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Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 8 Learning

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Page 1: Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 8 Learning z Learning yrelatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience yexperience (nurture) is the

Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY

Chapter 8

Learning

Page 2: Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 8 Learning z Learning yrelatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience yexperience (nurture) is the

Learning

Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

experience (nurture) is the key to learning

Page 3: Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 8 Learning z Learning yrelatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience yexperience (nurture) is the

Classical Conditioning

Ivan Pavlov 1849-1936 Russian

physician/ neurophysiologist

Nobel Prize in 1904

studied digestive secretions

Page 4: Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 8 Learning z Learning yrelatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience yexperience (nurture) is the

Pavlovian (or Classical) Conditioning

Animals (including humans) can learn to associate an arbitrary signal in the environment with some meaningful stimulus that is also present in the environment

Page 5: Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 8 Learning z Learning yrelatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience yexperience (nurture) is the

Pavlov’s Classic Experiment

Before Conditioning

During Conditioning After Conditioning

UCS (foodin mouth)

Neutralstimulus(tone)

Nosalivation

UCR (salivation)

Neutralstimulus(tone)

UCS (foodin mouth)

UCR(salivation)

CS(tone)

CR (salivation)

Page 6: Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 8 Learning z Learning yrelatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience yexperience (nurture) is the
Page 7: Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 8 Learning z Learning yrelatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience yexperience (nurture) is the

Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning

Pavlov’s device for recording salivation

Page 8: Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 8 Learning z Learning yrelatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience yexperience (nurture) is the

Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning

Classical Conditioning organism comes to associate two stimuli

lightning and thundertone and food

begins with a reflex a neutral stimulus that signals an

unconditioned stimulus begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus neutral stimulus eventually comes to evoke the reflex

Page 9: Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 8 Learning z Learning yrelatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience yexperience (nurture) is the

Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) effective stimulus that unconditionally-

automatically and naturally- triggers a response

Unconditioned Response (UCR) unlearned, naturally occurring automatic

response to the unconditioned stimulussalivation when food is in the mouth

Page 10: Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 8 Learning z Learning yrelatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience yexperience (nurture) is the

Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning

Conditioned Stimulus (CS) previously neutral stimulus that, after

association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

Conditioned Response (CR) learned response to a previously neutral

conditioned stimulus

Page 11: Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 8 Learning z Learning yrelatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience yexperience (nurture) is the

Classical Conditioning Concepts

AcquisitionExtinctionSpontaneous RecoveryHigher Order ConditioningGeneralizationDiscrimination

Page 12: Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 8 Learning z Learning yrelatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience yexperience (nurture) is the

Conditioning

Acquisition the initial stage of learning, during

which a response is established and gradually strengthened

in classical conditioning, the phase in which a stimulus comes to evoke a conditioned response

in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response

Page 13: Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 8 Learning z Learning yrelatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience yexperience (nurture) is the

Conditioning

Extinction diminishing of a CR in classical conditioning, when

a UCS does not follow a CS in operant conditioning, when

a response is no longer reinforced

Page 14: Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 8 Learning z Learning yrelatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience yexperience (nurture) is the

Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning

Spontaneous Recovery reappearance, after a rest

period, of an extinguished CRGeneralization

tendency for a stimuli similar to CS to evoke similar responses

Page 15: Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 8 Learning z Learning yrelatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience yexperience (nurture) is the

Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning

Discrimination in classical conditioning, the ability to

distinguish between a CS and other stimuli that do not signal and UCS

in operant conditioning, responding differently to stimuli that signal a behavior will be reinforced or will not be reinforced

Page 16: Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 8 Learning z Learning yrelatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience yexperience (nurture) is the

Operant Conditioning

Operant Conditioning type of learning in which behavior is

strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment

Law of Effect Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed

by favorable consequences become more likely and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

Page 17: Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 8 Learning z Learning yrelatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience yexperience (nurture) is the

Operant Conditioning

Operant Behavior complex or voluntary behaviors

push button, perform complex task

operates (acts) on environment produces consequences

Respondent Behavior occurs as an automatic response to

stimulus behavior learned through classical

conditioning

Page 18: Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 8 Learning z Learning yrelatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience yexperience (nurture) is the

Operant Conditioning

B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) elaborated Thorndike’s Law of

Effect developed behavioral

technology

Page 19: Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 8 Learning z Learning yrelatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience yexperience (nurture) is the

Operant Chamber

Skinner Box soundproof

chamber with a bar or key that an animal presses or pecks to release a food or water reward

contains a device to record responses

Page 20: Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 8 Learning z Learning yrelatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience yexperience (nurture) is the

The classic tool: Skinner box

Page 21: Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 8 Learning z Learning yrelatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience yexperience (nurture) is the

Operant ConditioningReinforcer

any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

Shaping conditioning procedure in which reinforcers

guide behavior toward closer approximations of a desired goal

Successive Approximations reward behaviors that increasingly resemble

desired behavior

Page 22: Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 8 Learning z Learning yrelatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience yexperience (nurture) is the

Operant Conditioning

Page 23: Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 8 Learning z Learning yrelatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience yexperience (nurture) is the

Principles of Reinforcement

Primary Reinforcer innately reinforcing stimulus satisfies a biological need

Secondary Reinforcer or Conditioned Reinforcer learned through association with primary

reinforcer stimulus that gains its reinforcing power

through its association with primary reinforcer

Page 24: Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 8 Learning z Learning yrelatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience yexperience (nurture) is the

Schedules of Reinforcement

Continuous Reinforcement reinforcing the desired response each time it

occurs learning occurs rapidly extinction occurs rapidly

Partial Reinforcement reinforcing a response only part of the time results in slower acquisition greater resistance to extinction

Page 25: Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 8 Learning z Learning yrelatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience yexperience (nurture) is the

Schedules of Reinforcement

Fixed Ratio (FR) reinforces a response only after a

specified number of responses faster you respond the more

rewards you get different ratios very high rate of responding like piecework pay

Page 26: Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 8 Learning z Learning yrelatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience yexperience (nurture) is the

Schedules of Reinforcement

Variable Ratio (VR) reinforces a response after an

unpredictable number of responses

average ratios like gambling, fishing very hard to extinguish because of

unpredictability

Page 27: Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 8 Learning z Learning yrelatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience yexperience (nurture) is the

Schedules of Reinforcement

Fixed Interval (FI) reinforces a response only after

a specified time has elapsed response occurs more

frequently as the anticipated time for reward draws near

Page 28: Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 8 Learning z Learning yrelatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience yexperience (nurture) is the

Schedules of Reinforcement

Variable Interval (VI) reinforces a response at

unpredictable time intervals produces slow steady responding like pop quiz

Page 29: Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 8 Learning z Learning yrelatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience yexperience (nurture) is the

Punishment

Punishment aversive event that

decreases the behavior that it follows

powerful controller of unwanted behavior

Page 30: Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 8 Learning z Learning yrelatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience yexperience (nurture) is the

Problems with Punishment

Punished behavior is not forgotten, it's suppressed- behavior returns when punishment is no longer eminent

Causes increased aggression- shows that aggression is a way to cope with problems- Explains why aggressive delinquents and abusive parents come from abusive homes

Page 31: Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 8 Learning z Learning yrelatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience yexperience (nurture) is the

Problems with Punishment

Creates fear that can generalize to desirable behaviors, e.g. fear of school, learned helplessness, depression

Does not necessarily guide toward desired behavior- reinforcement tells you what to do--punishment tells you what not to do- Combination of punishment and reward can be more effective than punishment alone

Punishment teaches how to avoid it

Page 32: Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 8 Learning z Learning yrelatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience yexperience (nurture) is the

PunIshers

Page 33: Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 8 Learning z Learning yrelatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience yexperience (nurture) is the

Extinction

A particular behavior is weakened by the consequence of not experiencing a positive condition or stopping a negative condition A rat presses a bar in its cage and nothing happens. Neither a positive or a negative condition exists for the

rat. The rat presses the bar again and again nothing

happens.

The rat's behavior of pressing the bar is weakened by the consequence of not experiencing anything positive or stopping anything negative.

Page 34: Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 8 Learning z Learning yrelatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience yexperience (nurture) is the

Cognition and Operant Conditioning

Cognitive Map mental representation of the layout of

one’s environment example- after exploring a maze, rats act

as if they have learned a cognitive map of it

Latent Learning learning that occurs, but is not apparent

until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Page 35: Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 8 Learning z Learning yrelatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience yexperience (nurture) is the

Cat Video. Cat Roundup Learning Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

Role of Conscious and Biorhythms in Organism’s Activity

How to analyze your organism’s chance of survival?

1 Learning Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

Chapter 8 Learning. Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

Operant Conditioning Unit 4 - AoS 2 - Learning. Trial and Error Learning An organism’s attempts to learn or solve a problem by trying alternative possibilities

1 Chapter 7 Learning. 2 Definition Learning is a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience. Learning is more flexible in

PSYCHOLOGY (5th Ed) Chapter 5 Learning z Learning yrelatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience yexperience (nurture) is the

Genetic Engineering Direct manipulation of an organism’s genes

CHAPTER 20 Animal Structure & Function Anatomy: study of an organism’s structures Physiology: study of the functions of an organism’s structures

exoskeleton gives the organism’s segmented body protection

DEFINITION: Learning in which an organism’s REINFORCEMENT · DEFINITION: Learning in which an organism’s behavior is followed by a reward or punishment REINFORCEMENT Positive

Learning is a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience. In associative learning, we learn to associate two stimuli (as

Plant Hormones. Stimulus A change in organism’s environment

northcobbhs.blogs.com€¦ · Web viewChapter 8 - Learning 7 I. Introduction _____ - is a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience. Learning is more

Learning zAssociation, Consequences & Modeling. Learning z Learning yRelatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience yExperience

Unit 6 Learning How do we Learn?. Learning = a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience. Relatively Permanent: Learning

AN ORGANISM’S METABOLISM

5 Learning€¦ · influenced by an organism’s inborn characteristics (nature–nurture). Finally, some types of learning can affect our physical health by influencing how our body

1 Learning. 2 Definition Learning is a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience. Learning is more flexible in comparison

Why Study Psychology? Physiological – having to do with an organism’s physical processes Physiological – having to do with an organism’s physical processes

An Organism’s Responses to changes in their Environment

Conditioning A type of learning: Learning – relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to an experience

1 Learning Chapter 8. 2 Learning Learning: a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience. -NURTURE in the Nature vs. Nurture

Learning Ms. Simon Do Now: Define Learning. Definition Learning is a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

Role of Conscious and Biorhythms in Organism’s Activity

How do an organism’s trait help it survive

Stimulus & Response. Stimulus Achange in organism’s environment A change in organism’s environment

Learning is a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience. Learning is more flexible in comparison to the genetically- programmed

PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 8 Learning. Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience Helps us …

Learning and Classical Conditioning . How Do We Learn? Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

Cat Video. Cat Roundup Learning Learning Lasting change in an organism’s behavior due to experience Learning Lasting change in an organism’s

Chapter 7 Learning. Learning Learning is the relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

WHAT IS GENETIC ENGINEERING? Genetic engineering is the manipulation of an organism’s genes to create a desired characteristic. AKA= changing an organism’s