consti 2 notes 1e dean bautista

8/12/2019 Consti 2 Notes 1E Dean Bautista

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ATENEO LAW SCHOOL CONSTITUTIONAL LAW II

1E [DEAN BAUTISTA]L.T.J.F. 1stSemester S.Y. 2011-2012

ARTICLE III BILL OF RIGHTS

Section 1 Due Process and Equal Protection

Acebedo Optical Co. v. CA- Lo!" #o$er%me%ts m!& re#'"!te ('s)%ess s'* !s t*e se"")%#

o+ e&e#"!sses ('t m!& %ot e%#!#e )% t*e ")e%s)%# o+ or re#'"!t)o% o+ ,ro+ess)o%s.

Phil Blooming Mills Employees Organization v. Phil Blooming Mills Co, Inc.- A $!")

)%+r)%#eme%t o% *'m!% r)#*ts re')res ! more str)%#e%t r)ter)o%/ %!me"& e)ste%e o+ !

#r!$e !% )mme)!te !%#er o+ ! s'(st!%t)$e e$)" *)* t*e St!te *!s t*e r)#*t to ,re$e%t.

Dncan Association o! Employees v. "la#o $ellcome % A om,!%& *!s t*e r)#*t to ,rotet

)ts tr!e serets t*'s t*e r'"e o% )sm)ss)%# !% em,"o&ee o% t*e #ro'% o+ m!rr&)%# !%em,"o&ee o+ ! om,et)tor om,!%& )s ! $!") o%e.

Banco Espanol &ilipino v. Palanca- T*e esse%t)!" re')reme%ts o+ ,roe'r!" 'e ,roess )%

o'rts +or %o%-r)m)%!" !ses !re t*e +o""o)%#1. A tr)('%!" "ot*e )t* 3'))!" ,oer to *e!r t*e m!tter

2. J'r)s)t)o% )s "!+'""& !')re o$er t*e ,erso% or ,ro,ert&/ *)* )s t*e s'(3et o+t*e ,roee)%#s

4. De+e%!%t )s #)$e% !% o,,ort'%)t& to (e *e!r

5. J'#me%t )s re%ere ',o% "!+'" *e!r)%#

'ecretary v. (dge )antion % D'r)%# t*e ee't)$e ,*!se o+ !% etr!)t)o% ,roee)%#/ !%

etr!)tee oes %ot *!$e t*e r)#*t o+ !ess to e$)e%e 6 o%"& 'r)%# t*e 3'))!" ,*!se.

&abella v. CA6 T*e re')reme%ts o+ 'e ,roess )% !m)%)str!t)$e !ses !re t*e +o""o)%#

1. 7)#*t o+ %ot)e o+ t*e )%st)t't)o% o+ ,roee)%#s2. O,,ort'%)t& to (e *e!r

4. Tr)('%!" "ot*e )t* om,ete%t 3'r)s)t)o%5. A +)%)%# s',,orte (& s'(st!%t)!" e$)e%e

Philippine Press Institte v. Comelec- Come"e !%%ot om,e" ,r)%t me)! to o%!te

!$ert)seme%t s,!es s)%e t*)s )s t*e t!8)%# o+ ,ro,ert& )t*o't 3'st om,e%s!t)o%

*E)EBAP v. Comelec- Bro!!st me)! m!& (e om,e""e to o%!te !)rt)me s)%e !9

me)! %etor8s o %ot o% t*e !)r!$es !% +re'e%)es: (9 t*e& !re #)$e% +r!%*)ses to

o,er!te *)* )s ! ,r)$)"e#e #)$e% (& t*e #o$er%me%t.

+' v. *oribio6 To s!t)s+& s'(st!%t)$e 'e ,roess/ t*e "!s m'st !,,e!r

1. t*!t t*e )%terest o+ t*e ,'(") re')re s'* )%ter+ere%e2. t*e me!%s !re re!so%!("e %eess!r&

not v. ICA6 T*e o%+)s!t)o% o+ !r!(!os or !r!(ee+ )s %ot re!so%!("& re"!te to t*e

,'r,ose o+ t*e ee't)$e orer/ *)* )s t*e ,reser$)%# t*e !r!(!os +or t*e (e%e+)t o+

sm!"" +!rmers.

People v. Cayat6 7e')s)tes +or ! "!ss)+)!t)o% to (e re!so%!("e ;e'!" ,rotet)o% "!'se9

1. e'!" ,!& +,r e'!"

or8?. B't #)$)%# t*e +ore)#% *)res more (e%e+)ts s'* !s tr!%s,ort!t)o% !% *o's)%#

So'resBer%!s/ Jo!')% =./ S.J./ T*e 1@ Co%st)t't)o% o+ t*e 7e,'(") o+ t*e *)"),,)%es A Comme%t!r& ;200@ e.9.Ber%!s/ Jo!')% =./ S.J./ T*e 1@ *)"),,)%e Co%st)t't)o% A Com,re*e%s)$e 7e$)eer ;2011 e.9. Pae 1 o! "#


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ert!)%t&. T*ere )s %o %ee to ,rese%t ,roo+ (e&o% re!so%!("e o'(t.

-a Chee "an v. Deportation Board6 Comm)ss)o%er o% Imm)#r!t)o% m!& %ot )ss'e !%

!rrest !rr!%t ('t m!& orer t*e !rrest o+ !% !")e% )% !rr&)%# o't !% orer *)* *!s

(eome +)%!". 3arvey v. 'antiago6 !rrests/ +or ,'r,oses o+ e,ort!t)o%/ %ee %o !rr!%t. T*ere )s %o

,ro(!("e !'se %eee 6 o%"& ! s,e)+) *!r#e !#!)%st t*e !")e%s. T*e "e#!" (!s)s +or t*e

!rr!%t"ess !rrest )s t*e >m)ss)o% orer?.

'oliven v. (dge Maasiar6 W*!t )s re')re o+ t*e 3'#e )s t*e ,erso%!" eterm)%!t)o% o+

,ro(!("e !'se !% %ot t*e ,erso%!" e!m)%!t)o% o+ t*e re,orts. ;('t t*e 3'#e m'st st)"""oo8 !t t*e s',,ort)%# o'me%ts s)%e )t )s *)s res,o%s)()")t& to s!t)s+& *)mse"+ o+ t*e

e)ste%e o+ ,ro(!("e !'se. 7e"&)%# o% t*e rose'tors ert)+)!t)o% !"o%e )s %e$er e%o'#*6 )im v. &eli#9

People v. 2eloso6 A >Jo*% Doe? !rr!%t ;!rr!%t )rete to ! ,erso% *ose %!me )s

'%ert!)% or '%8%o%9 )s $!") ,ro$)e )t o%t!)%s !e'!te esr),t)o% to e%!("e t*eo++)er to )e%t)+& t*e !'se.

Malacat v. CA6 For ! !rr!%t"ess se!r* )%)e%t!" to ! "!+'" !rrest/ t*ere m'st (e !"!+'" !rrest +)rst (e+ore ! se!r* !% (e m!e 6 t*)s ,roess !%%ot (e re$erse.

People v. Evaristo6 E"eme%ts o+ se)'re o+ e$)e%e )% ,"!)% $)e

1. A ,r)or $!") )%tr's)o%2. E$)e%e !s )%!$erte%t"& )so$ere (& t*e ,o")e

4. Le#!")t& o+ e$)e%e )s )mme)!te"& !,,!re%t5. E$)e%e )s %ot)e )t*o't +'rt*er se!r*

De "arcia v. )ocsin6 E"eme%ts o+ ! o%se%te !rr!%t"ess se!r*

1. T*e r)#*t e)sts

2. T*e ,erso% )%$o"$e *! 8%o"e#e o+ s'* r)#*t4. T*e ,erso% *! !t'!" )%te%t)o% to re")%')s* s'* r)#*t

Papa v. Mago6 C'stoms se!r* )s )%"'e )% !""o!("e +orms o+ !rr!%t"ess se!r*es.

People v. Arta6 E$e% +or !rr!%t"ess se!r*es/ t*e re')s)te o+ ,ro(!("e !'se m'st st)""

(e s!t)s+)e ;ee,t)o% )s sto, !% +r)s8 *ere )t !% o%"& (e (!se o% re!so%!("e #ro'% o+s's,))o%9

People v. 3ernandez6 !'se )s esto,,e +rom !ss!)")%# t*e )""e#!")t& o+ *)s !rrest )+ *e

+!)"s to mo$e +or t*e '!s*)%# o+ t*e I%+orm!t)o% (e+ore *)s !rr!)#%me%t.

$S Cases

3enry v. +'6 ,ro(!("e !'se o'" me!% s'* +!ts !% )r'mst!%es *)* o'" "e!

! re!so%!("& )sreet !% ,r'e%t m!% to (e")e$e t*!t !% o++e%se *! (ee% omm)tte

;!rrest9 !%or t*e o(3ets so'#*t )% o%%et)o% )t* t*e o++e%se !re )% t*e ,"!e so'#*t to(e se!r*e ;se!r* !% se)'re9

Camara v. Mnicipal Cort6 A ,erso% m!& re+'se to ,erm)t )t& *o's)%# )%s,etors to

o%'t !% !m)%)str!t)$e se!r* ;s!+et& )%s,et)o%9 o+ o%es *o'se )% t*e !(se%e o+ !!rr!%t.

+' v. *arazon6 Borer ;)% t*)s !se/ t*e US-


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)%t!%#)("e ,ro,ert)es s'* !s e"etro%) omm'%)!t)o%.

Cali!ornia v. "reen1ood6 t*e 5t*!me%me%t oes %ot ,ro*)()t !rr!%t"ess se!r*es

se)'res o+ #!r(!#e "e+t o'ts)e t*e *o'se.

*erry v. Ohio6 t*e sto,-!%-+r)s8 )s !% )%st!%e o+ ! $!") !rr!%t"ess se!r*. T*e o++)er )se%t)t"e to o%'t ! !re+'""& ")m)te se!r* o+ t*e s's,ets o'ter "ot*)%# +or t*e,rotet)o% o+ *)mse"+ !% ot*ers )% t*e !re!.

Cali!ornia v. Ciraolo6 T*e met*o o+ +"&)%# o$er res,o%e%ts (!8&!r to o%+)rm t*e

,rese%e o+ m!r)3'!%! !s ! $!") +orm o+ se!r* s)%e t*e o(ser$!t)o%s ere %o%-)%tr's)$e

!% ere o%'te )t*)% ,'(") !)rs,!e.

Oliver v. +'- o")e +o'% m!r)3'!%! (e)%# #ro% )% !% o,e% +)e" ! m)"e !!& +rom

,et)t)o%erGs *o'se. T*e 5t*!me%me%t oes %ot ete% to o,e% +)e"s. r)$!& )% o,e%+)e"s )s %ot reo#%)e !s >re!so%!("e? s)%e o,e% +)e"s !re !ess)("e to t*e ,'(").

Minnesota v. Olson6 e$e% )+ t*e ,erso% )s o%"& ! #'est ;%ot t*e o%er o+ t*e *o'se9/ *e )s

st)"" ,rotete (& t*e 5t*!me%me%t +rom !rr!%t"ess !rrests.

Minnesota v. Carter6 O(ser$!t)o%s o%'te o% ! ommer)!" ,ro,ert& oes %ot $)o"!te

t*e 5t*!me%me%t s)%e t*e e,et!t)o% o+ ,r)$!& )% ! ommer)!" ,ro,ert&/ *ere

('s)%ess )s o%'te/ )s )++ere%t +rom/ !% "ess t*!%/ ! s)m)"!r e,et!t)o% )% ! *ome.

Payton v. 0e1 or6 A !rr!%t"ess !rrest or se!r* m!& (e o%e '%er e)#e%t

)r'mst!%es/ ('t !(se%t s'* )r'mst!%es t*)s m!%%er o+ )%tr's)o% m!& %ot (e o%e.

Cali!ornia v. Acevedo6 A !rr!%t"ess se!r* o+ ! mo$)%# $e*)"e )%"'es se!r*)%# !%&

"ose o%t!)%ers )t*)% !% !'tomo()"e.

0e1 or v. Belton6 se!r*)%# t*e res,o%e%ts 3!8et +or o%tr!(!% !s "!+'" s)%e )t

!s )%)e%t!" to *)s !rrest !% >)t*)% !rrestees )mme)!te o%tro"?.

Illinois v. )a!ayette6 ! !rr!%t or ,ro(!("e !'se )s )mm!ter)!" *e% t*e (e"o%#)%#s o+ t*e

!rreste )%)$)'!" )s )%)e%t!" to t*e ,roess o+ (oo8)%# !% 3!)")%# t*e s's,et.

Chimel v. Cali!ornia6 For !rr!%t"ess se!r*es )%)e%t!" to ! ,erso%s !rrest/ t*e se!r* )s

o%"& ")m)te to t*e >!re! )t*)% t*e !rrestees )mme)!te o%tro"?. For t*e ro't)%e se!r* o+rooms !% ot*er o%e!"e !re!s/ ! se!r* !rr!%t )s re')re.

Maryland v. Bie- A ,rotet)$e see, )s ! ')8 !% ")m)te se!r* o+ ! ,rem)ses/

)%)e%t to !% !rrest !% o%'te to ,rotet t*e s!+et& o+ ,o")e o++)ers or ot*ers. It )s

%!rro"& o%+)%e to ! 'rsor& $)s'!" )%s,et)o% o+ t*ose ,"!es )% *)* ! ,erso% m)#*t (e*))%#. T*ere )s %o %ee +or ! !rr!%t +or t*)s 8)% o+ se!r*.

Section ' E(clusionar) Rule

'tonehill v. Diono6 t*)%#s to (e se)e )m,ro,er"& or $!#'e"& esr)(e ere o%s)ere

)%!m)ss)("e e$)e%e.

People v. Andre Marti6 t*e r)#*t !#!)%st '%re!so%!("e se!r*es !% se)'res !%%ot (e

)%$o8e !#!)%st t*e St!te )+ t*e !t o+ )%tr's)o% )s omm)tte (& ! ,r)$!te )%)$)'!".

Mar5ez v. 3on. Aniano Desierto6 Ee,t)o%s o% t*e L! o% Sere& o+ B!%8 De,os)ts

1. e!m)%!t)o%s !'t*or)e (& t*e


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4. ',o% r)tte% ,erm)ss)o% o+ t*e e,os)tor5. )m,e!*me%t !ses

K. ',o% o'rt orer )% !ses o+ (r)(er& or ere")t)o% o+ 't& o+ ! ,'(") o++))!"

. *ere t*e mo%e& e,os)te )s t*e s'(3et m!tter o+ ")t)#!t)o%

$S Cases

$ong 'n v. +'6 'r#e T!)%t Ee,t)o% t*e se!r* !s )""e#!""& o%e ('t o$er t)me/

s'* e$)e%e (eomes $!") )+ !)t)o%!" +!tors ")%8 t*e )""e#!" se!r* !% t*e +)%!")so$er& o+ e$)e%e. S'* +!tors >"e!%se? t*e )""e#!" se!r* !% $!")!tes t*e e$)e%e.

+' v. )eon6 =oo F!)t* Ee,t)o% o++)ers re"&)%# )% #oo +!)t* o% ! !rr!%t ('t !s

+o'% "!ter to (e '%s',,orte (& ,ro(!("e !'se.

Section * Freedo+ o! S,eec% and o! t%e Press

Adiong v. Comelec6 t*e ,"!)%# o+ st)8ers o% >mo()"e? ,"!es ,ose %o s'(st!%t)!" !%#erto #o$er%me%t )%terest. ro*)()t)%# s'* !ts o%st)t'tes !% '%re!so%!("e restr)t)o%.

AB'%CB0 v. Comelec 6 t*e (!% o% e)t ,o""s oes %ot s!t)s+& t*e "e!r !% ,rese%t !%#er

r'"e (e!'se t*e e$)"s e%$)s)o%e !re mere"& s,e'"!t)$e.

Ayer Prodctions )td. v. (dge Caplong6 T*e r)#*t to ,r)$!& !%%ot (e )%$o8e to res)st

,'(")!t)o% o+ m!tters o+ ,'(") )%terest. S'* r)#*t ,rotets t*e r)#*t !#!)%st '%!rr!%te)%tr's)o%s !% ro%#+'" ,'(")!t)o% o+ ,r)$!te !++!)rs *)* !re o'ts)e t*e s,*ere o+

"e#)t)m!te ,'(") o%er%.

Policarpio v. Manila *imes6 to e%3o& )mm'%)t&/ ! ,'(")!t)o% o%t!)%)%# ero#!tor&

)%+orm!t)o% m'st %ot o%"& (e tr'e ('t !"so +!)r !% )t m'st (e m!e )% #oo +!)t*.

PCIB v. Philnaban Employees6 e!e+'" ,)8et)%# )s o%st)t't)o%!""& ,rotete !% t*e

#'!r!%tee o+ +ree s,ee* ;st!teme%ts o% ,"!!rs9 ,rotets t*e str)8ers.

$S Cases

0e1 or *imes v. +'6 A%& s&stem o+ ,r)or restr!)%t omes to o'rt (e!r)%# ! *e!$&

,res'm,t)o% o+ '%o%st)t't)o%!")t&.

&reedman v. Maryland6 t*e St!te Bo!r o+ Ce%sors !% o%"& !,,ro$e ! +)"m !% *! %o

,oer to (!% )t. A%& restr!)%t )m,ose m'st (e ")m)te to ,reser$!t)o% o+ t*e st!t's 'oom,!t)("e )t* so'% 3'))!" reso"'t)o%.

Pittsbrgh Press Co. v. 3man /elations Commission- To e%3o& ,rotet)o%/ ommer)!"

s,ee* m'st %ot (e +!"se or m)s"e!)%# !% s*o'" %ot ,ro,ose !% )""e#!" tr!%s!t)o%.

Central 3dson "as 6 Electric Corp v. Pblic 'ervice Comm o! 06 Commer)!" s,ee*

m!& (e re#'"!te )+1. =o$er%me%t *!s s'(st!%t)!" )%terest to ,rotet

2. t*e re#'"!t)o% )ret"& !$!%es t*!t )%terest

4. )t )s %ot more ete%s)$e t*!% )s %eess!r& to ,rotet t*!t )%terest

+' v. O7Brien6 OBr)e% Test )s 'se to 3'st)+& ! re#'"!t)o%

1. )t )s )t*)% t*e ,oer o+ #o$er%me%t2. +'rt*ers !% )m,ort!%t #o$er%me%t )%terest

So'resBer%!s/ Jo!')% =./ S.J./ T*e 1@ Co%st)t't)o% o+ t*e 7e,'(") o+ t*e *)"),,)%es A Comme%t!r& ;200@ e.9.Ber%!s/ Jo!')% =./ S.J./ T*e 1@ *)"),,)%e Co%st)t't)o% A Com,re*e%s)$e 7e$)eer ;2011 e.9. Pae - o! "#


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4. #o$er%me%t )%terest )s '%re"!te to t*e s',,ress)o% o+ +ree e,ress)o%5. restr)t)o% to t*e +reeom )s %o #re!ter t*!% to t*e +'rt*er!%e o+ t*e )%terest

Miller v. Cali!ornia6


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Marcos v. Manglaps6 T*e r)#*t to tr!$e" !% ")(ert& o+ !(oe !re )st)%t +rom t*e r)#*t to

ret'r% to o%es o'%tr&. It )s %ot o$ere (& Set)o% t*'s t*e ,resr)(e re')reme%ts o

%ot !,,"&.

Manotoc, (r. v. CA6 re$e%t)%# ! ,erso% +rom "e!$)%# t*e o'%tr& )s ! o%se'e%e o+ !(!)" (o%.

Section 0 Ri%t to In!or+ation

Chavez v. PC""6 t*e r)#*t o+ t*e ,'(") to )%+orm!t)o% oes %ot !tt!* to )%+orm!t)o%

re#!r)%# o%+)e%t)!" m!tters or t*ose t*!t !re st)"" )% t*e >e,"or!tor&? st!#e.

Chavez v. PEA and AMA/I6 o%e ! omm)ttee m!8es )ts o++))!" reomme%!t)o%/ t*ere

!r)ses ! >e+)%)te ,ro,os)t)o%? o% t*e ,!rt o+ t*e #o$er%me%t !% t*e ,'(")s r)#*t to

)%+orm!t)o% !tt!*es.

2almonte v. Belmonte, (r.- t*e Co%st)t't)o% #)$es t*e ,'(") r)#*t to >!ess o++))!"

reors? ('t )t oes %ot #)$e t*em t*e r)#*t to om,e" 'sto)!%s to +'r%)s* ")sts/ st')es or!%& ,roesse )%+orm!t)o% ot*er t*!% *!t )s !"re!& !$!)"!("e.

)antaco v. )lamas6 W*)"e ,'(") o++)ers )% o%tro" o+ ,'(") reors *!$e t*e )sret)o% to

re#'"!te t*e m!%%er )% *)* s'* reors m!& (e )%s,ete/ )t oes %ot !rr& )t* )t t*e

!'t*or)t& to ,ro*)()t !ess.

Section Ri%t o! Association

+nited Pepsi Cola 'pervisory +nion 8+P'+9 v. )agesma6 t*e (!% o+ m!%!#er)!"

em,"o&ees +rom 3o)%)%# ! "!(or '%)o% )s $!") (e!'se )+ t*ese m!%!#er)!" em,"o&ees o'"(e"o%# to ! U%)o%/ t*ere o'" (e o%+")t o+ )%terest. T*e U%)o% !% (eome om,!%&-

om)%!te )t* t*e ,rese%e o+ m!%!#er)!" em,"o&ees t*'s e+e!t)%# t*e ,'r,ose o+ !"!(or '%)o%.

Occena v. Comelec6 t*e "! ,ro*)()t)%# BarangayC!%)!tes +rom re,rese%t)%# or

ree)$)%# !) +rom ! ,o")t)!" ,!rt& )s ! $!") o%e s)%e t*e "! )%te%s to ,re$e%t t*e

!%#er o+ )se%!(")%# barangayo++))!"s +rom ,er+orm)%# t*e)r +'%t)o%s !s !#e%ts o+ !%e'tr!" omm'%)t&.

*anday Distillery )abor +nion v. 0)/C6 C"ose s*o, !#reeme%ts !re "e#!" s)%e )t )s !

$!") +orm o+ '%)o% se'r)t&.

''' v. CA6 =o$er%me%t em,"o&ees *!$e t*e r)#*t to +orm '%)o%s ('t o %ot *!$e t*e

o%st)t't)o%!" r)#*t to str)8e.

Section 2 E+inent Do+ain

De+)%)t)o%Charles /iver Bridge v. $arren Bridge - Em)%e%t Dom!)% )s t*e '"t)m!te r)#*t o+ so$ere)#% ,oerto !,,ro,r)!te ,'(") !% ,r)$!te ,ro,ert& )t*)% t*e terr)tor)!" so$ere)#%t& +or ,'(") ,'r,oses.

Co%st)t't)o%!" ,ro$)s)o%s o% em)%e%t om!)%

A/* III sec :6 3'st om,e%s!t)o%

A/* ;II sec


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A/* ;III sec >6 "!% re+orm

A/* ;2III sec ??6 )"e !#r)'"t'r!" "!%s

T&,es o+ >'(") Use? So)!")e Ho's)%#

Irr)#!t)o% S&stems

To'r)sm Attr!t)o%s

H)stor)!" L!%m!r8s

/epblic v 2da. De Castellvi- re')s)tes o+ >t!8)%#? +or ,'r,oses o+ em)%e%t om!)%

E,ro,r)!tor m'st e%ter t*e ,r)$!te ,ro,ert&

E%tr!%e m'st (e ,erm!%e%t

E%tr& m'st (e '%er o"or o+ "e#!" !'t*or)t&

ro,ert& m'st (e e$ote +or ,'(") 'se

Ut)")!t)o% m'st e,r)$e o%er o+ !"" (e%e+))!" e%3o&me%t o+ t*e ,ro,ert&

J'st Com,e%s!t)o%

=e%er!" 7'"e I% eterm)%)%# 3'st om,e%s!t)o%/ tr)!" (& omm)ss)o%ers )s ! s'(st!%t)$e r)#*t/*)* ! 3'#e m!& %ot )s,e%se )t*.

Ee,t)o% Tr)!" (& omm)ss)o%ers )s %ot m!%!tor& )% !#r!r)!% re+orm !ses.

B!s)s o+ t*e $!"'e o+ t*e e,ro,r)!te ,ro,ert& *e% ! !se )s +)"e !+ter t*e t)me o+ t!8)%# !%t*e ,ro,ert&s $!"'e )%re!se

2. W*e% t*e e,ro,r)!tor *!s )%re!se )ts $!"'e (& )ts o% !ts 6 $!"'e !t t*e t)me o+ t*ee!r")er t!8)%#.

4. W*e% t*e $!"'e )%re!se )%e,e%e%t"& 6 $!"'e !t t*e t)me o+ t*e "!ter +)")%#

Note T*e Co'rt m!& o%"& s'(st)t'te $!"'e )+2. omm)ss)o%ers !,,")e )""e#!" ,r)%),"es to e$)e%e s'(m)tte4. )sre#!re ! "e!r ,re,o%er!%e o+ e$)e%e

5. !mo'%t )s #ross"& )%!e'!te or eess)$e

L=UGs !% oer o+ I%+er)or Dom!)%

7e')s)tes +or Lo!" =o$er%me%t U%)ts to eer)se e,ro,r)!t)o%s2. Or)%!%e

4. '(") 'se5. J'st om,e%s!t)o%

5. A ,re$)o's o++er *!s (ee% m!e ('t o++er !s %ot !e,te (& t*e ,ro,ert& o%er

Notes

L=Us re')re to m!8e ! ,re$)o's o++er (e+ore t*e t!8)%#/ *ere!s t*e St!te %ee %otm!8e ! ,re$)o's o++er

L=Us !%%ot e,ro,r)!te o% t*e stre%#t* o+ ! reso"'t)o%

E,ro,r)!t)o% ,roee)%#s m!& (e resorte to o%"& !s ! "!st me!%s o+ !')s)t)o%

*)"),,)%es C!ses

So'resBer%!s/ Jo!')% =./ S.J./ T*e 1@ Co%st)t't)o% o+ t*e 7e,'(") o+ t*e *)"),,)%es A Comme%t!r& ;200@ e.9.Ber%!s/ Jo!')% =./ S.J./ T*e 1@ *)"),,)%e Co%st)t't)o% A Com,re*e%s)$e 7e$)eer ;2011 e.9. Pae o! "#


9/26



Barlin v /amirez- I% t*e *!%s o+ Co%#ress/ ,oer o+ em)%e%t om!)% )s ,"e%!r&. It !%

re!* ,r)$!te ,ro,ert& !"re!& e)!te +or ,'(") 'se or e$e% ,ro,ert& e$ote tore")#)o's ors*),.

/epblic v (an6 A% ee't)$e orer !%%ot ")m)t t*e r)#*t o+ em)%e%t om!)% o+ t*e

7e,'(").

0APOCO/ v Misericordia v "tierez6 A')s)t)o% o+ mere r)#*t-o+-!& )s !% eer)se o+ t*e

,oer o+ em)%e%t om!)% ;s's,e%)%# tr!%sm)ss)o% ")%es o$er ,r)$!te ,ro,ert&9. J'st

om,e%s!t)o% )s st)"" re')re.

"arcia v Cort o! Appeals6 I+ e%tr&/ (& ,erm)ss)o% to o',&/ !s )t*o't t*e )%te%t)o% o+

e,ro,r)!t)o%/ t*ere )s %o te*%)!" >t!8)%#?.

City "overnment v. (dge Ercita6 B& ,o")e ,oer/ ,ro,ert& )s re#'"!te !% t*ere )s %o

tr!%s+er o+ o%ers*),. B& ,oer o+ em)%e%t om!)%/ ,ro,ert& )s t!8e%/ o%ers*), )str!%s+ere !% t*ere m'st (e 3'st om,e%s!t)o%.

City o! Bagio v 0A$A'A- ro,ert& !')re (& t*e m'%)),!")t& )t* )ts ,r)$!te +'%s )%

)ts or,or!te or ,r)$!te !,!)t& ;!tr)mo%)!" ro,ert&9 re')res om,e%s!t)o%.

'alas v (arenico6 '(") (')")%#s *e" (& t*e m'%)),!")t& o% (e*!"+ o+ t*e St!te re')res

%o om,e%s!t)o%.

Mnicipality o! Maati v Cort o! Appeals6 J'st om,e%s!t)o% )%"'es %ot o%"& t*e orret

!mo'%t ('t !"so t*e ,!&me%t (e)%# m!e )t*)% ! re!so%!("e ,er)o o+ t)me.

/epblic v 'arabia- !"'e o+ t*e om,e%s!t)o% m'st (e eterm)%e !s o+ t*e t)me t*e

e,ro,r)!t)%# !'t*or)t& t!8es ,ossess)o% o+ t*e ,ro,ert& !% %ot !s o+ t*e )%st)t't)o% o+ t*e

,roee)%#s.

Mnicipality o! Parana5e v 2M /ealty Corp6 A +)%!" 3'#me%t )sm)ss)%# !% e,ro,r)!t)o%

s')t o% t*e #ro'% o+ )%om,"ete re')reme%ts/ !%%ot (!r t*e St!te +rom eer)s)%# )ts

,oer o+ em)%e%t om!)% o$er t*e s!me ,ro,ert& !#!)% !+ter om,"&)%# )t* t*ere')reme%ts.

0oble v City o! Manila- W*e% t*ere )s ! $!") e)st)%# o%tr!t/ e,ro,r)!t)o% )s %ot ! $!")

s'(st)t'te. T*e e%+oreme%t o+ t*e o%tr!t )s ,re+erre.

Bel%Air 2illage Association v IAC- t*e orer o+ o,e%)%# ! ,r)$!te ro! ;remo$)%# t*e #!te9

!s )% t*e %!t're o+ t*e eer)se o+ ,o")e ,oer ;re#'"!t)o%9 !% %ot em)%e%t om!)%.Com,e%s!t)o% )s %ot 'e.

US C!ses

+nited 'tates v Casby6 Est!(")s*)%# !% e!seme%t t*ro'#* t*e !)rs,!e o$er ,r)$!te



10/26



,ro,ert&/ res'"t)%# to !m!#es/ )s o%s)ere om,e%s!("e t!8)%#.

Pennsylvania Central *ransportation Co v 0e1 or City6 A "! es)#%!t)%# ert!)%

(')")%#s or !re!s !s "!%m!r8 s)tes )s ! t&,e o+ o%)%# "e#)s"!t)o%. It oes %ot o%st)t'te !>t!8)%#? o+ ,ro,ert& !s o%tem,"!te (& t*e F)+t* !% Fo'rtee%t* Ame%me%t s)%e )t )s

mere"& ! re#'"!t)o%.

Pennsylvania 3ospital v Philadelphia6 T*e St!te !%%ot e%ter )%to ! o%tr!t %ot to

eer)se )ts ,oer o+ em)%e%t om!)%.

Section 13 4on5i+,air+ent o! Contracts

)a Inslar v Machca "o%*anco6 L!s )m,os)%# ! s!"es t! oes %ot *!%#e t*e re"!t)o%

(etee% ('&ers !% se""ers/ t*'s t*ere )s %o )m,!)rme%t. It mere"& )m,oses !% o(")#!t)o%to t*e se""er to o%e %ot ! ,!rt& to t*e o%tr!t/ t*e #o$er%me%t.

Co v P0B6 Ne "!s re#'"!t)%# o%tr!ts ;e# (!%8 "o!% !% mort#!#e "!s9 !%%ot (e

!,,")e retro!t)$e"& or e"se t*e& )"" $)o"!te t*e %o%-)m,!)rme%t "!'se.

/tter v Esteban6 t*e %o%-)m,!)rme%t "!'se )s %ot !(so"'te. Co%tr!ts m!& (e )m,!)re

t*ro'#* t*e $!") eer)se o+ ,o")e ,oer.

Del /osario v Bengzon6 T*e =e%er)s At oes %ot )m,!)r t*e o(")#!t)o% o+ o%tr!ts. No

o%tr!t res'"ts +rom t*e o%s'"t!t)o% (etee% ,*&s))!% !% t*e ,!t)e%t.

C6M *imber Corp v Alcala6 ")e%ses !% ,erm)ts !re %ot o%tr!ts ('t !re )%str'me%ts

s'(3et to t*e St!tes ,oer to re#'"!te.

Section 11 Free Access to Courts

Acar v /osal- I%)#e%t ,erso%s !re t*ose *o *!$e %o ,ro,ert& or so'res o+ )%ome

s'++))e%t +or t*e)r o% s',,ort !s)e +rom t*e)r o% "!(or.

Martinez v People-


11/26



2. To ',*o" t*e r)#*t !#!)%st se"+-)%r)m)%!t)o%4. It )s t*e res,o%s)()")t& o+ t*e St!te to ,ro$e )ts !se !#!)%st t*e !'se e$e% )t*o't

t*e ,!rt)),!t)o% o+ t*e (est so're o+ e$)e%e/ *)* )s t*e !'se *)mse"+.

4. People v "amboa6 7)#*t to rem!)% s)"e%t ete%s o%"& to test)mo%)!" om,'"s)o% !%%ot ,*&s)!" e$)e%e

7)#*t to o'%se"

People v )ayso6 It )s %ot )%te%e to sto, t*e !'se +rom s!&)%# !%&t*)%# t*!t m!&

)%r)m)%!te *)m ('t to ,re"'e t*e s")#*test oer)o%.

Miranda v Arizona6 T*e mome%t t*e ,erso% '%er )%$est)#!t)o% !s8s +or ! "!&er/ t*e

)%terro#!t)o% m'st e!se '%t)" !% !ttor%e& )s ,rese%t

People v Mo@ello6 T*e s's,et *!s t*e +)%!" *o)e !s *e m!& re3et t*e o'%se" *ose% +or

*)m (& t*e ,o")e !% !s8 +or !%ot*er o%e.

People v "alit6 I% "o!")t)es *ere t*ere !re %o "!&ers/ t*e St!te m'st (r)%# t*e

)%)$)'!" to ! ,"!e *ere t*ere )s o%e

"amboa v (dge Crz6 T*e r)#*t to o'%se" oes %ot !,,"& to s)t'!t)o%s *ere ! ,erso% )s

)% ! ,o")e ")%e-',. B't t*e mome%t )%$est)#!tors tr)es to etr!t !m)ss)o%s/ t*e r)#*ts )""

!t)$!te.

7)#*t to (e )%+orme

People v 0icandro6 T*ere m'st (e ! me!%)%#+'" tr!%sm)ss)o% or omm'%)!t)o% o+ t*e

r)#*ts/ *)* )%"'es t*e e,"!%!t)o% o+ t*e)r e++ets

People v *olentino6 T*ere )s %o ,res'm,t)o% o+ re#'"!r)t& to >)%-'sto& o%+ess)o%s?.

rose't)o% *!s t*e ('re% o+ ,ro$)%# t*!t t*e Co%st)t't)o%!" S!+e#'!rs ere o(ser$e

Art III sec


12/26



o(t!)%e t*ro'#* +ore/ $)o"e%e !% )%t)m)!t)o%/ )t )s %ot 'r!("e.

C!ses

Escobedo v Illinois- T*ese r)#*ts (eome !$!)"!("e !+ter ! ,erso% *!s (ee% t!8e% )%to'sto& !% t*e ,o")e o%'t ! ,roess o+ )%terro#!t)o% ;US 3'r)s,r'e%e9.

People v )overia6 T*ese r)#*ts (eome !$!)"!("e !+ter ! ,erso% *!s (ee% t!8e% )%to

'sto& or e,r)$e o+ *)s +reeom o+ !t)o% )% !%& s)#%)+)!%t !& ;*)"),,)%e

3'r)s,r'e%e9.

People v Domantay6 7A 54 ete%e t*)s #'!r!%tee !% t*ese r)#*ts to s)t'!t)o%s

*ere !% )%)$)'!" *!s mere"& (ee% >)%$)te? +or 'est)o%)%#.

People v *aylaran6 T*e r)#*ts !re %ot !$!)"!("e *e% ! ,erso% $o"'%t!r)"& ,rese%ts *)mse"+

to t*e ,o")e !% m!8es *)s !m)ss)o%s.

'ebastian, (r v "architorena6 Am)%)str!t)$e )%$est)#!t)o%s !re %ot o$ere (& Art III se

12.

People v Ayson6 Set)o%12 oes %ot !,,"& to ,erso%s '%er ,re")m)%!r& )%$est)#!t)o% or

!"re!& *!r#e )% o'rt.

Section 1' Ri%t to Bail

=e%er!" 7'"e A"" ,erso%s/ (e+ore o%$)t)o%/ *!$e t*e r)#*t to (!)"Ee,t)o%s

W*e% t*e *!r#e )s ,'%)s*!("e (& reclsion perpeta

*e% e$)e%e o+ #')"t )s stro%#

C!ses

Comendador v de 2illa- So")ers '%er o'rt m!rt)!" o %ot *!$e t*e r)#*t to (!)"

People v Donato6 A#ree)%# to >rem!)% )% "e#!" 'sto&? )s ! !)$er o+ *)s r)#*t

Marcos v Crz6


13/26



! ,roee)%# )s %ot e%t)t"e to (!)". B!)" )s !"so %ot !$!)"!("e )% e,ort!t)o% ,roee)%#s.

Manotoc, (r v CA6 Co%se'e%es o+ ! (!)" (o% m!& ,re$e%t ! res,o%e%t +rom "e!$)%#

t*e o'%tr&.

Section 1* Cri+inal Due Process

De+)%)t)o%

+' v Ocampo6 I+ t*e ,roe're +'""& ,rotets ")+e/ ")(ert& !% ,ro,ert& o+ t*e )t)e%s/ )t

)"" (e *e" to (e 'e ,roess o+ t*e "!.

0nez v 'andiganbayan6 D'e ,roess )s s!t)s+)e o+ t*e !'se )s )%+orme o+ t*e

*!r#es !#!)%st *)m/ o%$)t)o% (e)%# m!e to rest o% e$)e%e/ !% e)s)o% )s re%ere

(& ! om,ete%t o'rt.

res'm,t)o% o+ I%%oe%e Mar5ez, (r v Commission on Elections6 D)s'!")+)!t)o% o+ +'#)t)$es +rom 3'st)e +rom

r'%%)%# +or ,'(") o++)e oes %ot $)o"!te t*e ,res'm,t)o% o+ )%%oe%e. It )s ! re!so%!("e

'!")+)!t)o% ,resr)(e (& Co%#ress.

Banares v CA6 res'm,t)o% o+ I%%oe%e )s %ot !(so"'te. Le#)s"!t're m!& ,ro$)e +or

prima !aciee$)e%e o+ #')"t !% s*)+t t*e ('re% o+ ,roo+ o+ )%%oe%e to t*e !'se,ro$)e t*ere (e ! r!t)o%!" o%%et)o% (etee% t*e +!ts.

+' v )ling6 T*e St!te *!s t*e r)#*t to e"!re *!t ,roo+ s*!"" o%st)t'teprima !acie

e$)e%e o+ #')"t !% s*)+t t*e ('re% o+ ,ro$)%# )%%oe%e to t*e e+e%!%t.

Im,!rt)!" Tr)!" People v 0ara@os6 T*ere )s %o "e#!" )m,e)me%t *e% ! 3'#e/ *o *!s ,!rt"& *e!r t*e

!se/ )s re,"!e (& *)s s'essor. It )s s'++))e%t t*!t t*e e)s)o% o+ t*e !se )s so"e"&

(!se o% t*e o" reor or e$)e%es (e+ore *)m.

Ignacio v 2illalz6 A 3'#e/ *o ,re$)o's"& o%$)te ! ,et)t)o%er/ !% )s tr&)%# t*e s!me

,et)t)o%er +or ! )++ere%t o++e%se s*o'" )s'!")+& *)mse"+ o% t*e #ro'% o+ ,!rt)!")t&.

People v 'endaydiego6 A 3'#e *o eterm)%e ,ro(!("e !'se !% o%'te t*e tr)!"

o% t*!t s!me !se )s ,res'me to (e )m,!rt)!" )% t*e !(se%e o+ e$)e%e to t*e o%tr!r&.

7)#*t to Co'%se"

(ohnson v erbst 6 T*e r)#*t to o'%se" )s t*e re!")st) reo#%)t)o% t*!t t*e !$er!#ee+e%!%t oes %ot *!$e t*e ,ro+ess)o%!" s8)"" to ,rotet *)mse"+ (e+ore ! tr)('%!".

+' v "imeno6 T*e r)#*t to o'%se" )s ! r)#*t/ *)* ! e+e%!%t s*o'" %ot (e e,r)$e o+/

!% t*e +!)"'re o+ t*e o'rt to o(ser$e )t o'" (e s'++))e%t !'se +or t*e re$ers!" o+ t*e!se.

So'resBer%!s/ Jo!')% =./ S.J./ T*e 1@ Co%st)t't)o% o+ t*e 7e,'(") o+ t*e *)"),,)%es A Comme%t!r& ;200@ e.9.Ber%!s/ Jo!')% =./ S.J./ T*e 1@ *)"),,)%e Co%st)t't)o% A Com,re*e%s)$e 7e$)eer ;2011 e.9. Pae 1' o! "#


14/26



)ibit v People6 D't& o+ t*e o'rt to !,,o)%t ! o'%se" de o!icio)s m!%!tor& o%"& !t t*e

t)me o+ !rr!)#%me%t. A,,o)%tme%t 'r)%# ross-e!m)%!t)o% o'" (e )sret)o%!r& )t*

t*e tr)!" o'rt.

People v Agbayani6 T*ere )s ,res'm,t)o% o+ re#'"!r)t& )% t*e o'rts om,")!%e )t* t*e

,roe'r!" re')reme%ts )m,ose (& "!. It !% o%"& (e o$erome (& !% !++)rm!t)$es*o)%# to t*e o%tr!r&.

Amion v (dge Chiongson6 T*e >,re+ere%e )% t*e *o)e o+ o'%se"? ,ert!)%s to ! ,erso%

'%er 'sto)!" )%$est)#!t)o% ;Art III se 12 ,!r 19 r!t*er t*!% o%e )% ! r)m)%!" ,roe're

;Art III se 15 ,!r 29

7)#*t to S,ee& Tr)!"

Martin v "en. &abian 2er6 De"!& o+ t*e tr)!" (e#)%s o%"& !+ter t*e +)")%# o+ )%+orm!t)o% !%%ot t*e t)me o+ ete%t)o%.

7)#*t to ! '(") Tr)!"

"arcia v Domingo6 Ee,t)o% to t*e r)#*t *e% t*e e$)e%e )s *!r!ter)e !s

>o++e%s)$e to ee%& or ,'(") mor!"s/? t*e ,roee)%# m!& (e ")m)te to +r)e%s/ re"!t)$es

!% o'%se".

7)#*t to &)%# e"!r!t)o%s?

Tr)!" in absentia

Parada v 2eneracion6 7e')s)tes o+ Tr)!" in Absentia

2. A'se *!s (ee% !rr!)#%e4. He *!s (ee% '"& %ot)+e

5. H)s +!)"'re to !,,e!r )s '%3'st)+)!("e

People v 'eneris6 !rt)!" test)mo%& !"re!& o$ere (& !% )%om,"ete ross-e!m)%!t)o%/ *e%

+!)"'re to om,"ete t*e e!m)%!t)o% !s %e)t*er t*e +!'"t o+ t*e e+e%se %or t*e ,rose't)o%/s*o'" (e !m)ss)("e.

De5ito v Arellano6 T*)s r)#*t )s %ot !$!)"!("e 'r)%# ,re")m)%!r& )%$est)#!t)o% ('t o%"& 'r)%#

tr)!".

Section 1- Ha.eas Cor,us

So'resBer%!s/ Jo!')% =./ S.J./ T*e 1@ Co%st)t't)o% o+ t*e 7e,'(") o+ t*e *)"),,)%es A Comme%t!r& ;200@ e.9.Ber%!s/ Jo!')% =./ S.J./ T*e 1@ *)"),,)%e Co%st)t't)o% A Com,re*e%s)$e 7e$)eer ;2011 e.9. Pae 1* o! "#


15/26



De+)%)t)o%s

Wr)t o+ H!(e!s Cor,'s 6 r)t )rete to ! ,erso% et!)%)%# !%ot*er/ omm!%)%# *)m to

,ro'e t*e (o& o+ t*e ,r)so%er !t ! es)#%!te t)me !% ,"!e. r)$)"e#e o+ Wr)t o+ H!(e!s Cor,'s 6 7)#*t to *!$e )mme)!te eterm)%!t)o% o+ t*e "e#!")t&

o+ t*e e,r)$!t)o% o+ ,*&s)!" ")(ert&.

2. T*e )ss'!%e o+ t*e r)t )s %e$er s's,e%e.4. T*e ,r)$)"e#e o+ t*e r)t m!& (e s's,e%e )% !ses o+ )%$!s)o%/ re(e"")o% or *e%

,'(") s!+et& re')res )t.

Dizon v Edardo6 I+ res,o%e%ts *!s %ot s'++))e%t"& ,ro$e t*!t t*e& *!$e re"e!se t*eet!)%ees/ ,et)t)o%ers m!& re+er t*e !se to t*e Comm)ss)o%er o% H'm!% 7)#*ts.

Section 1# S,eed) Dis,osition o! Cases

=e%er!" 7'"e A"" ,erso%s *!$e t*e r)#*t to ! s,ee& )s,os)t)o% o+ t*e)r !sesEe,t)o% re!so%!("e or 3'st)+)!("e e"!&

Set)o% 15 6 o$ers o%"& t*e tr)!" ,*!se o+ r)m)%!" ,roee)%#sSet)o% 1 6 o$ers !"" ,*!ses o+ !%& 3'))!"/ '!s)-3'))!" or !m)%)str!t)$e ,roee)%#s

C!ses

"errero v CA6 ! re*e!r)%# o+ t*e !se )s 3'st)+)e s)%e t*e e"!& !s %e)t*er t*e +!'"t o+ t*ee+e%se %or t*!t o+ t*e ,rose't)o%.

/o5e v Ombdsman- t*e reme& +or '%re!so%!("e e"!& )s )sm)ss!" o+ t*e !se t*ro'#*

m!%!m's.

Section 10 Ri%t Aainst Sel! Incri+ination

Art III Se 1 6 7)#*t to ,r)$!& o$ers ,!,ers/ *o'ses !% e++etsArt III Se 1 6 Se"+ I%r)m)%!t)o% o$ers test)mo%)es o%"&

+' v 0avarro6 'r,oses

2. W)t%ess )s ,"!e '%er t*e stro%#est tem,t!t)o% to omm)t ,er3'r&4. It o'" ,re$e%t etort)%# o+ o%+ess)o% (& 'ress

C!ses

+' v *an *eng6 W*!t )s ,ro*)()te )s t*e 'se o+ om,'"s)o% to etort omm'%)!t)o% +rom

t*e )t%ess !% %ot !% )%"'s)o% o+ *)s (o& )% e$)e%e ;,*&s)!" e$)e%e9.

Beltran v 'amson6 A ,erso% m!& %ot (e om,e""e to ,ro'e ! s!m,"e o+ *)s *!%r)t)%#

to (e 'se !s e$)e%e. Wr)t)%# )%$o"$es t*e !,,")!t)o% o+ )%te"")#e%e !% !tte%t)o%. T*ere)s ,!rt)),!t)o% o% t*e ,!rt o+ t*e )t%ess.

Bagadiong v "onzales6 I% )$)" !ses/ t*e ,et)t)o%er m'st !)t '%t)" t*e )%r)m)%!t)%#

So'resBer%!s/ Jo!')% =./ S.J./ T*e 1@ Co%st)t't)o% o+ t*e 7e,'(") o+ t*e *)"),,)%es A Comme%t!r& ;200@ e.9.Ber%!s/ Jo!')% =./ S.J./ T*e 1@ *)"),,)%e Co%st)t't)o% A Com,re*e%s)$e 7e$)eer ;2011 e.9. Pae 1- o! "#


16/26



'est)o% )s !s8e (e+ore r!)s)%# t*e r)#*t.

Cabal v 4apnan, (r.- T*e r)#*t !#!)%st se"+-)%r)m)%!t)o% )s !$!)"!("e )% !m)%)str!t)$e

*e!r)%#s )+ t*e ,e%!"t& t*!t m!& (e )m,ose ,!rt!8es o+ t*e %!t're o+ ! r)m)%!",roee)%#

Evangelista v (arencio6 T*)s r)#*t )s %ot !$!)"!("e 'r)%# ! +!t-+)%)%# )%$est)#!t)o%.

Boyd v +nited 'tates6 om,'"sor& ,ro't)o% o+ ,r)$!te (oo8s !% ,!,ers o+ t*e o%er )s

om,e"")%# *)m to (e ! )t%ess !#!)%st *)mse"+.

3ale v 3enel6 J'r))!" ,erso%s ;or,or!t)o%s9 !re %ot o$ere (& t*)s r)#*t t*'s !% (e

om,e""e to s'(m)t )%r)m)%!t)%# or,or!te ,!,ers.

'hapiro v +nited 'tates6 Not !"" ,erso%!" ,!,ers !re ,rotete (& t*e se"+-)%r)m)%!t)o%

"!'se. T*)s r)#*t !%%ot o$er ,!,ers t*!t !re s'(3et to #o$er%me%t re#'"!t)o%s.

Section 1 In/oluntar) Ser/itude

=e%er!" 7'"e No )%$o"'%t!r& ser$)t'e )% !%& +orm s*!"" e)st

Ee,t)o%s

2. +or ! ,'%)s*me%t o+ ! r)me4. re%er ser$)e )% t*e )%terest o+ %!t)o%!" e+e%se

5. ret'r% to or8 orer

'armiento v *ico6 A ret'r% to or8 orer m'st (e o(e&e e$e% )+ *)s )%")%!t)o% )s to str)8e. T*eor8er *o re+'ses to o(e& st)"" *!s t*e o,t)o% to #)$e ', *)s or8.

Section 12 Cruel and In%u+an Punis%+ent

=e%er!" 7'"e De!t* e%!"t& s*!"" %ot (e )m,ose

Ee,t)o% Co%#ress restores )t +or om,e"")%# re!so%s )%$o"$)%# *e)%o's r)mes

Note'preme Cort Administrative Circlar 0o. ?%? 8April r'e" !% '%'s'!"? ,'%)s*me%ts1. ,'%)s*me%t %ot (e so se$er !s to e#r!e *'m!% )#%)t&

2. m'st %ot (e !,,")e !r()tr!r)"&4. m'st %ot (e '%!e,t!("e to o%tem,or!r& so)et&

5. m'st %ot (e eess)$e

So'resBer%!s/ Jo!')% =./ S.J./ T*e 1@ Co%st)t't)o% o+ t*e 7e,'(") o+ t*e *)"),,)%es A Comme%t!r& ;200@ e.9.Ber%!s/ Jo!')% =./ S.J./ T*e 1@ *)"),,)%e Co%st)t't)o% A Com,re*e%s)$e 7e$)eer ;2011 e.9. Pae 1# o! "#


17/26



People v Echegaray6 t*e ,oer o+ Co%#ress to re-)m,ose t*e e!t* ,e%!"t& )s %ot

s'(s'me '%er )ts ,"e%!r& "e#)s"!t)$e ,oer. It )s s'(3et to "e!r !% om,e"")%# re!so%s)%$o"$)%# *e)%o's r)mes.

People v Mercado6 '%)s*me%t )s r'e" !% '%'s'!" )+ )t )%$o"$es tort're or ! ")%#er)%#

e!t* !% somet*)%# more t*!% t*e mere et)%#')s*me%t o+ ")+e.

People v 2inya6 I+ !% !'se ,"e!s #')"t& to ! !,)t!" o++e%se/ t*e 3'#e m'st st)"" "oo8

)%to t*e e$)e%e to see )+ t*e e!t* ,e%!"t& )s t*e ,ro,er ,'%)s*me%t.

Section "3 4on5I+,rison+ent !or De.t

=e%er!" 7'"e Im,r)so%me%t +or e(t (& $)rt'e o+ !% oer )% ! )$)" ,roee)%# )s ,ro*)()te

Ee,t)o%s

)+ t*ere )s ! r)me !r)s)%# +rom ! o%tr!t'!" e(t ;+r!''"e%t e(t esta!a9 !% )m,ose )%

! ,ro,er r)m)%!" ,roee)%# S'(s))!r& Im,r)so%me%t 6 o%$ers)o% o+ mo%et!r& )%em%)t& )m,ose !s ,!rt o+ ! r)m)%!"

,e%!"t&

Section "1 Dou.le 6eo,ard)

=e%er!" 7'"e No ,erso% s*!"" (e t)e ,'t )% 3eo,!r& o+ ,'%)s*me%t +or t*e s!me o++e%seEe,t)o%s

S!me !t $)o"!tes to )++ere%t st!t'tes or res'"ts )% to )st)%t o++e%ses/ ,rose't)o%

'%er o%e )s %ot ! (!r to ,rose't)o% +or t*e ot*er.5. Ee,t)o% to t*e ee,t)o% )+ t*e !t )s ,'%)s*e (& ! "! !% !% or)%!%e ;to

)++ere%t st!t'tes9/ o%$)t)o% or !')tt!" '%er e)t*er s*!"" o%st)t'te ! (!r to

!%ot*er ,rose't)o% +or t*e s!me !t ;Art III se 219.

S',er$e%)%# E$e%ts 6 !+ter t*e +)rst ,rose't)o%/ ! %e +!e s',er$e%es +or *)* t*e

e+e%!%t )s res,o%s)("e/ *)* *!%#es t*e *!r!ter o+ t*e o++e%se !% o%st)t'tes ! %e!% )st)%t o++e%se.

E!m,"e I%)t)!" *!r#e !s ,*&s)!" )%3'r)es ('t *e% t*e )%3'r& e$e"o,e )%to ! more

ser)o's o%e ;+rom ! s!r to ! ,erm!%e%t e+orm)t&9/ *)* o'" %ot *!$e (ee%

+oresee%.

Ee,t)o% to t*e ee,t)o% I+ t*e e!t %!t're o+ t*e )%3'r& o'" %ot *!$e (ee%

)so$ere (e!'se o+ t*e )%om,ete%e o+ t*e ,*&s))!% ;m)s)!#%os)s9/ t*e

s',er$e%)%# +!t otr)%e )"" %ot !,,"&. I+ )t )s ! ,ro)m!te !'se !(se%t *'m!% error/

)t !% (e ! s',er$e%)%# e$e%t.

7e')s)tes +or ! $!") e+e%se o+ o'("e 3eo,!r&

Att!*e 6 +)rst 3eo,!r& m'st *!$e !tt!*e ,r)or to seo% o%e

Term)%!te 6 +)rst 3eo,!r& m'st *!$e term)%!te

Seo% O++e%se 6 seo% 3eo,!r& m'st (e +or t*e s!me o++e%se !s t*e +)rst



18/26



Att!*me%t o+ Jeo,!r&Jeo,!r& o+ ,'%)s*me%t !tt!*es

U,o% ! #oo )%)tme%t

Be+ore ! om,ete%t o'rt ;o%e )t* 3'r)s)t)o%9

A+ter !rr!)#%me%t

A+ter ,"e!

W*e% Jeo,!r& Does Not Att!*

W*e% ,"e! )s +)"e *e% o'rt )s %ot )% sess)o%/ )t )s %ot ! $!") ,"e!/ t*'s %o 3eo,!r&

A+ter ,"e!)%# #')"t&/ t*e e$)e%e !mo'%ts to om,"ete se"+ e+e%se !% t*e o'rt !')ts

!'se. T*e ,rese%t!t)o% o+ e$)e%e o+ om,"ete se"+ e+e%se !mo'%te to ! )t*r!!"

o+ *)s or)#)%!" ,"e!.

A e+et)$e om,"!)%t ;(e+ore !me%me%t9 ) %ot ,"!e t*e !'se )% +)rst 3eo,!r&

A mot)o% to '!s* ! $!") )%+orm!t)o% )s ! !)$er o+ r)#*t !#!)%st o'("e 3eo,!r&. T*)s

)%"'es mot)o% to )sm)ss +or "!8 o+ 3'r)s)t)o%.

I+ t*e +)rst o'rt *!s %o 3'r)s)t)o%/ +)rst 3eo,!r& !%%ot !tt!* W*e% t*e !'se *! (ee% !')tte !+ter ,re-tr)!"/ !% %o ,ro,er tr)!" too8 ,"!e/ o'("e

3eo,!r& ) %ot !tt!*.

Term)%!t)o% o+ F)rst Jeo,!r&1. A')tt!"

2. F)%!" Co%$)t)o%

3. D)sm)ss!" )t*o't e,ress o%se%t o+ t*e !'se

5. D)sm)ss!" o% t*e mer)ts

De%)!" o+ t*e r)#*t to ! s,ee& tr)!" !% (e ! )sm)ss!" o% t*e mer)ts !% m!& !mo'%t to !%!')tt!" )+ #r!%te (& t*e o'rt.

er(!" )sm)ss!"s o %ot !mo'%t to term)%!t)o% o+ 3eo,!r&. T*e& !re %ot +)%!" '%t)" r)tte%!% s)#%e (& t*e 3'#e.

C!'se o+ e"!&s o+ t*e tr)!" m'st (e '%re!so%!("e to (e )sm)sse o% #ro'% o+ $)o"!t)o% o+r)#*t to ! s,ee& tr)!". De"!&s (e&o% t*e o%tro" o+ t*e ,rose't)o% !% e+e%se !re %ot

o%s)ere '%re!so%!("e.

D)sm)ss!" o+ t*e o'rt to #)$e !& to t*e +)")%# o+ ! ,ro,er om,"!)%t )s %ot ! )sm)ss!" o%

t*e mer)ts o+ t*e !se. Jeo,!r& ) %ot term)%!te.

I+ )sm)ss!" "e!r"& o%st)t'tes #r!$e !('se o+ )sret)o%/ )t )s %ot ! (!r to t*e re+)")%# o+ t*e!se.

De)s)o%s o+ !


19/26



O++e%se %ee %ot (e t*e s!me ,ro$)e t*e& +"o +rom t*e s!me !t.

A,,e!"s

=e%er!" 7'"e A 3'#me%t o+ !')tt!" )s )mme)!te"& +)%!" 6 e$e% t*o'#* t*e )s*!r#e !s !res'"t o+ t*e o'rts error ;St!te $ 7oo89

Ee,t)o% *e% ,rose't)o% *!s %ot (ee% #)$e% 'e ,roess.

A% !,,e!" (& t*e ,rose't)o% +rom t*e orer o+ )sm)ss!" ;%ot !')tt!"9 s*!"" %ot o%st)t'teo'("e 3eo,!r& )+

1. D)sm)ss!" )s m!e ',o% mot)o% or e,ress o%se%t o+ e+e%!%t2. D)sm)ss!" )s (!se o% t*e mer)ts o+ t*e !se ;%ot !% !')tt!"9

4. A,,e!" )s ,'re"& ! 'est)o% o+ "! ;e *et*er )sm)ss!" !s orret or %otM9

A 3'#me%t o+ o%$)t)o% )s +)%!" *e%1. ,er)o o+ !,,e!" *!s "!,se

2. se%te%e *!s (ee% tot!""& or ,!rt)!""& ser$e

4. t*ere )s e,ress !)$er o+ t*e r)#*t to !,,e!"

Note A ,e%!"t& *)#*er t*!% t*!t o+ t*e or)#)%!" o%$)t)o% o'" (e )m,ose (& t*e *)#*er o'rt.

Section "" Bill o! Attainder and E(5,ost !acto la7

=e%er!" r'"e 7etro!t)$e e++et o+ ,e%!" "!s !re ,ro*)()teEe,t)o%s T*e retro!t)$e e++et )s o%"& !,,")!("e )+ )t )s +!$or!("e to t*e !'se

Note No%-,e%!" "!s !re %ot ,ro*)()te (& t*e "!'se. It o%"& o$ers ,e%!" "!s.

De+)%)t)o%s

E-,ost F!to L!1. L! *)* m!8es !% )%%oe%t !t)o% r)m)%!" (e+ore t*e ,!ss!#e o+ s'* "!2. A##r!$!tes ! r)me t*!% *e% )t !s omm)tte

4. I%+")ts ! #re!ter ,'%)s*me%t t*!% *e% )t !s omm)tte5. 7e')res "ess e$)e%e )% orer to o%$)t ! e+e%!%t

K. De,r)$es !% !'se o+ some "!+'" ,rotet)o% to *)* *e (eomes e%t)t"e to. S*orte%)%# t*e ,resr),t)o% ,er)o o+ ! r)me

B)"" o+ Att!)%er

A "e#)s"!t)$e !t *)* )%+")ts ,'%)s*me%ts )t*o't 3'))!" tr)!" ;C'mm)%#s $


20/26



#r!%t)%# t*em o%e *!%e +or !,,e!" ;+rom S!%)#!%(!&!% to S',reme Co'rt9 )%ste! o+t*e to-t)ere !,,e!" ;+rom 7TC to CA to SC9/ )s %ot !% e-,ost +!to "!. T*e "! )s !

s'(st!%t)$e "! o% 3'r)s)t)o% !% %ot ! ,e%!" o%e. T*e r)#*t to !,,e!" )s st!t'tor& )%

%!t're *)* !% (e re#'"!te (& "!.

Pascal v Board o! Medical E#aminers6 A "! )s ! ,e%!" "! )+ )t ,resr)(es ! ('re%

e')$!"e%t to ! r)m)%!" ,e%!"t& ;e# )s'!")+)!t)o% +rom ,r!t))%# ! ,0ro+ess)o%9 e$e% )+

)t )s )m,ose )% !% !m)%)str!t)$e ,roee)%#.

Calder v Bll6 A "! o% r)m)%!" ,roe're ;e# !"ter)%# r'"es o% e$)e%e9 !% (e !% e-

,ost +!to "!.

Bayot v 'andiganbayan- S's,e%s)o% o+ ,'(") o++)ers 'r)%# ! ,e%)%# tr!)" )s %ot !

,e%!"t& ('t mere"& ! ,re$e%t)$e me!s're.

ARTICLE I8 CITI9E4SHIP

De+!'"t 7'"e J's S!%#')%)Ee,t)o% I+ t*e %!t)o%s "!s s,e)+& 3's so") )t)e%s*),

: 4ote;

B)rt*s #)$e% o'ts)e ! 3's so") o'%tr& +o""o t*e 3's s!%#')%) r'"e o% )t)e%s*),. I+ ! *)" )s (or%o'ts)e t*e US/ *e )s ! US )t)e% ,ro$)e (ot* ,!re%ts !re US )t)e%s !s e"". D)++ere%t r'"es

!% '!")+)!t)o%s !,,"& )+ o%"& o%e ,!re%t )s ! US )t)e%.

De+)%)t)o% erso%!" mem(ers*), )% ! ,o")t)!" omm'%)t&

ossess)o% o+ +'"" )$)" !% ,o")t)!" r)#*ts

Im,oses 't& o+ !""e#)!%e to t*e ,o")t)!" omm'%)t&


21/26



N!t'r!")!t)o%

L!s !% roe'res

1. J'))!" roess2. At o+ Le#)s"!t)o% or ! res)e%t)!" Deree

4.

K. 7e*e!r)%# !% +)%!" 3'#me%t

7A @14@ 6 Am)%)str!t)$e N!t'r!")!t)o% L! o+ 2000E++ets o+ t*e N!t'r!")!t)o% o+ t*e

H's(!% 6 t*e "!+'" !")e% )+e !% m)%or *)"re% m!& +)"e +or ,et)t)o% +or !%e""!t)o% o+

t*e)r !")e% ert)+)!tes o+ re#)str!t)o%.

W)+e 6 o%"& t*e m)%or *)"re% m!& +)"e ! ,et)t)o% ('t t*e !")e% *'s(!% )"" %ot (e

(e%e+)te.

7e,!tr)!t)o%

7eo$er& o+ or)#)%!" )t)e%s*), )"" e,e% o% *!t )s "ost e)t*er %!t'r!"-(or% or

%!t'r!")e )t)e%s*),

Co'rts *!$e %o 3'r)s)t)o% o$er re,!tr)!t)o% 6 o%"& t*e "o!" )$)" re#)str& !% B're!' o+

Imm)#r!t)o%.

E++et)$e !te o+ re,!tr)!t)o% )s t*e !te o+ !,,")!t)o%/ %ot !,,ro$!".

7e,!tr)!t)o% m!& (e !$!)"e o+ *e% )t)e%s*), )s "ost 'e to1. Desert)o% o+ t*e !rme +ores

2. Ser$)e )% t*e !rme +ores o+ !"")e +ores 'r)%# WWII

4. Ser$)e )% t*e US !rme +ores !t !%& ot*er t)me5. o")t)!" !% eo%om) %eess)t&

7A @22K 6 D'!" C)t)e%s*), L!

7ete%t)o% o+ *)"),,)%e )t)e%s*), (& %!t'r!" (or% )t)e%s *o (eome )t)e%s o+ ! +ore)#%

o'%tr& !+ter e++et)$)t& o+ t*e !t.

T*ose see8)%# e"et)$e or !,,o)%t)$e o++)e m'st re%o'%e +ore)#% )t)e%s*),

T*e otr)%e o+ )m,")e re%'%)!t)o% ',o% +)")%# o+ ! Cert)+)!te o+ C!%)!& oes %ot !,,"&'%er 7A @22K. C!%)!te m'st e,ress"& re%o'%e *)s +ore)#% )t)e%s*), !% !""e#)!%e.

ot)%# +or '!" )t)e%s m'st meet re')reme%ts o+ O$ersees oters At

C!ses

$illie v De!ensor%'antiago6 A ,erso%s !t)o%s !% o%st)t'te )m,")e re%'%)!t)o% o+

So'resBer%!s/ Jo!')% =./ S.J./ T*e 1@ Co%st)t't)o% o+ t*e 7e,'(") o+ t*e *)"),,)%es A Comme%t!r& ;200@ e.9.Ber%!s/ Jo!')% =./ S.J./ T*e 1@ *)"),,)%e Co%st)t't)o% A Com,re*e%s)$e 7e$)eer ;2011 e.9. Pae "1 o! "#


22/26



*)s %!t'r!")e )t)e%s*),. Co%t)%'o's"& e"!r)%# +ore)#% )t)e%s*), )% ommer)!"o'me%ts/ e$e% !+ter %!t'r!")!t)o%/ )s ! re%'%)!t)o% o+ *)"),,)%e )t)e%s*),.

)abo, (r. v COME)EC6 A +ore)#% )t)e%s*), )%$!")"& !')re )s %ot t*e o%er% o+ t*e*)"),,)%es. As "o%# !s t*ere )s re%'%)!t)o% o+ *)"),,)%e )t)e%s*),/ t*!t )t)e%s*), )s "ost.

Bengzon v Crz6 7e,!tr)!t)o% )s t*e reo$er& o+ t*e or)#)%!" )t)e%s*),. I+ *!t )s "ost )s

N!t'r!")e C)t)e%s*),/ *!t )s reo$ere )s N!t'r!")e C)t)e%s*),. I+ *!t )s "ost )s

N!t'r!"-Bor% C)t)e%s*),/ *!t )s reo$ere )s N!t'r!"-Bor% C)t)e%s*),.

Aznar v COME)EC6 7e%'%)!t)o% m'st (e e,ress )% orer t*!t )t)e%s*), m!& (e "ost. A%

!,,")!t)o% +or !% !")e% ert)+)!te o+ re#)str!t)o% )s %ot t!%t!mo'%t to re%'%)!t)o% o+*)"),,)%e C)t)e%s*),.

Mercado v Manzano6 t*e +!t t*!t res,o%e%t !s *o")%# !% Amer)!% !ss,ort ere 3'st

!ssert)o%s o+ *)s Amer)!% C)t)e%s*), (e+ore t*e term)%!t)o% o+ *)s Amer)!% %!t)o%!")t&.

ARTICLE 8 S$FFRAGE

P'!")+)!t)o%s

1. C)t)e%s %ot ot*er)se )s'!")+)e (& "!2. At "e!st 1 &e!rs o+ !#e

4. 7es)e )% t*e *)"),,)%es +or !t "e!st 1 &e!r5. 7es)e )% t*e ,"!e *ere t*e& ,ro,ose to $ote !t "e!st mo%t*s ,ree)%# t*e e"et)o%

D)s'!")+)!t)o%s

1. A%& ,erso% se%te%e (& +)%!" 3'#me%t to s'++er !% )m,r)so%me%t o+ %ot "ess t*!% o%e

&e!r. S'* ,erso% s*!"" !'tom!t)!""& re-!')re r)#*t to $ote ',o% e,)r!t)o% o+ K &e!rs!+ter ser$)e o+ se%te%e.

2. erso%s *o $)o"!te *)s !""e#)!%e to t*e 7e,'(")4. I%s!%e or +ee("e-m)%e ,erso%s

O$erse!s A(se%tee ot)%# At 6 7A @1@

P'!")+)e )t)e%s !(ro! m!& $ote +or

1. res)e%t2. )e res)e%t

4. Se%!tors5. !rt& L)st 7e,rese%t!t)$es

=e%er!" 7'"e Imm)#r!%ts or ,erm!%e%t res)e%ts o+ +ore)#% o'%tr)es !re )s'!")+)e

Ee,t)o%s !% o%)t)o%s1. I+ $oter ee'tes !% !++)!$)t e"!r)%# t*!t *e or s*e s*!"" res'me !t'!" ,erm!%e%t

res)e%e )% t*e *)"),,)%es %ot "!ter t*!% 4 &e!rs +rom !,,ro$!" o+ re#)str!t)o%

2. oter m'st %ot *!$e !,,")e +or )t)e%s*), )% !%ot*er o'%tr& (& t*e t)me !++)!$)t )see'te

3. F!)"'re to ret'r% )"" !'se ,erm!%e%t )s'!")+)!t)o% to $ote )% absentia.

So'resBer%!s/ Jo!')% =./ S.J./ T*e 1@ Co%st)t't)o% o+ t*e 7e,'(") o+ t*e *)"),,)%es A Comme%t!r& ;200@ e.9.Ber%!s/ Jo!')% =./ S.J./ T*e 1@ *)"),,)%e Co%st)t't)o% A Com,re*e%s)$e 7e$)eer ;2011 e.9. Pae "" o! "#


23/26



C!ses

Abayan v COME)EC6 t*e r)#*t to s'++r!#e )s st)"" s'(3et to t*e St!tes ,oer to re#'"!te

t*e !t o+ $oters re#)str!t)o% +or t*e ,'r,ose o+ o%'t)%# *o%est !% orer"& e"et)o%s.

Ceniza v COME)EC6 A "! ,ro*)()t)%# $oters )% ! )t& +rom $ot)%# ,ro$)%)!" o++))!"s oes

%ot )m,ose ! s'(st!%t)!" re')reme%t t*!t $)o"!tes Art se 1. T*e "! oes %ot )m,ose !('re% !s o%tem,"!te (& Art se 1.

"onzales v COME)EC6 A re+ere%'m )s ! o%s'"t!t)$e ,roess !% %ot !% e"et)o%. T*e

$ot)%# !#e '!")+)!t)o%s o %ot !,,"&.

ARTICLE s'!tt)%#?. T*eSt!tes so"))t'e +or t*e est)t'te oes %ot me!% )t s*o'" to"er!te 's'r,!t)o%s o+ ,ro,ert&.

Estrada v 0)/C6 ! mere te*%)!")t& ;+!)"'re to +o""o ! ,roe'r!" re')reme%t9 )s %ot !

s'++))e%t #ro'% to re$erse t*e e)s)o% !#!)%st ! "!(orer. It s*o'" &)e" to t*e

o%st)t't)o%!" em!% +or so)!" 3'st)e.

L!(or

Employers Con!ederation v 0ational $ages and Prodctivity Commission6 T*e

Co%st)t't)o% *!s %ot +'""& em(r!e t*e o%e,t o+ laissez !aire. T*e Co%st)t't)o% )s,r)m!r)"& ! o'me%t o+ so)!" 3'st)e ('t )t !"so reo#%)e t*e )m,ort!%e o+ t*e ,r)$!te

setor.

''' v CA6 T*e r)#*t to str)8e *!s #!)%e o%st)t't)o%!" st!t're ('t )t )s '!")+)e (& t*e

,*r!se >)% !or!%e )t* "!?. T*e "! 'rre%t"& e%)es t*e r)#*t to str)8e to SSS

em,"o&ees !% to ,'(") s*oo" te!*ers.

P)D* v 0)/C6 !% em,"o&er m!& %ot (e re')re to #)$e se,!r!t)o% ,!& *e% t*e

em,"o&ee )s )sm)sse 'e to ser)o's m)so%'t.

So'resBer%!s/ Jo!')% =./ S.J./ T*e 1@ Co%st)t't)o% o+ t*e 7e,'(") o+ t*e *)"),,)%es A Comme%t!r& ;200@ e.9.Ber%!s/ Jo!')% =./ S.J./ T*e 1@ *)"),,)%e Co%st)t't)o% A Com,re*e%s)$e 7e$)eer ;2011 e.9. Pae "' o! "#


24/26



A#r!r)!% 7e+orm

O(3et)$es

1. E++))e%t ,ro't)o%2. E')t!("e )str)('t)o% o+ "!%

4. J'st s*!re )% t*e +r')ts o+ t*e "!%


25/26



%o "oss o+ ")$es/ )%3'r)es or '%%eess!r& "oss o+ ,ro,ert)es

Comm)ss)o% o% H'm!% 7)#*ts

Comm)ss)o%s ,oer )s o%"& )%$est)#!t)$e. It *!s %o ,rose'tor)!" ,oer.

L)m)te to )%$est)#!t)%# *'m!% r)#*ts $)o"!t)o%s )%$o"$)%# )$)" !% ,o")t)!" r)#*ts.

So)o-eo%om) r)#*ts !re %ot )%"'e ('t )t m!& (e )%"'e )+ t*e omm)ss)o%s so,e )s

e,!%e )% t*e +'t're.

rotet t*e *'m!% r)#*ts o+ !"" ,erso%s )t*)% t*e *)"),,)%es !s e"" !s F)"),)%os res))%#

!(ro!

ARTICLE S>T>A>C>S>

E'!t)o%

=e%er!" 7'"e E$er& )t)e% *!s t*e r)#*t to e'!t)o%Ee,t)o%s T*e r)#*t )s s'(3et to +!)r !% re!so%!("e re#'"!t)o%s. Im,os)%# !m)ss)o% !%

!!em) re')reme%ts )s ! $!") eer)se o+ ,o")e ,oer.

Note S*oo"s !"so *!$e t*e r)#*t to )sm)ss st'e%ts +or )s),")%!r& re!so%s ,ro$)e 'e

,roess )s o(ser$e.

C*!r!ter)st)s

1. P'!")t& e'!t)o%2. A++or!("e

4. 7e"e$!%t to t*e %ees o+ so)et&

ro#r!ms

S&stem o+ s*o"!rs*), #r!%ts !% st'e%t "o!% ,ro#r!ms

I%)#e%o's "e!r%)%# s&stem

O't-o+-s*oo" st'& ,ro#r!ms

I%st)t't)o%s !% A!em) Freeom

=e%er!" 7'"e Ee,t)o%

E'!t)o%!" )%st)t't)o%s s*!"" (e o%e (&)t)e%s o+ t*e *)"),,)%es or Cor,or!t)o%s/

*)* !re !t "e!st 0Q F)"),)%o-o%e.

T*ose est!(")s*e (& re")#)o's #ro',s !%m)ss)o% (o!rs

No e'!t)o%!" )%st)t't)o% s*!"" (e

est!(")s*e e"'s)$e"& +or !")e%s !% %o#ro', o+ !")e%s s*!"" om,r)se more t*!% 14

o+ t*e st'e%t ,o,'"!t)o%

S*oo"s +or +ore)#% ),"om!t) ,erso%%e" !%

t*e)r e,e%e%ts

So'resBer%!s/ Jo!')% =./ S.J./ T*e 1@ Co%st)t't)o% o+ t*e 7e,'(") o+ t*e *)"),,)%es A Comme%t!r& ;200@ e.9.Ber%!s/ Jo!')% =./ S.J./ T*e 1@ *)"),,)%e Co%st)t't)o% A Com,re*e%s)$e 7e$)eer ;2011 e.9. Pae "- o! "#


26/26



A"" re$e%'es !re eem,te +rom t!es 7e$e%'es %ot 'se )ret"& !% e"'s)$e"&+or e'!t)o%!" ,'r,oses !re %ot eem,te

+rom t!es

I%st)t'tes o+ *)#*er "e!r%)%# *!s t*e r)#*t to

eterm)%e

!. *o m!& te!*(. *!t m!& (e t!'#*t

. *o )t s*!"" (e t!'#*t. *o m!& (e !m)tte to st'&

T*e o'rts m!& %ot )%ter+ere )t* t*e

U%)$ers)t&s !!em) +reeom '%"ess t*ere

)s "e!r e$)e%e t*!t t*e "!tter !r()tr!r)"&!% !,r))o's"& eer)se )ts 3'#me%t.

C!ses

Abra 2alley College Inc v A5ino- >E"'s)$e 'se? )%"'es >)%)e%t!" 'se?. T*e s*oo"

,res)e%ts res)e%e / *)* )s ,!rt o+ t*e s*oo" (')")%#/ '!")+)es '%er s'* >)%)e%t!"

'se? t*'s eem,te +rom t!es.

"ingona, (r. v Carage6 t*e ,ro$)s)o% to #)$e >*)#*est ,r)or)t& to e'!t)o%? oes %ot

e,r)$e Co%#ress o+ t*e ,oer to res,o% to ot*er m!tters o+ %!t)o%!" )%terest

ARTICLE

consti 2 notes 1e dean bautista

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