copyright © 2010, research to practice, all rights reserved. part i: myelodysplastic syndromes/...

Copyright © 2010, Research To Practice, All rights reserved.

Part I: Myelodysplastic Syndromes/Acute Myeloid Leukemia Monday, September 20, 20107:30 PM - 8:30 PM ET

Monday Night with Research To Practice: An 8-Part Live CME Webcast Series

Mikkael A Sekeres, MD, MSAssociate Professor of MedicineDirector, Leukemia ProgramTaussig Cancer InstituteDepartment of Hematologic Oncology and Blood DisordersCleveland, Ohio

Hagop M Kantarjian, MDChairman and Professor, Leukemia DepartmentThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, Texas

Neil Love, MDModeratorResearch To PracticeMiami, Florida

Disclosures for Moderator Neil Love, MD

Dr Love is president and CEO of Research To Practice, which receives funds in the form of educational grants to develop CME activities from the following commercial interests: Abraxis BioScience, Allos Therapeutics, Amgen Inc, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP, Aureon Laboratories Inc, Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals/Onyx Pharmaceuticals Inc, Biogen Idec, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Celgene Corporation, Cephalon Inc, Eisai Inc, EMD Serono Inc, Genentech BioOncology, Genomic Health Inc, Genzyme Corporation, Lilly USA LLC, Millennium Pharmaceuticals Inc, Monogram BioSciences Inc, Myriad Genetics, Inc, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, OSI Oncology, Sanofi-Aventis and Spectrum Pharmaceuticals Inc.

Disclosures for Mikkael A Sekeres, MD, MS

N/A = Not Applicable

Advisory Committee Celgene Corporation, Seattle Genetics

Paid Research N/A

Speakers Bureau Celgene Corporation

Disclosures for Hagop M Kantarjian, MD

Advisory Committee N/A

Paid ResearchBristol-Myers Squibb Company, Genzyme Corporation, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation

Speakers Bureau N/A

N/A = Not Applicable

Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS)

• Case 1: 71-year-old man with MDS and pancytopenia 2 years after initial growth factor treatment - Dr Sekeres

• Case 2: 79-year-old man with 5q minus MDS - Dr Kantarjian

Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)

• Case 1: An otherwise healthy 82-year-old man presenting with AML - Dr Sekeres

• Case 2: 64-year-old man with FLT3+ AML - Dr Kantarjian

Case History: Dr Sekeres

• 71-yo man with fatigue and isolated anemia

• Bone marrow biopsy: hypercellular marrow; 20% dysplastic erythroid precursors, < 5% blasts

• Normal cytogenetics

• Serum erythropoietin level 80mU/mL (normal 4-24 mU/mL)

• IPSS 0

0%

8%

9%

53%

30%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

Nothing – I would choose watchful waiting

An erythropoiesis stimulating agent, such as erythropoietin

or darbepoetin

Lenalidomide

Azacitidine

Decitabine

1) What therapy would you recommend for this patient?

Case History: Dr Sekeres (continued)

• Patient treated with darbepoetin

• Hemoglobin improved to 11-12 g/dL

• After 2-3 years, developed pancytopenia

• Bone marrow biopsy: 8% myeloblasts

• Cytogenetics: Del 20q

• IPSS 1.0

2) What therapy would you now recommend for this patient?

Nothing – I would choose watchful waiting

Continue the erythropoiesis stimulating agent

Lenalidomide

Azacitidine

Decitabine 6%

57%

16%

20%

1%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

Case History: Dr Sekeres (continued)

• Patient treated with SC azacitidine days 1-6 q 4-weeks

• CBC showed objective hematologic improvement (HI) after cycle 4

• Repeat bone marrow evaluation after four cycles: < 5% blasts

• After cycle 7, CBC normalized, and azacitidine administration frequency changed to q 5-weeks

• After 2 years, blood counts dropped• Bone marrow aspirate and biopsy: 40% blasts• Cytogenetics: Del 20q plus Trisomy 8

Slide courtesy of David Steensma

5-9% Blasts

10-19% Blasts

>20% Blasts = AML!

Lower Risk

Lower Risk


Characteristics of US Patients With Myelodysplastic Syndromes: Results of Six Cross-sectional Physician Surveys

Sekeres MA et al.J Natl Cancer Inst 2008;100(21):1542-51.

Age (Median) Newly diagnosed 71 years

Established 72-75 years

Sex (Mean)Male (Newly diagnosed)

(Established)

55%

51-57%

Duration of MDS

(Median)13-16 months

MDS Status Primary 88 – 93%

Secondary 7 – 12%

Secondary Chemotherapy 55 – 80%

Cause Radiation 6 – 21%

Chemical exposure 2 – 9%

US MDS Characteristics

Sekeres et al. J National Cancer Inst 2008;100:1542


Perceptions of Disease State, Treatment Expectations, and Prognosis Among Patients with Myelodysplastic Syndromes

Sekeres MA et al.

Proc ASH 2009;Abstract 1771.

Disease Understanding Among Patients with MDS

• 6%-7% recognized this as "cancer" or leukemia

• More than half did not understand the treatment goal or recall prognosis being discussed

• Mixed perceptions of curability

Sekeres MA et al. Proc ASH 2009;Abstract 1771


Efficacy of Azacitidine Compared with That of Conventional Care Regimens in the Treatment of Higher-Risk Myelodysplastic Syndromes: A Randomised, Open-Label, Phase III StudyFenaux P et al.

Lancet Oncol 2009;10(3):223-32.

Azacitidine Improves Survival in High-Risk MDS

N=179

N=179

Fenaux. Lancet Oncology 10:223, 2009

Screening/CentralPathology Review

Investigator CCRTx Selection

Randomization

AZA 75 mg/m2/d x 7 d q28 d

CCR

• Best Supportive Care (BSC) only• Low Dose Ara-C (LDAC, 20 md/m2/d x 14 d q28-42 d)• Std Chemo (7 + 3)

Number at riskAZA 179 152 130 85 52 30 10 1CCR 179 132 95 69 32 14 5 0

Survival with Azacitidine vs CCR

p = 0.0001HR = 0.58 Deaths: AZA = 82, CCR = 113

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40Time (months) from Randomization

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

Pro

port

ion

Sur

vivi

ng

CCRAZA

Fenaux. Lancet Oncology 10:223, 2009


Low Dose Decitabine versus Best Supportive Care in Elderly Patients with Intermediate or High Risk MDS Not Eligible for Intensive Chemotherapy: Final Results of the Randomized Phase III Study (06011) of the EORTC Leukemia and German MDS Study GroupsWijerMans P et al.


• 233 pts; median age 70 yrs; IPSS int-2 55%, high 38%; poor CG 46%; prior Rx 20%

• Decitabine 15 mg/m2 over 4 hrs Q8 hrs x 3 days (135mg/m2/course) Q 6 wks; maximum 8 courses; median 4 courses; ≤ 2 cycles 40%

Decitabine vs Supportive Care in MDS (EORTC)

Parameter Decitabine Support p-value

% CR+PR+HI 13 + 6 + 15 0 + 0 + 2 <0.001

Median survival (mos) 10.1 8.5 0.38

Median PFS (mos) 6.6 3.0 0.004

Median to AML or death 8.8 6.1 0.24

Wijermans. Blood 112:abst 226, 2008


A Study Comparing Dosing-Regimens and Efficacy of Subcutaneous to Intravenous Azacitidine (AZA) for the Treatment of Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS)

Sekeres MA et al.


Most US AZA Dosing Does Not Follow FDA Schedule

Sekeres et al. Blood 2009;114:3797a

Similar RR for IV vs SC Dosing in 331 Pts

Sekeres et al. Blood 2009;114:3797a

Case History: Dr Kantarjian

• 79-yo man with fatigue

• Hb 8.5 g/dL, WBC 2,300/µL, platelets 220,000/µL

• Bone Marrow Aspirate and Biopsy: Dysplastic changes with 3% blasts

• Cytogenetics: Del 5q

• Patient started on lenalidomide 10mg PO QD

• After 4 weeks… Hb 10.0 g/dL, WBC 1,000/µL, platelets 70,000/µL

Case History: Dr Kantarjian (continued)

• Lenalidomide administration held, and restarted at 5mg PO QD, after recovery of blood counts

• Good hemoglobin response to lenalidomide

• 14 months later… Hb 9.0 g/dL, WBC 1,500/µL, Platelets 30,000/µL

• Bone Marrow Aspirate and Biopsy: 12% blasts

• Cytogenetics: Complex Karyotype with Del 5q, Del 17p, Monosomy 7

Case History: Dr Kantarjian (continued)

• Patient started on azacitidine with good response

• After 12 months… worsening anemia and thrombocytopenia

• Bone Marrow Aspirate and Biopsy: 40% blasts

• Cytogenetics: Complex Karyotype

• ECOG PS 0

• No cardiac or pulmonary problems


Long-Term Clinical Benefit of Lenalidomide Treatment in Patients with Myelodysplastic Syndrome and Chromosome Deletion 5qList AF et al.


Phase 2 Study of Lenalidomide in Transfusion-Dependent, Low-Risk, and Intermediate-1-Risk Myelodysplastic Syndromes with Karyotypes Other Than Deletion 5q Raza A et al.

Blood 2008;111(1):86-93.

Lenalidomide in MDS

Parameter del 5q1 no del 5q2

No. treated 148 214

% Tx independence 67 26

% HI — E — 33

Median wks to resp. 5 4.8

Media Hb (g/dl) 5.4 3.2

Median resp. dur. (wks)

116 41

% CG CR 44 (25% of total) 9

% G3-4 myelosuppression

50-59 20-25

1 List AF et al. Proc ASH 2006;Abstract 251. 2 Raza A et al. Blood 2008;111(1):86-93.


Efficacy and Safety of Lenalidomide in Intermediate-2 or High-Risk Myelodysplastic Syndromes with 5q Deletion: Results of a Phase 2 Study

Ades L et al.Blood 2009;113:3947-52.

Efficacy of Lenalidomide in Higher Risk MDS by Baseline Characteristics

Cytogenetics n CR

Isolated del 5q 9 67%

Single Additional Abnormality

11 9%

> 1 Additional Abnormality 27 0%

Platelet Count n CR

> 100,000/mm3 20 35%

< 100,000/mm3 27 0%

Bone Marrow Blast n CR

< 20% 29 21%

> 20% 18 5%

Ades L et al. Blood 2009;113:3947-52.

Case History: Dr Sekeres

• 82-yo man with recent history of fatigue and dyspnea on exertion


• Transfused with 4 units of PRBC

• Bone marrow aspirate and biopsy: AML with 42% blasts and a background of dysplasia

• Cytogenetics: Complex karyotype with chromosome 5 and 7 abnormalities

3) Which of the following is NOT a valid treatment option for this octogenarian?

7 plus 3 induction chemotherapy

Low-dose cytarabine

A hypomethylating agent (azacitidine or decitabine)

Gemtuzumab ozogamicin

Watchful waiting 11%

13%

36%

26%

14%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40%


Sekeres MA et al.Haematologica 2008;93(12):1769-72.

Treatment of Older Adults with Acute Myeloid Leukemia: State of the Art and Current Perspectives

Challenges with Older Patient with AML

• Biological characteristics of AMLHigh prevalence of poor-risk cytogeneticsLess likely to have good risk cytogeneticsMore frequent secondary AMLLess responsiveness to chemotherapy

• Intolerance to intensive remission induction therapiesComorbid conditionsDifferential drug metabolism resulting in supra-

therapeutic drug levels• Reluctance of physician to treat with intensive induction

therapy

Sekeres MA et al. Haematologica 2008; 93(12):1769-72

Current Options for Older Patient with AML

• Standard remission induction therapy

Decision involves complex challenges even in a suitable patient

Wait for cytogenetics to rule out adverse cytogenetics• Novel cytotoxic agents

Clofarabine, Cloretazine• Hypomethylating agents

Azacitidine, Decitabine

33% of patients in AZA-001 study had 20% blasts or greater

Importance of prolonged administration• Low-dose cytarabine

Sekeres MA et al. Haematologica 2008;93(12):1769-72.

Why Do Elderly Patients with AML Do Worse?

• Poor tolerance and mortality with intensive chemoRx

• Poor PS and co-morbid conditions

• Different disease biology

MDR

incidence of adverse CG

other adverse molecular events


Hypomethylating Agents for the Treatment of Elderly Patients with AML

Fenaux P et al. J Clin Oncol 2010;28(4):562-9.

Blum W et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010;107(16):7473-8.

Cashen AF et al. J Clin Oncol 2010;28(4):556-61.

Studies of Hypomethylating Agents in the Treatment of Elderly Patients with AML

Study NMedian

AgeMedian %Blasts

Regimen (Median # cycles)

Median Overall Survival

1AZA-001 113 70 23%AZA (8 cycles)

CCR24.5 mos16.0 mos

2Blum 2010

53 74 52%Decitabine

20 mg/m2 d 1-10(4 cycles)

55 wks

3Cashen 2010

55 74 50%Decitabine

20 mg/m2 d 1-5(3 cycles)

7.7 mos

1 Fenaux P et al. J Clin Oncol 2010;28(4):562-9. 2 Blum W et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010;107(16):7473-8. 3 Cashen AF et al. J Clin Oncol 2010;28(4):556-61.

Case History: Dr Kantarjian

• 64-yo man with fatigue and petechiae

• History of heavy smoking and COPD


• Bone marrow aspirate & biopsy: 72% blasts. Positive myeloid markers

• Cytogenetics: Complex karyotype with chromosome 5 and 7 deletions

• ECOG PS 2

4) What would you recommend for this patient?

Hydroxyurea and hospice care

Low-dose cytarabine

Daunorubicin 45 mg/m2 IV daily

x 3 with cytarabineDaunorubicin 90 mg/m2 IV

daily with cytarabine

Idarubicin with standard-dose cytarabine

Idarubicin with high-dose cytarabine

Azacitidine or decitabine

Referral to leukemia center for investigational therapies

Clofarabine with or without low-dose cytarabine

19%

24%

34%

2%

5%

5%

2%

7%

2%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40%


Questions Regarding Frontline Therapy of Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Kantarjian H, O’Brien S.Cancer 2010;[Epub ahead of print].

< 60 years > 60 years

Median Survival 17.5 6.2

AML: Median Survival (mos) by Patient Age and Treatment Era

Patient Age <1970 1970-1979 1980-1989 1990-1999 2000-2009

< 60 years 2.7 11.8 14.0 18.0 22.8

> 60 years 0.9 1.6 3.7 5.5 7.4

Kantarjian H, O’Brien S. Cancer 2010;[Epub ahead of print].

AML: Median Survival (mos) by Patient Age and Treatment Era — MDACC 1980 to Present

Questions Regarding Frontline Therapy of AML

Kantarjian H, O’Brien S. Cancer 2010 July 9 [Epub ahead of print].

• Prognosis for unselected patients with AML who receive standard frontline AML therapy?

• Significance of “residual leukemia” documented after 1 course of induction?– Should such bone marrow analyses be performed early

(Day 10-14) and be followed with a second course of induction if “residual leukemia” is noted?

• Is daunorubicin at a dose of 45 to 60 mg/m2 daily for 3 days and cytarabine 100 to 200 mg/m2 daily for 7 days (“3 + 7 regimen”) still considered standard frontline AML therapy?

Molecular Studies in AML

Marker % Prognosis

FLT3 ITD/mutation 30 Worse

MLL PTD 7 Worse

BAALC 6 Worse

BCL2 and WT1 mRNA 10-20 Worse

EVI1 expression 10 Worse

c-kit mutation in CBF 15 Worse

NPM1 mutation 50 Better

CEBPA mutation 8 Better

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