CONTROL OF MICROORGANISMS

CONTROL OF

MICROORGANISMSPURPOSE DEFINITION

Activity/action to inhibit, to kill,to eliminate m.o

•To prevent their transmission & the spreading of the disease

•To destroy the pathogenes in the infected host

•To prevent food spoilage

Methods

STERILIZATIONCHEMOTHERAPY

DESINFECTION

STERILIZATION

1. High temperature

2. Low temperature

3. Desication/ drying up

4. Osmotic pressure

5. Radiation

6.Filtration

Using

PHYSICAL METHODS :

DESINFECTION

CHEMICAL AGENTS consist of

DISINFECTANT ANTISEPTIC Difference

Concentration D > AS

Character

BAKTERICIDE BACTERIOSTATIC

Effect to the host

TOXIC NON TOXIC used for

MATERIAL ON LIVING TISSUE

Use

CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS

have an selective toxicityThis agents can kill m.o but give less damage in host

• Synthetic Chemical Chemical agent agent Micro organisms product/

Antibiotics

CHEMOTHERAPY

Consist of

Use

1. High temperature effect kill/destroy microorganisms

Moist heat sterilization Dry heat sterilization

•Free steam sterilization • Dry air heat (1600c,

•Boilling water 2 hours)

OVENCloth sanitation

Eating utensils

• Steam under pressure (t.1210C ,15 pounds) Lab. Instruments, oils,powdere.g

AUTOCLAVE • Burning by fireUse for Use for

Sterilization of. Sterilization of ose, needle,Hospital & Lab.instruments Contaminated

material,cadaver

PHYSICAL METHODS

Consist of

To be used for e.g.

Autoclave

2. LOW TEMPERATURE to inhibit the growth of m.o &

(freezing/refrigerator) to inhibit reproduction

to preserve :

Food (meat,vegetables & fruit)

Medicine

Bacteria culture

3. DESICATION effect inhibiting m.o. growth

to be used for : Preservation of foods(meat, vegetables & fruits)

4.OSMOTIC PRESSURE PLASMOLISIS

to be used for : Meat,fish salted

Adding sugar on fruit (candied fruit)

Freezer & Refrigerator

5. Radiation effect Baktericidal

>Ultra Violet destroys m.o, depends on

Surgery roomFood industry - micro organisms

- media/culture- time of radiation

X radiation, gamma radiation & ionizing radiation - excellentsterilizing agent

- penetrates deep into objects

* Sterilization of : - surgery equipment which heat sensitive - thick material - others medical equipment (plastic disposable

sup-plies/syranges

Use for

is used for

6. FILTRATION

> Bacteriological filter thermolabil material: serum, enzymes, vita- mins, antibiotics.

> Air filtration sterilization of iso- lated area to prevent the spreading of the disease

use for

is used for

type

Filtration dan Laminar air flow

DISINFECTANTS & ANTISEPTICS

character

BACTERICIDE BACTERIOSTATIC

1. CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE DISTURBANCE

Abnormally membrane cell function

Lysis Death

2. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS DISTURBANCE

Protein denaturation

Affected by 6 factors

Concentration,duration of exposure,

Population size, organic matter,acidity (pH) &

temperature

Disturbance of metabolism cell

Mechanism of action

IDEALLY DISINFECTANTS & ANTISEPTICSIDEALLY DISINFECTANTS & ANTISEPTICS

Effective against a wide variety of Effective against a wide variety of infectious agentinfectious agent

Soluble in waterSoluble in water

Stable in the presence of organic matterStable in the presence of organic matter

Homogen compositionHomogen composition

No toxic to animal/humanNo toxic to animal/human

No corrosive for common materialsNo corrosive for common materials

Highly penetration into microorganismsHighly penetration into microorganisms

Relatively inexpensiveRelatively inexpensive

Effective in environment temperatureEffective in environment temperature

DISINFECTANTS & ANTISEPTICS GROUP

1. Phenol & Phenolics (Phenol derivates)

Cresols & Lysol Hexachlorophene bacteriostatic

> Mechanism of action = phenol

Denaturated & coagulated protein it depend on consentration

> Effectivity 2 – 5 X of Phenol> High pH & organic matter can reduce antimicrobial activity> Toxic against tissue

Disinfectants in house hold,laboratories & hospitals

character

Use for

Use for

Antiseptic : in oil, cream, soap, solution, Shampo, ointment.

2. DYE/STAINING AGENTS2. DYE/STAINING AGENTS> Gentian violet> Gentian violet local antiseptic for mucous membrane & local antiseptic for mucous membrane &

skinskin

> Carbol fuchsin> Carbol fuchsin fungal infectionfungal infection

3. HEAVY METALS3. HEAVY METALS BACTERIOSTATIC BACTERIOSTATIC> Mercury : - Mercury chloride > Mercury : - Mercury chloride

- Merbromin/ mercurochrom- Merbromin/ mercurochrom

skin antiseptic skin antiseptic

> Silver> Silver AgNO AgNO3 3

to prevent ophthalmic gonorrheato prevent ophthalmic gonorrhea > Copper> Copper

Use for

digunakan

4. HALOGENS & HALOGEN COMPOUNDS

*Chlorine gas

odor gas # Calcium hypochlorite & toxic powder for house

# Sodium hypochlorite hold

solution# Chloramine

Combination of Chlorine & Nitrogen

Irrigation of wound

Use for

* IODINE & IODINE COMPOUND

*Tincture of Iodine skin antiseptic ,

* Betadin for pre operative degerming & for

Crystal, desinfecting in lab. less water soluble & & hospitalsdissolvable in alcohol

5. OXIDANTIA ANTISEPTIC

> Hydrogen peroxida remove anaerobic

> KMnO4 m.o from wound

e.g

Are used as

are used for

6. REDUCE-SURFACE TENSION AGENT/DETERJENT

Cationic detergents anion detergents

Quaternary ammonium Green soap

compounds

Benzalkonium chloride Skin antiseptic

- Skin antiseptic

- Disinfection of metal or rubber utensils

e.g e.g

Use for

Use for

7.CHEMOSTERILIZING GASES: colorless gas, toxic,more bactericidal

e.g : Ethylene oxide

Many heat-sensitive items such as: disposable plastic petri dishes syranges, catheters, heart-lung

machinecomponents

8. OTHERS

a. Alcohols 70% Bactericidal

• Skin adstringen reduce sweat• Skin sterilization

• Small instruments sterilization

Use for

Use for

b. Aldehyde Bactericidal

• Gas: Formaldehyde disinfection of hospital & laboratory equipment

• Solution: Formalin ( contain 40% Formaldehyde )

Tissue preservation

c. Boric acid weak antiseptic agent

• Mouth wash • For skin: powder, ointment

Use for

Use for

Use for

SYNTHETIC CHEMICAL CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

AGENTS PRODUCED BY M.O

BACETERIOSTATIC

Bacteriocidal in

high concentration

>Sulfonamides Antibiotics

CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS

character

e.ge.g

*SULF0NAMIDES ANTIBIOTICSCompetitive inhibition 1. Inhibiting cell wall synthesis

Interfere peptidoglycan synthesis

PABA SULFONAMIDES e.g.Penicillins Penicillium

notatum,Gram+Bacitracin Bacillus subtillis, Gram

+

Folic acid

Bacterial growth 2. Agents affecting the permeable of the cell

membrane Polymyxins Bacillus polymyxa,

Gram - Nystatin Streptomyces noursei

*INH ( ISONIAZID) tbc anti fungal

Amphotericin Streptomyces nodosus=pyridoxin anti fungal

Subtitute on

Needed to produce

is used for

3. AGENTS PRIMARILY INHIBITING PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

BY THEIR EFFECTS ON RIBOSOMES

Chloramphenicol Streptomyces venezuela

Gram + & Gram -

Tetracyclines Streptomyces aureofaciensGram + & Gram -

The Aminoglycocides- Streptomycin Streptomyces griceus

Gram - & Tbc bacillus- Neomycin Streptomyces fradiae

Gram -- Kanamycin Streptomyces kanamycetisus

Gram -- Gentamicin Micromonospora purpurea

Gram + & Gram -

4. INHIBITION OF NUCLEIC ACID SYNTHESIS

DNA Griseofulvin Pinicillium Griseofulvin

RNA Rifampisin Streptomyces mediterraneiGram + & tbc bacteria

Laboratory exa- Microorganisms drug resistance

mination

• Difusion Resistance factor

inhibition zone

• Dilution MIC(minimal inhibitory concentration)

Problems that usually occur

produce

RESISTANCE FACTORS

CHROMOSOMAL EXTRA CHROMOSOMAL

(Plasmid or episome)

MUTATION SPREADING

Alteration of Genes/ • Transduction protein component • Transformation

• Conjugation

1. Suitable drug of choice2. Right/enough dosage3. Using combination of antibiotics

location

methods

misal via

To minimize drug resistance