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http://pesd.stanford.edu • Stanford University Coal, Carbon, and the Future of the Global Energy Mix By Richard Morse Woods Institute Energy Seminar March 4, 2009

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Page 1: Coal, Carbon, and the Future of the Global Energy Mix...Aug ‐ 07 Sep ‐ 07 Oct ‐ 07 Nov ‐ 07 Dec ‐ 07 Jan ‐ 08 Feb ‐ 08 Mar ‐ 08 Apr ‐ 08 May ‐ 08 Jun ‐ 08 Jul

http://pesd.stanford.edu • Stanford Universityhttp://pesd.stanford.edu • Stanford University

Coal, Carbon, and the Future of the Global Energy Mix

By Richard Morse

Woods Institute Energy SeminarMarch 4, 2009

Page 2: Coal, Carbon, and the Future of the Global Energy Mix...Aug ‐ 07 Sep ‐ 07 Oct ‐ 07 Nov ‐ 07 Dec ‐ 07 Jan ‐ 08 Feb ‐ 08 Mar ‐ 08 Apr ‐ 08 May ‐ 08 Jun ‐ 08 Jul

http://pesd.stanford.edu • Stanford University 2

Agenda

1. Background

2. Fundamentals of the Global Trade

3. Coal in the West: Impact of Carbon on Coal

4. China’s Coal Market

5. Coal and CO2 Mitigation

Page 3: Coal, Carbon, and the Future of the Global Energy Mix...Aug ‐ 07 Sep ‐ 07 Oct ‐ 07 Nov ‐ 07 Dec ‐ 07 Jan ‐ 08 Feb ‐ 08 Mar ‐ 08 Apr ‐ 08 May ‐ 08 Jun ‐ 08 Jul

http://pesd.stanford.edu • Stanford University

Coal under siege?

“Coal‐fired power stations are death factories.  Close them. […] coal is the single greatest threat to civilization and all life on our planet.” – Dr. James Hansen of NASA

“If somebody wants to build a coal fired power plant they can, its just that it will bankrupt them because they are going to be charged a huge sum for all that greenhouse gas that’s being emitted.” – Barack Obama to SF Chronicle

“Coal is my worst nightmare.” – Steve Chu (pre‐DOE)

3

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Or coal renaissance?

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Non‐OECD OECD

All other fuelsCoal

Shares of incremental energy demand Reference Scenario,  2006 – 2030 (IEA)Increase in primary demand, 2000 – 2007 (IEA)

Mtoe

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1 000

Coal Oil Gas Renewables Nuclear

4.8%

1.6% 2.6%

2.2%

0.8%

% = average annual rate of growth

Source: IEA WEO 2008

Coal is the world’s fastest growing fossil fuel

Page 5: Coal, Carbon, and the Future of the Global Energy Mix...Aug ‐ 07 Sep ‐ 07 Oct ‐ 07 Nov ‐ 07 Dec ‐ 07 Jan ‐ 08 Feb ‐ 08 Mar ‐ 08 Apr ‐ 08 May ‐ 08 Jun ‐ 08 Jul

http://pesd.stanford.edu • Stanford University

Emissions from coal outpace all other energy sources

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030

Gigaton

nes International

marine bunkersand aviation

Non‐OECD ‐ gas

Non‐OECD ‐ oil

Non‐OECD ‐ coal

OECD ‐ gas

OECD ‐ oil

OECD ‐ coal

IEA Projection of Energy Related Emissions to 2030

Source: IEA WEO 2008

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Page 6: Coal, Carbon, and the Future of the Global Energy Mix...Aug ‐ 07 Sep ‐ 07 Oct ‐ 07 Nov ‐ 07 Dec ‐ 07 Jan ‐ 08 Feb ‐ 08 Mar ‐ 08 Apr ‐ 08 May ‐ 08 Jun ‐ 08 Jul

http://pesd.stanford.edu • Stanford University 6

Asia’s massive growth of coal‐ fired generation capacity 

Drivers

•Cheap cost of energy fuels development

• Energy security: wide distribution of reserves and suppliers   

Source: ABARE

Total: 579.21 GW20% realization = ~400 million tons of coal new demand annually

Page 7: Coal, Carbon, and the Future of the Global Energy Mix...Aug ‐ 07 Sep ‐ 07 Oct ‐ 07 Nov ‐ 07 Dec ‐ 07 Jan ‐ 08 Feb ‐ 08 Mar ‐ 08 Apr ‐ 08 May ‐ 08 Jun ‐ 08 Jul

http://pesd.stanford.edu • Stanford University 7

PESD’s work on coal

Goal: How will country‐level political economy factors affect global patterns of coal production, trade, and use under different scenarios? 

Two Part Study:

1. Global Coal Trade Model (DIW Berlin)

2. Political Economy Case Studies

Presenter
Presentation Notes
-This is the shape of the internationally traded market for coal today, the primary focus of PESD’s study. -Characterized by widely distributed resources, seaborne and overland trade, and regionally distinct supply patterns. -Important questions for PESD: -How does political economy affect the structure of this market and impact the global trade balance? trade flows, prices, production costs, infrastructure constraints, reform and development policies, environmental regulations -What is the relationship of domestic markets to international markets? Are the increasingly becoming linked and does this have implications for local and global energy economies? -What will this picture look like in 2030, and what are the variables that will dictate that future? What is the future for internationally traded coal?
Page 8: Coal, Carbon, and the Future of the Global Energy Mix...Aug ‐ 07 Sep ‐ 07 Oct ‐ 07 Nov ‐ 07 Dec ‐ 07 Jan ‐ 08 Feb ‐ 08 Mar ‐ 08 Apr ‐ 08 May ‐ 08 Jun ‐ 08 Jul

http://pesd.stanford.edu • Stanford University 8

Agenda

1. Background

2. Fundamentals of the Global Trade

3. Coal in the West: Impact of Carbon on Coal

4. China’s Coal Market

5. Coal and CO2 Mitigation

Page 9: Coal, Carbon, and the Future of the Global Energy Mix...Aug ‐ 07 Sep ‐ 07 Oct ‐ 07 Nov ‐ 07 Dec ‐ 07 Jan ‐ 08 Feb ‐ 08 Mar ‐ 08 Apr ‐ 08 May ‐ 08 Jun ‐ 08 Jul

http://pesd.stanford.edu • Stanford University

Distribution of global reserves

9

Ritschel, Schiffer 2007

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http://pesd.stanford.edu • Stanford University 10

Steam coal trade has increased dramatically

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1985 1990 1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

million metric tons

Overland Trade

Source: IEA Coal Statistics

Steam Coa

lsCo

king

 Coa

ls

Presenter
Presentation Notes
-The size of the international coal trade has risen dramatically over the last few decades, and a sizable international market for the fuel has arisen. - Explain the difference between met coal, steam coal, and lignite. Our focus is steam. -The majority of this growth is steam coal – coal used for power generation. -Mention expected trends in power generation growth. -The coal market is unlike other energy commodity markets: -widely distributed reserved -heterogeneous product
Page 11: Coal, Carbon, and the Future of the Global Energy Mix...Aug ‐ 07 Sep ‐ 07 Oct ‐ 07 Nov ‐ 07 Dec ‐ 07 Jan ‐ 08 Feb ‐ 08 Mar ‐ 08 Apr ‐ 08 May ‐ 08 Jun ‐ 08 Jul

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The global market: trade flows

11

Ritschel, Schiffer 2007

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http://pesd.stanford.edu • Stanford University

0

50

100

150

200

250Sep‐03

Nov

‐03

Jan‐04

Mar‐04

May‐04

Jul‐0

4

Sep‐04

Nov

‐04

Jan‐05

Mar‐05

May‐05

Jul‐0

5

Sep‐05

Nov

‐05

Jan‐06

Mar‐06

May‐06

Jul‐0

6

Sep‐06

Nov

‐06

Jan‐07

Mar‐07

May‐07

Jul‐0

7

Sep‐07

Nov

‐07

Jan‐08

Mar‐08

May‐08

Jul‐0

8

Sep‐08

Nov

‐08

Jan‐09

$ / metric ton

Price formation is increasingly linked in the international market

12

Richards Bay

Europe

Central Appalachia

Newcastle

Source: Reuters

Page 13: Coal, Carbon, and the Future of the Global Energy Mix...Aug ‐ 07 Sep ‐ 07 Oct ‐ 07 Nov ‐ 07 Dec ‐ 07 Jan ‐ 08 Feb ‐ 08 Mar ‐ 08 Apr ‐ 08 May ‐ 08 Jun ‐ 08 Jul

http://pesd.stanford.edu • Stanford University

Domestic markets are increasingly linked to international markets

13

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Jan‐02 Jan‐03 Jan‐04 Dec‐04 Dec‐05 Dec‐06 Dec‐07 Dec‐08

USD/ton Spot price of Qinghuangdao(QHD) and Newcastle

Source: Newcastle data from Reuters; Qinhuangdao Data from CCTD converted with exchange rate data from NY Fed.Newcastle coals are 6700 kc/kg , QHD coals are 5800kc/kg

QHD

Newcastle

Page 14: Coal, Carbon, and the Future of the Global Energy Mix...Aug ‐ 07 Sep ‐ 07 Oct ‐ 07 Nov ‐ 07 Dec ‐ 07 Jan ‐ 08 Feb ‐ 08 Mar ‐ 08 Apr ‐ 08 May ‐ 08 Jun ‐ 08 Jul

http://pesd.stanford.edu • Stanford University 14

Agenda

1. Background

2. Fundamentals of the Global Trade

3. Coal in the West: Impact of Carbon on Coala) Europeb) USA

4.   China’s Coal Market

5.   Coal and CO2 Mitigation

Page 15: Coal, Carbon, and the Future of the Global Energy Mix...Aug ‐ 07 Sep ‐ 07 Oct ‐ 07 Nov ‐ 07 Dec ‐ 07 Jan ‐ 08 Feb ‐ 08 Mar ‐ 08 Apr ‐ 08 May ‐ 08 Jun ‐ 08 Jul

http://pesd.stanford.edu • Stanford University

‐40

‐30

‐20

‐10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

€/ MWh

Carbon Starts to Close the Gap

‐40

‐30

‐20

‐10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

€/ MWh

Coal is More Profitable

Power generation economics favor coal

15

Spark

Clean Spark‐Dark

Clean Dark

Clean Spark

Spark‐Dark

Dark

Source: Reuters

The German power market

Page 16: Coal, Carbon, and the Future of the Global Energy Mix...Aug ‐ 07 Sep ‐ 07 Oct ‐ 07 Nov ‐ 07 Dec ‐ 07 Jan ‐ 08 Feb ‐ 08 Mar ‐ 08 Apr ‐ 08 May ‐ 08 Jun ‐ 08 Jul

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Carbon markets to 2012

16

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

€/ ton

EUA Futures Markets

Dec '12 Dec '11

Dec '10 Dec '09

Source: Reuters, ECX

Post 2012?   NO REAL MARKET – Huge policy uncertainty creates big risks for coal investment

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Contemplating Carbon Risks For Coal: Policy Uncertainty Means Carbon Cost Uncertainty Indecision on offset provisions, CER quantity and quality, EU favors tightening Long term prices could reach meaningful switching points (suggest a level) Europe to increase to 30% target? Coal EPS? CCS – Reality or Fantasy? Subsidies?
Page 17: Coal, Carbon, and the Future of the Global Energy Mix...Aug ‐ 07 Sep ‐ 07 Oct ‐ 07 Nov ‐ 07 Dec ‐ 07 Jan ‐ 08 Feb ‐ 08 Mar ‐ 08 Apr ‐ 08 May ‐ 08 Jun ‐ 08 Jul

http://pesd.stanford.edu • Stanford University 17

Agenda

1. Background

2. Fundamentals of the Global Trade

3. Coal in the West: Impact of Carbon on Coala) Europeb) USA

4. China’s Coal Market

5. Coal and CO2 Mitigation

Page 18: Coal, Carbon, and the Future of the Global Energy Mix...Aug ‐ 07 Sep ‐ 07 Oct ‐ 07 Nov ‐ 07 Dec ‐ 07 Jan ‐ 08 Feb ‐ 08 Mar ‐ 08 Apr ‐ 08 May ‐ 08 Jun ‐ 08 Jul

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Lurking cap and trade

18

The risk is real but not much else…

Obama’s budget assumes roughly $14 / ton in 2012 with full auctioning.

Page 19: Coal, Carbon, and the Future of the Global Energy Mix...Aug ‐ 07 Sep ‐ 07 Oct ‐ 07 Nov ‐ 07 Dec ‐ 07 Jan ‐ 08 Feb ‐ 08 Mar ‐ 08 Apr ‐ 08 May ‐ 08 Jun ‐ 08 Jul

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Political tolerance for carbon prices are likely to constrain carbon’s impact on coal

19

Source: PJM

$55/ton

Regional politics are likely to dictate the amount of carbon permits that are initially sold vs. given away for free 

(allocations vs. auctions)

Page 20: Coal, Carbon, and the Future of the Global Energy Mix...Aug ‐ 07 Sep ‐ 07 Oct ‐ 07 Nov ‐ 07 Dec ‐ 07 Jan ‐ 08 Feb ‐ 08 Mar ‐ 08 Apr ‐ 08 May ‐ 08 Jun ‐ 08 Jul

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Mass vs. EPA signals looming CO2 regulation

• Regulation is being used to stop coal plant permitting and is likely to have a greater impact than carbon price signals for the foreseeable future.

20

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The environmental movement poses a serious challenge to coal

21

Source: Sierra Club Coal Campaign

Page 22: Coal, Carbon, and the Future of the Global Energy Mix...Aug ‐ 07 Sep ‐ 07 Oct ‐ 07 Nov ‐ 07 Dec ‐ 07 Jan ‐ 08 Feb ‐ 08 Mar ‐ 08 Apr ‐ 08 May ‐ 08 Jun ‐ 08 Jul

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Agenda

1. Background

2. Fundamentals of the Global Trade

3. Coal in the West: Impact of Carbon on Coala) Europeb) USA

4. China’s Coal Market

5. Coal and CO2 Mitigation

Page 23: Coal, Carbon, and the Future of the Global Energy Mix...Aug ‐ 07 Sep ‐ 07 Oct ‐ 07 Nov ‐ 07 Dec ‐ 07 Jan ‐ 08 Feb ‐ 08 Mar ‐ 08 Apr ‐ 08 May ‐ 08 Jun ‐ 08 Jul

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Coal is Dominant Energy for China

23

Oil 20%

Natural Gas 3%

Coal 70%

Nuclear Energy 1%

Hydro electric 6%

70% of China Primary Energy from CoalSource: 2007 data from China National Bureau of Statistics, 2008

Coal‐fired81%

Hydro17%

Nuclear2%

WindOthers

81% Electricity Generated by CoalSource: 2008 data from China Electricity Council

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Coal is dominant energy source to drive China’s fast economic growth. This 2007 data from China National Bureau of Statistics shows 70% of China’s primary energy comes from coal, and the updated data from China Electricity Council shows in 2008, 81% of electricity is generated by coal. China has abundant of coal but less oil and gas, nuclear and renewables are increasingly important, but coal is still central to meet its energy security, and coal is also the root for severe coal-based environment and safety challenges.
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0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Jun‐06

Jul‐0

6

Aug

‐06

Sep‐06

Oct‐06

Nov

‐06

Dec‐06

Jan‐07

Feb‐07

Mar‐07

Apr‐07

May‐07

Jun‐07

Jul‐0

7

Aug

‐07

Sep‐07

Oct‐07

Nov

‐07

Dec‐07

Jan‐08

Feb‐08

Mar‐08

Apr‐08

May‐08

Jun‐08

Jul‐0

8

Aug

‐08

Beijing Power ($/MWh)

Coal Cost ($/ MWh)

Uneven reform of the Chinese energy sector creates erratic market behavior

24

Implied margin for power generators (excluding O&M)

July 1: power prices raised slightly

Aug 20: power prices raised slightly again

June 19: coal prices capped

Aug 20: export taxes on all coals

July 24: price cap reinforced

Sources: McCloskey’s, China NRDC

Presenter
Presentation Notes
-Explain how the development agenda affects the power price and requires that it is strictly regulated. -This has huge implications for the coal sector, which is less regulated. (address market linkage). While the stated policy may be to allow a free coal market, because the coal market is the servant of a tightly regulated market, ad hoc market intervention must occur. The regulated power price creates an implicit cap for the unregulated coal price (this money has to come from somewhere, and there is a limit to power plant subsidy) So you have the coal producers now subsidizing the development agenda. -Power plant losses can be seen as a leading indicator of coal market intervention. -What does the move towards coal production consolidation suggest for the coal-power relationship? Long term contracts? Forced power-coal mergers? Are these alternatives to market intervention? -Are there ways to avoid this and maintain a “free” coal market while regulating the power market? Is this the role for long term contracts? -Need to address “price linkage mechanism” -Does the price cap then worsen the situation of power producers by diminishing supply? (is this the point you make with the Reuters graph)? -Quantify the power shortage in KWH (16 million in summer 08 – Cajing) -What can you say about the role of inflation? Does this only make sense when inflation is high so they disable the price linkage mechanism?
Page 25: Coal, Carbon, and the Future of the Global Energy Mix...Aug ‐ 07 Sep ‐ 07 Oct ‐ 07 Nov ‐ 07 Dec ‐ 07 Jan ‐ 08 Feb ‐ 08 Mar ‐ 08 Apr ‐ 08 May ‐ 08 Jun ‐ 08 Jul

http://pesd.stanford.edu • Stanford University 25

Agenda

1. Background

2. Fundamentals of the Global Trade

3. Coal in the West: Impact of Carbon on Coal

4. China’s Coal Market

5. Coal and CO2 Mitigation

Page 26: Coal, Carbon, and the Future of the Global Energy Mix...Aug ‐ 07 Sep ‐ 07 Oct ‐ 07 Nov ‐ 07 Dec ‐ 07 Jan ‐ 08 Feb ‐ 08 Mar ‐ 08 Apr ‐ 08 May ‐ 08 Jun ‐ 08 Jul

http://pesd.stanford.edu • Stanford University 26

The state of clean coal for power generation

Vattenfall’s 30 MW demo plant at Schwarze Pumpe, Germany

Page 27: Coal, Carbon, and the Future of the Global Energy Mix...Aug ‐ 07 Sep ‐ 07 Oct ‐ 07 Nov ‐ 07 Dec ‐ 07 Jan ‐ 08 Feb ‐ 08 Mar ‐ 08 Apr ‐ 08 May ‐ 08 Jun ‐ 08 Jul

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Efficiency gains represent huge mitigation potential in the near term

27

CCS:  Green Gen 400 MW demo plant to be fully operational by 2020… 

Efficiency investment may represent the greatest CO2mitigation potential in the near term

Coal plant efficiency and emissions

Source: IEA Clean Coal Center

Page 28: Coal, Carbon, and the Future of the Global Energy Mix...Aug ‐ 07 Sep ‐ 07 Oct ‐ 07 Nov ‐ 07 Dec ‐ 07 Jan ‐ 08 Feb ‐ 08 Mar ‐ 08 Apr ‐ 08 May ‐ 08 Jun ‐ 08 Jul

http://pesd.stanford.edu • Stanford University 28

Agenda

1. Background

2. Fundamentals of the Global Trade

3. Coal in the West: Impact of Carbon on Coal

4. China’s Coal Market

5. Coal and CO2 Mitigation

Conclusions:

1. Large growth in coal demand ahead2. Cap and trade has some impact in the West when carbon prices are strong, but 

regulation and policy risk could play a larger role in the near term3. Asian development currently depends on coal4. Need to understand China (and Asia’s) coal markets and evaluate all possible 

mitigation options

Contact: [email protected]

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US coal pricing

29

0

50

100

150

200

250Sep‐03

Nov

‐03

Jan‐04

Mar‐04

May‐04

Jul‐0

4

Sep‐04

Nov

‐04

Jan‐05

Mar‐05

May‐05

Jul‐0

5

Sep‐05

Nov

‐05

Jan‐06

Mar‐06

May‐06

Jul‐0

6

Sep‐06

Nov

‐06

Jan‐07

Mar‐07

May‐07

Jul‐0

7

Sep‐07

Nov

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Jan‐08

Mar‐08

May‐08

Jul‐0

8

Sep‐08

Nov

‐08

Jan‐09

$ / metric ton

Central App

PRB Wyoming

Europe

Source: Reuters

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Long term generation outlook: capacity shortage will need to be filled

30

Source: RWE

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Coal’s carbon exposure is complex

Key Cap and Trade Issues from Coal’s Perspective

• Political tolerance for strong carbon prices?

• Will we reach a meaningful switching point?

– Customer First proposal

• AEP, Duke, Progress Energy, Southern Company back 100% free permits

31

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Leverage Points Auction vs. Allocations Clean Coal Subsidies
Page 32: Coal, Carbon, and the Future of the Global Energy Mix...Aug ‐ 07 Sep ‐ 07 Oct ‐ 07 Nov ‐ 07 Dec ‐ 07 Jan ‐ 08 Feb ‐ 08 Mar ‐ 08 Apr ‐ 08 May ‐ 08 Jun ‐ 08 Jul

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Policy uncertainty is the biggest threat to investment in new coal capacity

32

Carbon Post 2012:

•Indecision on Kyoto offset provisions, CER quantity and quality, EC favors tightening

•Long term prices could reach meaningful switching points

•Possible increase to from 20% to 30% Kyoto reduction target

•Coal Emissions Performance Standard?

Renewables Threaten Coal Utilization Rates and Favor Gas:

•Renewables target 20% by 2020, could be exceeded (IEA 27%)

•Decreases coal utilization rates, creates uncertain economics

•Increasingly favors gas for balancing power

Page 33: Coal, Carbon, and the Future of the Global Energy Mix...Aug ‐ 07 Sep ‐ 07 Oct ‐ 07 Nov ‐ 07 Dec ‐ 07 Jan ‐ 08 Feb ‐ 08 Mar ‐ 08 Apr ‐ 08 May ‐ 08 Jun ‐ 08 Jul

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What we know about EU ETS beyond 2012: auctions vs. allocations

EU ETS Phase III: 

1.   Regional discrepancies in the cost of emissions permits split coal economics

• Full auctioning in the West

• The East ramps up auctioning slowly, reaching full auctioning in 2020

2.   Impacts:

• RWE cancels all coal plants in western Europe

• Are we seeing an East / West split for coal economics?

33

Implications for US cap and trade?