contribution of viscosity modifiers on fuel economy engine oils kstle lubricants symposium 2007...
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Contribution of Viscosity Modifiers on Fuel Economy Engine Oils
KSTLE Lubricants Symposium 2007
Cheju, 13 - 14 September
Dr. Hitoshi Hamaguchi
Degussa Japan Co., Ltd.
KSTLE Lubricants Symposium 2007
Cheju, 13 - 14 September
Dr. Hitoshi Hamaguchi
Degussa Japan Co., Ltd.
Agenda
1. Fuel Economy Regulations
2. Vehicle Fuel Economy
3. Engine Oil and Fuel Economy
4. Ultra Low Viscosity Engine Oil
5. Influences of Viscosity Modifiers on Fuel Economy
6. Summary
Fuel Economy Regulations
USA
• CAFE (Corporate Average Fuel Economy) (mpg)
Model Year 2008 2009 2010 2011
Passenger Car 27.5 27.5 27.5 27.5
Light Truck 22.7 23.4 23.7 24.0
Europe
• Agreement between EU and ACEA
– 25% reduction in CO2 emission (Year 1995 vs. 2008)
• Proposed target by EU Comission
– 35% reduction in CO2 emission (Year 1995 vs. 2012)
Fuel Economy Regulations (continued)
Japan
• Fuel economy target by Energy Conservation Law (1998) [10.15 mode]
• Draft fuel economy target by Energy Conservation Law (2007) [JC08 mode]
• Fuel economy target for heavy duty trucks (2006)– 12.2% improvement in average fuel economy (Year 2002 vs. 2015)
Type of Vehicle 1995 actual FE 2010 target FE Improvement
Passenger Cars 12.3 Km/L 15.1 Km/L 22.8 %
Trucks with GVW < 2.5tons 14.4 Km/L 16.3 Km/L 13.2 %
Type of Vehicle 2004 actual FE 2015 target FE Improvement
Passenger Cars 13.6 Km/L 16.8 Km/L 23.5 %
Light Buses 8.3 Km/L 8.9 Km/L 7.2 %
Light Trucks 13.5 Km/L 15.2 Km/L 12.6 %
CO2 Emissions by Sector in Japan (Fiscal 2004)
Residential13.0%
Commercial17.6%
Transport20.4%
Others6.7%
Industries36.3%
Energy Industries6.0%
Total CO2 Emissions1,279 million
tons
CO2 Emissions by Sector in Japan (Fiscal 2004)
Engine Technologies
Improvement in thermal efficiency Lean-burn Direct injection Variable mechanism (variable cylinder, VVT, etc.)
Reduction of friction loss Piston & ring friction reduction Low friction engine oil Variable auxiliary drive
Leading Fuel Economy Vehicle Technologies
Improved Aerodynamics(reduced resistance to airflow)
Improved body configuration
Reduction of Vehicle Weight
Expanded use of lightweight materialsImproved body structure
Improved Drive System
Expansion of lockup areaExpanded number of transmission gearsCVT
Reduction of Roll Resistance
Low roll-resistance tires
Other
Electrical power steeringIdling preventionHybridization
Source: JAMASource: JAMA
Concept of Low Friction Engine Oil
Lower Friction• Reduce friction loss under boundary lubrication regime
Lower Viscosity• Reduce churning loss under hydrodynamic lubrication regime
Higher Viscosity Index• Reduce churning loss under low temperature condition• Reduce boundary friction under high temperature condition
Concept of Low Friction Engine Oilon the Streibeck Curve
Fri
ctio
n
Speed x ViscosityLoad
BoundaryLubrication
EHL Hydrodynamic Lubrication
Friction Reduction
by Better Low
Temperature Fluidity
Friction Reduction by FM
Friction Reduction
by Lower Viscosity
SGSG11
22
33
44
55
Seq
.VI
F/E
im
pro
vem
ent
Seq
.VI
F/E
im
pro
vem
ent
, %
(vs
. 20
W-3
0),
% (
vs.
20W
-30)
GF-1GF-1 GF-2GF-2
00
11
22
33
Seq
.VIB
F/E
imp
rovem
ent
Seq
.VIB
F/E
imp
rovem
ent
, % (vs. 5W
-30), %
(vs. 5W-30)GF-3GF-310W-3010W-30
5W-305W-30& 0W-30& 0W-30
5W-205W-20
& & 0W-200W-20
19901990 200520052000200019951995
GF-GF-44
20102010
GF-5GF-5
Source: K. Nakamura, Nissan MotorsSource: K. Nakamura, Nissan Motors
Trend in Fuel Economy Requirement(ILSAC Specifications)
Japan
5W-405%
10W-3040%
5W-3030%
0W-301%
5W-205%
0W-2010%
15W-504%10W-40
5%
PCMO Viscosity Grade in Japan (2006)
Source: SAE Asia Market SurveySource: SAE Asia Market Survey
Est
imat
ed f
uel
eco
no
my
imp
rove
men
t
(vs
5W-3
0 O
IL B
), %
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0HTHS viscosity, mPa ・s
Formulation AFormulation B
With Mo
Without Mo
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0HTHS viscosity, mPa・s
Formulation A
Formulation B
With Mo
Without Mo
L4, 1.8L, Bucket typeL4, 2.0L, Roller Rocker Arm type
0W200W20 0W/200W/20
0W100W10??0W100W10??
5W305W305W305W30
Est
imat
ed f
uel
eco
no
my
imp
rove
men
t
(vs
5W-3
0 O
IL B
), %
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0HTHS viscosity, mPa ・s
Formulation AFormulation B
With Mo
Without Mo
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0HTHS viscosity, mPa・s
Formulation A
Formulation B
With Mo
Without Mo
L4, 1.8L, Bucket typeL4, 2.0L, Roller Rocker Arm type
0W200W20 0W/200W/20
0W100W10??0W100W10??
5W305W305W305W30
Source:SAE 2002-01-1636Source:SAE 2002-01-1636
HTHS Viscosity vs. Fuel Economy
Temperature → High
HT
HS
Vis
cosi
ty, m
Pa
・s
150℃
80℃
↓Low
High VI Oil
Current Oil (0W-20)
●2.6
Fuel EconomyFuel Economy●
●
●
Viscosity Reduction of Current Oil (0W-10 ?)
Engine ProtectionEngine Protection
Necessity of High VI Oil for Fuel Economy and Engine Protection
Ultra Low Viscosity Engine Oil(Example: Draft ILSAC GF-5 0W-20)
1. Fresh Oil Viscosity Requirements1.a SAE J300
• KV100 5.6 – 9.3• HTHS150 ≥ 2.6• CCS -35 ≤ 6200• MRV -40 ≤ 60000
1.b Gelation Index
2. Engine Test Requirements2.a Wear and Oil Thickening (Seq IIIG)2.b Wear, Sludge and Varnish (Seq VG)2.c Valvetrain Wear (Seq IVA)2.d Bearing Corrosion (Seq VIII)2.e Fuel Efficiency (Seq VID)
• Fresh Oil Fuel Economy• Aged Oil Fuel Economy
2.f Used Engine Oil Aeration Test
3. Bench Test Requirements
3.a Catalyst Compatibility• P ≤ 0.07 mass%
3.b Wear• P ≥ 0.06 mass%
3.c Volatility
3.d High Temp. Deposit (TEOST MHT)
3.e High Temp. Deposit (TEOST 33C)
3.f Filterability
3.g Fresh Oil Foaming Characteristics
3.h Fresh Oil High Temp. Foaming
3.i Aged Oil Low Temp. Viscosity (ROBO)
3.j Shear Stability (Seq VIII)
3.k Homogeneity and Miscibility
3.l Engine Rusting (Ball Rust Test)
3.m Emulsion Retention
3.n Rust Protection Test
Influences of Engine Oil Compositionon Performances
Component Direct Effects Indirect Effects
Base Oil Kinamatic Viscosity Low Temperature Viscosity Volatility Thermal Stability
Oxidation Stability Fuel Economy Foaming / Aeration
Detergent Engine Cleanliness High Temperature Deposit
Homogeneity and Miscibility Emulsion Retention
Dispersant Engine Cleanliness Low Temperature Viscosity (Negative)
Oxidation Inhibitor
Oxidation Stability Wear Protection
Catalyst Compatibility (Negative)
Influences of Engine Oil Compositionon Performances (continued)
Component Direct Effects Indirect Effects
Friction Modifier Fuel Economy High Temp. Deposit (Negative)
Viscosity Modifier Viscosity Thickening Viscosity Index HTHS Viscosity Low Temperature Viscosity Shear Stability
Volatility Fuel Economy Dispersancy Wear Protection
Corrosion Inhibitor Rust Protection Bearing Corrosion
High Temp. Deposit (Negative)
Wax Modifier Low Temperature Viscosity
Antifoam Agent Foaming / Aeration
Formulation Example (GF-4 0W-20)
Items Unit Test Method Result
Formulation Yubase 4 DI Package Viscoplex 6-850
mass%mass%mass%
85.9310.723.35
Kinematic Viscosity (@40C) mm2/sASTM D 445
43.16
Kinematic Viscosity (@100C) mm2/s 9.178
Viscosity Index ASTM D 2270 202
CCS Viscosity (@-35C) mPa-s ASTM D 5293 5,555
MRV TP-1 Viscosity (@-40C) mPa-sASTM D 4684
18,600
Yield Stress (@-40C) Pa < 35
Pour Point C ASTM D 97 - 42
HTHS Viscosity (@150C) mPa-sASTM D 4683
2.65
HTHS Viscosity (@100C) mPa-s 5.49
Noack Volatility % ASTM D 5800 14.08
Viscosity Modifiers for Ultra Low Viscosity Engine Oil
OCPs• Higher thickening efficiency Lower base oil viscosity
Higher volatility• Limitation in Viscosity Index improvement• Poor low temperature performances
PAMAs• Lower thickening Higher base oil viscosity Lower volatility• Provides higher flexibility in base oil selection• Higher Viscosity Index Better Fuel Economy• Excellent low temperature performance• Flexibility in molecular design
– Dispersancy Reduction of ashless dispersants Better low temperature performance + cost effectiveness
– Additional functions Film thickness / Low friction
Summary
Requirement for vehicle fuel economy is becoming more and
more stringent in next few years to reduce CO2 emission
Low friction engine oil is one of the countermeasures for
improving fuel economy
Ultra low viscosity engine oils such as SAE 0W-20 have been
used in Japan
PAMA provides various advantages and flexibilities for
formulating ultra low viscosity engine oils, thus contributes fuel
saving of automobile