contents10g release b14234-02 administrations guide

8/8/2019 Contents10g Release b14234-02 Administrations Guide

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Contents

Title and Copyright Information

Send Us Your Comments

Preface

Audience

Documentation Accessibility

Structure

Related Documents Conventions

What's New in Oracle Database Administrator's Guide?

Oracle Database 10g Release 2 (10.2) New Features in the Administrator's Guide

Oracle Database 10g Release 1 (10.1) New Features in the Administrator's Guide

Part I Basic Database Administration

1 Overview of Administering an Oracle Database

Types of Oracle Database Users

o Database Administrators

o Security Officers

o Network Administrators

o Application Developers

o Application Administrators

o Database Users

Tasks of a Database Administrator

o Task 1: Evaluate the Database Server Hardware

o Task 2: Install the Oracle Database Software

o Task 3: Plan the Database

o Task 4: Create and Open the Database

o Task 5: Back Up the Database

o Task 6: Enroll System Users

o Task 7: Implement the Database Design

o Task 8: Back Up the Fully Functional Database

o Task 9: Tune Database Performance

o Task 10: Download and Install Patches

o Task 11: Roll Out to Additional Hosts

Selecting an Instance with Environment Variables
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Identifying Your Oracle Database Software Release

o Release Number Format

o

Major Database Release Number Database Maintenance Release Number

Application Server Release Number

Component-Specific Release Number Platform-Specific Release Number

o Checking Your Current Release Number

Database Administrator Security and Privileges

o The Database Administrator's Operating System Account

o Database Administrator Usernames

o

SYS

SYSTEM The DBA Role

Database Administrator Authentication

o Administrative Privileges

o

SYSDBA and SYSOPER Connecting with Administrative Privileges: Example

o Selecting an Authentication Method

o

Nonsecure Remote Connections Local Connections and Secure Remote Connections

o Using Operating System Authentication

o

OSDBA and OSOPER Preparing to Use Operating System Authentication

Connecting Using Operating System Authenticationo Using Password File Authentication

o

Preparing to Use Password File Authentication Connecting Using Password File Authentication

Creating and Maintaining a Password File

o Using ORAPWD

o Setting REMOTE_LOGIN_ PASSWORDFILE

o Adding Users to a Password File

o

Granting and Revoking SYSDBA and SYSOPER Privileges

Viewing Password File Memberso Maintaining a Password File

o

Expanding the Number of Password File Users Removing a Password File

Server Manageability
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o Automatic Manageability Features

o

Automatic Workload Repository

Automatic Maintenance Tasks

Server-Generated Alerts Advisors

o Data Utilities

o

SQL*Loader Export and Import Utilities

2 Creating an Oracle Database

Deciding How to Create an Oracle Database Manually Creating an Oracle Database

o Considerations Before Creating the Database

o

Planning for Database Creation Meeting Creation Prerequisites

o Creating the Database

o

Step 1: Decide on Your Instance Identifier (SID) Step 2: Establish the Database Administrator Authentication Method

Step 3: Create the Initialization Parameter File

Step 4: Connect to the Instance Step 5: Create a Server Parameter File (Recommended)

Step 6: Start the Instance

Step 7: Issue the CREATE DATABASE Statement

Step 8: Create Additional Tablespaces Step 9: Run Scripts to Build Data Dictionary Views

Step 10: Run Scripts to Install Additional Options (Optional)

Step 11: Back Up the Database.

Understanding the CREATE DATABASE Statement

o Protecting Your Database: Specifying Passwords for Users SYS and SYSTEM

o Creating a Locally Managed SYSTEM Tablespace

o Creating the SYSAUX Tablespace

o Using Automatic Undo Management: Creating an Undo Tablespace

o Creating a Default Permanent Tablespace

o Creating a Default Temporary Tablespaceo Specifying Oracle-Managed Files at Database Creation

o Supporting Bigfile Tablespaces During Database Creation

o

Specifying the Default Tablespace Type

Overriding the Default Tablespace Type

o Specifying the Database Time Zone and Time Zone File

o

Setting the Database Time Zone

Specifying the Database Time Zone File

o Specifying FORCE LOGGING Mode
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o

Using the FORCE LOGGING Clause Performance Considerations of FORCE LOGGING Mode

Understanding Initialization Parameters

o Determining the Global Database Name

o

DB_NAME Initialization Parameter DB_DOMAIN Initialization Parameter

o Specifying a Flash Recovery Area

o Specifying Control Files

o Specifying Database Block Sizes

o

DB_BLOCK_SIZE Initialization Parameter Nonstandard Block Sizes

o Managing the System Global Area (SGA)

o

Components and Granules in the SGA

Limiting the Size of the SGA

Using Automatic Shared Memory Management Using Manual Shared Memory Management

Viewing Information About the SGA

o Specifying the Maximum Number of Processes

o Specifying the Method of Undo Space Management

o

UNDO_MANAGEMENT Initialization Parameter UNDO_TABLESPACE Initialization Parameter

o The COMPATIBLE Initialization Parameter and Irreversible Compatibility

o Setting the License Parameter

Troubleshooting Database Creation

Dropping a Database

Managing Initialization Parameters Using a Server Parameter File

o What Is a Server Parameter File?

o Migrating to a Server Parameter File

o Creating a Server Parameter File

o The SPFILE Initialization Parameter

o Using ALTER SYSTEM to Change Initialization Parameter Values

o

Setting or Changing Initialization Parameter Values

o Exporting the Server Parameter File

o Backing Up the Server Parameter File

o Errors and Recovery for the Server Parameter File

o Viewing Parameter Settings

Defining Application Services for Oracle Database 10g

o Deploying Services

o Configuring Services

o Using Services

o

Client-Side Use
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Server-Side Use

Considerations After Creating a Database

o Some Security Considerations

o Enabling Transparent Data Encryption

o Creating a Secure External Password Store

o Installing the Oracle Database Sample Schemas

Viewing Information About the Database

3 Starting Up and Shutting Down

Starting Up a Database

o Options for Starting Up a Database

o

Starting Up a Database Using SQL*Plus

Starting Up a Database Using Recovery Manager Starting Up a Database Using Oracle Enterprise Manager

o

Understanding Initialization Parameter Fileso Preparing to Start Up an Instance

o Starting Up an Instance

o

Starting an Instance, and Mounting and Opening a Database Starting an Instance Without Mounting a Database

Starting an Instance and Mounting a Database

Restricting Access to an Instance at Startup Forcing an Instance to Start

Starting an Instance, Mounting a Database, and Starting Complete Media Recovery

Automatic Database Startup at Operating System Start

Starting Remote Instances Altering Database Availability

o Mounting a Database to an Instance

o Opening a Closed Database

o Opening a Database in Read-Only Mode

o Restricting Access to an Open Database

Shutting Down a Database

o Shutting Down with the NORMAL Clause

o Shutting Down with the IMMEDIATE Clause

o Shutting Down with the TRANSACTIONAL Clauseo Shutting Down with the ABORT Clause

o Shutdown Timeout

Quiescing a Database

o Placing a Database into a Quiesced State

o Restoring the System to Normal Operation

o Viewing the Quiesce State of an Instance

Suspending and Resuming a Database
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4 Managing Oracle Database Processes

About Dedicated and Shared Server Processes

o Dedicated Server Processes

o Shared Server Processes

Configuring Oracle Database for Shared Server

o Initialization Parameters for Shared Server

o Enabling Shared Server

o

Determining a Value for SHARED_SERVERS Decreasing the Number of Shared Server Processes

Limiting the Number of Shared Server Processes

Limiting the Number of Shared Server Sessions Protecting Shared Memory

o Configuring Dispatchers

o

DISPATCHERS Initialization Parameter Attributes Determining the Number of Dispatchers

Setting the Initial Number of Dispatchers Altering the Number of Dispatchers Shutting Down Specific Dispatcher Processes

Disabling Shared Servers

o Monitoring Shared Server

About Oracle Database Background Processes

Managing Processes for Parallel SQL Execution

o About Parallel Execution Servers

o

Altering Parallel Execution for a Sessiono

Disabling Parallel SQL Execution

Enabling Parallel SQL Execution

Forcing Parallel SQL Execution

Managing Processes for External Procedures

Terminating Sessions

o Identifying Which Session to Terminate

o Terminating an Active Session

o Terminating an Inactive Session

Monitoring the Operation of Your Database

o Server-Generated Alerts

o

Using APIs to Administer Server-Generated Alerts

Viewing Alert Data

o Monitoring the Database Using Trace Files and the Alert Log

o

Using the Trace Files Specifying the Location of Trace Files

Controlling the Size of Trace Files
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Controlling When Oracle Database Writes to Trace Files

Reading the Trace File for Shared Server Sessionso Monitoring Locks

o Monitoring Wait Events

o Process and Session Views

Part II Oracle Database Structure and Storage

5 Managing Control Files

What Is a Control File?

Guidelines for Control Files

o Provide Filenames for the Control Files

o Multiplex Control Files on Different Disks

o Back Up Control Files

o Manage the Size of Control Files

Creating Control Files

o Creating Initial Control Files

o Creating Additional Copies, Renaming, and Relocating Control Files

o Creating New Control Files

o

When to Create New Control Files

The CREATE CONTROLFILE Statement

Steps for Creating New Control Files

Troubleshooting After Creating Control Files

o Checking for Missing or Extra Files

o Handling Errors During CREATE CONTROLFILE

Backing Up Control Files

Recovering a Control File Using a Current Copy

o Recovering from Control File Corruption Using a Control File Copy

o Recovering from Permanent Media Failure Using a Control File Copy

Dropping Control Files

Displaying Control File Information

6 Managing the Redo Log

What Is the Redo Log?

o Redo Threads

o Redo Log Contents

o How Oracle Database Writes to the Redo Log

o

Active (Current) and Inactive Redo Log Files

Log Switches and Log Sequence Numbers Planning the Redo Log
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o Multiplexing Redo Log Files

o

Responding to Redo Log Failure

Legal and Illegal Configurations

o Placing Redo Log Members on Different Disks

o Setting the Size of Redo Log Members

o Choosing the Number of Redo Log Files

o Controlling Archive Lag

o

Setting the ARCHIVE_LAG_TARGET Initialization Parameter

Factors Affecting the Setting of ARCHIVE_LAG_TARGET Creating Redo Log Groups and Members

o Creating Redo Log Groups

o Creating Redo Log Members

Relocating and Renaming Redo Log Members

Dropping Redo Log Groups and Members

o Dropping Log Groups

o Dropping Redo Log Members Forcing Log Switches

Verifying Blocks in Redo Log Files

Clearing a Redo Log File

Viewing Redo Log Information

7 Managing Archived Redo Logs

What Is the Archived Redo Log?

Choosing Between NOARCHIVELOG and ARCHIVELOG Mode

o Running a Database in NOARCHIVELOG Mode

o Running a Database in ARCHIVELOG Mode

Controlling Archiving

o Setting the Initial Database Archiving Mode

o Changing the Database Archiving Mode

o Performing Manual Archiving

o Adjusting the Number of Archiver Processes

Specifying the Archive Destination

o Specifying Archive Destinations

o

Method 1: Using the LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_n Parameter

Method 2: Using LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST and LOG_ARCHIVE_DUPLEX_DEST

o Understanding Archive Destination Status

Specifying the Mode of Log Transmission

o Normal Transmission Mode

o Standby Transmission Mode
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Managing Archive Destination Failure

o Specifying the Minimum Number of Successful Destinations

o

Specifying Mandatory and Optional Destinations Specifying the Number of Successful Destinations: Scenarios

o Rearchiving to a Failed Destination

Controlling Trace Output Generated by the Archivelog Process

Viewing Information About the Archived Redo Log

o Dynamic Performance Views

o The ARCHIVE LOG LIST Command

8 Managing Tablespaces

Guidelines for Managing Tablespaces

o Using Multiple Tablespaces

o

Assigning Tablespace Quotas to Users Creating Tablespaces

o Locally Managed Tablespaces

o

Creating a Locally Managed Tablespace

Specifying Segment Space Management in Locally Managed Tablespaces

Altering a Locally Managed Tablespaceo Bigfile Tablespaces

o

Creating a Bigfile Tablespace

Altering a Bigfile Tablespace Identifying a Bigfile Tablespace

o Temporary Tablespaces

o

Creating a Locally Managed Temporary Tablespace

Creating a Bigfile Temporary Tablespace Altering a Locally Managed Temporary Tablespace

o Multiple Temporary Tablespaces: Using Tablespace Groups

o

Creating a Tablespace Group

Changing Members of a Tablespace Group

Assigning a Tablespace Group as the Default Temporary Tablespace Specifying Nonstandard Block Sizes for Tablespaces

Controlling the Writing of Redo Records

Altering Tablespace Availability

o Taking Tablespaces Offline

o Bringing Tablespaces Online

Using Read-Only Tablespaces

o Making a Tablespace Read-Only

o Making a Read-Only Tablespace Writable
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o Creating a Read-Only Tablespace on a WORM Device

o Delaying the Opening of Datafiles in Read-Only Tablespaces

Renaming Tablespaces

Dropping Tablespaces

Managing the SYSAUX Tablespace

o Monitoring Occupants of the SYSAUX Tablespace

o Moving Occupants Out Of or Into the SYSAUX Tablespace

o Controlling the Size of the SYSAUX Tablespace Diagnosing and Repairing Locally Managed Tablespace Problems

o Scenario 1: Fixing Bitmap When Allocated Blocks are Marked Free (No Overlap)

o Scenario 2: Dropping a Corrupted Segment

o Scenario 3: Fixing Bitmap Where Overlap is Reported

o Scenario 4: Correcting Media Corruption of Bitmap Blocks

o Scenario 5: Migrating from a Dictionary-Managed to a Locally Managed Tablespace

Migrating the SYSTEM Tablespace to a Locally Managed Tablespace Transporting Tablespaces Between Databases

o Introduction to Transportable Tablespaceso About Transporting Tablespaces Across Platforms

o Limitations on Transportable Tablespace Use

o Compatibility Considerations for Transportable Tablespaces

o Transporting Tablespaces Between Databases: A Procedure and Example

o

Step 1: Determine if Platforms are Supported and Endianness

Step 2: Pick a Self-Contained Set of Tablespaces

Step 3: Generate a Transportable Tablespace Set

Step 4: Transport the Tablespace Set Step 5: Import the Tablespace Set

o Using Transportable Tablespaces: Scenarios

o

Transporting and Attaching Partitions for Data Warehousing

Publishing Structured Data on CDs

Mounting the Same Tablespace Read-Only on Multiple Databases Archiving Historical Data Using Transportable Tablespaces

Using Transportable Tablespaces to Perform TSPITR

o Moving Databases Across Platforms Using Transportable Tablespaces

Viewing Tablespace Information

o Example 1: Listing Tablespaces and Default Storage Parameters

o Example 2: Listing the Datafiles and Associated Tablespaces of a Database

o Example 3: Displaying Statistics for Free Space (Extents) of Each Tablespace

9 Managing Datafiles and Tempfiles

Guidelines for Managing Datafiles

o Determine the Number of Datafiles

o
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Determine a Value for the DB_FILES Initialization Parameter

Consider Possible Limitations When Adding Datafiles to a Tablespace Consider the Performance Impact

o Determine the Size of Datafiles

o Place Datafiles Appropriately

o Store Datafiles Separate from Redo Log Files

Creating Datafiles and Adding Datafiles to a Tablespace

Changing Datafile Size

o Enabling and Disabling Automatic Extension for a Datafile

o Manually Resizing a Datafile

Altering Datafile Availability

o Bringing Datafiles Online or Taking Offline in ARCHIVELOG Mode

o Taking Datafiles Offline in NOARCHIVELOG Mode

o Altering the Availability of All Datafiles or Tempfiles in a Tablespace

Renaming and Relocating Datafiles

o Procedures for Renaming and Relocating Datafiles in a Single Tablespace

o

Procedure for Renaming Datafiles in a Single Tablespace

Procedure for Relocating Datafiles in a Single Tablespace

o Procedure for Renaming and Relocating Datafiles in Multiple Tablespaces

Dropping Datafiles

Verifying Data Blocks in Datafiles

Copying Files Using the Database Server

o Copying a File on a Local File System

o Third-Party File Transfer

o File Transfer and the DBMS_SCHEDULER Package

o Advanced File Transfer Mechanisms

Mapping Files to Physical Devices

o Overview of Oracle Database File Mapping Interface

o How the Oracle Database File Mapping Interface Works

o

Components of File Mapping

Mapping Structures Example of Mapping Structures

Configuration ID

o Using the Oracle Database File Mapping Interface

o

Enabling File Mapping

Using the DBMS_STORAGE_MAP Package Obtaining Information from the File Mapping Views

o File Mapping Examples

o

Example 1: Map All Database Files that Span a Device

Example 2: Map a File into Its Corresponding Devices

Example 3: Map a Database Object

Viewing Datafile Information
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