصل الرابع

الفصل اخلامس

ǦȪǤȆƫǟ ȓȿȀȊȱǠǣ ǦɆȱǠǮȵ ǦȶǝǠȩ ȷǠƹǠȽ ǢɆȲɆȥ ǿɀȆɆȥȿƎȱǟ ĉǼȝǕ ÝǠȾȪɆȆȺǩ Ǣƶ Ɣȱǟ ǧǟǿǼȪȱǟ ɄȽ Ǡȵ .Č:ɄȲɅ Ǡȶȭ ǠȾǪȡǠɆȍ ǥǻǠȝǙ ȸȮƹ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮƫ ǦȲȶƩ

ǥƎƪǟȿ ǦɆȺȦȱǟ ǧǟǿǠȾƫǟ ȸȵ ȔɆȲǹ ɂȲȝ ɃɀǪƠ ǦȎȎǺǪȵ ǧǟǼǵȿ ȴɆȶȎǩ Ǣƶ :ɄȲǹǟǻ ȈɆǪȦǩ ǧǟǼǵȿ.ȳɉǟ ǦȆȅǘƫǠǣ ǦȍǠƪǟ ǦɆȦɆșɀȱǟ ǧǠǱǠɆǪǵɍǟ ǢȅǠȺǪȱ ȰȶȞȱǟ ȂɆȭȀǩȿ

ÛǦȺɆǪȵ ȷɀȮǩ ȷǕ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ǠɅǠȒȪȱ ǠȹǻǿǕ ȷǙ ƾɅǿɀƮ ȷɀȹǠȪȱǟ ȨɆǤȖǩ ƎǪȞćɅ :ǦȎȎǺǪȵ ǦȕȀȉ ǧǟǼǵȿ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ǧǠȪɆȪƠ ȴȚȞƫ ɁǼƫǟ ǦȲɅɀȕ ǦȞɆǤȖȱǟ ȰǮȵ ǿɀȵǖȥ .ǦȶȮƮ ƂǙ ǠȾȞȥǿ ȷǠȮȵɋǠǣ ȷɀȮɅ ȷǕ ɃǕ ǦȅǠȆƩǟȿ ǦɆȲȦȖǪȱǟ ǦȞɆǤȖȱǟȿ ÛǦɆǝǠȺǱ ǦȶȭǠƮ Ž ǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǟ ȳǟǼǺǪȅǟ ȸȵ ȸȮȶǪȱǟ ȓǟȀǪȉǟȿ ÛǻǠȆȦȱǟ

ȸȵ ȰȞƟ ǠȾȞɆƤ ÛǦǮɅǼƩǟ ȴǝǟȀǲȲȱ ǦɆȱǠȞȱǟ ǦɆȺȦȱǟ ǦȞɆǤȖȱǟȿ ÛǥǻǼƮ ǦɆǶȑ ǠȾɆȥ ǼǱɀɅ ɍ Ɣȱǟ ǧǠȪɆȪǶǪȲȱ.ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ǢɆȱǠȅǕ ɂȲȝ ȴȾǤɅǿǼǩȿ ǦȕȀȊȱǟ ȤɆȪǮǩ ǾĉǤǶƫǟ

ɂȲȝ ȷǚȥ ÛǥǼȅǠȦȱǟ ǧǠȕǠȊȺȱǟ ɂȲȝ ǡȀƩǟ Ž ȃǠȺȱǟ ǿǠȎȹǕ ȴȽǿǠǤǪȝǠǣ :ȷȿǿǻǠȩȿ ȷɀȾɅȂȹ ȷɀȵǠȝ ȷɀȝǼȵ ȷɀȹǠȪȱǟ ǯǿǠǹ ȷɀȲȶȞɅ ȸɅǾȱǟ ȋǠǺȉɊȱ ȴȾǪȱǟ ȼɆǱɀǩ Ž ƙɆȝɀȑɀȵȿ ȸɅȀȽǠȵ ǟɀȹɀȮɅ ȷǕ ƙȵǠȞȱǟ ƙȝǼƫǟ ȃǠȺȱǟ ȀȚȹ Ž ȼȲȶȭǖǣ ɄȅǠɆȆȱǟ ȳǠȚȺȱǟ ǦȱǟǼȝȿ ǦɆȩǟǼȎȵ ȷɀȮǩ ÛǥǻǠȞȱǟ Žȿ .ǦɆȎǺȉ ǢȅǠȮȵ ȨɆȪǶǪȱ

.ȼȪɅȀȥȿ ȳǠȞȱǟ ɄȝǼƫǠǣ ǦȪȲȞȵ

ɄȲȩ"øǣ ȨȲȞǪɅ ǠȶɆȥ ǦȍǠǹȿ .ǦɆǝǠȺƨǟ ǠɅǠȒȪȱǟ Ž Ƙǹɉǟ ȴȮƩǟ ɀȽ ɄǝǠȒȪȱǟ ȳǠȚȺȱǟ :ǼɆǱ ȴȭǠƮ ȳǠȚȹ Ž ȀȚȺȱǟ Ž ăɍǠȞȥȿ ȼǩǠȅǠɆȅ Ž ăɎȪǪȆȵȿ ȼȵǠȮǵǕ Ž ƾɅǻǠɆǵ ȷɀȮɅ ȷǕ ȳǠȚȺȱǟ ɂȲȝ ȷǚȥ Û"ƘǤȮȱǟ ȬȶȆȱǟ

.ǦȱɀȪȞȵ ǦȦȲȮǩȿ ǦɆȪȖȺȵ ǦɆȺȵȁ ǥǼȵ Ž ǠɅǠȒȪȱǟ

:ǿǼȎƫǟPhilip Heymann, “Dealing with Corruption: The United States as an Example,” unpub-lished paper, Harvard Law School, 1995.

ȻǾȽ ȷɀȮǩ ȷǕ Ʉȝǟǻ ɍ .ǦɆǱǿǠǹ ȈɆǪȦǩ ǥǼǵȿ :ɀȽȿ ÛȨǤȅ Ǡȵ ƂǙ ȄȵǠǹ ȨǤȆȵ ȓȀȉ ǦȥǠȑǙ ǠȺȺȮƹ Ǡȵ ǧǠȎȎǺǪȱǟ ǥǻǼȞǪȵ ǧǟȿǻɉǟ ȸȵ ȬȲǪƢȿ ǦȆȅǘƫǟ ȸȝ ǦȲȪǪȆȵȿ ǦȲȎȦȺȵ ȷɀȮǩ ȷǕ ȴȾƫǟ ÛǥƘǤȭ ǦȶȚȺƫǟ

.ǥǼȅǠȦȱǟ ǧǠȕǠȊȺȲȱ ƾɆȥǠȑǙ ƾǶǤȮȵ Ȱ ĉȮȊǪȱ ǠȾȲȽǘɅ

ǨȹǠȭ ÛǦɆȪɆȆȺǪȱǟ ǦȺǲȲȱǟ ȸȝ ăɎȪǪȆȵ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮƫ ƾȍǠǹ ƾǤǪȮȵ ɎɅȿƕȥ ǧǖȊȹǕ ÛČĔĔĐ ȳǠȝ Ž .č.ȤɆȪǮǪȱǟ ȿǼǤɅ Ǡȵ ɂȲȝ ȼȱ ǦɆȆɆǝȀȱǟ ǦɅǠȢȱǟ

3. De Frente Al Pais: Programa Presidencial de Lucha Contra la Corrupción (Santafé de Bogotá, Colombia: Presidencia de la República, 1999).

4. Marta Altolaguirre, “Cuando Sucede…” La Prensa (Guatemala City), Feb. 22, 1990.(ǦɅȂɆȲƱɋǟ ǦǺȆȺȱǟ ɀȦȱǘȵ ǦɆȹǠǤȅɋǟ ȸȵ ȯǠȪƫǟ ǦƤȀǪǣ ȳǠȩ)

5. Peter Williams, “Concept of an Independent Organisation to Tackle Corruption,” October 1983, p.23(ǦȶȍǠȞȱǟ ȸȖȺȉǟȿ Ž ǧǠȵɀȮƩǟ Ǽȑ ǦɅǻǠȎǪȩɍǟ ǦƹȀƨǟȿ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȯɀǵ ƃȿǼȱǟ ȀƢǘƫǟ Ž ǠȾȑȀȝ Ź Ǧȩǿȿ)

6. Heymann, “Dealing with Corruption: The United States as an Example,” p. 14.

7. Robert C. Marshall and Michael J. Meurer, “Should Bid Rigging Always Be an Anti-trust Violation?” unpublished manuscript, June 1995, p. 59.

.ČĔēč ȳǠȝ Ž ǠȹɎǣ Ȝȵ ǻǿǠȢǪɆȲȭ ǦȲǣǠȪȵ ȸȵ ȤȖǪȪȵ .ē

الفصل السادس

1.“Los paceños ya no creen en nadie,” Ultima Hora special report, Feb. 18, 1996, pp. 18-19. ȜǣǿǕ ȸȵ ǦȺȅ đĐ ƂǙ Čē ȸȅ ƙǣ Ǡȵ ƙȢȱǠǤȱ ȀȶȞȱǟ ǢȆǵ Ǧȝȁɀȵ ǦɆǝǟɀȊȝ ǦȺɆȝ ȳǟǼǺǪȅǠǣ țɎȖǪȅɍǟ Ź

.ǦȺɆȞȱǟ ȴǲǵ ƂǙ ǥǿǠȉɋǟ ȴǪɅ Ɓ .¬ɂȖȅɀȱǟ ǦȪǤȖȱǟ ȸȵȿ¼ ǦȺɅǼƫǟ Ž ȨȕǠȺȵ

2. The Asian Wall Street Journal, June 11, 1996, cited in Business Day, June 12, 1996, p. 12.

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3. Eugene Linden, “The Exploding Cities of the Developing World,” Foreign Affairs 75, no. 1 (January-February 1996): 63.

4. Bernardino Bravo, “Democracia: Antídoto frente a la corrupción?” Estudios Políti-cos, no. 52 (Primavera 1993): 229-308.

:ȀȚȹǟ .Đ- Robert Klitgaard, “Information and Incentives in Institutional Reform,” in Christo-pher Clague, ed., Institutions and Economic Development (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997)- Robert Klitgaard, “Institutional Adjustment and Adjusting to Institutions,” Discus-sion Paper no. 303 (Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, September 1995). ÛǦȶǝɎȵ ǧǠȹǠȶȑȿ ƘǣǟǼǩ ȀɅɀȖǪȱ ƘǤȭ Ɨȕȿ ǼȾǱ ȸȵ ǒǟǻɉǟ ƂǙ ǥǼȺǪȆƫǟ ǦɆȩȀǪȱǟȿ ǿɀǱɉǟ ǼɆȦǪȆǩ Ǡȶȭ .ǦɆȶȺǪȱǟȿ ɃǻǠȎǪȩɍǟ ȷȿǠȞǪȱǟ ǦȶȚȺȵ ȯȿǻ ȸȵ ǠȽƘȡȿ ǥǼǶǪƫǟ ǧǠɅɍɀȱǟ Ž ǦǮɅǼƩǟ ǧǟǿɀȖǪȱǟ ƘȊǩ Ǡȶȭ ȨɆȞǩ ǨȹǠȭ ȷǙ Ȭȱǽȿ ÛǡǿǠǲǪȱǟ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ǠȽȁȿǠƟ ȿǕ ǦɆȹǼƫǟ ǦȵǼƪǟ ǦȶȚȹǕ ƘɆȢǩ ǢǱɀǪɅ ÛƾȹǠɆǵǕȿ

.ǒǟǻɉǠǣ ȔǤǩȀƫǟ ȀǱɉǟ ǕǼǤȵ ȳǟǼǺǪȅǟ

امللحق

ȷǠȭ ȯǠǵ Ž ǦȵɀȮƩǟȿ ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ ȯȿǘȆȵ ƙǣ ȨȥǟɀǪȱǟ ȳǼȝ ǧɍǠǵ ȸȵ Ǧȝɀȶƭ ȯȿǕ ǫǼƠ Ǽȩ .Č ɂȎȩǕ ȨȪƠ ɍ ǧǟǿǟȀȩ ǽǠơɍ ȳǠȚȺȱǠǣ ǦȪȲȞǪȵ ȿǕ ǦɆȎǺȉ Ȃȥǟɀǵ ǢǤȆǣ ƾȝɀȥǼȵ ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ ȯȿǘȆȵ ǠȵǼȺȝ ǦȍǠǹ ÛǦȶɆȩ ǧǠȎȩǠȺƫǟ ƅǻǕ ǿǠɆǪǹǟ) ǦȦȲȮǪȱǟ ɂȲȝ ȔȪȥ ȂɆȭȀǪȱǟ ȷǕ Ǡȶȭ .ȳǠȞȱǟ ȻǠȥȀȱǟ ǧǠɅɀǪȆȵ

ÛǿǠǤǪȝɍǠǣ ǦȦȲȮǪȱǟ ǾǹǕ ȷȿǻ ǧǠǲǪȺƫǟ ǻɀǱǕ ǒǟǿȿ ɄȞȆȱǟ) ǥǻɀƨǟ ȿǕ (ǥǻɀƨǟ Ž ǧǠȩȿȀȦȱǟ ȴɆɆȪǩ ǢȞȎɅ ȸɅǼȾȞǪȵ ȰɆȒȦǩ ƂǙ ɃǻǘɅ Ǽȩ (ǦɆȝǠȥǼȱǟ ǦǶȲȅɉǟ ǦȶȚȹǕ ǒǟȀȉ ǧɍǠǵ ȐȞǣ Ž ƾȹǠɆǵǕ ǫǼƷ Ǡȵ ɀȽȿ ǼȩǠȞǪȱǟ ɀȱȿǘȆȵ ȂȭȀɅ ǬɆǵ ÛǦȦȲǪƯ ǧǟȁǠɆƲǟ ȴȾȆȦȹǕ ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ ɀȱȿǘȆȵ ȄȮȞɅ ƾȹǠɆǵǕȿ .ƙȺɆȞȵ

ɀȱȿǘȆȵ ŸǠƷ Ǽȩ ÛƾȹǠɆǵǕȿ .ǥǻɀƨǟ ɂȲȝ ȷɀɆȺȦȱǟ ȷȿǿǠȊǪȆƫǟ ȂȭȀɅ ƙǵ Ž ǦȦȲȮǪȱǟ ɂȲȝ ɄȆɆǝǿ ȰȮȊǣ ȯǠǲƫǟ ǦǞɆȾǪȱ ÛȯǠǮƫǟ ȰɆǤȅ ɂȲȝ) ǥȀȉǠǤƫǟ ǧɍɀȶȞȱǟ ȿǕ ɁȿǠȉȀȱǟ Ƙȡ ǡǠǤȅɉ ǦȺɆȞȵ ǧǠȭȀȉ ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ ƙȝ Ž ǴǣȀȱǟ ȨɆȪƠ ɂȲȝ ǥǿǼȪȱǟ Ž ǥȀǭǘƫǟ ȰȵǟɀȞȱǟ Ǿǹǖǩ ÛƿƘǹǕȿ .(ăɎǤȪǪȆȵ ǠȾɆȥ ǦȦɆșȿ ɂȲȝ ȯɀȎǶȲȱ ǠȾɆȲȝ ȷɀȲȎƷ Ǽȩ Ɣȱǟ ǧǔȥǠȮƫǟȿ ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ ɀȱȿǘȆȵ ǠȾȲȶǶǪɅ Ɣȱǟ ȀȕǠǺƫǟ ƙǣ ȨȥǟɀǪȱǟ ȳǼȝ ǿǠǤǪȝɍǟ ƃȿǘȆƞ ɃǻǘɅ Ǽȩ ȬȱǾȥ ÛȐǝǠȦȱǟ ȬȱǾǣ ƙȪȪƮȿ ǥǒǠȦȮȱǟ ȸȵ ǦɆȱǠȝ ǦǱǿǻ ɂȲȝ ƿǻɀȪȝ ǟȿȀǱǕ ȴȽ ȷǙ ǧǟǒǟȀȡɋǟ ȳǠȵǕ ȯǠǲƫǟ ǴǪȦɅ ȷǕ ȼȹǠȮȵǚǣ ȷǕ Ȭȱǽ ȸȵ ȀǮȭɉǟȿ ÛȳȁɎȱǟ ǼȾƨǟ ȯǾǣ ȳǼȝ ƂǙ ǧǠɅȀǪȊƫǟ

.ǻǠȆȦȱǠǣ

:(ȼɆȥ ǥǻǿǟɀȱǟ ȜǱǟȀƫǟ ƂǙ ǦȥǠȑɋǠǣ) ǡǠǪȮȱǟ ȯǠǮƫǟ ȰɆǤȅ ɂȲȝ ȀȚȹǟ .čJohannes Fedderke and Robert Klitgaard, “Economic Growth and Social Indicators: An Exploratory Analysis,” Economic Development and Cultural Change 46, no. 3 (April 1998)

:(ȜǱǟȀƫǟ ƂǙ ǦȥǠȑɋǠǣ) ȀȚȹǟ .ĎJohn McLaren, “Supplier Relations and the Market Context: A Theory of Handshakes,” Center Discussion Paper no. 766 (New Haven: Economic Growth Center, Yale Univer-sity, October 1996)

¬ȫǿɀɅɀɆȹ ǦȺɅǼȵ Ž ȃǿǟǼƫǟ ǒǠȺǣ Ž ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮƫ ȰȪǪȆȵ ǢǪȮȵ ı ȀȊȝ ǬȱǠǮȱǟ ȜǣȀƫǟ¼ ȀȚȹǟ .ď ȌǶȦǪȱ ȯǠȞȥ ȰȮȊǣ ǠȾȵǟǼǺǪȅǟ ǧǠɅǼȲǤȲȱ ȸȮƹ Ɣȱǟ ƙȎȩǠȺȶȲȱ ȨǤȆƫǟ ȰɆȽǖǪȱǟ ǦɆȲȶȞȱ ȨǵɎȱǟ ȇǠȪȺȱǟȿ

.ƙȲȶǪǶƫǟ ƙȎȩǠȺȶȲȱ ȨǣǠȆȱǟ ǒǟǻɉǟ

ȀȚȹǟ ÛǦɆǣɀȺƨǟ ǠɅǿɀȮȱ ǦȭɀȲư ǧǠȭȀȉȿ ɄȮɅȀȵɉǟ ȈɆƨǟ ƙǣ ǼȩǠȞǪȱǟ ȯɀǵ ȇǠȪȹ ɂȲȝ țɎȕɎȱ .Đ.Klitgaard, Controlling Corruption :Ž ȜǣǠȆȱǟ ȰȎȦȱǟ

ı ǦɆȮɅȀȵɉǟ ǦɅȀǶǤȲȱ ǦȞǣǠǪȱǟ Čč-A ǴǤȊȱǟ ǥȀǝǠȕ ȋɀȎƝ ƿȀǹǘȵ ǨǭǼǵ Ɣȱǟ ǦǣȀǲǪȱǟ ȷɀȮǩ Ǽȩ .đ ƂǙ ǠȾȺȵ ǒȂǱ Ž ǥǼǝǠȝ ı ǦɆȮɅȀȵɉǟ țǠȥǼȱǟ ǥǿǟȁȿ ȼǣ ȳɀȪǩ ǥƘǤȭ ǦǶȲȅǕ ǻɀȪȞȱ ǒǠȢȱǙ ȴǺȑǕ ƎǪȞćǩ Ɣȱǟȿ

ÛǿǟȀȑǕ ȸȵ ȴŏ ȨƩ Ǡȶȝ ǧǠȒɅɀȞǩ ƙȱȿǠȪƫǟ ǴȺƞ ƃǟǿǼȥ ąȏǠȩ ȳɀȪɅ ȷǕ ȜȩɀǪƫǟ ȸȵ ȷǕ Ȝȵȿ .ǥȀȽǠȚȱǟ ȻǾȽ.ǦɆȒȪȱǟ ǨȦȹǖǪȅǟ ǦɆȮɅȀȵɉǟ ȯǼȞȱǟ ǥǿǟȁȿ ȷǕ ĉɍǙ

ɁǼȱ ȷɀȮɅ ǬɆƜ Û¬ǦɆȪɆȪƩǟ¼ ȀȕǠǺƫǟȿ ȤɆȱǠȮǪȱǟ ȸȝ ƾǞɆȉ ƙȎȩǠȺƫǟ ȸȵ Ǽǵǟȿ Ȱȭ ȴȲȝ ȯǠǵ Ž .Ē .ƾɆȝǠȶǪǱǟ ǥǒǠȦȭ ȀǮȭǕ ǧǠȎȩǠȺȵ ȀɅɀȖǩ ȴȾȺȮƹ ǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǟ ȫćǿǠȊǪǣ ȴŒǚȥ ÛǦȦȲǪƯ ǦȵɀȲȞȵ ȴȾȺȵ Ǽǵǟȿ Ȱȭ Ǡȵ ƿǿǻǠȹ ɃǾȱǟȿ ÛǧǟǒǠȖȞȱǟ Ž ǘȕǟɀǩ ƂǙ ǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǟ ȫǿǠȊǩ ɃǻǘɅ ȷǕ ȯǠȶǪǵǟ ɀȽ ƾȞǤȕ ƑȲȆȱǟ ǢȹǠƨǟ

ȳǼȞȱ ɃǼɆȲȪǪȱǟ ȰɆȒȦǪȱǟ Ž ȼȱ ǧǠȦǪȱɍǟ ȴǪɅ ɍ ȯȁǠȺǩ ǻɀǱȿ ɄȽ ǥȀȮȦȱǟ ȸȮȱ .ƾɆȝǠȶǪǱǟ ǥǒǠȦȭ ǧǟǽ ȷɀȮǩ.ȧɎȕɋǟ ɂȲȝ ǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǟ ȫǿǠȊǩ

:ȀȚȹǟ ÛǦɆȲȶȞȱǟ ȻǾƬ ȇǠȪȹ ɂȲȝ țɎȕɎȱ .ē- Robert C. Marshall, Michael J. Meurer, and Jean-François Richard, “Incentive-Based Procurement Oversight by Protest,” in J. Leitzel, and J. Tirole, eds., Incentives in Procurement Contracting (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1993)- Steven Kelman, Procurement and Public Management (Washington, D.C.: AEI Press, 1990), especially pp. 23-24.

:Ž ȼǪȊȩǠȺȵȿ ǕǼǤƫǟ ȧǠȪǪȉǟ Ź .ĔPaul Milgrom and John Roberts, Economics, Organization and Management (Engle-wood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1992) ÛȋǠƪǟ țǠȖȪȱǟ Ž ǦȍǠǹ Ûǒǟǻɉǟ ɂȲȝ ǦȶǝǠȪȱǟ ǿɀǱɉǟ ȯɀǵ ǦɆǤɅȀǲǪȱǟ ƙȽǟƎȲȱ ȌǺȲȵ ɂȲȝ țɎȕɎȱȿ

:ȀȚȹǟAlan S. Blinder, ed., Paying for Productivity: A Look at the Evidence (Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1990).

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“Information and Incentives in Institutional Reform” ǡǠǪȭ Ž ǻǿǠȢǪɆȲȭ ǧȀǣȿǿ ƙǤɅ .Čċ .ȀȕǠǺƫǟ ȰȲȪǩȿ ȂȥǟɀƩǟ ȁȂȞǩ ǬɆƜ ǿɀǱɉǟ ǦȵȂǵ ȴɆȶȎǩ ȷǠȮȵɋǠǣ ȷǚȥ Ûǒǟǻɉǟ ȃǠɆȩ ȸȆǶǪɅ ǠȵǼȺȝ ȼȹǕ

Ȝȩǟɀȱǟȿ ǦɆȲȶȞȱǟ ǧǟǿǠǤǪȝɍǟ ǾǹǕ ȴǪɅ ǠȵǼȺȝ ǦɆȱǠǮƫǟ ȂȥǟɀƩǟ ǦɅȀȚȹ ǠȾȾǱǟɀǩ Ɣȱǟ ǻȿǼƩǟ ƂǙ ƘȊɅ Ǡȶȭ ȔȖǹ ȷǕ ƂǙ ȯȿƘǩ ȷǠǱȿ ȷɀȥɍ ȫǠǱ ȷǠǱ ƘȊɅ ÛǦȶĉɆȪȱǟ ǦɅȀȚȺȱǟ ȴȾǪȅǟǿǻ Žȿ .ǿǠǤǪȝɍǟ ƙȝ Ž ɄȲȶȞȱǟ ǻǼȞǩ ȣȿȀș ȿǕ ɄȅǠɆȆȱǟ ǻǠȎǪȩɍǟ ȿǕ ǦȦȲǪǺƫǟ ǧǟȀǭǘƫǟ ǾǹǕ ǼȺȝ ȬȱǾȭ ǼȞǩ Ɓ¼ ǦɆȱǠǮƫǟ ǦɆȖƪǟ ȂȥǟɀƩǟ

:ȀȚȹǟ ¬.ǿǠǤǪȝɍǟ Ž ǒǟǿǼƫǟA Theory of Incentives in Procurement and Regulation (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1993), p.663.

11. Robert Klitgaard, “Institutional Adjustment and Adjusting to Institutions.”

12. Thomas D. Thacher II, “The New York City Construction Authority’s …”

13. Robert H. Porter and Douglas J. Zona, “Detection of Bid Rigging in Procurement Auctions,” Journal of Political Economy. 101, no. 3 (1993).

ǦɅǿǠȮǪǵɍǟ ǧǠȞȶǲǪȱǟ ǧǟǒǠȖȝ Ž ȣɎǪǹɍǟ ȷǕ ǿǠȾșɋ ǦȪǵɍ ǧǠȵɀȲȞȵ ȳǼǺǪȅǟ ǯǽɀȶȺȱǟ ȷǕ Ȝȵ ǯȿȀƪǟ ȷǠȮȵɋǠǣ ȼȹǕ ĉɍǙ Û¬ƙȆȥǠȺǪȵ¼ ƙȎȩǠȺȵ ȸȵ ǧǟǒǠȖȞȱǟ ȜɅȁɀǩ ȸȵ ȀȢȍǕ ȷǠȭ Ȁǹɇ ǼȪȝ ȸȵ ȿǕ ÛǧǟǒǠȖȞȱǟ Ž ǘȕǟɀǩ Ž ǠȾȕǿɀǩ ȼǤǪȊćɅ Ɣȱǟ ǧǠȭȀȊȱǟ ȸȵ ǥǿǠǪƯ ǧǠȝɀȶƭ ȰɆȮȊǪȱ ǯǽɀȶȺȱǟ ȸȝ

ȷȁǟɀǪȱǟ Ȥȩǟɀȵ ƙǣ ȂɆɆȶǪȱǟ ǢȞȎȱǟ ȸȵ ƾȹǠɆǵǕ ÛȷɀȦȱǘƫǟ ƙǤɅ Ǡȶȭȿ .ǧǠȭȀȊȱǟ ȬȲǩ ȜɆƤ ȌǶȦǩ ȸȮƹ.ǦɅǻǠȎǪȩɍǟ ǦǞɆǤȱǟȿ ǒǟȀȊȱǟ ǦɆȲȶȝ Ǽȝǟɀȩ ɂȲȝ ǼȶǪȞɅ ǠȶȾɆȲȭ ȷɉ ǘȕǟɀǪȱǟȿ ɄȆȦȺǪȱǟ

ǻǠƶǙ ɂȲȝ ƾȪǤȆȵ ăɎȒȦȵ ȷɀȮɅ ȷǕ Ǣƶ ǼɆǵɀȱǟ ǿǼȎƫǟ ȷǕ ƾɅȀȚȹ ȷɀǪȢȺǣǠȅȿ ȷǟǻǿɀɅǿ ȀȾȚćɅ .Čď ȰȶǪƷ¼ ǼɆǵɀȱǟ ǿǼȎƫǟ ȷǕ ǦɅȀȚȺȱǟ ǡǿǠǲǪȱǟ ƙǤǩȿ .ȣȿȀȚȱǟ ȸȵ Ȝȅǟȿ ȧǠȖȹ Ȱș Ž Ȭȱǽȿ ąȷǠǭ ǿǼȎȵ ȰȮȊǣ ƾƹǼȩ (ȯǠǮƫǟ ȰɆǤȅ ɂȲȝ ǦǶȲȅǕ ȳǠȚȹ) ɄȲȍɉǟ ǯǽɀȶȺȱǟ ǴǤȍǕ ǠȶȲȭ (Ǖ) :ȀǮȭǕ ăɎȒȦȵ ȷɀȮɅ ȷǕ

ǠɅǟȂƫǟ ǡǠȆǪǵǟ ǻǟȁ ǠȶȲȭ (ǯ)ȿ ÛȯɀȕǕ ȀɅɀȖǪȱǟ ǦɆȲȶȝ Ž ȜȩɀǪƫǟ ȀǹǖǪȱǟ ȷǠȭ ǠȶȲȭ (ǡ)ȿ ÛțȀȅǕ:ȀȚȹǟ ¬.ǦɅȀɅǼȪǪȱǟ ȤɆȱǠȮǪȱǟ ȁȿǠƟ ȯǠȶǪǵǟ ǻǟȁ ǠȶȲȭ (ǻ)ȿ ÛǦɆȲǤȪǪȆƫǟ

Michael H. Riordan and David E. M. Sappington, “Second Sourcing,” RAND Journal of Economics 20, no. 1, Spring 1989, p. 42.

:ȀȚȹǟ ÛǦȲȍ Ƀǽ ȇǠȪȹ ɂȲȝ țɎȕɎȱȿMichael H. Riordan, “Incentives for Cost Reduction in Defense Procurement,” in J. Leitzel and J. Tirole, eds., Incentives in Procurement Contracting (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1993).

15. Mollen et al, Commission Report (انظر مالحظة 10 في مالحظات الفصل األول)

16. Gyawali, “Structural Dishonesty: Corruption Culture in Public Works.”

17. Kelman, Procurement and Public Management.

ǻɀȪȞȥ .ǦȍǠƪǟ ǥȀȉǠǤƫǟ Ƙȡ ǠȾȲȭǠȊȵ ƂǙ ǒǟȀȊȱǟ ǻɀȪȝ ȸȵ ǦȦȲǪǺƫǟ ȯǠȮȉɉǟ Ƀǻǘǩ ÛȳǠȝ ȰȮȊǣ .Čē ȣȀȖȱǟ Žȿ .ǧǟǒǠȖȞȱǟ ǿǠȞȅǕ ɂȲȝ ƾǤȲȅ ȀǭǘɅ ɃǾȱǟ Ȁȵɉǟ ÛȀȕǠǺƫǟ ǦȥǠȭ ƙȱȿǠȪƫǟ ȰĉȶƠ ǦǪǣǠǮȱǟ ǦȦȲȮǪȱǟ ȫǿǠȊǩ ǻɀȪȝ źǖǩȿ .ȤɆȱǠȮǪȱǟ ȴɆǺȒǩ ɂȲȝ ǴǣȀȱǟ ǠȾɆȱǙ ƾȥǠȒȵ ǦȦȲȮǪȱǟ ɂȲȝ ǦȶǝǠȪȱǟ ǻɀȪȞȱǟ ȂȦƠ ÛȀǹɇǟ ȫǿǠȊǪɅ ı ȯǠǮƫǟ ȰɆǤȅ ɂȲȝ - ȂȥǟɀƩǟ ǠȾɆȱǙ ƾȥǠȒȵ ǦǪǣǠǮȱǟ ǦȦȲȮǪȱǟ ǻɀȪȝ ɄȦȥ) ǦȦȲǪƯ ȯǠȮȉǖǣ ȀȕǠǺƫǟ ǿǠǭǓ ǠƬȿ (ȻȁȿǠǲǪɅ ɍ Ǡƞ ȸȮȱ ȀǹǓ ɁɀǪȆȵ Ɠǵ Ǡƞǿȿ ÛƙȞȵ ɁɀǪȆȵ ȧɀȥ ȤɆȱǠȮǪȱǟ ǼȾȞǪƫǟȿ ɃȀǪȊƫǟ ȷɀȮɅ ɃǾȱǟ ȀȕǠǺƫǟ ȸȵ ǿǟǼȪȵ ȫǠȺȽ ǼȪȝ ɃǕ Ž ȼȹǕ ɂȪǤɅ ȸȮȱ .ǦɆȩɎǹɉǟ ȀȕǠǺƫǟ ǠȾȺȵ ÛɁǼƫǟ ǦȖȅɀǪȵ

.ƾɅǻǠȎǪȩǟ ƿǼɆȦȵ

19. Heymann, “Dealing with Corruption,” 1995, p. 6.

20. Kelman, Procurement and Public Management, p. 22.

21. Kelman, Procurement and Public Management, p. 121.

22. Marshall et al., “Incentive-Based Procurement Oversight by Protest.”

23. Marshall et al., “Incentive-Based Procurement Oversight by Protest,” p. 51.

ƂǙ ǒɀǲȲȱǟ ȷȿǻ ǨƢ ǦɅɀȆǩ ƂǙ ¬Procurement and Public Management¼ Ž ȷǠȶȲɆȭ ƘȊɅ .čď ȯɀȲƩǟ ȄȦȹ ǼɅǿɀǪǣ ȳǠȩ ǬɆǵ ÛǦɆȱȿɉǟ ǦȆȥǠȺƫǟ Ž ȻȀȆǹ ǼȾȞǪȵ ɂȲȝ ǒǠȖȞȱǟ ǦȱǠǵǙ ǠƬɎǹ ȸȵ Ź ǦȶȮƮ

ƘǮȮǣ ɂȲȝǕ ƿǿǠȞȅǕ ǦȵɀȮƩǟ ǨȞȥǻ ÛǦɅǠȾȺȱǟ Žȿ .ǦɆȱȿɉǟ ǦȆȥǠȺƫǠǣ ȂǝǠȦȱǟ ǠȾȑȀȝ Ɣȱǟ Ǡőǟǽ ǥȂȾǱɉǟȿ ȀȚȹǟ) .ƘȢǪɅ Ɓ ǼȪȞȲȱ ǦɆȱǠƩǟ ǦȶɆȪȱǟ ȀȞȅ ƃǠƤǙ ȷǕ Ȝȵ Ûƃȿɉǟ ǼȪȞȱǟ Ȩȥȿ ȼȞȥǼǪȅ ǨȹǠȭ Ǡư ǥȂȾǱɊȱ ȜɆƤ ȀȚǵ Ǣƶ ȼȹǕ ȷȿȀǹǓȿ ȯǠȉǿǠȵ ɁȀɅ ÛȬȱǾȱ ǦǲɆǪȹ .(ÝÝÝ ǧǠǶȦȎȱǟ Ž ǦǮȱǠǮȱǟ ǦɆȅǟǿǼȱǟ ǦȱǠƩǟ Ǡƫ ȔǤȒȱǠǣ ǦɅȿǠȆȵ ǰǝǠǪȹ ƂǙ Ƀǻǘǩ ...ǧǠȭȀȊȱǟ ƙǣ ǧǠɅɀȆǪȱǟ¼ ȷɉ ǧǠȭȀȊȱǟ ƙǣ ǧǠɅɀȆǪȱǟ țǟɀȹǕ

¬.ǧǠȭȀȊȱǟ ƙǣ ǴɅȀȎȱǟ ǘȕǟɀǪȱǟ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ȼȱ ȰȍɀǪȱǟ ȴǪɆȅ ȷǠȭRobert C. Marshall, Michael J. Meurer, and Jean-François Richard, “Curbing Agency Problems in the Procurement Process by Protest Oversight,” RAND Journal of Economics 25, no. 2, Summer 1994, p. 298.

25. Robert Klitgaard, “Healing Sick Institutions,” in Silvio Borner and Martin Paldam, ed., The Political Dimension in Economic Growth. (London: Macmillan, 1997).

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فهرس الكلمات

Ǖ

ĐĒ ¡Ďē :ǧǟǻǠƠǟ Ƿ :ǾɆȦȺǪȱǟ ǧǠɆǲɆǩǟȀǪȅǟ

ĒĐ :ǦɆǪǶǪȱǟ ǦɆȺǤȱǟ Ž ǿǠȶǮǪȅɍǟ ¡Ē ÛǷ ÛČČđ :ƃȿǼȱǟ ȬȺǤȱǟ

Đď :ȨǤȆƫǟ ȰȽǖǪȱǟČċđ :ɄǝǠȒȪȱǟ ȳǠȚȺȱǟĒĒ ¡Ēč :ǧǠǣǠǺǪȹǟ

Čċċ ¡ĔĔ :ǥȀȉǠǤȵ Ƙȡ ǿǠǭǓĔē :ȴȲȞǪȱǟ ƖǶȺȵ ȀǭǕ

¡Ēď ¡Đď ¡ĐČ ¡ďđ ¡ĎĔ ¡ĎĎ ¡čē :ǒǟǻǕĔđ ¡ēē ¡ēđ ¡ēč

ĐČ ¡Čē :ǿǟȿǻǕēđ ¡čē :ȧǟɀȅǕ

¡Čē ¡čÛĔÛČĐÛČĒÛČđ Ûǻ Ûǳ Ûǧ :ǦȶȚȹǕ ¡ďċ ¡Ďē ¡ĎĎ ¡Ďč ¡ĎČ ¡čĔ ¡čĒ ¡čď ¡Ēč ¡đĐ ¡đĎ ¡đČ ¡Đđ ¡ďĐ ¡ďč ¡ďČ ¡ēđ ¡ēĎ ¡ēč ¡ēČ ¡ĒĒ ¡Ēđ ¡ĒĐ ¡ĒĎ ¡ĔĔ ¡ĔĒ ¡Ĕđ ¡Ĕď ¡ĔĎ ¡Ĕč ¡ĔČ ¡ēē

Čċē ¡ČċčĎČ ¡čĒ :ǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǟ ǥǿǟǻǙ ǦȶȚȹǕ

Ēď ¡đČ ¡Đď ¡ďď ¡čĐ :ǧǟǒǟȀǱǙĒĒ ¡Ďč :ǧǟǒǠȖȞȱǟ ǦȱǠǵǙ

¡čď ¡čĎ ¡ČĔ ¡Čđ ¡ČĐ ¡ČĎ ¡Ē :ǥǿǟǻǙ

¡ēċ ¡ĒĒ ¡ĒĐ ¡Ēď ¡đđ ¡đċ ¡ďČ ¡ĎČ ¡čĒĔĎ ¡ēĎ

Ĕē ¡Ĕč ¡ĒĐ ¡ĐĐ ¡ČĒ :ȣǟȀȉǙĐĎ :ȋȀȦȱǟ ǦȩǠȝǙ

ďđ :ȳɎȝǙ

ǡ

¡Ēē ¡đĐ ¡Đď ¡ĐĎ ¡Đč ¡čĎ ¡Č ÛǷ Ûǧ :ǒǠȺǣČċĔ ¡ČċĎ ¡Čċċ ¡ĔĒ

ČĎ :ȫɀȺǣēđ ¡ēĎ ¡đČ ¡ďď :ǦǞɆǣ

ǧ

ēČ ¡ĒĔ :ȀɅȀƠČċđ ¡ĔĒ ¡Đ :ǧǠȪɆȪƠ

Čċč ¡ĔĎ ¡Ēď ¡Ďč Ûǧ :ǧǠȅǠɆȆȱǟ ȰɆȲƠĔĒ ¡ČČĐ :ȨɆȩǼǩ

Č :ȌɆǹǟȀǩđč ¡čď :ȌɆǹȀǩ

Đč :ǧǟǒǠȖȞȱǟ ȀɅȿȂǩĔď ¡ĎĎ :ȀȕǠǺƫǟ ȫǿǠȊǩ

Ēē ¡Ēď ¡čĐ ¡čď ¡Č :ǴɅǿǠȎǩČċđ ¡Čċč ¡ĔĒ ¡Ĕċ ¡ĐĎ ¡Čđ :ȷɀȹǠȪȱǟ ȨɆǤȖǩ

فهرس الكلمات

đď ¡ĐĐ ¡ĎČ Ûǽ :ȷȿǠȞǩČċċ ¡Ĕē Ûǡ :ǿǻǠȎƫǟ ǻǼȞǩ

ČċĔ :ǧǠȒɅɀȞǩĔĎ ¡Ēđ ¡ĒĐ ¡Đč ¡Ďċ ¡čĒ :ƙɆȞǩ

¡ďđ ¡ďč ¡ĎČ ¡Ďċ ¡čē ¡ČĐÛčĒ Ûǧ :ȴɆɆȪǩ ¡ĔĎ ¡ēđ ¡Ēē ¡ĒĒ ¡Ēď ¡đĒ ¡đđ ¡đċ ¡Đď

Čċē ¡ČċĎ ¡Čċč ¡ĔđĐď ¡ďč Ûǧ :ǻǠȆȦȲȱ ǦɆȲǣǠȪȱǟ ȴɆɆȪǩ

¡ēď ¡ēĎ ¡đĒ ¡đđ ¡čđ ¡ČĔ ¡ē ¡đ :ȤɆȱǠȮǩČċČ ¡Čċċ ¡ĔĔ ¡ĔĒ ¡Ĕđ ¡ĔĐ ¡Ĕč ¡ĔČ ¡ēđ

ĒČ ¡đČ :ǧɎȶƩǟ ȰɅɀƢ ¡Ĕč ¡Ēđ ¡ĒĐ ¡ĐĐ ¡Ďč ¡čē ¡ď ¡Č Ûǡ :ȴɆȚȺǩ

Čċċ ¡Ĕď ¡ČċČ ¡Čċċ ¡Ĕċ ¡ēĔ ¡ēĒ ¡Ďč ¡ē :ǘȕǟɀǩ

¡ČČċ ¡ČċĔ

ǳ

¡ĒĎ ¡đĐ ¡ďč ¡ďċ ¡čđ ¡ČĒ ¡Ĕ ¡č Ûǽ :ȂȥǟɀǵČċē ¡ČċĎ ¡ČċČ ¡Čċċ ¡ĔĎ ¡Ĕč ¡ēč

Ƿ ¡đċ ¡ďĐ ¡ďČ ¡ďċ ¡Čđ ¡Č Ûǯ Ûǧ :ǧǠȵǼǹ

ēď ¡ēč ¡ēċ ¡ĒČĔĐ ¡ĔĎ :ǦɆȹǼȵ ǦȵǼǹ

đĎ :ǦȎǺȎǹ

ǻ

ČċČ ¡ēČ ¡đČ ¡ĐĎ ¡ČĎ :ǧǠȞȥǻČČđ :ɄȕǟȀȪƹǻ

ǿ

Ĕď ¡čĔ :țǻǿ ¡Đč ¡ďĒ ¡ďĐ ¡Ďč ¡ČĎ ¡Đ ¡č ¡Č Ûǳ :ɃȿǠȉǿ

Ĕč ¡ēĒ ¡ēď ¡ēč ¡Ēď ¡ĒĎ ¡ĒČ ¡đč ¡Ēē ¡ĒĒ ¡ĒĎ ¡ďđ ¡ďĐ ¡čď ¡Čē ¡ē ¡Ĕ :ǥɀȉǿ

ēē ¡ēĒďČ ¡Čē ¡Čđ ¡ČĒ :ǦǣǠȩǿ

¡ēČ ¡ēċ ¡ĒĐ ¡đđ ¡đď ¡Ďċ ¡ČĒ ¡ď ¡Đ :Ǣǩǟȿǿ ¡Ĕċ

ȃ

¡Ďċ ¡čĔ ¡čē ¡čĒ ¡čđ ¡Čē ¡ČĔ ¡ČĒ ¡č :ǦȖȲȅ ¡Ĕč ¡ĔČ ¡ēđ ¡Ēč ¡đč ¡đČ ¡ĐĎ ¡Đč ¡ďĒ ¡ĎČ

ĔĔ ¡ĔĒ ¡ĔĐ ¡ĔĎĔē ¡ēĒ ¡ĒĔ ¡đ Ûǻ :ǧǠȅǠɆȅ

ȇ

¡ČċČ ¡Čċċ ¡Ĕē ¡Ĕď ¡ēď ¡Ēď ¡đď :ǒǟȀȉČċē ¡ČċĎ

Čċđ ¡Ĕē ¡Đč ¡Ďċ ¡ČĐ ¡ČĎ ¡Đ :ǦȕȀȉ ¡Čċē ¡ĔĔ ¡Ĕē ¡ēĔ ¡ēČ ¡ďĐ ¡ĎĎ ¡Č :ǧǠȭȀȉ

ČċĔĔĐ ¡ēđ ¡ēĎ ¡čď ¡Čē ¡Čđ :ǦɆȥǠȦȉ

ȋ

Ē ¡ČČđ :ƃȿǼȱǟ ǼȪȺȱǟ ȧȿǼȺȍĎČ ¡čē Ûǳ Ûǯ :ǿǟȀȪȱǟ ȜȺȍ

113

112

فهرس الكلمات فهرس الكلمات

ȏ

Čē :ȸɅȁǟɀȵȿ Ȕǣǟɀȑ

ț

ēċ :ȷɀȲȵǠȝĔĒ ¡Ēđ ¡ďČ ¡ďċ ¡ĎĎ :ǧǠǣɀȪȝ

¡ďď ¡ďĎ ¡Ďč ¡Ďċ ¡čē ¡čĒ ¡čď ¡Č :ǻɀȪȝ ¡ĔĒ ¡ĔĐ ¡Ĕč ¡ēđ ¡ēď ¡đĎ ¡Đď ¡ĐĎ ¡Đč

ČČČ ¡Čċē ¡ČċĎ ¡ĔĔ ¡ĔēĒđ :ȰɆȶȞȱǟ-ȳǼǺǪȆƫǟ-ȀɅǼƫǟ ǦȩɎȝ

ēđ ¡đċ :ǦɅȀȅ ǧǠɆȲȶȝ ¡ēč ¡Ēē ¡Ēď ¡đĒ ¡đđ ¡đď ¡Čď Ûǻ :Ǽǝǟɀȝ

ČČď ¡Čċċ

ȣ

¡ĎČ ¡čĔ ¡čĒ ¡čď ¡Čē ¡ČĔ ¡ČĒ ¡Čď :ǻǠȆȥ ¡đĐ ¡đČ ¡đċ ¡ĐĔ ¡Đď ¡ĐĎ ¡Đč ¡ďĐ ¡Ďē ¡Ĕċ ¡ēĔ ¡ēē ¡ēĒ ¡ēđ ¡ēď ¡ēČ ¡ēċ ¡ĒĔ

ČċĐ ¡Čċč ¡ČċČ ¡ĔĔ ¡ĔĎ ¡Ĕč ¡ĔČĔč :ǴǝǠȒȥ

ȧ

Ĕđ :ǧǟǼȾȞǪȱǟ Ž ǦȆȥǠȺƫǟ ȷɀȹǠȩĎč ¡Čđ :ȜȶǪǲƫǟ ǧǠȩɎȝ ȴȆȩ

¡ĎĎ ¡čĔÛĎČ ¡čē ¡Čē ¡ČĐ ¡Ĕ ¡Č Ûǳ :Ǽȝǟɀȩ ¡Ĕď ¡Ĕč ¡ēē ¡ēċ ¡ĒČ ¡đĎ ¡đċ ¡ĐĔ ¡Đē

ČČċ ¡Čċč ¡ĔĔ

ēč ¡Ēč ¡đč ¡đĎ ¡đČ ¡Ďċ ¡ČĒ ¡Čď Ûǻ :ƙȹǟɀȩĒĔ ¡ČĒ ÛǷ :ǥǻǠɆȩ

ȫēĔ :ȤȊȭ

ȯ

ĐĒ ¡ďČ :ǦɅȂȭȀȵɍȳ

¡ďČ ¡Ďē ¡ĎĒ ¡čĔ ¡Čē ¡Čď ¡đ Ûǳ :ǧǠȆȅǘȵ ¡Ĕċ ¡ēĔ ¡đĐ ¡đČ ¡đċ ¡Đď ¡ĐĎ ¡Đč ¡ďĐ ¡ďď

Čċč ¡ĔĎ ¡ĔčČċċ :ȷȿǼȾȞǪȵČċđ :ȴȭǠƮ

ēē ¡ēČ ¡Čđ ¡Č :ȀȕǠƯČċđ :ȷɀȵǠȝ ȷɀȝǼȵ

¡đď ¡đč ¡đċ ¡Đď ¡ďĐ ¡ĎĔ ¡Ďč ¡Čđ :ǦǤȩǟȀȵĔĔ ¡ēČ ¡Ēď

ČċĎ ¡ēđ :ǦȹȿȀȵČē :ǧǠɆȱȿǘȆȵ

đč ¡ĎČ ¡čē ¡Čď :ǧǠǤǭɋǟ ǦɆȱȿǘȆȵčď ¡Čē ¡ČĒ :ǦȱǒǠȆȵ

čĒ :ƙȵǼǺǪȆȵĔē :ȷȿǿǠȊǪȆȵ

Ĕđ :ȰɆȖȞǪȱǟ ǦȲȮȊȵČċđ ¡ēč ¡đč ¡ĐĔ ¡ĎĎ ¡ČĔ ÛǷ :ǦɆȩǟǼȎȵ

Ĕē ¡ēĔ ¡ēđ :ǼɆǵȿ ǿǼȎȵčĔ :ȫɀȲȆȱǟ ƘɅǠȞȵ

ĔĒ :ǥǠɆƩǟ ǥǿȿǻ ƘɅǠȞȵ

đĒ :ȣȿȀȞȵ ¡ďĐ ¡ĎĒ ¡ĎĎ ¡ĎČ ¡čē ¡čĒ ¡Čđ ¡Čď Ûǽ Ûǳ :ǧǠȵɀȲȞȵ ¡ēĒ ¡ēđ ¡ēč ¡Ēđ ¡ĒĎ ¡đđ ¡đĐ ¡đĎ ¡đč ¡Đď ¡ďĒ

Čđċ ¡Čċď ¡ĔĒ ¡Ĕđ ¡ĔďĔĔ ¡ēđ ¡ēČ ¡ĒĐ ¡Čē :ǦȆȥǠȺȵ

ČċĎ ¡ēď :ǰǪȺȵđČ ¡ĐĒ :ǦɆȵɀȮǵ Ƙȡ ǧǠȶȚȺȵ

ēċ ¡đċ ¡ĐĒ ¡ďĐ :ǦɆȱȿǼȱǟ ǦɆȥǠȦȊȱǟ ǦȶȚȺȵČĐ :ȷɀɅǿǠȶȞȵ ȷɀȅǼȺȾȵ

ēĔ ¡ēĒ ¡ēđ ¡ēď ¡đď :ǧǠȦȍǟɀȵđĒ ¡Đč ¡ĎČ ¡čē ¡č :ȷɀȲȵǠȝ ȀȚȹǟ ÛȷɀȦșɀȵ

ȷ

ǦɆȕǟȀȪƹǼȱǟ ȀȊȹƙȲȵǠȞȱǟ ȳǠȚȹǦȱǟǼȞȱǟ ȳǠȚȹ

ȤǝǠșɀȱǟ ȳǠȚȹŽȀȎȵ ȳǠȚȹǦɆȺȾȵ ǧǠǣǠȪȹ

ȿ

Ēđ ¡ĒĎ ¡Đď ¡ďč ¡ďČ ¡ĎĒ :Ȱȶȝ ȇǿȿ

114115

املزيد من املديح لـ الفساد في املدن

Ž ƾɆȆɆǝǿ ƾɅǼƠ ȷɀȾǱǟɀɅ ı ȴȾȺȵ ǠȹǕ ı ǧǠɅǼȲǤȱǟ ǒǠȅǗǿ ȸȵ ǼɅǼǱ ȰɆǱ ȫǠȺȽ ÛǦɆȺɆǩɎȱǟ ǠȮɅȀȵǕ Ž" ȷǼƫǟ Ž ǻǠȆȦȱǟ .ǦɆȕǟȀȪƹǼȱǟȿ ǥǒǠȦȮȱǟȿ ǦɆȥǠȦȊȱǟ ȸȵ ǼɅȂƫǠǣ ȴȆǪɅ ÛǦɆȶȭǠƩǟ ȸȵ ǼɅǼǱ țɀȹ ȀɅɀȖǩ Ɣȱǟ ǦǤȞȎȱǟ ǦȶȾƫǟ Ž ǦɅǠȢȲȱ ǥǼɆȦȵ ǥǟǻǕ ǠȺǶȺƢ ÛǦɆȲȶȝ ȀǮȭǕȿ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȴȾȦȱ ǥǼɅǼǱ ǦȪɅȀȕ ȳǼȪɅ ǡǠǪȭ

".ȰǤȪǪȆƫǟ Ž ǠȺȾǱǟɀǩ

ǠȦȲɆȅ ǿɀǪȮȽǿȿǻǠȦȲȅ ȯǙ ÛǿȿǻǠȦȲȅ ȷǠȅ ǦɅǼȲǣ ȄɆǝǿ

ǦɆȦɆȭ ƾȒɅǕ ƙǤɅ ɀȾȥ Û ǥƘȖǹ ǦǤȞȱ ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮȵ ȰȞƶ ɃǾȱǟ Ǡȵ ȔȪȥ ȄɆȱ ȷǼƫǟ Ž ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ȀȾȚćɅ" ǦɅǠȩɀȱǟȿ ǧǠȆȅǘƫǟ ȴɆȶȎǩ ɂȲȝ ǦƜǟȀȱǟ ǧǠɆǲɆǩǟȀǪȅɍǟ ȂȭȀǩ ǬɆǵ .ǠőǿǠȆǹ ǦɆȦɆȭȿ ÛǦǤȞȲȱǟ ȬȲǪǣ ȁɀȦȱǟ ǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǟȿ ǒǟǻɉǟ ȯɀǵ ǧǠȵɀȲȞȶȲȱ ȯǻǠǤǪƫǟ ȫǿǠȊǪȱǟȿ ǦȶǝɎƫǟ ȂȥǟɀƩǟȿ ƙȦșɀȶȲȱ ȨɆȩǼȱǟ ƙɆȞǪȱǟȿ ǥȀǣǠǮƫǟȿ

ȂȥǟɀƩǟȿ ǦȞȖȪǪƫǟ ǧǠȪɆȪǶǪȱǟȿ ǦɆȩɎǹɉǟ ǧǟɀǶȎȱǟ ɂȲȝ ȷȿȀȅǠƪǟ ǼȶǪȞɅ ƙǵ Ž ÛȜȶǪǲƫǟ Ž ǦɆȱǠƫǟ Ž ǻǠȆȦȱǟ .ǦȦɆȞȒȱǟ ǧǠȵɀȲȞƫǟȿ ǦɅȀȆȱǟȿ ǦɅȂȭȀƫǟ ǦɅǿǟǻɋǟ ȔǣǟɀȒȱǟȿ ǼȝǟɀȪȱǟȿ ǦȶǝɎƫǟ Ƙȡ ȿǕ ǦȦɆȞȒȱǟ ǦɆǲɆǩǟȀǪȅǟ ǾɆȦȺǩ ǦɆȦɆȭ ǥɀȖƝ ǥɀȖǹ ǡǠǪȮȱǟ ƙǤɅ ǬɆǵ ÛƙɅǿǟǻɋǟ ƙǶȲȎȶȲȱ ȼǩǒǟȀȩ Ǣƶ ǡǠǪȭ ȷǼƫǟ

".ǻǠȆȦȱǟ ǦǶȥǠȮƫ ǦǶǱǠȹ

ȷɀȆȵɀǩ ǼɅȀȥǦȵǠȞȱǟ ǧǠȅǠɆȆȱǟȿ ǥǿǟǻɋǟ Ž ǽǠǪȅǕǨɆȵɎɅȿ ǦȞȵǠǱ ÛǠɆȲȞȱǟ ǧǠȅǟǿǼȱǟ ı ǥǿǟǻɌȱ ȷɀȆȺȮǩǕ ǦɆȲȭ International Public Management Journal ǿȀƮȿ

ǧǟɀȖƪǟ ƙǤɅ ɀȾȥ .ǠȽɎȝǕ ƂǙ ǠȾȲȦȅǕ ȸȵ ÛǦȵǻǠȪȱǟ ȂɆȥǠȊǩ ǦȵɀȮƩ ȼǩǒǟȀȩ Ǣƶ ǡǠǪȭ ȷǼƫǟ Ž ǻǠȆȦȱǟ "".ȀȾȉǕ ȯɎǹ ǦȵɀȮƩǟ ȤɆȚȺǩ ǠȾȺȮƹ Ɣȱǟ ǦɆȲȶȞȱǟ

ȷǟȿǿ ȰȮɅǠȵVHeadline/ VENews Ž ǻɀȶȝ ǢǩǠȭ ɎɅȿƕȥ ÛȃǠȭǟȀȭ

املؤلفون

Ǽȹǟǿ ǦɆȲȭ Ž ƃȿǼȱǟ ȸȵɉǟȿ ǦɆȶȺǪȱǟ Ž ȂɆȶǪȵ ǽǠǪȅǕȿ ǼɆȶȝ ı ǻǿǠȢǪɆȲȭ ǧȀǣȿǿ ǦɆȲȭ Ž ƿǽǠǪȅǕ ȨǣǠȆȱǟ Ž ȷǠȭ .ǠɆȹǿɀȦɆȱǠȭ ÛǠȮɆȹɀȵ ǠǪȹǠȅ Ž ǠɆȲȞȱǟ ǧǠȅǟǿǼȲȱ

ǦȞȵǠǱȿ ǻȀȥǿǠȽ ǦȞȵǠǱ Ž ǦɆȵɀȮƩǟ ǥǿǟǻɌȱ ɃǼɆȺȭ ǦɆȲȭȿ ȰɆɅ ǦȝǠƤ Ž ǥǿǟǻɋǟ ȐɆǣɉǟ ǨɆǤȲȱȿ ƾɆȵǠȹ ƿǼȲǣ ȸɅȀȊȝȿ ǦȞǤȅ Ž ǿǠȊǪȆȶȭ ǻǿǠȢǪɆȲȭ Ȱȶȝ .ȯǠǩǠȹ

ǰȵǠȹȀǣȿ ǦɆȱȿǼȱǟ ǦɆȶȺǪȲȱ ǦɆȮɅȀȵɉǟ ǦȱǠȭɀȱǟȿ ƃȿǼȱǟ ǼȪȺȱǟ ȧȿǼȺȍȿ ƃȿǼȱǟ ȬȺǤȱǟȿ ǠǪȆȅǘȵȿ ǦɆȶȺǪȱǟȿ ɃǻǠȎǪȩɍǟ ȷȿǠȞǪȱǟ ǦȶȚȺȵȿ ɄǝǠƴɋǟ ǥǼǶǪƫǟ ȴȵɉǟ Controlling" ǠȾȺȵ ɁȀǹǕ ǢǪȭ ǦǪȅ ȤȱǕȿ Ûǻǿɀȥȿ ȀȲɆȦȭȿǿ

ȴȆȩ ȿǿȀƮ ȻƎǪȝǟ ɃǾȱǟ "Tropical Gangsters" ȿ "Corruption ǦǞȥ Ž ǢǪȭ Ǩȅ ȰȒȥǕ ȸȵ ƿǼǵǟȿ ȂƹǠǩ ȫǿɀɅɀɆȹ ǦȦɆǶȍ Ž ǢǪȮȱǟ ȰȒȥǕ

.ČĔĔċ ȳǠȞȱ ǦɆȱǠɆƪǟ Ƙȡ ǢǪȮȱǟ

ɄȽȿ ÛǧǟȀȵ ȜǣǿǕ ȁǠǣɍ ǦɅǼȲǣ ȄɆǝǿ ǢȎȺƫ ȼǣǠǺǪȹǟ Ź ı ǟȿǿǠǣǕ ƙȲȮȵ ǼȱǠȹȿǿ .ǠɆȦɆȱɀǣ ǸɅǿǠǩ Ž ɄȕǟȀȪƹǻ ȰȮȊǣ ȼǤȎȺȵ ǦɅǼȲǣ ȄɆǝǿ ǠȾɆȥ ȰȢȊɅ ǥǼȵ ȯɀȕǕ

ÛǦǶǱǠȺȱǟ ǦȍǠƪǟ ǧǠȭȀȊȱǟ ȸȵ ǻǼȝ ȀɅǼȵȿ ÛǠɆȦɆȱɀǣ Ž ǦɆǱǿǠƪǟȿ ȔɆȖǺǪȱǟ ȀɅȁȿ ȯȿǕȿ ǦɆȱȿǼȱǟ ǦɆȥǠȦȊȱǟ ǦȶȚȺƫ Ȅȅǘȵ ɀȒȝȿ .ȼǣ ǦȍǠǹ ǧǟǿǠȊǪȅǟ ǦȭȀȉ ȬȲƹȿ

.ǦɆȺɆǩɎȱǟ ǠȮɅȀȵǕ ȸȵ ǠƬ ȄɆǝǿ

ȼȱ ÛǧǠȶȚȺƫǟ ǳɎȍǙ Ž ȌȎǺǪȵ ɃǿǟǻǙ ǿǠȊǪȆȵ ı ȄɅǿǠǣ ɃȁǼȺɆȱ .øȽ ȰɆȹɀȱɀȭ ȄɅǿǠǣ .ǦȶǺȒȱǟ ǧǠȶȚȺƫǟ Ž țǟǼǣɋǟȿ ǿǠȮǪǣɍǟ ȯɀǵ ǦǮɅǼǵ Ǧȅǟǿǻ

țǠȥǼȱǟ ǥǿǻǠǤȵ ȸȵ ǢȹǟɀǱ ȀɅǼɅ ȷǠȭ ÛɄȮɅȀȵɉǟ ɀƨǟ ǳɎȅ ȸȵ ǼȝǠȪǪȵ.ǦɆȺȕɀȱǟ țǠȥǼȱǟ ǦȞȵǠǱ ŽƾȦșɀȵ ȷǠȭ Ǡȶȭ ÛǦɆǲɆǩǟȀǪȅɍǟ

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ي املدنساد ف

الفس

ني أباروا . باريكل

غارد . مكليت

يستند مؤلفو الفساد في املدن إلى خبرتهم التي متتد عقوداً في محاربة الفساد حول العالم، حيث يقّدمون في هذا الكتاب طريقة جديدة لهزمية الفساد على املستوى احمللي، ويرون أن

"مكافحة الفساد تساعد في زيادة عوائد البلديات وحتسني عملية تقدمي اخلدمات، وتعزز ثقة الناس ومشاركتهم، وتساعد املرشحني على الفوز في االنتخابات." ويعرض الكتاب كيف مت ذلك حتى في

أصعب الظروف، وكيف ميكن القيام به ثانية.

يقّدم الكتاب حاالت دراسية من نيويورك وهونغ كونغ والباز في بوليفيا تبني كيف ميكن للمشاكل التي تبدو عصية على احلل أن حتفز على اإلصالح الناجح. ويبحث الكتاب بالتفصيل في كيفية:

• تشخيص الفساد في البلديات• إشراك املواطنني واملوظفني احلكوميني في إيجاد حلول ناجعة وتنفيذها

• مهاجمة الفساد من خالل مقاربة اقتصادية باعتباره جرمية حسابات ونتيجة لألنظمة الفاسدة وليس األفراد الفاسدين )فقط(

• معاجلة الفساد والوقاية منه من خالل تبّني نهوج وإصالحات مثبتة وتكييفها لتناسب وضع كل مجتمع

" الفساد في املدن مساهمة مرحب بها تضاف إلى حزمة املواد التي يحتاجها جميع املهتمني مبكافحة الفساد. لقد جنح بوب كليتغارد واملؤلفان املشاركان له ثانية."

بيتر أيغنرئيس منظمة الشفافية الدولية

"إن انتشار الدميقراطية حول العالم مينح زخماً جديداً للحرب على الفساد. لذا، فإن هؤالء احملللني الثالثة املذهلني ومكافحي الفساد املتمرسني يقدمون مقارباتهم القوية واجملربة ملكافحة الفساد في وقت مناسب للغاية. يرقى هذا

الكتاب إلى وصفه بأنه "دليل عملي" وسيكون مهماً جداً للقادة املدنيني حول العالم الذين يكرسون أنفسهم للحكم الدميقراطي النزيه والقوي."

جيف ساكسأستاذ التجارة الدولية

مدير مركز التنمية الدولية، جامعة هارفرد

الفساد السياسي

EMPOWERING COMMUNITIES TO EXCEL

www.worldbank.org/wbiwww.ammaninstitute.org

ISBN 978-9957-8646-0-6

corrupt cities a guide to cure and prevention

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