cobalt – reliable, responsible, australian

Cobalt – Reliable, Responsible, AustralianA Critical Minerals Snapshot, based on the Australian Critical Minerals Prospectus 2020

01Cobalt – Reliable, Responsible, Australian

AUSTRALIA – A RELIABLE AND RESPONSIBLE COBALT SOURCE

Disclaimer

This report has been prepared by the Commonwealth of Australia represented by the Australian Trade and Investment Commission (Austrade), Geoscience Australia and the Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources. The report is a general overview and is not intended to provide exhaustive coverage of the topic. The information is made available on the understanding that the Commonwealth of Australia is not providing professional advice.

While care has been taken to ensure the information in this report is accurate, the Commonwealth does not accept any liability for any loss arising from reliance on the information, or from any error or omission, in the report. Any person relying on this information does so at their own risk. The Commonwealth recommends the person exercise their own skill and care, including obtaining professional advice, in relation to their use of the information for their purposes.

The Commonwealth does not endorse any company or activity referred to in the report, and does not accept responsibility for any losses suffered in connection with any company or its activities.

Unless otherwise specified, all amounts in this report are in Australian dollars.

Copyright © Commonwealth of Australia 2021

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March 2021.

Demand for cobalt set to rise

Governments around the world are introducing

carbon transition energy policies that will

turbocharge demand for battery minerals from

reliable sources.

In the US, for instance, new, green economy

initiatives from the Biden Administration will

trigger aggressive plans for renewable energy

development, smart grids and a large electric

vehicle industry.

These initiatives and others from the private

sector are expected to increase the global demand

for batteries by around 14 times the 2018 levels

of 184 gigawatt hours (GWh), to more than 2,600

GWh in 2030, according to a report by the World

Economic Forum’s Global Battery Alliance.1

In turn, the demand for cobalt – a key input in

lithium-ion batteries – is forecast to rise to at

least 222 kt by 2025.2

The challenge for auto and battery

manufacturers is finding a secure and reliable

source of this critical mineral.

Supply chain challenges and the Australian opportunity

Cobalt is usually recovered as a by-product from

copper and nickel operations. Consequently, its

availability depends on the ongoing mining of its

host metals. Conveniently, for the battery sector,

Australia’s cobalt is strongly associated with its

abundant nickel resources.

In 2019, around 70% of cobalt was mined in the

Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), followed by

Russia (4%), Australia (4%), the Philippines (3%)

and Cuba (3%).3

The current dominant cobalt-copper supply

chain (from the DRC via South Africa) is

increasingly fragile due to ongoing concerns over

environmental, social and governance (ESG) risks.

The closure of international borders and regional

ports to non-essential exports due to the

COVID-19 pandemic has also upended global

supply chains.

140 kt

World production 2019 Battery demand (GWH)CoCobalt

1. www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_A_Vision_for_a_Sustainable_Battery_Value_Chain_in_2030_Report.pdf2. www.mckinsey.com/industries/metals-and-mining/our-insights/lithium-and-cobalt-a-tale-of-two-commodities3. GlobalData (2020), Global Cobalt Mining to 2024

2600GWh

20302018

184GWh

Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)

Global Ranking AustraliaGlobal

Ranking

Production (2019) 71% (100 kt) 1 4% (4.9 kt) 3

Resource holding (2019) 51% (3,600 kt) 1 19% (1,353 kt) 2

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode

mailto:[email protected]

http://itsanhonour.gov.au

http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_A_Vision_for_a_Sustainable_Battery_Value_Chain_in_2030_Report.pdf

https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/metals-and-mining/our-insights/lithium-and-cobalt-a-tale-of-two-commodities

COBAlT – RElIABlE, RESPOnSIBlE, AUSTRAlIAn 03

However, global cobalt production is expected

to rebound in the short term, with some new

projects anticipated to come online. There are

around 80 upcoming projects in various stages of

development, with the majority of these located

in Australia and the DRC.

Overall, global output is projected to increase at a

compound annual growth rate of 13.6%, to reach

190.3 kt by 2024.4

Australia’s vast cobalt resources

Australia offers solid cobalt investment opportunities, from direct investment in mining projects to integrated advanced processing facilities that produce a high-purity precursor material for advanced batteries.

Australia has abundant reserves of responsibly

mined cobalt associated with large nickel resources.

This presents a unique opportunity for investors

and battery manufacturers to secure offtake for

the mixed or refined output of Australian nickel-

cobalt resources for the long term.

Australia delivered 4% of the world’s cobalt

supply in 2019, and has significant potential to

supply up to 19%.5 Australia’s cobalt sector is

expected to grow by 5.3pc/year, on average,

between 2021 and 2029.6

Current Australian cobalt resources include

integrated investments from global mineral

trading houses and major miners that adhere

to standards set by the Responsible Minerals

Initiative and Responsible Cobalt Initiative.

Future Australian mining developments

highlighted in this document also acknowledge

the importance of global ESG standards.

Opportunities abound in MHP

Australia offers a compelling solution for battery

manufacturers looking upstream to secure raw

materials to manufacture cathodes.

Australian nickel-cobalt mixed hydroxide precipitate

(MHP) presents a reliable source of the two major

battery materials that enable the continued use of

the energy-dense nickel-cobalt battery chemistry.

Intermediate MHP is emerging as a preferred raw

material for the battery supply chain due to its

broad availability and lower cost profile.

Australia welcomes strategic investment from

auto manufacturers and their battery suppliers in

specialist cathode and anode precursor refining

facilities.

Australian companies, including Pure Battery

Technologies and Queensland Pacific Metals,

are developing patented MHP production and

refining technologies that will support efficient

nickel-cobalt extraction from lateritic ores

for the growing battery market. It delivers

benefits such as reduced or eliminated tailings,

recycled content inputs, energy efficiency and

process flexibility.

Australia’s existing and emerging nickel-cobalt resources offer considerable benefits:

Australia offers the opportunity to

invest in an integrated supply chain

and clustered specialist refining

capacity. This will reduce the

transportation steps between the

mine and battery from five steps to

two, as Australian refiners can ship

directly to emerging EU and US

battery manufacturers.

For end-users, Australia offers

a strong IP protection regime

for custom chemical precursor

production and further R&D.

Australia offers low ESG

risk exposure compared to

other jurisdictions that face

environmental challenges such

as Deep Sea Tailings Disposal

or unstable economic and

social governance.

Australia’s targeted development

finance agencies focused on clean

energy and regional development in

northern Australia have extended

their mandates to facilitate

investment in battery and critical

minerals projects.

4. GlobalData (2020), Global Cobalt Mining to 20245. NS Energy (22 February 2021) ‘Profiling the world’s eight largest cobalt-producing countries’, accessed 1 March 20216. Argus Media (12 January 2021) ‘Australia’s cobalt sector on the comeback trail’, accessed 1 March 2021

02 Cobalt – Reliable, Responsible, Australian

PNGINDONESIA

200 m1000

m

1000 m200 m

Browns Oxide

Wilconi

Claude Hills

See inset a.

See inset c.Windabout

Wollogorang

Cangai Copper

Hurlls Hill

Basil

Rover 1Peko Tailings Mount

OxideLucky Break

Barnes HillAvebury

Jasper Hill

Grimlock

Gorge Creek Highlands

Mount Cobalt/Kilkivan

Mount OxideTailings

MountGilmore

See inset b.

PacificExpress

MG14

VIC

NSW

SA

NT

QLD

WA

TAS

CANBERRA, ACT

PERTH

HOBART

MELBOURNE

DARWIN

SYDNEY

BRISBANE

ADELAIDE

RangeWell

Wingellina

Goongarrie

Sconi

NiWest

Walford Creek

Gladstone

Browns Sulfide

MountThirsty

Savannah

Nova-Bollinger

CapricornCopper

0 500 km

PP-3548-4

Australian cobalt projects as at 30 June 2020

Overlander

Duck CreekWhite Range

Canteen

QLD

E1-Monakoff

Salebury Wee MacGregor

Golden Mile,Evening Star

BelgiumCloncurry, Trump

Barbara Ernest HenryMillenniumRocklands Group

NSW

Hylea CobaltMalamuteHusky

Collerina

Flemington

Nico Young

Sunrise

West Lynn

0 50 km

0 100 km

Cobalt projects byresource size (kt Co) Project status

Mineralisation

Deposit

Background image: Magnetics(greyscale, 0.5 vertical derivativeof total magnetic intensity)

<10

10–20

20–50

50–100

100–200

150°E140°E130°E120°E

10°S

20°S

30°S

40°S

NSWSA

BrokenHill Cobalt

Broken HillKalkaroo

Mutooroo

NorthBroken Hill

North Portia

OpharaCobalt-Gold

Thackaringa

150°E148°E146°E

32°S

34°S

Inset b. Inset c.0 50 km

142°E141°E140°E

32°S

Inset a.

141°E140°E

21°S

Key advanced project

Operating mine

PNGINDONESIA

200 m1000

m

1000 m200 m

Browns Oxide

Wilconi

Claude Hills

See inset a.


Wollogorang

Cangai Copper

Hurlls Hill

Basil


OxideLucky Break

Barnes HillAvebury

Jasper Hill

Grimlock



Mount OxideTailings

MountGilmore

See inset b.

PacificExpress

MG14

VIC

NSW

SA

NT

QLD

WA

TAS

CANBERRA, ACT

PERTH

HOBART

MELBOURNE

DARWIN

SYDNEY

BRISBANE

ADELAIDE

RangeWell

Wingellina

Goongarrie

Sconi

NiWest

Walford Creek

Gladstone

Browns Sulfide

MountThirsty

Savannah

Nova-Bollinger

CapricornCopper

0 500 km

PP-3548-4


Overlander


Canteen

QLD

E1-Monakoff





NSW


Collerina

Flemington

Nico Young

Sunrise

West Lynn

0 50 km

0 100 km


Mineralisation

Deposit


<10

10–20

20–50

50–100

100–200

150°E140°E130°E120°E

10°S

20°S

30°S

40°S

NSWSA

BrokenHill Cobalt

Broken HillKalkaroo

Mutooroo

NorthBroken Hill

North Portia

OpharaCobalt-Gold

Thackaringa

150°E148°E146°E

32°S

34°S


142°E141°E140°E

32°S

Inset a.

141°E140°E

21°S


Operating mine

PNGINDONESIA

200 m1000

m

1000 m200 m

Browns Oxide

Wilconi

Claude Hills

See inset a.


Wollogorang

Cangai Copper

Hurlls Hill

Basil


OxideLucky Break

Barnes HillAvebury

Jasper Hill

Grimlock



Mount OxideTailings

MountGilmore

See inset b.

PacificExpress

MG14

VIC

NSW

SA

NT

QLD

WA

TAS

CANBERRA, ACT

PERTH

HOBART

MELBOURNE

DARWIN

SYDNEY

BRISBANE

ADELAIDE

RangeWell

Wingellina

Goongarrie

Sconi

NiWest

Walford Creek

Gladstone

Browns Sulfide

MountThirsty

Savannah

Nova-Bollinger

CapricornCopper

0 500 km

PP-3548-4


Overlander


Canteen

QLD

E1-Monakoff





NSW


Collerina

Flemington

Nico Young

Sunrise

West Lynn

0 50 km

0 100 km


Mineralisation

Deposit


<10

10–20

20–50

50–100

100–200

150°E140°E130°E120°E

10°S

20°S

30°S

40°S

NSWSA

BrokenHill Cobalt

Broken HillKalkaroo

Mutooroo

NorthBroken Hill

North Portia

OpharaCobalt-Gold

Thackaringa

150°E148°E146°E

32°S

34°S


142°E141°E140°E

32°S

Inset a.

141°E140°E

21°S


Operating mine

PNGINDONESIA

200 m1000

m

1000 m200 m

Browns Oxide

Wilconi

Claude Hills

See inset a.


Wollogorang

Cangai Copper

Hurlls Hill

Basil


OxideLucky Break

Barnes HillAvebury

Jasper Hill

Grimlock



Mount OxideTailings

MountGilmore

See inset b.

PacificExpress

MG14

VIC

NSW

SA

NT

QLD

WA

TAS

CANBERRA, ACT

PERTH

HOBART

MELBOURNE

DARWIN

SYDNEY

BRISBANE

ADELAIDE

RangeWell

Wingellina

Goongarrie

Sconi

NiWest

Walford Creek

Gladstone

Browns Sulfide

MountThirsty

Savannah

Nova-Bollinger

CapricornCopper

0 500 km

PP-3548-4


Overlander


Canteen

QLD

E1-Monakoff





NSW


Collerina

Flemington

Nico Young

Sunrise

West Lynn

0 50 km

0 100 km


Mineralisation

Deposit


<10

10–20

20–50

50–100

100–200

150°E140°E130°E120°E

10°S

20°S

30°S

40°S

NSWSA

BrokenHill Cobalt

Broken HillKalkaroo

Mutooroo

NorthBroken Hill

North Portia

OpharaCobalt-Gold

Thackaringa

150°E148°E146°E

32°S

34°S


142°E141°E140°E

32°S

Inset a.

141°E140°E

21°S


Operating mine

AUSTRALIA’S UNTAPPED, CONFLICT-FREE COBALT RESOURCE OPPORTUNITIES

The following pages provide an overview of advanced

cobalt projects in Australia that represent potential

investment and offtake opportunities.

This list is not exhaustive. For further information

on Australia’s cobalt sector, contact an Austrade

Critical Minerals Investment Specialist by emailing

[email protected].

More information on Australia’s critical minerals

projects can be found here:

www.austrade.gov.au/cmp.

Critical mineral maps

Geoscience Australia has prepared a map of Australia’s

cobalt resources, illustrating the location of deposits,

key advanced projects and operating mines. Project

sizes on the map correlate to the amount of contained

critical mineral within the total mineral resource for each

project. The red circles indicate key advanced projects

that have a project summary in the Prospectus, and this

Snapshot.

Cobalt – Reliable, Responsible, Australian 05

Project name Company name / ownership StateProject status

ApprovalsPrimary

mineral(s)

Total resource

(Mt)

Total cobalt

grade (%)

Nickel grade

(%)

Expected production

CoSO4 (tpa)

Expected host metal production

(metal)

Capital cost

Post-tax NPVMin.

mine life (yrs)

Offtake available

Sunrise Sunrise Energy Metals nSW Pre-constructionDevelopment

approvalni, Co, Sc 183.3 0.09 0.5 21,260

89,270 (niSO4)

US$1.5bn US$1.392bn, 8% 40 Yes

Broken Hill Cobalt Cobalt Blue Holdings ltd nSW Pre feasibility study Mining lease Co (S, Fe) 111 0.0715 n/A 16,800300,000

(S)A$560m A$554M, 7.5% 20 Yes

SCONI Australian Mines ltd QlD Feasibility studyMining lease,

environmental approval

ni, Co 75.71 0.08 0.6 7,00046,800 (niSO4)

US$974m A$1,167m, 8% 30 Yes

Goongarrie Nickel Cobalt Project

Ardea Resources ltd WA Pre feasibility study Mining lease ni, Co 215.6 0.06 0.71 10,00081,000 (niSO4)

US$918m US$1.805bn, 8% 25 Yes

NiWest GME Resources ltd WA Pre feasibility study Mining lease ni, Co 85.2 0.065 1.03 6,70086,000 (niSO4)

A$966m A$791m, 8% 15 Yes

Mt ThirstyConico ltd/Barra Resources ltd JV (50/50)

WA Pre feasibility studyMining lease application

Co, ni 26.8 0.118 0.52 7,6809,500

(niSO4) A$371m A$25.7m, 8% 12 Yes



http://www.austrade.gov.au/cmp


Sunrise Energy Metals: Sunrise

sunriseem.com

Ardea Resources Ltd: Goongarrie Nickel Cobalt Project

ardearesources.com.au

Australian Mines Limited: The Sconi Project

australianmines.com.auNSW

WA

QLD

The Sunrise Energy Metals (formerly Clean TeQ) Battery Materials Complex will be a fully

integrated supplier of high-purity battery-grade nickel and cobalt sulphate for the electric vehicle

(EV) supply chain, as well as one of the world’s largest producers of scandium oxide.

With over A$200m invested to date, Sunrise is development-ready, with all key permits secured, a

40+ year mine life and operating costs forecast to be in the lowest quartile of the industry.

The project development will consist of a shallow open-cut mine, hydrometallurgical processing

plant (pressure acid leach followed by Sunrise Energy Metal’s proprietary ion exchange technology,

Clean-iX®, to separate nickel, cobalt and scandium) and associated infrastructure.

The Goongarrie nickel Cobalt Project (Goongarrie or GnCP) is among the developed world’s

premier nickel-cobalt projects, with world-class supporting infrastructure in the well-established

Kalgoorlie mining district and an environmentally benign arid setting.

The project is a conventional open-pit mine with a low strip ratio. The mine has a projected 25-year

life span (2.25 Mtpa expansion case study) feeding high-quality goethite dominated cobalt-nickel

ore into a fifth-generation high-pressure acid leach (HPAl) hydrometallurgical process plant.

The GnCP resource of 215 Mt at 0.06% Co and 0.71% ni is already one of the world’s largest ni-Co

resources and is expected to support multidecades of additional mine life beyond the artificial

25-year mine life chosen for the expansion study.

Sconi is a Tier-1 cobalt, nickel and scandium asset with ore reserves that support an open-pit mine

life of at least 30 years.

Once in production, Sconi will produce battery-grade cobalt sulphate and nickel sulphate, and high-

purity scandium oxide.

According to an independent market study by CRU International, Sconi is expected to be one of

the lowest-cost cobalt-producing nickel projects in the world.

A sustainable, low-cost source of high-purity cobalt

Sunrise Energy Metals is targeting at least 50% of Sunrise’s construction capital to be

provided under a standard, non-recourse project debt facility. Four leading international

banks – Societe Generale, National Australia Bank, Natixis and ICBC – have been appointed

as Mandated Lead Arrangers for the debt funding.

In June 2019, Sunrise Energy Metals announced that it had appointed a division of Macquarie

Bank to run a partnering process for the Sunrise Project, whereby parties would be offered

an investment in the project in conjunction with long-term offtake arrangements.

The partnering process remains ongoing. (Critical Minerals Prospectus 2020)

A globally significant, readily scalable project

Ardea is undertaking a strategic partner process coordinated by KPMG to identify a

development partner within the LIB and/or EV sector, with 100% offtake available. Virtual

data room available for potential partners to review the A$50m of project data.

(Critical Minerals Prospectus 2020)

Foundation for a new era of clean energy innovation

Australian Mines’ primary focus in 2020 is securing offtake and financing agreements

for Sconi. The company is progressing negotiations with potential offtake and financing

partners, supported by current production runs, which are delivering battery-grade cobalt

sulphate and nickel sulphate samples for testing. (Critical Minerals Prospectus 2020)

PR

OJ

EC

T S

UM

MA

RIE

S


http://sunriseem.com

http://ardearesources.com.au

http://australianmines.com.au


GME Resources Limited: Niwest

gmeresources.com.au

Mt Thirsty Joint Venture: Mt Thirsty

barraresources.com.au

WA

WA

The niWest nickel Cobalt Project is regarded as one of the largest and highest quality undeveloped

nickel/cobalt resources in Australia. The Project is located in the West Australian nickel belt,

approximately 250 km north of Kalgoorlie.

The region is recognised for its nickel/cobalt production and is well serviced with infrastructure

such as public rail linked to ports, gas pipelines, arterial roads, optic fibre communications and

long-established mining towns.

niwest has eight shallow nickel-cobalt laterite deposits, each up to several kilometres long and 750

m wide, with typical thicknesses of 5–30m.

Initial 27-year operating life at a nameplate processing capacity of 2.4 Mtpa, based on mining of

three (Mt Kilkenny, Eucalyptus and Hepi) deposits only. Total life-of-mine production of 456 kt

nickel (in nickel sulphate) and 31.4 kt cobalt (in cobalt sulphate). Average annual production of 19.2

kt nickel and 1.4 kt cobalt over the first 15 years.

The Mt Thirsty Cobalt-nickel Project is an advanced, high-grade, low capital expenditure,

sustainable source of cobalt and nickel located in the mining jurisdiction of Western Australia.

The project will be a conventional open-pit mine with an initial 12-year life. Extensive test work has

demonstrated that the metal can be leached at atmospheric pressure using sulphur dioxide as the

main reagent, which is a key competitive advantage to higher capital expenditure, high-pressure

acid-leaching projects.

An onsite processing plant will produce an intermediary mixed sulphide product (MSP), which will

be dried, loaded into bulka bags and trucked in shipping containers to Australian end users or

exported via several container ports in Western Australia.

A technically proven, low-capital, high-margin opportunity.

GME Resources welcomes discussion regarding joint venture participation in the project, and

financing of the project construction or offtake. One hundred per cent of the forecast nickel

and cobalt sulphate production from the Niwest Project remains uncommitted.


An excellent long-term, low-cost, cobalt production opportunity

The project is available for investment from downstream partners, either as an outright sale

or as a development farm-in in exchange for 100% offtake rights.


PR

OJ

EC

T S

UM

MA

RIE

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Cobalt Blue Holdings Ltd: Broken Hill Cobalt Project

cobaltblueholdings.com

The Broken Hill Cobalt Project includes the development of an open-cut mining operation,

downstream ore processing and a refinery to produce cobalt sulphate (suitable as a battery cathode

precursor) and elemental sulphur.

It is expected that the life span of the mine and processing operations will be at least 20 years.

Cobalt Blue has confirmed that the cobalt is locked inside the pyrite mineral. The company has

subsequently developed and patented a tailored metallurgical process with the following characteristics:

• high cobalt recoveries

• no sulphur dioxide emissions

• produces high-quality cobalt sulphate and high-purity elemental sulphur

• relatively low capital and operational costs compared to other processing methods.

Low-cost, long-term supply of ethically derived, battery-grade cobalt sulphate

Cobalt Blue is seeking potential partners to take equity, offtake, or debt interest in the

project. Advanced discussions are expected with identified parties as the demonstration

plant comes into operation and the feasibility study nears completion in 2021–22.


NSW


http://gmeresources.com.au

http://barraresources.com.au

http://cobaltblueholdings.com

11

AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT SUPPORT FOR THE CRITICAL MINERALS SECTOR

Australian Trade and Investment Commission (Austrade)

As the Australian Government’s lead agency for

international trade and investment promotion,

Austrade continues to facilitate foreign

investment and offtake arrangements in critical

minerals. The agency does this by leveraging its

extensive offshore network – and relationships

with federal, state and territory governments

– to connect Australian project proponents

with targeted opportunities for investment and

offtake agreements.

Interested investors, project proponents and

offtake partners can contact Austrade via

our website (www.austrade.gov.au) or email

[email protected].

Critical Minerals Facilitation Office

The Critical Minerals Facilitation Office (CMFO) is

the Federal Government’s central coordination

point to help grow Australia’s critical minerals

sector and position Australia globally as a secure

and reliable supplier of critical minerals. The

CMFO was established in January 2020 and is

part of the Department of Industry, Science,

Energy and Resources. To find out more

about the CMFO’s initiatives, visit:

www.industry.gov.au/criticalminerals, subscribe

to Australian Critical Minerals news or email

[email protected].

Export Finance Australia

Export Finance Australia is committed to

supporting critical minerals projects and related

infrastructure, and businesses involved with

the critical minerals export supply chain.

Where critical minerals are important to the

defence supply chain, finance may be available

through the Government’s Defence Export

Facility, which is administered by Export Finance

Australia. To find out more about Export

Finance Australia’s support including eligibility

criteria, please visit: exportfinance.gov.au/

criticalminerals or call 1800 093 724.

Geoscience Australia

Geoscience Australia is a trusted source

of information on Australia’s geology and

geography. It provides technical capability,

geoscience information, innovation and advice

on critical minerals. The agency, working

with its state and territory partners, delivers

programs of continental-scale data acquisition,

and develops tools for mapping, prediction and

decision making.

Geoscience Australia’s critical minerals activities

aim to underpin new exploration technologies,

stimulate mineral exploration investment, drive

new discoveries and open up new, producing

critical minerals provinces. To find out more about

Geoscience Australia’s critical minerals activities,

publications and data, visit: www.ga.gov.au/

about/projects/ resources/critical-minerals.

Additional support is available

Other forms of Federal support are available for

the critical minerals sector. For an overview, visit:

www.industry.gov.au/funding-and-incentives/

supporting-critical-minerals-projects-in-

australia.

Contact Austrade for coordinated Australian government support on critical

minerals projects – email: [email protected]

A wealth of resources

Production and resources in Australia

The Australian Government examined critical minerals lists published in markets such as the United

States, the European Union and Japan, and matched those against Australia’s known geological

endowment. The result is a list of 24 critical minerals that are either being produced or could be

produced in Australia. These 24 minerals are identified in the Periodic Table above.

More information on Australia’s critical minerals can be found here: www.austrade.gov.au/cmp

Periodic table of elements overlaid with Australia’s mineral production, resources and exploration activities. Critical minerals are shown with red letters.

PmPromethium

61

Critical minerals


http://www.austrade.gov.au


http://www.industry.gov.au/criticalminerals


http://exportfinance.gov.au/criticalminerals

http://exportfinance.gov.au/criticalminerals

https://www.ga.gov.au/about/projects/

https://www.ga.gov.au/about/projects/

http://www.industry.gov.au/funding-and-incentives/supporting-critical-minerals-projects-in-australia




http://www.austrade.gov.au/cmp

cobalt – reliable, responsible, australian

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