copyright © houghton mifflin company. all rights reserved. 16a–1 figure 16.31: two-dimensional...

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16a–1

Figure 16.31: Two-dimensional representations of (a) a quartz crystal and (b) a quartz glass.


Figure 16.28: The p orbitals (a) perpendicular to the plane of th carbon ring system in graphite can combine to form

(b) an extensive pie bonding network.


The Electronic Configuration of a Magnesium Atom

n l ml ms

3 0 0 +1/2

3 0 0 -1/2

Mg: (Ne)3s2

1s

2s

3s2p

3p

Empty 3p orbitals in Mg valence shell


Orbital energy levels


Figure 16.24: A representation of the energy levels (bands) in a magnesium crystal


Figure 16.27: Partial representation of the MO energies in (a) diamond and (b) a typical metal


Electron sea model for metals


Bonding in SolidsBonding in SolidsMetallic SolidsMetallic Solids


Band structure of Semiconductors


Band Diagram: Semiconductor with No Doping

• At T = 0, lower valence band is filled with electrons and upper conduction band is empty, leading to zero conductivity.– Fermi energy EF is at midpoint of small energy gap (<1 eV)

between conduction and valence bands.

• At T > 0, electrons thermally “excited” from valence to conduction band, leading to measurable conductivity.

EF

EC

EV

Conduction band(Partially Filled)

Valence band(Partially Empty)

T > 0


Silicon Crystal Doped with (a) Arsenic and (b)

Boron


Figure 16.33: Energy-level diagrams for (a) an n-type semiconductor and (b) a p-type semiconductor.


pn junction


Figure 16.34: The p-n junction involves the contact of a p-type and an n-type semiconductor.


PN Junction - 7


PN Junction with Applied Potential

No current, Barrier Larger Current Flows, Barrier Smaller


A schematic of two circuitsconnected by a transistor.


Photolithography to make semiconductorintegrated circuits

http://britneyspears.ac/physics/fabrication/photolithography.htm


(a)-(h) The steps for forming a transistor in a crystal of initially pure silicon.


(a)-(h) The steps for forming a transistor in a crystal of initially pure silicon. (cont’d)


Solar Cells

n-typep-type

Photons

Electron

Hole

Load

p-n Junction under Illumination


Solar Panels – Photovoltaic Cells


Schematic of a Photovoltaic (solar) cell


Herbert Kroemer


Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission Radiation


Semiconductors – key points to remember

• Band structure: Valence band – gap – conduction band

•DOPING: Group V n type, Group III p type

•n-p junctions

•Devices: (LED, laser, transistor, solar cell)


Ionic liquids

copyright © houghton mifflin company. all rights reserved. 16a–1 figure 16.31: two-dimensional...

Documents

metals slide

contd slide

magnesium crystal slide

b boron slide

valence shell slide

barrier smaller slide

typical metal slide

16a13 pn junction slide