Congressional Elections

Constitution

• Senators– 6 years– Selected by state legislatures– 17th Amendment, 1913: Direct election

• Members of House of Representatives– 2 years– Directly elected by people

Rules governing election to Congress

• The Constitution

Constitution: election to the House of Representatives

• Election every 2 years• Must be 25 years old• Citizenship for 7 years• Live in the state• Selected same way as largest house of state

legislature (popular vote)• Apportioned among states based on population

Constitution: election to the Senate

• Election every 6 years– Three Classes

• Must be at least 30 years old• Citizen for 9 years• Live in the state• Selected by state legislatures• 2 per state

Rules governing election to Congress

• The Constitution• Single-member, winner-take all districts• Reapportionment and redistricting

Reapportionment

• When the federal government reallocates seats among the states after the decennial census

Gains and losses due to 2000 reapportionment

• Gains– CA (+1)– AZ (+2)– CO (+1)– FL (+2)– GA (+2)– NV (+1)– TX (+2)

• Losses– CT (-1)– NY (-2)– IL (-1)– IN (-1)– MI (-1)– OH (-1)– OK (-1)– PA (-2)– WI (-1)

Redistricting

• When states redraw congressional district boundaries after decennial census

• Wesberry v. Sanders (1964)– Each district must have equal population

What criteria should states use in deciding where to draw

district lines?

Conflicting Values

• Contiguity of boundaries (requirement)• Equal population (requirement)• Compactness• Keeping together communities of interest • Protecting interests of racial minorities

– Meeting requirements of Voting Rights Act• Partisan gerrymandering• Incumbent protection• Maximizing competition

Rules governing election to Congress

• The Constitution• Single-member, winner-take all districts• Reapportionment and redistricting• Primary election laws

– Open vs. Closed• FECA

Federal Election Campaign Act(as amended by the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002)

• Contribution limit (individuals) = $2000• Total cycle contribution limit = $95,000

• Contribution limit (PACs) = $5000

How do voters decide?

Heuristics:

• Party ID

• Name recognition

• Incumbency!

Sources of incumbent advantage

• Voters recognize their name• Gerrymandering• Privileges of office• Ease of raising money

How do voters decide?

• Heuristics

• Campaigns

Cost of campaigns

2000 House:

• Ave. expenditures: $693,952• Incumbents’ ave. expenditures: $814,507• Challengers’ ave. expenditures: $369,823

Where does money come from?House candidates' ave. funding sources,

2000

Candidate11%

Individuals51%

Other5%

Party2%

PACs31%

Individuals PACs Party Candidate Other

Where does money come from?Senate candidates' funding sources, 2000

PACs13%

Party4%

Candidate24%

Other6%

Individuals53%

Individuals PACs Party Candidate Other

Fundraising9.40%

TV21.80%

Staff salaries17.80%

Other comm.3.90%

Travel 2.5%

Polling2.1%Direct mail

8.10%

Radio ads12.30%

Newspaper ads .4%

Voter reg/GOTV

1.30%

Campaign literature

8.00%

Overhead10.50%

Budget of a typical House campaign

Who gets elected?

• White men

Who gets elected?

• White men• Lawyers• Christians

• Previously elected officials

Small group discussion

What constitutes good representation?What characteristics of a representative would make you feel like he or she should do a good job representing you and your interests?

What behavior should a good representative engage in? When, if ever, should a representative put his

constituents’ interests aside and think of the greater good?

You will turn your notes in for participation credit.

Values associated with representation

• Looking like me, having my background– “Symbolic representation”

• Rep. uses own judgment to act on my behalf– “Representative-as-delegate”

• Doing exactly what I would do– “Representative as agent”

• Communication with me