conditioning a type of learning: learning – relatively permanent change in an organism’s...
TRANSCRIPT
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ConditioningA type of learning:
• Learning – relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to an experience
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Classical Conditioning
Where associations are made between a natural stimulus and a neutral
(learned) stimulus.
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The Experiment
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CC Vocab
Stimulus- something that elicits a response
Response- reaction to a stimulus
Unconditioned Stimulus- stimulus that naturally elicits a response
Unconditioned Response- automatic, natural response to a stimulus
Conditioned Stimulus- a previously neutral stimulus that is now
associated with a natural response
Conditioned Response- a learned response to a stimulus
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WfZfMIHwSkU&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active
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Emotional Conditioning
Example: Loud noise automatically elicits the response of a fast heart-rate.
Little Albert, the white rat,
and a loud noise.
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Little Albert– BANG!!
James B. Watson Behavioralist Approach
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EC Vocab
Stimulus Generalization: Process of a response spreading from one stimuli to another which resembles the first
Extinction: Gradual loss of association between stimuli and response
Spontaneous Recovery: Sudden, unexplained reappearance of an extinguished response
Kiss – Onion Breath
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In Focus – Page 194
Draw a diagram of your own experience with classical conditioning. (with a partner)
Could you reverse the conditioning in any of our examples?
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The Law of Effect - Operant Conditioning
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Operant Conditioning
Conditioning that results from individual’s actions and the consequences they
cause.
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Operant Conditioning
Voluntary Response Reinforcment
Repeat Voluntary Response
Stay after practice to work on shooting: Score winning Goal: Continue putting extra time into shooting
Explain the difference between Operant and Classical Conditioning
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To distinguish between the two:
Ask yourself: Is the organism learning associations between events that it doesn’t control, (classical), or is it learning associations between its behavior and resulting events, (operant)?
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Reinforcements
Primary Reinforcement: Something necessary for psychological or physical survival that is used as a reward (food or water, love etc.)
Secondary Reinforcement: Anything that comes to represent a primary reinforcer (money)– All secondary reinforcers are related to some
primary one
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Reinforcements – strengthen a response
Positive Reinforcement: A reinforcement that strengthens a response by following it with the addition of something positive.
Negative Reinforcement: A reinforcement that strengthens a response by following it with the removal of something unpleasant
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Positive/ Negative Reinforcement
Skinner Box
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Punishment
Punishment and Negative Reinforcement are DIFFERENT.
Punishment is the process of weakening a response by following it with unpleasant consequences.
Reinforcement increases a behavior, punishment decreases it
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Shaping– a way of adding behaviors that don’t already exist
Successively reward behavior that
gets closer and closer to the desired
result
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Chaining– reinforcing the connection between parts of a sequence
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Schedules of Reinforcement
Continuous Reinforcement– reinforcement given each time a behavior occurs
Schedules of Reinforcement—different methods of reinforcing
Partial Reinforcement Schedule—reinforcement not given each time a behavior occurs
– Variable Ratio Schedule– Fixed Ratio Schedule– Variable Interval– Fixed Interval
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Variable Ratio Schedule– reinforcement occurs after a desired act is performed a specific but variable number of times.
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Fixed Ratio Schedule– reinforcement occurs after a desired act is performed a fixed number of times.
For every 5 times the rabbit pulls the lever, it gets reinforcement
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Variable Interval Schedule– reinforcement occurs after a desired act is performed following a variable amount of time.
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Fixed Interval Schedule– reinforcement occurs after a desired act is performedfollowing a fixed amount of time.
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Classical v. Operant
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Group competition
Groups of 4 – come up with 3 examples of the partial reinforcement schedules
Present to class as a skit Try to identify which schedule is being
performed Most creative and accurate group gets extra
credit on the next test!
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Social Learning
Albert Bandura – We imitate those around us
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Social Learning
Learning from the behaviors of others – “Monkey see, monkey do.” Thanks to
Mirror Neurons
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Observational Learninghttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/divided/etc/view.html
A form of social learning where an organism observes and imitates the behavior of others.
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The Scapegoats
Who caused the…
Versailles Treaty? Great Depression? World-wide Humiliation?
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Versailles Treaty
The Signing
The split of Germany
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The Great Depression
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Anti-Semitic Propoganda
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Poem German children learned to recite by heart in school
A devil goes through the land,It's the Jew, well-known to us
as a murderer of peoples,a race defiler, a child's horror in all lands!
Corrupting our youthstands him in good stead.
He wants all peoples dead.
Stay away from every Jew,and happiness will come to you!
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Social Conditioning
And we turn a Blind Eye – Could this happen again?
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Krystall Nacht
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The Nuremburg Laws
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Genocide
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Prejudice spun out of control…
So why didn’t anyone speak up?
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Milgram Experiment on Obedience
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Cognitive Psychology & Learning
Cognitive Approach: The study of learning that emphasizes abstract mental processes and previous knowledge.
– They focus on how complex knowledge is obtained, processed and organized
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Cognitive Approach Vocab
Latent Learning: Learning that is not obvious but takes place under the surface
Expectancies: Beliefs about our abilities to perform an action and get the desired reward
Reinforcement Value: The preference of one type of reinforcement over another (Beyonce tickets vs. Adele, you will work harder for the one you like)
Cognitive Map: A mental image of where one is located in space
Strategies: Methods for solving problems
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Latent Learning
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Expectancies
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Reinforcement Value
Which one do you want more?
Which types of rewards are most
reinforcing for students?
Would privileges be better in
encouraging studying than praise?
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Cognitive Map
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Strategies
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Review
Classical Learning: Learning by Association Operant Conditioning: Learning through
Reinforcements Social Learning: Learning by observing and imitating Cognitive Learning: Learning through mental
processes
I am terrified of rodents!! Use each one of these ways to explain why I might be.