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SA RESEARCH LABORATORIESAir Resources Laboratories
Las Vegas, NevadaAugust 1 968
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Climatological DataNevada Test Site and NuclearRocket Development Station
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Technical Memorandum ERLTM -ARL 7
US. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE / ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCESERVICES ADMINISTRATION
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This revort wassponsored work.Cmmission, norCommissions
prepared as an account 0' -Goverien-Neither the United States, nor theany person acting on behalf of the
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UC-53, MeteorologyTID-4500 (52nd Ed.)
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCEENVIRONNTL SCIENCE SERVICES ADMINISTRATION
RESEARCH LABORATORIES
ESSA Research Laboratories Technical Memorandum - ARL 7
CLDSATOLOGICAL DATANEVADA TEST SITE AND NUCLEAR
ROCKET DEVELOPMENT STATION
RElph F. Quiring
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AIR RESOURCES LABORATORYTECHNICAL MEMORANDUM NO. 7
LAS VEGAS, NEVADA 89114AUGUST 1968
FOREWORD
The loose-leaf construction and page-numbering system
used in this Technical Memorandum were chosen because several
lengthy additions and insertions of supplementary data are
planned. They will be distributed intermittently as the
data are processed.
The initial distribution of the additions will be the
same as that of the original Memorandum. Those who obtain
copies of the Memorandum from CSTI should address their
inquiries concerning possible additions to:
Environmental Science Services AdministrationAir Resources Laboratory - Las VegasP. 0. Box 1985Las Vegas, Nevada 89l14
This study was carried out under an agreement between
ESSA Research Laboratories and the U. S. Atcmic Energy
Commission, Nevada Operations Office.
. . ,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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TABIE OF CONTENTSPage
LIST OF FIGURES vLIST OF TABLES viiABSACT I-1.
1.0 INTRODUCTION I-1
1.1 General I-1
1.2 Topography I-2
1.3 Observation Network I-3
1.4 General Cimatology I-4
2.0 TOWER WINDS II-1
2.1 General II-1
2.2 Area 2 Mes I-3
2.3 BJY I1-5
2.4 Tower 4 II-7
2.5 Tower 5A II-8
2.6 Extreme wind Speeds 11-9
3.0 TEMEERATURE III-1
3.1 General III-1
3.2 Area 12 Mesa 111-2
3.3 JY IZl-2
3.4 Tower 4 11-3
3.5 Tower A III-3
4.0 SURFACE mUMIITY IV-1
5.0 PRECIPITATION V-1
5.1 General V-1
5.2 Test Site Data V-2
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5.3 Effect of Elevation
5.1 Precipitation Probabilit
6.0 UPPER-AIR DATA
7,0 MISCELLANIUS
7.1 Sunrise and Sunset Tables
V-3
u-1~-1r ~~~~~V-4
VI-1
s ~~~~~~~1-1 711-3.
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LIST OF FIGURES
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
2.1.1-2.1.12
2.1.13
Map of test site area
Station locator for NTS stations
Station locator for NRDS stations
Location of stations for which wind sumaries areavailable
Wind direction frequency by time of day, Area 12 Mesa,January-December
Average wind speed by month and time of day, Area 12Mesa
Page
I-6
I-7
I-8
1-9
II-11-II-22
II-23
2.1.14 Constancy of the wind by month and time of day,Area 12 Mesa
2.2.1- Wind direction frequency by time of day, BJY,2.2.22 January-December
2.2.13 Average wind speed by month and time of day, BJY
2.2.14 Constancy of the wind by month and time of day, BJY
2.3.1- Wind direction frequency by time of day, Tower 4,2.3.12 January-December
2.3.13 Average wind speed by month and time of day, Tower 4
2.3.14 Constancy of the wind by month and time of day,Tower 4-
2.4.1- Wind direction frequency by time of day, Tower 5A,2.4.22 January-December
2.4.13 Average wind speed by month and time of day, Tower 5A
2.4.14 Constancy of the wind by month and time of day,Tower 5A
3.1.1- Distribution of temperatures by time of day,3.1.12 Area 12 Mesa, January-December
3.2.1- Distribution of temperatures by time of day, JY,3.2.12 January-December
11-24
II-25-II-36
II-37
31-38
II-39-II-50
I1-51
II-52
II-53-II-64
11-65
II-66
1II-5-II-16
III-17-11-28
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3.3.1- Distribution of temperatures by time of day, Tower 4, III-29-3.3.12 January-December II-40
3.4.1- Distribution of temperatures by time of day, Tower 5A, I1-41-3.4.12 January-December III-52
5.1 Normal monthly precipitation V-5
5.2 Test site precipitation network V-6
5.3 Log-linear relationship between normal annualprecipitation and elevation V-7
5.4 Precipitation probability for durations from5 min to 24 hr V-8
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LIST OF TABLES
Paze
1.1 Identifying information for wind and temperaturestations I-10
1.2 Additional stations for which wind summariesare available 1-l.1
1.3 Five-year climatological summary for the Yuccaweather station I-12
2.1 Extreme wind speeds in miles per hour at 30 ftabove ground 1-10
5.1 Identifying information for the test siteprecipitation network V-9
5.2 Precipitation sumary for test site stations V-10
6.1- Upper wind frequency and average speed, Yucca, VI-2-6.5 January, 0400, 07o0, 1000, 1300, & 160O PST VI-6
6.6- Upper wind frequency and average speed, Yucca, VI-7-6.10 April, 0400, 0700, 1000, 1300, & 1600 PST VI-l1
6.11- Upper wind frequency and average speed, Yucca, VI-12-6.15 July, 0400, 0700, 1000, 1300, & 1600 PST vi-16
6.16- Upper wind frequency and average speed, Yucca, V:-17-6.20 October, 0400, 0700, 1000, 1300, & 1600 PST VI-21
6.21 Average and standard deviation of height, temperature, VI-22and relative humidity at Yucca weather station forselected pressure levels (0400 PST)
7.1 Sunrise and sunset VII-2
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CLMAT0LOGICAL DAIA
NEVADA EST SITE AD NUCLEAR ROCICL'P DEVLISND STAIION
RALPH . QUIRfnu
This summary provides a collection of clizatologicaldata for the Nevada Test Site and Nuclear Rocket DevelopmentStation. The data and analyses ae presented as samplesfrom substantially different topographic environments tosho the salient features of the seasonal and diurnal vari-ations of vind and temperature near ground level and aloft.An evaluation of precipitation data for a 20-station net-work on the test site and a 5-yr climatological summary forthe continuously manned Tucca weather station are included.
Key Words: ind., temperature, precipitation, relativehumidity, sky cover, pressure, upper air, diurnal variation,extreme wind speed, precipitation probability.
1.0 ,Duc'ioN
1.1 General
This publication presents clfiatological data for selected stations
on the Nevada Test Site and Nuclear Rocket Development Station for use
in operational planning and facility design. Due to the cplex
topography nd the rugged terrain, there is a good possibility that
the distributions of a given meteorological parameter measured at
two locations a hort distance apart may be significantly different.
The stations for which data are presented have therefore been selected
on the basis of length of record as samples from differing topographic
.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
environments. Generalizations for similar environments in other
areas of the test site may be made, provided they are tempered with
sound meteorological Judgnent or cmparison with a limited sample
in the area of interest.
The material has been prepared in loose-leaf form to
facilitate revisions and the incorporation of additional data as
analyses in progress are completed. Information concerning surface
winds, surface air temperatures, precipitation, and upper-air
data are included here. Surface humidity data will be added in
the near future.
1.2 Topography
The Nevada Test Site and Nuclear Rocket Development Station
encCMpass an approximately rectangular area 50 mi north to south
and 30 mi east to est within a region of generally north-south
trending ridges and valleys in southern Nevada. The terrain is
extremely irregular, with elevations ranging from a high of 7700 ft
on Rainier Mesa in the north to a low of 3100 ft in Frenchman Flat
in the southeast and 2700 ft in the extreme southwest corner on
the edge of the Aargosa Desert. There is a general but frequently
interrupted downward slope from north to south.
FigUre 1.1 is an attempt to portray the rugged terrain and
covers the approximate area of the combined Nevada Test Site and
Nuclear Rocket Development Station. This figure was produced from
a film negative of a map drawn on a scale of 1:62500 with a
contour interval of 40 ft and greatly reduced in size. Spacing of
1-2
the contours determines the whiteness of the map so that relatively
flat areas are dark and the steep slopes of valleys and ridges are
vbite. While the extreme roughness of the area is readily apparent,
the relative heights are not easily discernible.
1.3 Observation Network
The observation program of the Weather Bureau was started in
March 1956. Since that time more than 100 sites have been instrumented
for various periods to measure wind, temperature, relative humidity,
or precipitation, or conbinations of these elements. Upper-air
observations began at the Yucca weather station in October 1956
and have been made daily at 0400 PST since that time, except for
brief periods, and a few extended periods when operations were
switched to Jackass Flats. Cbservations of winds aloft were generally
made at intervals of 3 or 6 hr, except during test support, when
the interval was shortened to 1 hr and occasionally to 15 min.
Around-the-clock surface observations were started at this station
in December 1961 and have continued with only a few minor interruptions
since that time.
Much of the data from this vast observational network have
been put n punched cards. The card decks are currently being
edited to provide an index of the type of data and period of record
available for each station. As soon as this index is available it
will be made a part of this publication.
Four stations have been selected from the observational net-
work to represent the wind and temperature distributions in four
substantially different environments: Conditions on an exposed,
1-3
high plateau are represented by the Area 12 Mesa station; the Jr
station represents conditions near the center of a large basin;
Tower 4 is situated in an elongated valley oriented northeast to
southwest; and Tower A is on top of an isolated hill within this
same valley near the point at which the valley turns toward the
south, The locations of the stations are shown in figures 1.2
and 1.3, with identifying information being given in table 1.1.
Station elevations are given as the elevation at ground level, and
the tower height or shelter height must be added to obtain the
elevation at which the sensors are located.
Wind snmaries are also available for 24 additional stations
identified in table 1.2, where they are listed starting with station
one in the southwest corner of the test site and progressing frca
west to east and northward. Figure 1.4 provides a station locator.
The summaries give the frequency of occurrence of wind direction
and speed in 100 increments of direction and 5-mph increments of
speed to 19 mph and 10-mph increments to 49 mph for 3-hr
intervals (hours 00-02, 03-05, etc.) for each month. For the four
stations for which analyses are presented the summaries are by
1-hr rather than 3-hr intervals.
1.4 General Cmatology
Table 1.3 presents a general description of the climate of
the test site in tabular form with a brief narrative summary.
Even though no single location can accurately depict the climate of
the area the 5-yr climatological summary for the Yucca weather
station represents the only substantial collection of data
1-4
savailable from a continuously manned location. The tabular data
are comparable to the data provided by the Environmental Da.ta
Service for first-order Weather Bureau stations.
.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1
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Fig. .1 MOp of the test site area.
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Fig. 1.2 Stion locator for NTS stattons.
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fig. ~ ~ ;i 1. Stto 'octo fo RSdito
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Fg. 1.3 Slion locator for NROS stations.
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0 2emen
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Fim 1. hI etrfrwn sm ais(e al .)
W910-90
Fi.54 ttonlcto o in umais (setbl .)
KIDOOD"~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~-
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Tible 1.1 Identifying Information for Wind and Temperature Stations
,.Location TowerStation Nevada State Grid Elevation Height Period of Record
(Catral)tE I (Feet) (Feet) Wind Temperature
Area 12 MesaBaYTower 4Tower 5A
631,450679,000620,000599,150
889,090844,000752,0OO742,050
7480407537353644
100969696
8/29/577/11/573/12/56
11/07/58
- 12/31/64- 12/31/64- 2/12/62- 12/31/64
9/05/5761/57
4/16/5611/07/58
- 12/31/64- 7/31/64- 12/31/64- 12/31/66
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Table 1.2. Additional Stations for Which Wind Smmaries Are Available
Location Tower PeriodNevada State Grid Elevation Height or
map (Central) (Feet) (Feet) RecordNo. Station H N
'-
1.2..3.
5.6.7.8.,9.
10.11.12.
I 13.14.15.16.17.18.19.20.21.22.23.24&.
Lathrop WellsHighwm 95Rock ValleyDesert RockTbwer 5Tower 6Photo TowerArea 410 Basin WArea 11.0 BasinArea 410 Basin NWArea 11. lltopWell BFrenchman Flat #1K-Tunkerhookout PeakShoshone MountainArea UArea 3Area 18Area 9Mesa SLopePahute Mena #1Pahute Mesa Drl.H.Pahute Mesa #5
577,900604,20638, 336686,800619,000584,800619,9.0659,860660,7506s8,600662, ,007011,300709, 450705,ooo61;6,156618,1150707,700685,125591,493683,800636,500566,ooo576,00060401,0
688,700688,300704,692681,950730,000745,600754,100737,750737,500740,220737,500747,900748,h00756, 375766,785798,500803,800833,000856,865867,600890,000908,700920,000937,190
2650295533673220383631563T584320432144204"003090307931285641170663993h0255428422146660651065606733
999
1096968920
9202030
920
10096
99
2099
3099
10/31/63 -10/31/63 -*2/26/6 3 -
10/14f/63 -
3/18/56 -
3/20/56 -f/24/62 -5/20/63 -6/30/60 -5/28/63 -6/8/60-8/26/63 -3/1o/62 -
5/25/61 -9/241/57 -6/03/60 -9/30/62 -9/09/61 -
6/18/60 -6/014/62 -9/18/61 -8/28/63 -9/0/63 -7/01/611 -
12/31/61t12/31/6412/31/6412/31/6411/07/5812/15/602/06/64
12/31/61t6/ol/62
12/31/641/19/62
12/31/668/26/636/30/6416/19/62
12/31/6312/31/646/30/649/21/64
12/31/611/30/61i11/12/665/06/61;8/31/66
Loliluod 360 57' NLonglud 1160 03' WElmalion 3,924 F"
Newada Slol Grid (ConwolE 680,500N 803,550Table 1.3. Five-Year Cimatoloical Summary (1962-1966)
Yucca Weather Station, Neyada Tent Site, Nevada= . . _- __ ___ _ -. - -
Temperoluwa _ Precpitohon Rloalive ildIy Wind s.lion 1 Awagis Nwnlb o Doays
__F ) Oaetoe I s (iisci s)_ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _
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991 M*EQ; L. x t :. j A u_;9i ; S g I S 9 d i4a 6sso - ae Im W ;
Jaa 5.0 c0 U. -o 7 0 og .l8 .6 .0 . 1.4 4.5 4.5 SI 44 so S4 10.060 .U.648648 4.1 If 6 7 a- 0 * 09 I 8
MD .e a4.4 447 T 66l .47 1.21 T .n 0.a 8.0 .0 as 41 as s 10.60oM 0.5 M" 4.4 7 S I it0° 0 I* 1 4 0MtI o.5 *.0 45. ST 10 " .15 .47 .01 aS 8.4 6.7 4.0 66 a 21 42 61.5 5*0 a." .". 4! S. 12 10 4 I 0 0 i 0 0 8* 0APR 60. Sa.7 U.s., of 568.6 *.7 .04 L 0.6 a.0 .0 49 s I U 18. I 00 .b 14b6 .1 I 6 t0 a6I_64 I 0 0 I0 0!EY- T.T 4 Mg0 1 26 10 .12 .85 .01 .al T T T 4a 16 9 2T 10a . 2oo .4 84.211 U 4.4 1_ 2 _ 20 a --a | 0 a 0JU 7.0460 64.0 101 *4 54 .61 .1 .08 .16 0 0 0 a6 IA l 4 6.? 210.a *l8a UAM .2 7 4 2 8 o 0 5 Is 0 0 0
JUL 96. 2 4.6 74.7 04 40 0.5 1.54 0 .64 0 a a as I I a6 5 6.0 ao ".66 .1 ago 0.S SI a 4 38 * 0 5 26 0 0 a
AU 9,II 6.5 75. 104 45 0 .7 1.04 0 .11 0 a 0 a 40210 64 527 0.7 200 a0 20.228*U.7.4 ItI* 7 8 Z50 0 4 26d 0SEP e.5 4. 6661 tt5 6 47.66 3.0 0 .76 0 a 0 4 2 AI I 160.5 910 6.o 2.16 86*6.0 25 a *1I I Ia 0 I 0
O1CT 7.6* .1 .1 _4 !Z 20 .65 25 0 .10 0 0 4 2 2I7 65 9.65 .0 "As 2.56 *66 8.6 &I a 4 a 10 a 1 0 S 0KOV. 4.78 .744.7 6 I 5Sol E4 5.0 a 0.10 6.0 4.62. *6a as 55 as 6.51 0to 2.06.160 .6 14 6 10 2 4 i 0 a 0 4 0
_~C 65.6 86. 57.7 0 4 .4 8.66 I'.l 0.60 .6 66407 6 5.7 __0 MAO86.9P6A4 64 7 .0__ _4I I' 0 Ito 0
A.& .* 65. 64.0 104 0 469 LI6 5.01 .1 . . 48II0 .1 "03A16.I50* 86.54 "6Al5. 6644 7 265 65 6 6 946
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2.0 TWER WINDS
2.1 General &
The wind data presented in this section are based on analog
records produced by wind sensors mounted approximately 100 ft
above ground. Before October 1, 1960, the wind direction and speed
were averaged over the 15-min interval immediately preceding the
hour. After that date, they have been averaged for the entire
hour preceding the hour of record. This difference in the
averaging interval should not have an appreciable effect on the
wind distributions, however.
Fourteen charts are provided for each station to display the
behavior of the wind. The first twelve show the frequency of
occurrence of wind direction in percent by time of day for each
month. Wind direction is given in 100 increments as the direction
fro which the wind is blowing. A frequency read from the charts [
for a selected time and direction applies to a 100 sector centered
on the selected direction. Frequencies may be summed over larger
sectors as long as values are read in increments of 100. If the
width of the sector of interest is not a multiple of 10, the franc-
tional part remaining should be adjusted in proportion to the fre-
quencies for the 100 sectors on either side of the 100 sector to
which the fractional part belongs. The frequency isopleths were
subjectively smoothed without compromising accuracy to provide
1-1
clearer definition of the diurnal changes. The standard isopleth
interval is 2 percent from one to seven and percent above seven.
Intermediate isopleths have been entered as dashed lines to more
clearly define the patterns. Labels within closed isopleths have
been placed to identify the point of maximum or minimim frequency.
The thirteenth chart in the series for each station gives
the average wind speed in miles per hour by month and time of day.
Isopleths are drawn at intervals of 1 mi/hr, with closed centers
labeled to identify the points of maximum or minImm average speed.
The fourteenth chart in the series for each station provides
the constancy f the wind expressed as the percentage- ratio of the
mean vector wind speed to the mean scalar speed. These charts give
a relative measure of the variability of the wind on a scale from
0 to 100. If the wind distribution were absolutely symmetrical-
(same frequency and average speed from opposing directions), the
constancy would be zero. On the other ard, if the wind always blew
frm the same direction, the constancy would be 100. These extremes
are rare. However, if the constancy charts are examined in con-
junction with the wind direction frequency charts, one can readily
see that high values of constancy are associated with a tendency
for the wind direction to cluster about a preferred direction.
In contrast, with lw values of constancy, there is either no pre-
ferred direction or possibly a preference for two opposing directions.
There are essentially three scales of physical activity that
interact to produce the low-level wind distributions observed on
the test site. The movement of large-scale pressure systems controls
the seasonal changes in the wind direction frequencies, with
southerly winds predominating in summer and northerly winds in
winter. The general downward slope in the terrain from north to
south results in an intermediate scale of activity that i reflected
in the characteristic diurnal wind reversal from southerly during
the day to northerly at night. This diurnal oscillation results
from nonuniform heating and cooling of the air near the earth's
surface and therefore reaches its mexi m m amplitude in summer,
and it is frequently intense enough to override the air movement
associated with large-scale pressure systems. The behavior of this
intermediate scale of activity with regard to the wind distribution
is very sensitive to the orientation of the slopes and valleys.
There are also smll-scale activities,, such as terrain-induced
eddies and cellular convection. These are important in the diffusion
problem, but they are associated with an. oscillation period of less
than 1 hr and do not have an appreciable effect on wind distributions
based on I-hr averages.
2.2 Area 12 Mosa
The Area 12 Mesa station is in a small clearing on Rinier
Mesa at an elevation of 780 ft. The 100-ft tower rises well above
the scrub oak, juniper, and pinion pine that grow to a height of
10 to 15 ft surrounding the clearing. The open exposure results
in a wind distribution quite similar to that obtained in the free
atmosphere at 8000 ft above sea level over Yucca Flat. The |
II-3
wind direction frequency by time of day is shown for each month
in figures 2.1.1 through 2.1.12. Because terrain effects are much
less pronounced than they are at stations at lower elevations,
the seasonal changes in wind direction are the predominant feature.
In January, there is a definite predominance of northerly winds
during all hours, with only a slight increase iS the frequency
of southwesterly winds during midafternoon and a corresponding
decrease in the frequency of northerly winds. By contrast, in July,
southwesterly winds predominate during all hours with only a slight
increase in the frequency of northerly winds at night. During
the intervening months, the frequency of northerly and southwesterly
winds fluctuates between the extremes of these two months.
Figure 2.1.13 shows the variation of the average wind speed
by time of day and month. An interesting feature of this chart
is that from April through September the average wind speeds are -
highest near midafternoon, while from November through February
they are lowest near midafternoon. There is no such seasonal change
at stations at lower elevations on the slopes and in the valleys,
where the average wind speeds are highest near midafternoon in al
months.. This anomaly demonstrates the modifying effect of the
intermediate scale of activity on the large-scale air motion
through a depth of at least 4o0 ft.
Figure 2.1.14 supplements figures 2.1.1 through
2.1.12 and shows at a glance the seasonal and diurnal variations
in the variability of the wind. Winds are least variable (high
values of constancy) during midafternoon in July and most
variable (low values of constancy) during the afternoon and evening
hours in October and November. The tendency toward greater vari-
ability near sunrise in summer and during the early afternoon in
winter is readily apparent but not nearly as pronounced as at
lower elevations on the slopes and in the valleys.
2.3 BJY
The JY station is located near the center of Yucca Flat at an
elevation of 4075 ft. The 100-ft tower places the wind sensors
about 255 ft above the lowest elevations of normally dry Yucca
Lake to the south-southeast. The valley is oriented north-northwest-
south-southeastwith a ridge across the southern end rising to ele-
vations from about 50 to 560 ft above the lowest point in the valley.
The wind direction frequency by time of day is shown for each
month in figures 2.2.1 through 2.2.12. The-outstanding feature
of this series of charts is the diurnal wind reversal from northerly
at night to southerly during the day. This reversal is the result
of the intermediate scale of motion discussed earlier and is most
pronounced during the summer months. Examination of the chart for
July (fig 2.2.7) reveals the tendency of the northerly nighttime
wind to turn through east as the first rays of the rising sun hit the
western slope of the valley. By 1000 PST, the major portion of
the distribution is centered at 1700. The center of the distri-
bution then shifts gradually, reaching a maxingl frequency at
1700 PST from 2200. There is then a slight tendency for the wind
to return to the northerly nighttime direction through west as the
shaded western slope of the valley starts to cool. In January
II-5
(fig 2.2.1), the diurnal reversal is much less pronounced. Northerly
winds predominate during all hours; however, the frequency of southerly
winds increases during the daylight hours, reaching a maxitmI
frequency about 1500 PST with the center of the distribution at
170 to 180 0 .
The variation of the average wind speed by time of day and
month is shown in figure 2.2.13. In contrast to Area 12 Mesa, the
average wind speeds are highest during midafternoon in all months.
The lowest average speeds occur a few hours after sunrise and again
a fes hours after sunset. These times correspond to the periods
of wind reversal when the wind is generally light and variable.
The highest average wind speeds occur in spring and are associated
with the large-scale storms that exert the controlling influence
during this period.
Figure 2.2.14. supplementing figures 2.2.1 through 2.2.12,
shows the seasonal and diurnal fluctuations in the variability of the
wind. The outstanding feature here is the ring of low constancy
values (most variable winds) that defines approximately the average
time of the wind reversal. Higher values of constancy outside the
ring are associated with the predominantly northerly winds; inside
the ring, southerly winds predominate. The wind reversal is most
pronounced-in summer as reflected by the relatively low variability
(high constancy) of the northerly down-valley wind near sunrise in
July followed a few hours after sunrise by the relatively low vari-
ability of the southerly up-valley wind, with a return to the northerly
down-valley wind a few hours after sunset. By contrast, in January,
heating during the day is often not sufficient to override the
.-.I 0
large-scale air motion so that air movement from the north pre-
dominates during all hours. There is, however, a marked increase
in the variability of the wind during daylight hours, which reaches
a maximu (low-constancy values) in late afternoon.
2. 4 Tower 4
Tower 4 was located near the center of Jackass Flats at an
elevation of 3735 ft. The terrain in the vicinity of the tower
slopes gently downward from northeast to southwest. The
surrounding mountains form a somewhat elliptical valley opening
into the Amargosa Desert at the southwest end.
Figures 2.3.1 through 2.3.12 show the wind direction frequency
by time of day for each month. Of particular interest are the
diurnal wind reversal and the seasonal shift in the predominant
day and night directions. The seasonal shift can be seen quite
clearly from the charts for January (fig 2.3.1) and July (fig
2.3.7). In January the winds are aligned with the valley axis,
with the distribution of the northerly nighttime winds centered |
near 0400 and the southerly dytsrme winds near 2100. In July
the alignment is more nearly north-south.
Average wind speeds by time of day and month are shown in
figure 2.3.13. Average speeds are highest during midafternoon and
lowest a few hours after sunrise in all months.
The chart in figure 2.3.14 of the variability of the wind by
time of day and month shows a ring of low constancy (high vari-
ability) that corresponds approximately with the average time of
the diurnal wind reversal. Southerly winds predominate inside the
I.
II-T
. --- -- -- - - - - - - . - - --- ---- ..- -- -- - - -- .- ---- - --- 7 - -
I
ring and are least variable (highest values of constancy) during
midafternoon in June, JVr, and August. The relativeely low afternoon
vales of constancy in Jly are attributed to increased variabiljity
of the predominantly southerly winds due to local terrain effects.
Niortherfly winds predominate outside the ring of low constancy and
tend to be least variable near sunrise.
2.5 Tower 5A
Tower 5A is on top of a hill approximately 4 mi down-valley
from Tower 4 at an elevation of 3644 ft. The 100-ft tower places
the wind sensors about 350 ft above the valley floor at a point
where the orientation of the valley changes from northeast-southwest
to more north-south.
The wind direction frequency by time of day fr each month is -
given in figures 2.4.1 through 2.4.12. The predominance of southerly
winds in the daytime and northeasterly winds at night is readily
apparent in all months. In the summer months, however, the diurnal
reversal is much less pronounced than at other valley stations. The
northeasterly dwn-valley winds predominate at night, but the distribution
is spread out through east to southeast. This anomaly is attributed
to the proximity of the wind sensors to the top of the nocturnal
inversion in summer.
As seen in figure 2.4.13, the highest average wind speeds occur
during midafternoon in all months, with a peak in I.y. Average wind
speeds are lowest shortly after sunrise in all months with a minlimm
in July.
J
IZ-3
The seasonal and diurnal fluctuations in the variability of
the wind are readily apparent in figure 2.4.14. The average time of
the diurnal wind reversal is approximated by the zone of low constancy
(relatively variable winds) surrounding the zone of mnldm= constancy
centered at midafternoon in July and August. In contrast to BJY
and Tower 4, Tower A tends to show considerably greater variability
(lower values of constancy) in the wind at night and consequently
a less pronounced diurnal wind reversal.
2.6 Extreme Wind Speeds
The analog wind recorders in use at the test site have been
set to record from 0 to 60 mi/br since January 1958 and therefore do
not provide useful data for an evaluation of extreme wind speeds.
The data presented in table 2.1 have been extracted from a
U.S. Weather Bureau manuscript, July 1959, by H. C. S. Thom.,
"Distribution of Extreme Winds in the United States". These data
are valid at 30 ft above ground for selected return periods (average
interval in years between recurrences). The fastest mile is
approximately equivalent to a -min average wind speed and at 60 mi/br
is exactly a 1-min average.
=_9
Table 2.1. Extreme End Speeds i Miles per Hourat 30 ft Above Ground
Retu Perid Fastest Mile Gust(Years)
2
5
10
50
100
48
55
61
75
82
62
72
79
97
107
II-10
00 03 06 09 12 15 is 21 24
,'1,, I,, I:, I,, I, I I , I, I I I
270- -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~270
s300-1 3500
330 1 ____0
I __ ; A
160 la -360
030 30
060- -Orso~~~~~~~~____ 6
COw0 -090
120 5120C
ISO- 150
ISO- -IEO
240 -240
270 -
00 03 06 09 12 IS 8 21 24HOUR (PST)
Fig. .1.1 Wind direction frequency (%/6) for 10 degree increments of direction.
Station' Area 12 Mesa Month, January
Idll
-
00 03 06 09 12 Is is 21 24I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I
270-
300-
330-
360H
030-O5-i
060-
o 090-12
._
3 _
r I
270
-300
330
360
30
060
90
20
-150
-180
-210
-240
-270
150-
ISO-
210
240-
270-
I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 24
HOUR tPST)
Fig. 2.1.2 Wind direction frequency (%/) for 10 degree increments of direction.
Station' Area 12 Mesa Month, Fbruary
11-12
0 03 06 09 12 15 la 21 241 1 I I I I I I I I I | § I III II II II I270-
300-
330-
360-
030-
060-
C 090-0
. -
a S20-3 -
I: -
lSO-
10-
iso-
I
-270
-300
-330
-360
-030
-060
-09
-120
-lSO
-21 0
-240240-
270- -270I r
II I I I I.I I I I I I I I I 1 I I i I
00 03 06 09 12 Is IS 21 24HOUR (PST)
Fig. 2.1.3 Wind direction frequency (6) for 10 degree increments of direction.
Station -Area 12 Mesa , Month, March
II-13
00 03 06 09 12 IS 18 21 24
, I, I, I I I, , I I I I, I, I I !.
2-i-300-
330
2360-
030 3
060i
-,
a -
a 120]
3 _
3 3-270
-300
-330
-360
-030
-060
-090
-420
-150
-lao
-21 0
-240
150-
IS0-
210-
240-
270- -270I
I I I I I I I I I .1 j I I I 7 7 1 100 03 co 09 12 IS la 2Z 24
HOUR {PST)
Fig. 2.1.4 Wind direction frequency () for 10 degree increments of direction.
Station, Area 12 Mes- Months April
II-14
00 03I , , I I
06 09 12 15 te 21 241 I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
270-
-i
330
360j1
030
-i
060-
C 090-
_ _
.
< 120-
3 _ISO
I50-
180-
210-
24-
-270
-300
-330
-360
-030
-060
-090
-120
-150
-1IS
-210
-240
-270270- l l
I I I I I I I I I I I I I 00 03 06 09 12
HOUR (PST)Is Is
I I I21
' 224
Fig. 2.1.5 Wind direction frequency (%6) for 10 degree increments
Station, Area 12 Mesa .... Month' Mayof direction.
-
II-15
00 03 06 09 12 is la 21 24
1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I i I I I I I I I
I I270-
300-
330-
360-
030-
060-
090
Io'
.2 -
-270.
-300
-330
-360
-030
-060
-090
-120
IIS
-150
-lao
-21 0
-240
-270
150-
ISO-
210-
240-
270-I I I I
I I I ' I I ' I I I I I I I I I' I00 03 06 09 12 15 ia 21 24
HOUR {PST)
Fig. 2.1.s Wind direction frequency (%/t) for 10 degree increments of direction.- Stations Area 12 Mes Months June
I- 16
00 03 .06 09I , 1 I 1 I, 1 i
12 , to 21 241 III I II Ii I
270-
300-
330-
360-
030-
060-
C 090-
z -I. - -
a 120-c -
ISO-
I8-
210-
240-
270-
-270
-300
-330
-360
-030
-060
-90
-120
-£50
-180
-210
-240
-270I I
I- I I IJA 1. I I Io 03 06 09 12 es - Is 21
HOUR (PST)24
iFig. 2.1.7 Wind direction frequency (.) for 10 degree increments
Station' Area 12 Mesa Month, Julyof direction.
II- 17
00 03 06 09 12 15 la 21 24
.I I I I I I lI I I I I I I i I I I I I
270-
300-
330-
360-
030-
o-
060-
I -0
a120-
3
-270
-300
-330
-360
-030
-060
-090
-20
-150
-180
-210
150-
8-ISO-
210-
I240-
270-
-240SS
-270
I I I I i I I I L r [ I I I I I I I I I I I I I00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 24
HOUR (PST)
Fig. 2.1.8 Wind direction frequency (%*) for 10 degree increments of direction.
Slation, Area 12 Mesa Month' August
II-18
00 03 06 09 12 Is la 21 24
, I ,, I I, I, I, I, I, , I, II
I I270-
300-
330-
360-
030-
C00-
I. -
0 120-_ _
.S
ISO-D150-
ISO-
210-
240-
'.
l
270
300
330
-360
30
~-060I-
-090
-120
-150
-180
-210
-240
-270
I
270-l
I I I I I i I I I I I I I I I I i I I I00 03 06 09 12 IS is 21 24
HOUR (PST)
IFig. 2.1.9 Wind direction frequency MO1 for 10 degree increments of direction.
- Station' Area 12 Mesa - Month' September
II-19
00 03 06 09 12 Is ia 21 24A I I I I I , I I I I I I , II I I,
270-
300-7
3 3 0 j
360j
030-
060-
c -120-
SO
210
240
270-
-270
-300
-330
360
30
060
0
-150
-180
-21 0
-240
-
-270
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I,, I I I I00 03 06 09 12 15 I8 21 24
HOUR (PST)
Fig. 2.1.10 Wind direction frequency (O) for 10 degree increments of direction.
Station' Area 12 Msa Monthl October
II-20
. . - - ..
00 03 06 09 12 15 la 21 24
I II I I I I I I i I I I I I I I I I i I I
270-
300-
330-
360-
030-
060-
090-
_u _
o -
a 120-Ca -
ISO-
180-
240-
-270
-300
-330
-360
-030
-060
-oo
-20
-SO0
-180
-210
-240
-270270-
1 I I I I I I ' ' I ' ' I' ' I' '00 03 06 09 12 is is 21 24
HOUR (PST)
Fig. 2.1.11 Wind direction frequency (%/) for 10 degree increments of direction.Stations Area 12 Meso Month, November
II-21
_ _. .' - _'_ .--- - _. - . - . . . - ___ __ _. - .. 4. -
Fig. 2.1.12 -Wind direction frequency (*) for 10 degree increments of direction.Station, Area 12 Mesa Months December
II-22
00 03 06 09 12 15 16 21 24I, I,, I 1'. I II I, I I I
JAN -
FE -
MAR -
APR -
MAY -
JUN-
JUL -
AUG -
SEP-
OCT -
NOV -
DEC-
JAN-
I
i
z
I
I
6113 I 12 Is 14 14
00 03 06 09 12 IS is 2 1 24
HOUR (PST)
Fig. 2.1.13 Average wind speed in miles per hour as a function of time of day.
Stations Area 12 Mesa
11-23
I XA I00.'& 03
HOUR (PST)
Fig. 2.1.14 Constancy of the wind expressed as the percentage ratio of the
mean vector wind speed to the mean scolar speed.
Station' Area 12 Mesa
11-24
00 03 06 09 12 Is Is 21 24
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1' | I I I I 1
I I270-
300-
330-
360-
030-
060-
C 090-
b. -
c 120-
150-
ISO-
210-
240-
270-
I3a
I 7S
I
-270
-300
-330
-360
-030
-060
-090
-120
-150
-180
-210
-240
I
I
.1
-270
II I I I,, I I, I Il I I00 03 06 . 09 12 Is is 21 24
HOUR (PST)
Fig. 2.1 Wind direction frequency (%/) for 10 degree increments of direction.
Stations 8JY Month, January I.'
11-25
00 03 06 09 12 15 is 21 241-, I I I I I I I I, I I I I I I I I I I I ,I I
t_ __I_ _I
270-;/t)1 - AJ 1'al d270
30 = = 3 = 8)r t > = 3 -300
33
360 3 X -360
3~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
_____ ___ __ 030
41 3
0S 0_ l__' I 060
3090 90~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~9
120- ---_20-
ISO -I8
21 -21 0
240 -240
270 2 -~70
00 03 06 09 12 15 to 21 24HOUR (PST)
Fig. 2.2.2 Wind direction frequency (e) for 10 degree increments of direction.Stotiont BJY Month' February
00 03 06 09 12 15 'a 21 24I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
270-
300-
330-
360-
030-
060-
C090-
§ -
a 120-
150-
ISO-
210-
I3
7
-2?0
-300
-330
-360
-030
-060
-090
-120
-loo
-180
-210
-240240-
270- -270
I I I ! I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 00 03 06 09 12 iS 18 21 24
-HOUR {PST)
IFig. 2.2.3 Wind direction frequency (V6) for 10 degree Increments of direction.
Station. BJY Months Morch
11-27
00 03 06 09 12 15 is 21 24
. I I I I I I I, I, II, I I I II
I I I
i
270-
300-
330-
360-
030-
060-
O 090-.2 -
0 -
0120-
3 -
150-
ISO-
210
240-
270
300
330
360
-30
-060
-090
-120
-150
-210
-240
-
270- -270
I I I I I III I I I I I I I I I I I I I00 03 06 09 12 Is t6 21 24
HOUR (PST)
Fig. .2.4 Wind direction frequency () for 10 degree increments of direction.Station, SJY Month, April
II-28
00 03 06 09 12 IS la 21 24
, I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I , I I , I I I I I I2 7 0 -
I I I I I I 3 3
300-
330-
360-
030-
060-
090
a 120-la -
3C -
ISO-
ISO-
210-
240-
270-
3
.5
I
II
3
'I
o~~~~~~oo
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-C
_X < I'" l~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~....
\ X i1 '~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1
-270
-300
-330
-360
-030
-060
-090
-120
-lSO
-ISO
-210
L-240
-270I I I 3 3
I I' I I I00 03 06
I I I I I09 12
HOUR (PST)
I I I I I I I iS 18 21 24
Fig. 2.2.5 Wind direction frequency (°%) for 10 degree ncrements of direction.
Stations BJY Month' May
II-29
00 03 06 09 12 Is la 21 24
, I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
270- -270
300-
330-
360-
030-
060-
CO90-
a -
°120-
3- -
3
5
7I'
'I7S
3
-300
-330
-360
-030
-060
-090
_-20
-150
-180
-210
-240
' '
'50-
180-
210-
240-
270- -270I I
1 I 1 I I I I I I I I I I II II I 1oo 03 06 09 12 1 IS 21 24
- HOUR (PST)
Fig. 2.2.8 Wind direction frequency (0) for 1 degree incrOments of direction.
Station, JY Months June
11- 30
0 03 06 09 12 15 la 21 24
I I I, I I I, I I I ,, I I I,I 35553 I
270-
300-
330-
360-
030-
060-
C 090 -
I -
120-
3 _
ISO-
210-
240-
270-
Il
Il7I
I
-270
-300
-330
-360
-030
-060
-090
-120
-15O
- O
-210
-240
I -270I , 3 6 3 I
-
-1---00
IF FT F1IIIIIIII I I.103 06 09 12 Is is 21 24
HOUR {PST)
Fig. .2.7 Wind direction frequency Me) for 10 degree Increments of direction.
Stations BJY Month: July
I
11-31
0 03 06 09 12 Is is 21 24I I I I I I I I I I II I I I t I I
I I II -270-
300-
330-
360-
030-
060
CV-
£:090-
c -
3 _
ISO-
ISO-
I
-270
-300
-330
-360
-030
-060
-090
-420
-150
-iso
-210
-240
I
210+
240-
270-
l-270
l II I I I ' I I I I I I I I I I I I I
00 03 06 09 12 Is la 21 24
HOUR (PST)
Fig. 2.2.3 Wind direction frequency (%) for ! degree increments of direction.
Stations BJY Month* August
11-32
00 03 06 09 12 Is
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I i Ila 21 24
l I I I - . . . . . . . . . . .
270-
300-
330-
360
030-
060-
C 090-0
-
.
120-
c -3 _
3
7'I'3
IS1I
7
S
-270
-300
-330
-360
-030
-060
-090
-120
-150
-180
-210
-240
-270
ISO-150-
210-
240-
270-
III
9Ii
II
l
- 3 3 1
I I I III I III II -
00 03 06 09 12 Is Is 21 24HOUR (PST)
Fig. Z2.9 Wind direction frequency ("lo) for 10 degree increments of direction.
Station' JY Month, September
II-33
JFig. 22.10 Wind direction frequency (e) for 10 degree increments of direction.Station' BAY Months October
rI-334
00 03 06 09 12 ii Is 21 24I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I270-
300-
330-
360-
,
030-
060-
090-CC
USrN
-270
-300
330
60
30
060
0
20
150
-210
-240
-270
- 120-c -
3 -
leo-
180-
210-
240-
270-I
I I I I I I I I 1 I1 1 I I I I I I I I I I00 03 06 09 12 is I8 21 24
HOUR (PST)
Fig. Z..1 Wind direction frequency () for 10 degree increments of direction.
Stations ' JY - 'Months November
11-35
00 03 06 09 12 15 19 21 24
I ii I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I .
270-
300-
330-
360-
030-
060-
£ 090-
00 -
a 120-
B _
150-
ISO-180-
210-
240-
270-
270
300
330
360
030
060
-090L
-420
-150-IS
-180
-210
I
-240
-270
I I 1 I I I I I I ' I I ' 1 ' I I I 1 I ' I 00 03 06 09 12 IS is 21 24
HOUR (PST)
Fig. 2.2.12 Wind direction frequency (s) for 10 degree increments of direction.
Station' . Y . Month' December
II-36
00 03 061 . I I . I
09 12 15i P I Ia a I1 I I I
18 21 24I I , I I
JAN-
FES -
MAR -
APR -
MAY-
JUN-
JUL-
AUG -
SEP-
OCT
NOV*
DEC*
JAN*
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
\ <~~~~ ge/ :zz-9 29
9
-09
JAN
* FES
* MAR
*APR
MAY
-JUN
JUL
* AUG
-SEP
OCT
NOV
* DEC
JAN
i
I
6 .
I
f
t
It
4
i
.t
i
II
I -
II
r
I
II
I
s-£ I00 03
I I I06 09
4 I I a I a a I * *
12 IS le 2I
R (PST)
I a I24
HOWI
Fig. 2.2.13 Average wind speed in miles per hour as a function
Station- BJY
of time of day.
11-37
-
.9
JAN
FES
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
NOV
DEC
JAN
.,
HOUR (PST) __
F. 2.2.14 Constancy of the wind expressad as the percentage ratio of the
mean vector wind speed to the mean scalar speed.
Station, JY-1
II-38 '
. - - - . - . -- ----- -- - ... -- . - . -... - . . - .. . . . . - .. - . - - . - - -- I-.-
00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 24
F, I I I X, 1 1 i- I I I I I I I I I I I II ? II
270p
300-
3 3 0i
360
I030-j
02
C 090-
0 -
120-la IE
r
-270
-300
-330
-360
-030
-060
-090
-120
-. 50
-180
-210
-240
150-
I80-
210-
240
I
i -.
I
III
I
270- -270I I - I
I I | I I I I I I I i I I I I I I I00 03 06 09 12 15 Is 21 24
HOUR (PST)
Fig. 2.3.1 Wind direction frequency (%) for 10 degree Increments of direction.
Stations Tower 4 Month JULT
II-39
00 03 06 09 12 15 is 21 24
I I I I I I I I I I 1
I70-
300-
330-
360-
030-
060-
.o
2 -a 120-
c -
ISO-
210
240-
24
-270
-300
-330
-360
-030
-060
-090
-120
-I50
-SO0
-21 0
-240
-
270- -270
I I I I I I III I I I I I I I I I i I I I00 03 06 09 12 Is to 21 24
HOUR (PST)_.
Fig. 2.3.2 Wind direction frequency () for a degree increments of direction.
- - Stations Tower 4 Months Februaryj
11-40
00 03 06 09 12 I5- - 21 24
I I I II I I I I, I I I I
270- -270
l
300-
330-
360-
030-
- 060-
CW
I'D -
S120~-_ -, O-3 _
ISO-
210-
240-
270-
300
330
360
-060
-120
-ISO'
-180
-21
-240
-270i I I I
I,, I, I I I I I I I ' I I I 100 03 06 09 12 . Is lS 21 24
HOUR (PST)
Fig. 2.5.4 Wind direction frequency C/) for 10 degree increments of direction.Stations Tower 4 Month, Aorll
II-42
2
I
j
4S X me t~~~~~~~150°l
180
240
-270
03 06 09 tZ2 Is is 21 2 4HOUR (PST)
Wind direction frequency (%/) for 10 degree increments of direction.Stations Tower 4 months March
Fig. 2.3.3
II-41
00 03 06 :' 09 12 Is le 21 24
I I I I I I II I I I I I I
270-
300-
330-
360-
030-
060-
£ 090-Z -
I -c 120-Cc
3 -
I -
ISO-
210
I -270
-300
-330
-360
-030
-060
-090
-s120
- I
-ISO
-leo
-210
-240
-270;
L
II
240-
270-
I
II I
I I I I I I I I I I ' I I I l I i I I I I I , , l
00 03 06 09 12 Is tS 21 24
NOUR (PST)
Fig. 2.3.5 Wind direction frequency Ne) for 10 degree increments of direction.
Station. Tower 4 Month, May i
II-43
00 03 06 09 12 IS la 21I I II I I I L I, I I
24I I I
270
-4
300-;
-i360
030-
-I
10-
ISOI
20
-i
24-
270-
I I I-270
-300
-330
-360
-030
-060
-090
-120
-150-IS
-180
-21 0
-240
-z70I ~~~ ~ ~~~~I I I
I I 0 i I
00 03I I1 I I I i I I I-- [-I I I I I I -F I I
06 09 12 Is l8 21 24
HOUR (PST)
Fig. 2.3.6 Wind direction frequency (S.) for 10 degree increments of direction.
Stations Tower 4 Months June
II-4
. - . Z s. . - .
r
00 03 06 09 12 Is is 21 24
-- 1,,, II I I I, I l, I , , I I I I I
270-
300
330i
360-
030-
01604-iC. 090-
0
.h
0 120-
3 _t50-
ISO-
so-
210
240-
I I I
I - 270
I
300
330
360
30
-060
-- 090
-020
-150
-180
-2X0
-240
-270
Fti
iIi
l]
270-
I I I -I I I I I I I I I I I I I i I I I I I- I I 00 03 06 09 12 1s 18 21 24
HOUR (PST)
Fig. 2.z.7 Wind direction frequency ('%) for 10 degree ncrements of direction.
Station, Tower 4 Month, July I.II-45
~~~~~~~~~~~~..- - - .- - - - --- - -- - - - - -- - - --- --- -. - - - -
:ai 00 03 06 09 12 15 l8 21 24
- I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I '-,
270-
300-
330-
360-
030-
060-
C M-
a -
a120-
3 -
150-
-270
30 0
L-330
-360
-030
-060
-090
-920
-50
-980
-210
ISO-
210-
240-
270-
-240
-270I I I I
I I I I I i I I I I I I I I I I I I I00 03 06 09 12 Is t 21 24
HOUR (PST)
t
II
Fig. .3.a Wind direction frequency (%/) for 1O degree increments of direction.Station# Tower 4 Months August
II-46
00 03 06 Os 12 Is la 21 24
1 Ir II I I I I I I I 1, I. , I I' I, I, I,
270 -
300-
330-
360-
030-
060-
C0090-_- _h. -
0120-
la -3
- SO-
180-
210-
357
Il
-270
-300
-330
-360
-030
-060
-090
-150
-180
-210
-240
-270
240-
270-
I I I I i I I I II I I I I I I ' 00 03 06 09 12 IS Is 21 24
HOUR (PST)
Fig. .3.9 Wind direction frequency (6) for 10 degree increments of direction.
Stations Tower 4 Month, September
II-47i
II
00 03 06 09 12 15 I8 21 24
I II I II I -II I I I I I I I I270-
300-
330-
360-
030-
060-
090-
°120-
3 _
150-
ISO-
280-
210-
270
300
3-30
360
30
K 0 6 0
-090
-150
-180
-210
240- -240 -4
270- -270
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I i I00 03 06 09 12 Is l8 21 24
HOUR (PST)J
Fig. 2.3.10 Wind direction frequency (Ye) for 10 degree increments of direction.
Stations Tower 4 Month' October
*1I
aJ
II-48
00 03 06 09 12 Is Is 21 24
1 I I t I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
270-
300-
330-
360-
030-
060-
C 090-
I. -
4120-
lIa -
ISO-
210-
240-
270-
-270
-300
-330
-360
K 3 0
-060
-os-090
-420.
-150
-I80
-210
-240
II
f
iiI
-270
I I" I I 1' I 1' I I I I ' ' I-- I- I 00 03 06 09 12 15 la 21 24
HOUR (PST)
Fig. z.3.11 Wind direction frequency () for 1t degree increments of direction.Station, Tower 4 Months November I
II-49
00 03 06 09 12 15 19 21 24
r i I l I I I tII 1 I l I I I I I I ; I I I I
.,
270-
300-
330-
360-
030-
060-
a 090-0
a 'a 120-
zto-
240-
270-
-270
-300
-330
-360
-030
-060
-090
-420
-150
-180
-2 o
-240
-270
-J
I
I I
IoIo I I I I I I I I00 03 06 09
IIlilt I I1
12 1SHOUR (PST)
I I I I I Ila 21 24
IFig. .3. 12 Wind direction frequency (%) for 1 degree increments of direction.
Stations Tower 4 Months Oecember
1-50
00 03 06 09 12 15 la 21 24I I I I I '-1 I 1 I t I I I I I I I I I I i
JAN-
FEE-
MAR -
APR-
MAY-
JUN-
JUL-
AUG -
SEP -
OCT -
NOV -
DEC-
JAN-
- JAN
- FES
- MAR
- APR
-MAY
-JUN
-JUL
-AUG
-SEP
-OCT
-NOV
-DEC
-JAN
-- I I.00
I I I I I i I I I j I I I I I I ' * I i I j03 06 09 12 IS 18 21 24
HOUR (PST)
Fig. 2.3.13 Average wind speed in miles per hour as a function of time of day.
Stations Tower 4
I .
11-51
-I - - -- -- - - _- _ - - r
00 03 08I I I I I I I
09 12 IS 18 21 241 l I I I I I II I I
JAN -
FEB
MAR -
APR H
MAY -
JUN -
JUL
AUG -
SEP
OCT -
NOV -
OEC -
JAN -
40 70 6080 40 30 20 10 20
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~60 0s
30~~~~~~~3
50 so~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~5
75~~~~~~~~~~0
3° 70 40 0 30 / 70
30 70 7-1 30
4' 30X~0!i
50 E /) 5 g X SEW~~~~~~~~~~gWX6~0
70 60 50 4030 20 300,0 P70
- JAN
-FEB
-MAR
-APR
-MAY
"-JUN
-JUL
-AUG
-SEP
1--OCT
- NOV
-OEC
- JAN
00. 03 06 09 12 is18I--la
[ F - F21 24
HOUR (PST)
Fig. 2.3.14 Constancy of the wind expressed a the percentage ratio of the
mean vector wind speed to the mean scalar speed.
Slation, Tower 4
II-52
00 03 06 09 12 is is 21 241 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
M
tIII
270-
300-
330-
360-
,030-
o0on
C 00_
.2 s-h.
01zo-
la'
7270
-300
330
-360
-- 030
-060
-090
-120
-lSO-1IS
-180
-210
-240
ISO-
'SO-
210-
240-
270- -270I I I � I
oo F I I I I I I I I00 03 06 09
I II I12
HOUR PST)
I I I I I I I I IIs IS 21 24
Fig. 2.4.1 Wind direction -frequency No) for 10 degree increments of direction.
Station, Tower 5A Month, Januory
II-53
iI
00 03 06 09 12 15 la 21 24
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Il I
2T0-
300-
330-
360-
030-
o-
060-
S090-
0 -
C 120-
3 -
ISO-
ISO-
-300
_
7330
_360
-30
-060
-090
-_20-O-- 2
-150
-180
-210
-240
-270
--
I210-
240-
270-
I
l l l
I I I I ' I I ' I ' ' I 00 03 06 09 12 Is ts 21 24
HOUR (PST)
Fig. 2.4.2 Wind direction frequency (%/) for 10 degree increments of direction.
Stations Tower 5A Months February&.1
Ii- 54
001 01306 09l l l l Ii
12 Is is 21 24
l I I I I I I I I I. . . . . . . . . . ._ i - - . . . . . . . . .
I I270-
300-
330-
360-
030-
060-
C ago-
la -
0 120-
C -
ISO-
210-
240-
270-
-270
--300
-330
-360
-030
-060
-- 090
-420
-150
-ISO
-210
-240
-270I
I § | I I I I I I I 1 11 1 I I I I I I I II00 03 06 09 12 Is is 21 24HOUR (PST)
Fig. 2.4.3 Wind direction frequency (%6) for 10 degree increments of direction.Station, Tower 5A Month' March
II-55
l 00 03 06 09 I2 ts to 21 24I, II I II I I,, I, I, I,
I I I I
.j
270-
300-
330-
360-
030-_
060-
aC090-
0_ _Li
a120-la -
SO-
ISO-
II
I
7
-270
-300
-330
-360
-30
~-so-0-- 090
_1 80
-21 0
-240
-270
240
270-
l
I I I I I I
I II I ' I I I I I I I I I I I00 03 06 09 12 Is is 21 24
HOUR (PST)
Fig. 2.4.4 Wind direction frequency (o) for 10 degree increments of direction.Station' Tower 5A Month. Aoril
=-56
00 03 06 09 12 IS Is 21 241 1 I I I I I 1 , I I I I | I I I I I I I I I I
2701
30-
330-
360-
030-
060-
C 090-
I -
a 120c -
270
--300
-330
-360
-030
-060
-090
-20
-ISO
-210
-240
ISO-
ISO-
210
7
I
II -
II
240-
270-
l
-270I I I.
I I II I 1 1II1 I I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
00 03 06 09 12 is is 21 24HOUR (PST)
Fig. 2.4.5 Wind direction frequency (0/6) for 10 degree increments of direction.
Station, Tower A Month, MaY
II-57
i
I
00 03 06 09 12 15 la 21 24
t lI I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I
270-
300-
330-
030-
060-
4090-a0
20-
150-
ISO-
210-
240-
270-
270
300
330
360
30
060
-90
-120
-150
-180
-210
-240
-270_ 3 3
I,, I, I; I I I I I I I I I00 03 06 09 12 15 to 21 24
HOUR (PST)
Fig. 2.4.6 Wind direction frequency () for to degree increments f direction.Station' Tower 5A Month Je
rr-58
00 03 06 09 12 - 15 Is 21 2
I I I I , I , I I I I I I , I I I ,
270-
300-
330-
360-
030-
060-
0o90-
2 -
a 120-c -
3S -
lSO-
-270
-300
-330
-360o3-
-305_7
7060
5
090___2
20
5a-l
-ISO
3-
-210
240
ISO-
210-
240-
-270270-
I I I I I I I I I r11 I 1 I I I I I00 03 06 09 12 Is IS 21 24
I HOUR APST)
Fig. 2.4.7 Wind direction frequency (Ne) for 10 degree increments of direction.
Station' Tower A - Month' July
I1-59
iII
II
I 00 03 06 09 12 15 is 21 24
r I I I I I L I I I I I I I I I I I o |
270-
300-
330-
360-
030-
060-
c 90-
Ca0
Ca120-
.53 -
50-
180-
-270
-300
-330
-360
-030
-060
-090
-120
-150
-ISO
-2110
'9
-I_
Ii
I
I
i
210
240-
270-
-240
-270I l
I I I I III I I I I I00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 24
HOUR (PST)
Fig. 2.4.8 Wind direction frequency () for 10 degree increments of direction.
Station, Tower 5A Months August
-I
00 03 06 09 12 15 la 21 24II I I I I 'I I I, I II II -I I II
270 1
300
-1
330-
1
360-
1
030-
C 090-
1 -.S
3 _150-
ISO-
210-
240
270
~~~~~~1 -
LA'''S'' :A~~~~~~~~~~131 J t 1 >~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C
.s =X_ F dk\(~~~~~~~~~C
I
3
5
7
7
:
-270
-300
-330
-360
-030
-060
-090
-120
-ISO
-180
-210
-240
-270
3
3
II I I ' I I I I I I ' I I I I I I I I '
00 03 06 09 - 12 is la 21 24- HOUR lPST)
Fig. 2.4.9 Wind direction frequency No) for 10 degree increments of direction.
St1tion' Tower 5A Month, September
II-61
IIi
-l
I
_j
-J0
- 4
.1Fig. 2.4.10 Wind direction frequency (0) for 10 degree increments of direction.
Station, Tower 5A Month# October
IT-62
00 03 06 09 12 15 is 21 24
J1 I i I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I If I II I
270-
300-
330-
360-
030-
060-
C _902
I. -
a 120-v -
3 -
ISO-
'So-
21 -
270
300
330
360
30
060
0-0
20
-ISO
-180
-210
-240240-
270- -270I I I I
I II I III I I I I II I I I
00 03 06 -0 12 Is la 21 24HOUR {PST)
Fig. 2.4. 11 Wind direction frequency (/6) for 10 degree Increments of direction.Station, Tower 5A - - Month, November
ri-63
00 03 06 09 12 IS is 21 24
1i I i F I I l l t I L I I I I I I I I II I I
270-
300-
330-
360-
030-
060-
CCW-0
0_ _
i 120-
3 -
ISO-
20-
-270
-300
-330
-360
-030
-060
-090
-20
-150
-180
-2
-
240-
270-
-240
-270I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I00 03 06 09 12 15
HOUR (PST)
l I II I Ila 21 24
Fig. 2.4.12 Wind direction frequency (O/t) for 10 degree increments of direction.
Stations Tower 5A Months Ocember
00 03 06 09 12I . 1 1 I 1 I .1 1 1 1 I
15 IS8 2 1I 1 . I I. I I I
241 I
II 12 12 IIJAN -
FEB -
MAR -
APR -
MAY -
JUN -
JUL -
AUG -
SEP -
OCT -
NOV -
DEC -
JAN -
l
I
I
10 3'
r9
1019to20
001,
10
9/
11
11
10
9
a
JAN
- FES
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
-SEP
-OCT
-NOV
- DEC
-JAN
0
I
eb
iI
II I
II
'4
i0
t
I
ii .
iii.
11 12 12 11
00I -I j I I I a I I ' . I I I
-03 06 09 12 15A I I I I I
IS8 2 1 24
HOUR (PST)
Fig. 2.4.13 Average wind speed in miles per hour as a function of time of day.
Station' Tower 5A
f
III-65
l
00o 03 06 09 12 Is is 21 24.
I
I
I
4
1
i
t
.
HOUR (PST)..1
FiS 2.4.14 Constancy of the wind eopressed a the percentage ratio of the
mean vector wind speed to the mean scalar speed.
Stations Tower 5A* I
J
3.0 TERATUEE
3.1 General
The temperature at any point on the test site is regulated
to a large extent by elevation and topography. At the time of the
mnaximm temperature in midafternoon, elevation exerts the major con-
trol, with the temperature decreasing at the rate of 3 to 4 F per
1000 ft increase in elevation. The lower limit applies in winter
and the higher limit n sner. At the time of the minimm temperature
near sunrise, topography exerts the major control in association
with air drainage, and the change of temperature with elevation
is no longer systematic. Lrge differences in the average daily
minimum temperature at stations at the se elevation are a comnon -
occurrence due to the pooling of cold air in the basins, with
continuous air movement down the slopes and across the ridges.
The temperature distributions presented in this section are
based on records produced by either thermographs or hygrothermo-
graphs, or combinations of the two, exposed approximately 5 ft
above ground in louvered shelters. Temperature. values were read on
the hour fr X the traces. Stations have been selected to demonstrate
the effects of topography over a wide range of elevations.
The distributions of temperature are shown by month and time
of day for selected percentiles. The curves labeled Hi and Lo represent
a smoothed envelope of the extreme temperatures observed during the
fll 1
period of record. The lowest and the highest points on the 50th
percentile curve (median) approximate to within a degree or two
the average daily minimum and the average daily maximum tempera-
tures respectively. The difference between these two values, the
amplitude of the 50th percentile curve, is the average daily range.
The average of the two values gives to a close degree of
approximation the average temperature for the month, consistent with
standard procedures for determining average monthly temperatures.
3.2 Area 12 Mesa
The Area 12 Mesa station is located on a high point in relatively
flat terrain on ainier Mesa at an elevation of T480 ft. The open
exposure at high elevation is associated with substantial air move-
ment throughout the night and results in a small average daily
temperature range, as seen by the low amplitude of the 50th percentile
curve. The distributions of temperature by month and time of day
are shown in figures 3.1.1 through 3.1.12.
3.3 BJY
The BJY station is located near the center of Yucca Flat on
gently sloping terrain at an elevation of 4075 ft, about 155 ft
above the lowest elevations on normally dry Yucca Lake. The
pronounced tendency toward air stagnation at night results in a
large average daily temperature range, in contrast to the Area 12
Mesa station. This effect ismost pronounced in December, January,
and June through September when the average daily minimi temperature
III-2
at the EJY station is actually lower than at the Area 12 Mesa station,
even though the latter is 3400 ft higher in elevation and might
therefore be expected to be about 10 to 140 colder. Even greater
average daily temperature ranges can be expected at the lower
elevations on Yucca ake. The distributions of temperature by
month and time of day are shown in figures 3.2.1 through 3.2.12.
3.4 Tower 4
The temperature data for Tower 4 have been combined with data
for 4JA (Jackass Flats weather station). Both stations were located
near the center of Jackass Flats on terrain sloping downward to the
southwest. Tower was at an elevation of 3735 ft and 4JA at an
elevation of 3610 ft. The difference in elevations is not signifi-
cant, considering the similarity of the terrain and accuracy of the
instrumentation. The distributions of temperature by month and time
of day are shown in figures 3.3.1 through 3.3.12. The average daily
temperature range is not as large as at BJY, indicating more persis-
tent air drainage at night in the vicinity of Tower 4 than at BJY.
-3X.5 Tower 5A
Tower 5A is on top of a hill approximately 4J mi down-valley
from Tower 4 , at an elevation of 3644 ft. The distributions of
temperature by month and time of day are shown in figures 3.4.1
through 3.4.12. The major differencebetween the two stations is
the smaller average daily temperature range at Tower 5A because of
the higher average daily minimu temperatures in all months, even
though the stations are at nearly the same elevation. This difference
III-3
is attributed to the fact that the hilltop rises about 250 ft above
the valley floor and therefore places Twer 5A at a armer point in
the prevalent surface-based nocturnal inversion.
£ .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-
. . .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
II-4
so---1
-4
-1I-i
C30-
I:* -4C. q
E20a.-
10
0
-10
20-
r-60
50
_40
*30
20
-0
-0
I10
iaI
I
Is
iI
HOUR (PST)
Fi. 3.1.1 Distribution of temperatures by selected percentiles as a function oftime of day.Station, Area 12 Mesa
i
Month Jnuary
1:1-5
60- [:60I II I I i
_ _ _ I _ _ ]
4 4
30~~~~~~~~~~4
b0X ie I - �
_ 73 ---- 7 || | -
-4
~30~ _30
0 0
2202
0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
00 03 06 09 l Is I8 21 24
HOUR (PST)
Fig. 3.1.2 Oistribution of temperatures by selected percentiles as a function oftime of day.
Station' Area 12 Mesa Month FebruaryP
so
70
60
- so
_40
-30
-20
-10
-0
HOUR (PST)
Fig. 3.1.3 Distribution of temperatures by selected percentiles as a function oftime of day.
. Stations Area.12 Mesa Month March
III-7
- d
'0u
-1
-4
70 :
so-
4-
-
2
00
30
a
C10
90
80
70
so
so
40
~-30
i-a0_0
_-
__ l
-
HOUR (PST)
FIg. 3.1.4 Distribution of temperatures by selected percentiles as o function of
time of day.Stations Area 12 Mesa Month April
III-.3
-90
-8
-70
:-o
-50
-40
-30
-20
-0
t
i
(
r.
I.- HOUR (PST)
Fig. 31.5 Distribution of temperatures by selected percentiles as function of
time of day.Station: Area 12 Mesa Month May
I=-9
00 03 06 as 12 15 Is 21 24
'00 u _ _ _ ___ __ __
90- g o
a-4
0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~5
t70 < X4 2 5 1 \
25 / < t < \2,E | -r~so06
20 so, l l l l l l l 0_
50~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
:-60 ~ ~ ~ -
00 03 06 04 02 IS IS 2 24
HOUR PST)
Fig. 31.5 Distribution of temperatures by selected percentiles s a function oftime of day.Station, Area 12 Mesa Month June
-I00
-90
-so
-60
Z- s
-50
-30
-20
HOUR (PST)
Fig. 3.1.7 Distribution of temperatures by selected percentiles as a function of
time of day.
Sttion, Area 12 Mesa month July
III-u
I
-110-
-49017:
3--
U. -
0 -
a-*
0-
30-
-100
90
70
60
50
40
30
<21
HOUR (PST)
Fig. 3.1.8 Distribution of temperatures by selected percentiles as a function of? I
hi
time of day.Stations Area 12 Mesa Month August
III- 12
-90
-70
:-T
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
I
0it
I
I
I
.
.
.. ...
. , .
. .
..
I.tii.
HOUR (PST)
Distribution of temperatures by selected percentiles as a function oftime of day.
Station, Area 12 Mesa Month September
111-13
I
I -.
00 03 06 09 12I II, I
151,1
18 21 24I I I I I I I I I
I
90-
-H
Eso-
IL
020 -
a0 :
E0
40
30
20
iN
'5
75
,_ _ I . I , . _ _ '_ '_ _ ' ' j '
I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ _____L____
_;/1 ~~~~~~2 5
4;
9
90
so
70
_ro
_so40
530
Z-0
-20
75
_ fn
V>
252
S
.:' Le
I '' I'00 03
I I I I I I I I
21
I I
06 09 12 15 la 24
HOUR (PST)
Fig. 3.1. 10 Distribution of temperatures by selected percentiles as a function oftime of day.
Station, Area 12 MesM Month October
60-~
I-
7o--1
*-.4-i
so -,
3-
_50-
0
0
bO-1
-*0
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-to
-0
HOUR PST)
Fig. 3.1.11 Distribution of temperatures by selected percentiles as a function of
time of day.Station: Area 12 Mesa Month November
1:1-15
-1
To--i
:3-i
40-50
-
a -
-._ ,
S- -I-
20-
10
a0
-70
-60
-50
M-40
-30.
-20
-10
-0
-- o
-a
4
I
-
*
HOUR (PST)
Fig. 3.1.12 Distribution of temperatures by selected percentiles as a function ofI
Jtime of day.
Station' Area 12 Mesa Month Oeemeber
so-n -~~~~~--~~-- -'--3-- * ~~~~~~~ so
~~ o J .i//45 \t\~~~~~~d~~i 0 |H
L'°X L/1/S 1\\19 1 L I I~~~~I
75~~~~~~~~~7
9 5 25 |5
CL~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~H
E40 40iT5 50550.0
25 Le~~~~~~~2 1
o I ,T
-. _ _eofd ..-
E 0 420
III-17
0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~5
00 03 06 Os 12 15 la 21 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~2 0HOUR (PST)~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Fig. .2.1 istriutio of tmperauresby seectedpercetile as afuncton o
time of day.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1
Staion B_ Mot-- _u__r L
(.0
k
I
90
80
so
70
60
80
- 40
- 30
-20
-10
HOUR PST)
Fig. 3.2.2 Mistributon of temperatures by selected percentiles as a function oftime of day.
Station, JY Month February
III-18
_J
-
HOUR (PST)
Fig. 3.2.4 Oistribution of temperatures by selected percentiles as a function of
time of day.
Stations 3JY Month Aril
II-20
v -. .
HOUR PST) -
Fig. .2.a Distribution of temperatures by selected percentiles as a function oftime of day.Station, 8JY - b onth may i
111-21
Ito
oo -1-4:-
-4
-
'0_ -
so-
: I
0
30
hO1
too0
90
f
-
HOUR (PST)
Fig. 3.2.6. Distribution of temperatures by selected percentiles as a function of
time of day.e^^;^. BY u. June
-
'Si
NT3110"' _ MV54611 __ -
111-22
1-00 03 06 09 12 Is
I I Iis 21 24
I I I I I I I I I I I120-
1102
It -a
ta 4
- l
-I
* 100-
aiso
I-
0
40
M
1 -11-
s "I
s X W -S = Et V S ra
I I
- 120
-110
P-
-800
- to
- so
-To
-so
-5S
-
-4
r
'I
'
1
I I I I
00I''
06 09I I I I I
III I I I
2403 *2 i5 21
HOUR (PST)
Fig. .t.T Distrbution of temperatures by selected percentiles as a function of
time of day.Station' BJY Imonth July
tf-23
a
[ 120
Ito
100
90
soHI-T
-60
- so
-50
40
i
4
-_
HOUR PST)
Fig. 3.2.8 Oistribution of temperatures by selected percentiles o a function of-
time of day.
Stationt JY Month August
I1I1-24
-I0
- 90
-00
:-70
-
I
-50
-40
-30
-20
-.4
HOUR (PST) -_
Fig. 3.2.10 0istribution of temperatures by selected percentiles as a function of _
time of day.
Stations 8js Month October
1I-26
v - . -- - -
-to
*0
so
6-
-60
40
so
- 0
10
I
i
-. - I HOUR PST)
Fig. 3.2.11 Distribution of temperatures by selected percentiles as a function oftime of day.Station, JY month tNovember
III-27
so
so
60
so
t-
-40
-30
20
-10
HOUR (PST)
Fig. 2.12 Distribution of temperatures by selected percentiles as a function oftime of day. -
Stations 3jy Month ecember
Ii:-28
00 03 06 09 12 l5 la 21 24
J ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I Ji e___ ______
so _ iiso
70 7~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0
soj so
3 0 40
0 so
ko- 2~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0
00 03 06 09 12 15 Is 21 24
HOUR (PST)
Fig. 3.5.1 Distribution of temperatures by selected percentiles as a function of
time of day.
Stations Tower 4 month January
111-29
I
HOUR PSTI
Fig. 3.3.2 Distribution of temperatures by selected percentiles as a function oftime of day.Station' Tower 4 Month February
13I-30
- - HOUR (PST)
Fig .3.3 Distribution of temperatures by selected percentiles as a function oftime of day.Stations Tower 4 Month March
1-31
i
tow
90 --
-t
_ 70
ta
le
0
40
30
20
-J.
-'1
-.
HOUR (PST)
Fig. 3.3.4 Dlstribution of temperatures by selected percentiles as a function oftime of day.Stctions Tower 4
III- 32
-j
Month Acril
-110
- go
- 9o
-70
-so
- 5o
-40
so
HOUR PST)
Fig. 3.3.5 Distribution of temperatures by selected percentiles as a function oftime of day.
Station. Tower 4 Month May
11-33
00 03 06 09 1 2 15 la 21 2 4
0X1 Se :0 25 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Hi=a-6
I0 In so
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _LOUR_{PST)_
Le0ti O. -
I 7_ I_ I N .I
00 03 06 0 __ I I la 21 2
Station. Tower 4 Month Junes
III- 34
- lao
-'g0
-so
-0
-70
-0
-o
-40
i
wI
I
iIII
iI
I
I
t
f
iq
ii
IIt-t
r
i
I -0
II
HOUR (PST)
Fig. .3.7 Distribution of temperatures by selected percentiles oe a function of
time of day.Station: Tower 4 I- Month July
L1 - 35
Ii
t2o
-1Ia
_0-9
. _4
0
*0- Ja
0Q _
_ :
go
40
-'20
-l
-90
-a.
-70
-60
_40
-
- I
.4
HOUR (PST)
Fig. 3.3.9 Olstribution of temperatures by selected percentiles as a function oftime of day.
Stations Tower 4 Month August
ii:- 36
120-
sa
oo-
Eg
40-
-120
-'go:_1
-100
=_9
-g
-70
-60
_go
-so
_-40
HOUR tPST)
Fig. L3.9 Distribution of temperatures by selected percentiles as a function of
time of dy.Station. Tower 4
IMonth September
fI1-37
00 03 06II I I
09 I 2 Is [a 21I
24
I I I I I I I a . a I II001
g0S
-1-4
-I
* :
Z-i
1-
407
20
M
7'
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ I M
_ _ I _ _ I _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~~~~~~~~~~~7
S
is
SO
23
Hi
100
-90
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
50
2'
-
I
La a
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I j I I I00 03 06 09 12 15 i 2! 24
HOUR (PST)
Fig. &3.10 0istributfon of temperatures by selected percentiles as a function oftime of day.Station, Tower 4 Month October I\->
M-38
I -
- HOUR (PST)
Distribution of temperatures by selected percentiles as a function of.no of day.
-,Ationf Tower 4 Month November
III-39
1
so
-4
D01
_ 6_
IL
a so-40-
aI -0-.
a -'
4
30
20
I0
-90
so
60
50
40
30
-20
-to
-
-
HOUR (PST)
Fig. 3.3.12 Distribution of temperatures by selected percentiles as a function oftime of day. 4i
Station, Tower 4 Month December <2111-40
70 1-Ia
_S
.- 1
o
-1
I0
0-
0-
O.-
_ 0
70
-50
40
so
20
I0
0
I.
I HOUR PST)
fig. 3.4.1 Distribution of temperatures by selected percentiles as a function oftime of day.Station. Tower BA Month JUGEY
II
1II-41
I
90
Joji
-440-
3-
20-
z 0
so
10
-90
-60
-70
-60-5
-40
-30
-20
-10
-4
HOUR PST)- I
Fig. 3.4.2 Distribution of temperatures by selected percentiles as a function of
time of day.Station, Tower 5A
-4
Month February
III- L2
I
i
i
I
II
tiI
IIII
i
t
Fig. 3.4.3 Distribution of temperatures by selected percentiles as a function of
time of day.Stations Tower 5A Month March
1=-43
73 :-s
g~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~70 'iS \30
La L
303
- - _ = T _
00 03 0i 09 12 1s is 21 24
HOUR (PST)
Fig 34 D istribution of temperatures by setd percentiles as function oftime of day.Stations Toer5 Month Apri
r--44
06
110
--I100 ---4
1 i
Cga
-i
o0
0-
La.S
S
E
I-
60
go
4
to
140
-100
-%o
=-40
=-40
_o
HOUR (PST)
Fig. .4.5 Distribution of temperatures by selected percentiles as a function oftime of day.Station' Tower 5A Month May
=-45
I
1205 ll~l 1l ill ALL -i Z0.
100-1 _ -00
-X5 ,o1__- gof9
.~~~~A 1 .LIA'< ~ "
so so
-OUR {PST}
70
F 3
30 so
00 03J 9 12 I s 2 24
time of day.; c+^+;^", ~~~~~Tower A Unntlk June
A, OWNW.wn vE gX
''ti 00 Afg10
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ooSeL °
i .XL l C90~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~9
I.
Ss s
m-47
El so Saton Twe 5 Mnt 6uI
ZII~~~JgL
I
t20I
-H
H
U. -a
-I
.0
I-as-
70
4o
40
420
90
-70
eso
-60
-50
-40
HOUR PST)
Fig. 3.4. 8 Oistribution of temperatures by selected percentiles as a function oftime of day.Stations Tower 5A Month August
I I I 1. I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-Ito
-10
- s-70
-6o
-SO
-0
-40
-.so
i
iI
HOUR (PST) -
-tribution of temperatures by selected percentiles as a function ofKV . of day.
aroation: Tower 5A
I
IIMonth Setember
fI -49
i
-lbo
-190
-600-90
-So
-40
-30
HOUR (PST)
Fig. 3.4. 10 Distribution of temperatures by selected percentiles as a function oftime of day.Stations Tower 5A Month October
eII-50
00 03 06 01 12 Is Is 21 24
'°~ ~ - -' I''I- ''1 1' -
NI~~~~~~~~~s
"1--i _=
70 - 0
40 C0
00 03 06 09 e2 Is is 21 24
HOUR (PST} I
C.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.
Fig. AR4s Distribution of temperatures by selected percentiles as function of 'time of day.Sthtion, - ower 5 Month November.
111-51
'0-
s0-
70-
I -
0 -
3 -
h -
CL -E30-
20-
:0-
-90
so
70
20
to
iIa
i
II
._
HOUR (PST)
Fl. 3.4.12 Distribution of temperatures by selected percentiles as a functIn oftime of doy.Stations Tower 5A Month December
111-52
. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 4 : :uam~n
X 4~~~~~~I.0 SURFACE EUMIDITY
Refer to section 1, table 1.3, in which the average relative
humidity at four times of day is presented for the Yucca weather
station. These data are, of course, not truly representative of the
entire test site; however, they do show the general seasonal and
diurnal trends.
. I 1I.
., ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I'
K>~ iv-:
5.0 PECIPITION
5.3. General
Two major features of the atmospheric circulation govern the
annual cycle of precipitation in southern Nevada. Winter storms
bring in moisture fron the Pacific and produce widespread areas of
precipitation from November through April. The Sierra-Nevada
range, however, imposes an extensive barrier that depletes the
moisture supply and results in a rain shadow (precipitation deficit)
east of the range. The effect of this rain shadow diminishes with
increasing distance eastward from the range.
In summer, moisture is brought in mainly from the Gulf of
Mexico with southeasterly winds that curve northward and then
northeastward over Nevada. Precipitation usually falls in isolated
showers, with large variations in precipitation amounts within a
shower area. The extent of shover activity over southern Nevada
depends to a large extent on how far the southeasterly winds extend
into the state. Once the winds become southwesterly, precipitation is
unlke3ly so that there is a strong tendency for shower activity to
diminish northward and westward through southern Nevada. In
September, and possibly early October, an occasional tropical storm
will move 'rtheastward from off the west coast of Mexico, bringing
widespread end heavy precipitation to southern Nevada.
- The general pattern of-the annual precipitation cycle in
southern Nevada can be seen ,in figure 5.1 for three stations
surrounding the test site (Las Vegas to the southeast, Beatty to the
west, and Aaven to the northeast). The winter precipitation maximM
V-1
is readily apparent at al stations. The rain shadow effect at
Beatty is not as clear; however, winter precipitation, is somewhat
less than would be expected at that elevation. The summer
precipitation maxim:= is most pronounced at Las Vegas, diminishes
to a secondary maxim at Adaven, and is almost nonexistent at
Beatty. All stations show a definite precipitation minimum in June,
with a secondary minlmun in September or October. The normal pattern
of the annual precipitation cycle for the test site is a maxim from
December through Marchdipping to a minimum in June, then rising
to a secondary maximum in July and August, followed by a secondary
minimum in September or October.
5.2 Test Site Data
The precipitation network is currently cposed of 1 weighing
raingages and 8 tipping bucket rain gages. The latter do not record
snow-fall and are au nted with storage gages to obtain total pre-
cipitation in case of snow. ellable precipitation measurements
were started at a few stations in 1958, with stations being added
more or less at random in subsequent years. The network was reor-
ganized in September 964 to provide fairly uniform spacing of rain-
gages over a wide range of elevations and still maintain accessibility.
The locations of the stations are shown in figure 5.2. Information
pertaining to elevation, location, and period of record is given
in table 5.1. The station listing starts in the southwest corner
of the test site and progresses from west to east and northward.
V-2
Average precipitation amounts, average rmber of days
K> with precipitation, and H~ber of years of record for each month are
given in table 5.2. For selected stations with the longest records,
the maximum and minimum monthly and maxtmin daily precipitation
amounts, and the maximu number of days with measurable precipitation
are given. The records are too short to provide reliable averages
and extremes for a mountainous desert area; pronounced changes can
be expected with the addition of a few more years of record. The.
typical annual precipitation cycle.seen in figure 5.1 for the
1931-1960 normal period has been obscured to some extent in the
test site records by exceptionally heavy precipitation in sme
months and the short recor.ing period.
5.3 fect of Elevation
Annual precipitation in southern Nevada depends to a large
extent on elevation. The log-linear relationships shown in
figure 5.3 were developed from data for the 1931-1960 normal period
for 30 stations in Nevada south of 3 o of latitude and for two
California stations. The upper regression line is based on 17
stations generally east of a north-south line through the test site.
Elevation m.ccounts for about 90 percent of the variation in annual
precipitatioi. for these stations. The lower regression line is based
on 15 stations generally west of a north-south line through the test
site; for these stations, elevation accounts for about 80 percent of
the variation. The center regression line is based on all stations
V-3
combined. When the data are adjusted to the normal period, the test
site stations with the longest records lie near this line, which
is considered representative of the test site and should provide
reasonable estimates of normal annual precipitation.
5.4 Precipitation Probability
Precipitation records for the test site are not suitable in
evaluating precipitation amounts for short durations for
engineering design purposes. The precipitation probability curves
for from 5 min to 24 hr given in figure 5.4 were developed from the
U. S. Weather Bureau Technical Paper No. 40. Values taken from
figure 5.4 are considered generally representative of the test site.
V-4
.P - - .- - --. .--- -- - - .. -- -- .- --- . , .. . - -.- .- - ..
2.0- ANNUAL 2.0TIO ELEVATION PRECPITATION
ADOEN 6250 FEET 12.75
a---- Y sum 00 FEET 4.47.lii- -
5.0k .-to
0 .JOB * Mar Apr Ma Ju Ju Av Se ac Ky Do
Fig. 5.1 Normal monthly precipitation in inches (1931-1960,
V-5
POO"o 'Moc MCoon T~a
-ste
MA
Ftg. 5.2 Preciyltatiln network (see table 51).
v-6
I ~ ~ ~ - -',.--_ .I - . .. . ... - - __ -. -. -, - ..
a
be41:st
40.0 �40.O
40.0 q 40.0
'0.0
7.06.0
5.3 Log-linear relationship between normal annual precipitation and elevation in southernNevada (1931-1960). -
V-7
I
m
i
I
I
.4tN la " N -- 4N O
i1 I ii A I V 11 Iai I 1 1\ 1~~~~N I A I \ 1 1 L -i i
__ __ i _ _ i I \, \i \ jli~l ji_____ ___ ___ ! 1 i h \ N 2
2.'
_ sW1I
I
_ t
I!
I t I I I I II_. . ! i . \l - tlI .
I . . I I ; ' I
t I i I iI . .
_ V I v \. It, I I11. I!
ai ! i 1 1 ! - I V; ; N I I 1 - MI 11! I M 1 ftz, I, 1 . i I ; 11 I
-- .'ii-
a.
: W
0 1!
a.nw a
.
_
az 9ac-iLU'
i i 5t AI A V X, F1 I , I
I I ai _ _V I I1 It I- Ia -,, i , T AV , I |; I : .- Cy 7, 1 . . : : ; ; ; I\1_____II II. c I a . , j I 1 I I i - \ ; : I\ I~ '.I ,I - l ! .
t _
', I .III I ._
,i i
I, I I If I 1 II I I I
U I I ,UI I I
.
. a-
a. -
0
4
.
WItu
: '
11J.~
-V-- i-A
A40q
I
q, *j IN .-
_-=
I _
f~~ _t
a -
2 -
a
2 -
0 -
a -
a-n e-
I
0.
a I- i-LdI 1-7 1___ I-
.,i
a mCy
o
aS3Hi4NI Nl JNnOVV NOI±Vl1IdlO3Vd
C
ITable 5.1. dentitviniz Information for the Tt ite Preelitatinn Metwork
C
LocationNevada State Grid Elevation Period of ecord
Map (Central) (Feet)No. Station N From Through
i
i .
1.2.3.4.5.6.31 T.8.9.
10.U.12.13.14.15.16.17.18.19.20.
Schultz's Ranch 52,8)10AMA 27 580,300Rock Valley - 638,336Desert Rock 686,8004JA 617,000Cane prings 663,600Well 5B 704, 300Shoshone Ban ; 622,000Mid Valley 6I44,660Yucca Weather Station 680,500hoMN 609,670Tippipah Springs #2 610,960BJY 679,000Area 12 Mesa 631,450PBS Farm # 682,190Pahute Mesa l 566,oo0Pabute Mesa 561,480Pabute Mesa #3 583,860Pahute Mesa #4 606,160Pahute Mena #5 60o,oho
665,210708,0007014,692681,9507)8,000751,0007117,900795,550.8og, h1o803,550
- 837,660839,2308Mt 0ooo889,090895,44o908,700929,990915, 010913,000937,190
238628)O3367322036103992309056ooh66039241118151,91811075
4560651106318642969506733
FebDecMarSePJanOctJulNovOctMayMarOctMarAprOctFebOctOctOctOct
'641'611163'62'58'64'62'59'64'5'606O'60'59164'61'61'64'641'614'6)1
SepSepSepSepSepSepSepSepSepSepSepSep
SepSepSepSepSepSepSepSep
'67 '67 t'67'67'67'67'67'67167'67'67'67'67 -
'67'67'67'67'67'67'67
.- -. - - -9--- -
Table 5.2. Precipitation ummay for Teat Site Locations
A Average monthly precipitation amount (inch.e)B Average nmber of days with measureable precipitation0 Number of years of recordD Maximum monthly precipitation amountE Hinim= monthly precipitation amountF Maximum daily precipitation amounto Maxilm number of day. with meaaureable precipitation
JAN FMD MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG 8E2 OCT NOV DEC ANNUAL
IJH10
Schultz' RanchABC
.30 .05 .U .46 .12 .o6 .51 .42 .05 .02 ,38 .632.3 0.8 1.5 4.5 1.0 1.8 3.0 3.8 0.5 0.3 4.0 2.3
3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3
3.1125.8
ADA 27ABC
.43 .10 .09 .652.3 1. 2.3 4.3
3 3 3 3
.14 .14 .462.7 2.3 3.0
3 3 3
.38 .15 .04 1.043.3 1.0 1.0 4.03 3 2 2
.901.7
3
4.5229.6
Rock ValeyABC
.53 .17 .25 .80 .153.0 1.3 2.6 4.0 1.4
4 4 5 5 5-
.172.2
5
.34 .682.2 2.8
5 5
.362.4
5
.08 .78 .731.8 5.5 2.5
4 4 l
5.0431.7
Desert RockABC
.33 .25 .25 .70 .15 .22 .30 .68 .59 .10 .64 .632.4 1.4 3.0 4.4 2.8 2.6 3.2 3.6 1.8 1.8 3.2 2.45 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 5 5 5
I (
4.8432.6
(, Ct . 6 . . I .
C C (C
Table 5.2 (continued).
JAN FM MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG STP OCT NOV DEC ANNUAL
4JAABCDEFa
.31 .35 .1.5 .37 . 14 .08S .22 .27 .45 .21 ,5l, .63 3.721.9 2.5 2.7 3.2 1.2 1.5 2.2 2.7 2.1 1.4 3.1 1.8 26.310 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 9 9
.69 1.01 .35 1.91 .33 .26 .A8 .n 1.68 .63 1.67 3.03
.01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
.42 .90 .20 .47 .27 .26 .24 .50 .86 .51 .89 1.85l. 6 5 9 3 4. 5 7 6 3 7 5
Cane SpringoABC
H Weu 5BABC
Shoohone BasinABCDEFa
Mid ValleyABC
.75 .22 .28 1.38 .19 .09 .36 .69 .i8 .08 .89 1.28 6.393.3 1.7 2.7 5.7 2.3 2.7 3.7 4.3 2.3 0.7 5.0 3.3 37.7
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
.28 .20 .24 .62 .17 .21 .30 .34 .6t .o9 .11; :68 11.212.1; 1.4 3.0 5.0 2.6 2.6 2.8 3.3 2.7 1.6 3.2 2.1, 33.0
5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 5 5 5
.*1, .76 .39 .62 .19 .28 .110 .75 .90 .29 1.26 1.14 7.1,62.9 3.5 4.5 5.3 2.9 3.4 3.3 }I.1 2.8 gl.14 3.8 3.1 41i.6
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 8 8.85 2.29 .92 2.36 .49 .94 1.1 2.20 2.b8 .82 6.31 3.95.11. 0 .01 .01 0 .01 .01 0 0 0 0 0.75 1.12 .35 .68 .31 .37 .65 .87 1.75 .1b5 2.50 2.40
1; 10 9 12 It 8 6 9 5 5 7 7
.54 .08 .17 1.21 .19 .14 .78 .81 .23 ;10 2.1 2.112 8.813.3 1.3 2.7 6.3 2.7 1.7 4.3 6.o 3.0 .1.0 5.0 5.3 112.6
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
I ,.
I
. . - . . . . . " . .I .. .. * . . - . ..I - " 7 -. .-. . . -. . ,.. . - .- .-.... ,. . -,. . -
Table 5.2 (continued).
JAN FEB MA APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SP OCT NOV DEC ANNUAL
Yucca Weather Statio ,A .32 .38 .24 .54 .12 .14 .A8 .43 .52 .24 .82 .71 4.94B 2.0 2.2 3.1 3.9 1.6 1.6 2.6 3.3 2.3 1.7 3.7 1.7 29.7C 9 9 8 8 9 9 10 10 10 9 9 9D .75 1.20 .47 2.70 .21 -. 38 1.39 1.18 2.30 1.00 1.77 2.66E .01 0 .02 0 .01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0F .49 .73 .23 1.08 .21 .38 1.26 .52 .76 .92 1.31 1.31a 5 7 6 10 2 4 6 9 6 4 9 4
A .31 .44 .36 .60' .17 .30 .62 .65 1.01 .23 .86 .69 6.24B 2.7 2.6 4.0 4.6 2.6 2.8 3.4 4.8 2.9 2.1 4.1 3.1 39.7C 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 7
Tippipah 4pring #2A .33 .o6 .23 1.43 .27 .29 .50 .66 .34 .10 1.34 1.39 6.94B 3.3 1.7 2.7 7.7 3.0 2.3 5.0 5.3 3.3 1.0 5.0 4.0 44.3C 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 '3 3 3 3
BJYA .21 .27 .24 .47 -. 18 .19 .59 .45 .50 .21 .73 .73 4.77B 2.1 2.4 3.4 4.5 2.9 2.3 3.6 4.3 3.1 1.7 4.0 2.0 36.3C 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 7
Area 12 MeaA .70 .81 .78 1.15 .34 .32 .78 1.17 .76 .28 1.40 1.05 9.54B 3.4 3.6 5.0 5.9 3.1 3.1 4.1 5.9 3.4 2.5 4.8 4.1 48.9C 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 8 8D 1.58 3.01 2.51 5.67 .84 .95 1.79 2.63 2.30 1.00 4.67 4.333 .25 0 .03 .01 0 .01 .02 0 0 0 .05 0F 1.00 .73 1.79 1.37 .60 .25 .85 1.02 .90 .70 1.87 2.50a 7 11 7 14 6 8 7 12 8 5 9 10
( t .; . . X . ; : s - . . ; . C (
C -CmJAN !IB MAR AP AM,
.. i
JUN JUL AVG EP Oar NOV DLC
PiS FramABC
.27 .10 . 422.3 1.7 2.0
3 3 3
1.297.0
3
.262.7
3
.07 .43 .73 .23 .02 1.101.7 6.3 5.0 1.3 0.3 5.7
3 3 3 2 3 3
1.305.0
3
6.2241.0
Pahute Mesa #1A
. Bc
Pahute Meoa #2ABC -
Palhte mesa #3ABC
.45 .24 .38 1. 143.3 2.8 3.8 8.5
I ~3 ji 11 1
.39 .38 .30 1.373.0 2.7 3.7 9.0
3 3 3 3
.53 .34 .44 1.84'3.7 3.0 I.t0 9.0
3 3 3 3
.46 .34 .76 1.864.8 3.8 5.5 6.3
4 11 4 4
.116 .05 1.093.0 0.3 5.7
It 3 3
.70 .05 1.072.7 0.3 5.7
3 .3 3
.344.7
3
.51t11.7
3
.73 1.L116.0 6.3
3 3
1.266.o
3
1.366.7
3
1.707-3
3
8.4953.8
8.6455.5
11.8259.4
LaI
.31 .58 1.373-7 It.7 6.o
3 3 3
2.11t6.o
3
1.05.73
.07 1.451.0 6.3
3 3
Pahute Mesa #4ABc
.51 .37It.0 3.0
3 3
.5114.0
3
1.969.0
3
.33 .54 1.023.0 li.7 6.7
3 3 3
1. 1117.7
3
*. IF91.7-
3
.080.7
3
2.387.0
3
2.018.o
3
11.3762.5
Pabute Mena #5ABC
.30 .25 .314 1.333.0 3.7 I.o 9.0
3 3 3 3
.25 .53 1.883.0 I10. 5.7
3 3 3
.88 .585-7 1.3
3 3
.27 .90 1.160.7 6.3 7.7
3 3 3
8.6757.1
i
Ii
II
6.o UPPER-AIR DATA
The preliminary upper-air data presented in this section are
based on observations at the Yucca weather station from April 1957
through December 1964. Frequency of occurrence and average wind
speed by 300 sectors for five times of day for the midseason months
are presented in tables 6.1 through 6.20 for levels from 5000 to
16,000 ft above sea level. Wind speeds are in knots. Averages of
height (), temperature (C), and relative humidity (%), and their
standard deviations at 0400 PST are presented in table 6.21 from
850-to 500 mb in increments of 50 mb. Surface data provide the
average and standard deviation of pressure in place of height for
the station elevation of 1196 m.
t.
..-.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~[
VI-1
~~~~~~~~~~~- -- - - -..- - - - - --- - . -- - . - - - - - - -
I1Table 6.1. Wind Direction Frequency () and Average Speed (t)
at the Yucca Weather Station
Jaruasy 0400 PST
Height Above Sea Level (t)
WindDirection 500 6000 7W0 800o 9000 10000 12000 140o0 16000
015-044 % FreqAv Sp
045-074 % PreqA Sp
075-104 % reqAv Sp
105-134 % FreqAv Sp
135-164 % iFreqAv Sp
165-194 % ?reqA Sp
195-224 % FreqAv Sp
225-254 % FreqAv Sp
255-284 % reqA Sp
285-314 % PreqA Sp
315-344 % freqAv pAt,
345-014 % )lieAv Sp
Calm % Freq
Av Sp All Cbs
17 18 14 10 810 16 20 20 18
3 5 8 8 74 7 15 17 20
2 3 3 3 24 5 9 13 16
1 3 1 2 28 6 6 7 10
4 3 2 1 24 4 7 2 6
2 9 7 5 316 13 15 22 13
9 12 18 22 1616 20 20 22 22
7 3 7 7 106 31 13 15 22
3 4 3 2 74 9 12 14 14
3 6 9 9 104 8 14 17 20
12 9 5 15 166 8 13 15 19
36 26 23 17 1612 16 17 22 23
2 1 1 1 1
10 13 16 18 19
153 153 153 153 154
518
817
116
17
19
320
1325
1420
818
23
2119
23218
1
21
]
4 5 324 19 26
7 3 4L3 18 27
0 3 5- 13 11
2 3 3L6 15 17
1 0 96 _ _
124
1025
1030
1320
2125
16
1427
1
23
1 039 _
7 821 26
14 231 40
13 1523 27
21 2431 36
22 1729 35
9 1036 44
1 1
27 32
I
-a
No. of bservations 155 155 153 153
VI-2
< 2-I
Table 6.2. Wind Direction Frequency (%) and Average Speed (t)at the ucca Weather Station
't~ JanualV 0700 PST
Height Above Sea Level (Ft)
'findDirection
D15-0644 FreqAv Sp
045-074 5 FreqAv p
075-104 % FreqA Sp
105-134 % FreqAv Sp
135-164 %. FreqA Sp
165-194 % FreqAv Sp
95- Z4 % FreqA Sp
225-254 % FreqA Sp
255-284 5 FreqA Sp
285-314 % FreqA Sp
315-344 % reqA Sp
345-014 5 FreqA Sp
Calm % Freq
Av Sp All Obs
No. of Observations
5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 32000 14000 16000
14 28 21 15 12n1 4 16 18 a
2 4 10 10 85 1. 16 18 19
1 2 1 3 24 5 4 n 16
1 2 4 2 24 4 5 7 8
0 2 0 0 05 - _ _
5 4 6 6 323 19 17 15 7
9 16 14 14 1310 11 14 1B 20
4 3 6 6 105 8 12 11 16
2 2 3 4 35 7 22 12 12
6 6 5 6 ni3 7 13 14 16
10 6 9 15 179 14 15 18 19
-u4 26 21 19 1922 15 18 19 22
2 0 0 0 0
10 33 15 17 19
127 326 125 125 124
p
3
3
7 8.25 24
7 9L5 17
3 0IB
3 39 12
o 'O
317
723
919
713
1518
1719
.2223
0
20
315
330
1023
1020
1923
1820
1927
0
22
334
619,
414
412
0
16
327
1028
121
2130
2025
-:is
34
0
26
337
1022
217
2Li
0
18
533
739
1424
1933
2132
1638
0
31
It
L
IIt
II. I
i
II
I
ti
121 11 110 1o4 b
VI-3
I.
I
Table 63. Wind Direction Freqmenc7 () and Average Speed (t)at the Yucca Weather Station
JaZmay 1000 PST
Height Above Sea Letel (Ft)
'J
WindDirection 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 1000 14000 16000
015-o44 % FreqAv Sp
1045-074 % FreqAv SP
075-104 .% FreqAv Sp
105-134 % FreqAv Sp
135-164 % FreqAv Sp
165-194 ,% FreqA Sp
195-224 1% FreqA Sp
225-254 9 FreqAv Sp
255-284 % FreqAv Sp
285-314 % PreqAv Sp
315-334 % FzeqAv Sp
335-014 4% ireqAv Sp
Calm %Fteq
Av Sp All Cbs
16 26 15 13 1321 12 13 18 21
3 7 14 12 114 1L 15 17 18
3 0 1 2 16 - 13 8 7
3 1 1 1 13 7 7 17 14
3 3 2 2 15 10 9 8 31
8 10 12 10 96 13 15 17 18
12 14 15 14 3112 13 18 22 23
6 7 5 5 98 8 9 11 16
2 4 5 8 53 8 12 12.13
2 3 5 5 92 8 10 15 20
12 8 9 9 1310 10 13 17 17
32 18 19 19 1811 15 16 17 17
0 0 0 0 0
9 12 14 17 18
1420
819
215
212
0
420
13.20
824
618
1318
1418
1719
1
19
11 9 623 34 22
9 9 514 16 21
0 2 9- 17 15
2 2 213 16 20
1 1 114 17 20
0 0 0
6 6 629 36 38
12 9 1123 33 30
10 12 1222 22 25
15 17 1726 32 37
15 17 1322 23 30
20 17 1922 28 35
0 0 0
22 27 30
No. of Observaticas 157 156 156 152- 150 145ha 142 132 129
.
Table 6.5. Wind Direction Freqiency () and Average Speed (Kt)at the Yucca Weather Station
Jarnuar'y lbOO PST
Heigt Above Sea Leve (Ft)
WindDirection 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 12000 14000 16000
'K>
015-044 % FreqA Sp
04504 YreqA Sp
075-104 % FrnA Sp
105-334 % FreqA SP
3.35-164 % FreqAV Sp
165-194 % Wreq.A Sp
195-224 % FreqA Sp
225-254 % FreqA Sp
255-284 % reqAv Sp
285-314 % FreqA Sp
315-344. % FreqA Sp
345-C14 % ;YeqATSP
calm % re
Av Sp All Ob9
15 1913 11
6 76 8
2 33 4
3 24 6
6 26 2
18 310 13
16 129 12
2 413 9
3 610 6
3 67 7
1 1515 14
16 123 14
2 1
21 11
17 12 911 14 21
9 9 71. 13 14
I. 2 43 6 13
2 1 17 18 23
2 2 23 10 6
7 6 516 15 18
13 11 1218 19 20
6 9 88 16 20
3 2 69 14 13
2 8 712 15 22
16 22 1812 23 17
14 17 2114 17 1B
0 0 0
12 15 18
11 925 23
7 315 15
3 721 16
3 210 9
1 19 18
3 218 25
7 321 25
11 2222 28
8 1018 21
12 1820 24
19 1821 24
14 1624 27
0 0
21 24
8 624 Z2
3 213 22
7 515 21
2 227 31
2 110 5
2 314 17
3 335 39
11 831 40
11 1726 28
17 1931 31
22 2129 33
14 1429 32
0 0
27 30
2
No. of Observations 12 12 122 121 121 1121 21 118 12
Ii
I VI-6
Wind Direction Freqency (%) and Average Speed (t)at the Yucca Weather Staticn
April 0400 PST
Height Above Sea Level (t)
5000 6000 7000 8000 9 10000 12000 14000 16000
II
Freqr Sp
Freqr Sp
Preq
FreqSp
Freg
FreqSP
t'4Freq.,rSp
, Freq. Sp
Freq. Sp
, req. Sp
. Sp
, reqSp
, Freq
Obs
10 16 11 8 38 11 -17 17 23
2 1 2 2 16 7 6 5 7
0 0 2 1 3- _ 8 25 9
2 4 1 2 13 5 2 5 8
2 0 2 4 59 _ 12 8 9
8 13 15 14 818 22 21 19 15
20 27 29 30 30u1 14 15 17 21
9 10 8 5 119 9 11 25 16
3 2 1 4 63 12 9 6 10
6 3 5 7 88 14 18 14 14
13 31 11 10 1212 33 15 26- 26
23 14 14 14 1414 18 17 16 16
4 0 0 0 0
31 14 16 17 17
104 104 104 104 104
VI- 7
2 1 219 2.6 18
1 0 016 - ,
2 1 11 5 4
2 2 28 9 12
4 2 19 8 13
6 6 616 15 19
27 22 2020 22 23
14 12 1819 19 25
9 14 1415 18 28
31 17 1615 19 24
1 15 1422 21 23
22 . 8 815 17 24
1 0 0
17 19 23
219
15
15
18
210
529
2333
1827
1932
2127
1529
427
0
28
I
II
I
i
m,
II
i
.04 105 102 102
I
Table 6.7. Wind Direction Frequency ) and Average Speed (t)at the Yucca Weather Station
April 0700 PST
Height Above Sea level (Ft)
WindDirection 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 32000 14000 16000
K>1
015-044 % FreqAv Sp
045-W74 1 i FreqAv Sp
075-104 5 -FeqAv Sp
105-134 de FreqAv Sp
135164 % FreqAv Sp
165-194 % FreqAv Sp
195-224 5 FreqAv Sp
225-254 % FreA Sp
255-284 % FreqAv Sp
285-314 $ FreqAv Sp
315-344 5 FreqA Sp
345-014 % FreqAv Sp
Calm 5 Freq
Ar Sp All b3
No. of Observaticns
18 15 12 14 128 9 15 18 16
2 13 12 6 15 8 9 5 6
1 2 5 6 16 6 7 9 5
1 2 2 1 719 7 7 7 9
2 1 2 3 22 7 10 13 13
13 18 16 17 1410 22 18 19 17
15 20 17 16 1610 15 18 20 21
2 2 8 9 156 11 12 16 15
3 2 1 3 74 6 8 7 13
7 6 2 3 59 13 15 18 19
8 3 9 9 77 32 13 17 19
26 15 14 2 138 15 16 2 35
0 0 0 0 .0
8 12 14 16 16
87 87 87 87 86
7 113 26
1 13 12
1 23 6
1 19 9
6 19 6
13 714 20
15 2221 18-
15 1117 21
9 1516 20
7 1215 20
13 1219 20
12 1319 20
0 1
17 19
86 85
0 0
1 217 15
0 0_ _w
1 04 -
4 216 11
4 315 8
32 15- 16 17
17 1927 32
15 1231 40
12 1822 19
19 1921 25
15 1227 32
0 0
23 26
75 68
VI-8
Table 6.8. Wind Direction Frequency (%) and Average Speed (t)at the Yucca Weather Station
April 1000 PST
Height Above Sea level (Ft)
i
i
t
WindDirection 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 -2000 14000 16000
015-044 % req 13 13 32 6 5Av Sp 10 10 9 8 16
04.5-074 %f req 9 8 6 3 4Av p 8 8 10 Ui 6
075-104 % eq 5 2 2 2 0Av Sp 4 5 2 4 -
105-34 % req 4 5 2 3 2AY Sp 3 5 8 7 8
135-164 % Efreq 14 4 5 5 3Av Sp 7 8 10 II 10
165-194 % Freq 18 15 12 8 9Av Sp 13 12 13 21 20
K> 195-224 % req 18 27 27 25 20Av Sp 18 16 17 . 17 18'
225-254 % Freq 2 6 7. 5 10'AY Sp 1 3 I1 7 7 17
255-284 % Freq 2 0 4 6 9Av Sp 2 - 10 11 10
285-314 % req 5 6 5 6- 7Av Sp 20. 17 14 15 13
315-344 % req 1- 4 6 13 12AYSp - 23 10 I 1 14
345-014 % Freq 8 9 32 16 19Av p Up: 1 12 14 14 14
Calm Freq 1 0 0 0 0
Av Sp A obs U 12 33 13 15
No. of Observations 96 96 96 95 94
K> VT9
7 2 2 012 19 4 -
1 2 0 112 7 - 17
0 0 1 0_ _ 1.5 -
2 2 1 09 8 6 -
4 1 1 18 8 8 6
7 10 5 420 20 16 15
19 19 12 1320 19 25 24
12 15 24 2417 21 23 30
10 0 14 1315 21 30 39
4 13 13 1618 21 29 27
15 9 14 2114 22 25 25
18 16 14 718 21 23 35
0 0 0 0
16 20 24 29
94 88 87 83
II
i
I
i
i
IIt
i-
i
IiI
I
Table 6.9. Wind Direction Frequency () and Average Speed (Kt)at the Ycca Weather Station
April t300 PST
Height Above Sea Level (Ft)
WindDirection 5000 6000 7000 8ooo 9000 10000 22000 14oo 16000
I
i
A
015-044 % FreqA Sp
045-074 % FreqAv Sp
075-104 % FreqAv Sp
105-34 % FreqAv Sp
35-16 o % FreqAv Sp
165-194 % FreqAv Sp
195-224 % FreqAv Sp
225-254 FeqAv Sp
255-284 .% reqA Sp
285-314 % FreqAv Sp
315-344 % FreqAv Sp
345-014 % IiFreAv Sp
Calm % pteq
Av Sp AlL Obs
No. of Observations
6 6 4 3 '021 9 5 5 -
7 4 3 1 07 6 4 4 _
1 3 0 1 01 1 5 4
7 1 0 0 34 8 - - 5
7 3 4 3 39 5 5 5 15
25 21 15 14 816 15 15 15 33
21 30 37 32 3322 18 15 16 16
8 8 6 l 3110 9 11 33 15
0 1 6 7 7_ 6 8 8 14
8 8 7 8 1313 1. 14 19 16
7 8 8 8. 716 13 L2 11 12
4 7 10 12 1510 13 15 14 15
0 0 1 0 0
14 13 13 14 15
73 73 73 73 72
3 312 25
4 620 19
0
132
0
413.
618
3017
15
10
1412
915
1118
0
15
70
2 0 012 - -
0 0 0
0
25
821
1621
2519
916
14~16
1422
819
0
19
64
0
24
237
1321
2725
1114
1522
2020
721
0
21
55
0
0
427
1022
3225
1022
1028
1822
1020
0
24
50
VI- 10
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- -- - -. - .- . -- - - - . . -- --- o - - - - -- - - - - - - -- - - - - .... - -- -
Table 6.10 Wind Direction Frequency () and Average Speed (t)at the Yucca Weather Station
April 1600 PST
Beiit Above Sea level (t)
WindDirectich 5000 6000 7000 8 9000 10000 2000 14000 16000
015-044 $ Freq 6 4 7 4 6AV Sp 18 15 9 6 8
045-074 % req 1 4 3 3 1AV p 6 4 8 9 2
075-104 % Freq 3 3 0 0 0AV Sp 4 2 - - -
105-234 % Freq 3 1 0 0 0AV Sp 5 5 - - -
335-64 % Freq 6 4 1 0 0AV SP 5 7 5 -
165-194 % Freq 22 16 10 8 8Av Sp 16 20 17 14 16
195-224 % req 30 36 39 42 39A S 21 18 19 18 17
225-254 % req 6 4 10 8 8AV SP 10 22 10 10 15
255-284 % Freq 6 6 6 8 10Av Sp . .3 14 13 13 IL
285-314 % req 7 12 8 6 4AV Sp 11 10 22 12. 8
315-344 % Freq 10 7 11 10 17AV SP 16 13 10 23 13
345-014 % Treq 1 3 4 10 7AV SP 14 15 11 13 17
Calm % Preq 1 0 1 1 0
Av Sp A3 Obs 25 15 14 14 14
No. of Observations 73 73 72 72 72
16
36
0
27
234
0
5 324 34
2 233 8
2 014 _
0 0
0 0_- _t
0 2
1 331 21
7 935 32
31 2119 26
17 2215 20
10 2210 20
4 1215 18
26 1914 19
10 814 20
0 0
15 20
517
1623
1829
1927
1023
1626
1016
0
24
323
1734
1829
1529
232
2530
513
0
29
ItiII
I
F
I
I
II
i
I
II
I
II
I
I--
T.II
i.I
I.
I
iI.II0
71 67 63 60
VI-1I
I
iI
Table 6.11. 'dind Direction Frequency () and Average Speed ()at the Yucca Weather Station
Jy 0400 PsT.
Height Above Sea Level (t)
WindDirection 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 12000 14000 160CC
015.44 % areqA Sp
045-074 ' FreqAV SP
075-04 % ieAv Sp
105-134 % Freq,Aw Sp
135-164 % reqAv Sp
165-194 % FreqAr Sp
195-224 % FreqAv Sp
225-254 % reqA Sp
255-284 f FreqAv Sp
285-314 % PTeqAv Sp
315-344 % FreQ
345-014 % Frdk'Av
Calm % Freq
Ar Sp A11 CbS
No. of Observations
2 4 6 2 03 11 12 14 -
2 2 0 2 25- 1 - 8 3
0 0 0 2 0- _ _ 14 -
2 2 2 0 05 10 4 - _
4 2 0 2 45 10 - 8 10
15 17 23 17 3112 14 17 17 16
29 48 48 50 40B- 1:2 16 16 17
8 10 13 21 195. 8 9 10 10
10 8 6 4 04 8 8 9 -
4 2 0 0 28 6 - - 5
8 0 0 0 014 - _. _ _
8 14 2 0 212 16 5 - 16
6 0 0 0 0
7 12 14 15 14
48 48 48 48 48
0 0 2 0_ _ 10 -
0 0 0 4- _ _ 10
0 4 2 4_ 14 15 7
0 8 6 6_ 9 10 12
0 6 15 6_ 33 13 18
38 33 33 2512 18 18 20
42 40 27 2718 16 16 19
13 4 10 2310 10 18 16
2 0 2 03 - 14 -
0 2 0 4- 13 - 11
2 0 0 01.6 _ _ _
2 2 25 8 8
2 0 0
14 15 16
48 48 48
0
0
17
48
VI2i
Table 6.12. Wind Drection Frequency (%) and Average Speed (Kt)at the Yucca Weather Station
July 0700 PST
Height Above Sea Leel (Ft)
WindDrction 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 12000 1000 a6000
015-044 % Freq 4 2 4Av Sp 6 10 12
045-074 % req. 0 4 0Av Sp - -5 -
075-104 % Freq 2 0 2Av Sp 1 - 7
105-134 % Freq 6 0 0Av Sp 3 - -
235-164 % FTreq 6 4 2Av Sp 4 31 10
165-194 % eq 18 35 41Av Sp 5 32 15
195-224 % Freq .35 35 31Av Sp 7 10 32
225-254 % Freq 8 6 14Av Sp 4 5 7
255-284 % Freq 4 8 2Av Sp 4 5 12
285-314 % req 2 0. 2Ar .3 - 3
315-344 %Fre - 8 -4 0Av Sp, 9 8 -
345-014 %Freq 8 2 2Av p 5 9 4
CaLm % req 0 - 0 0
Av Sp All Obs 6 10 12
6 29 11
0 4_ 6
0 0
2 27 4
4 811 9
33 3115 15
39 353 14
14 329 2
0 4- 5
0 0_ -
2 21 2
0 0
0 0
1.3 13
0 0 0
.-3
3
3
-3
-3
2
4 04 _
2 22 8
2 65 4
6 88*. 9
31 295 18
33 33
L0 14.U 14
4 45 13
2 23 14
2 22 4
2 0. m
2 0
3 15
210
.2U
1010
422
2720
3119
1915
212
216
0
0
0-
17
213
0
613
133
2618
2121
2620
419
26
0
0
0
18
I
I
I
I
I
I -t
I
III
tII
No. of Observations 49 49 49 49 49 49 48 47
VI- 33
I.IFii Table 6.13. Wind Direction Frequency (%) and Average Speed (t)
at the Yucca Weather Station
July 1000 PST
Height Above Sea Level (t)
WindDirection 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 2000 400 1000
III
015-044 % FreqAv Sp
045-074 , reqAv Sp
075-104 , FreqAv Sp
105-134 %,o FeAv Sp
235-.164 % freqAv Sp
165-194 % FreqAv Sp
195-224 % FreqAv Sp
225-254 % FreqA Sp
255-284 % FreqAr Sp
285-314 % FreqAv Sp
315-344 % FreqAV SpJ:..
345-014 % FregAv Sp
Calm % Freq
* Av Sp All Obs
No. of Observations
0 0 0 0 0 0 a0
0 2 a 0 0 0 2- 3 7 - _ - 4
2 0 0 0 0 0 62 - - - - - 7
2 2 4 8 6 9 91 3 8 7 9 8 10
23 13 U 9 9 11 69 10 8 8 7 6 5
45 40 38 28 26 23 2313 14 14 11 13 15 19
21 28 28 40 42- 34 32I1 12 -. 9 13 13 15 19
2 9 9 8 6 13 1115 6 7 7 9 21 15
2 0 2 2 6 6 61 - 2 1L 8 12 4
0 2 2 2 2 0 26 7 7- 3 _ 2
2 0 0 0 2 2 25 - - 12 13 14
2 4 4 4 2 2 29 6 7 11 16 20 19
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 31 U1 1 32 13 15
53 53 53 53 53 53 53
VI-14
0 0
210
48
811
68
2118
3422
.U20
68
410
67
0
0
16
53
2
-U0
1411
610
1719
3122
1421
14.=
415
0
III
I
I
IIII
0
0
58
52
I
.
q"I,
I
..... . . . - - - -- - - - - - -- - - ---. .
Tabie 6.14. Wind Direction Frequency ( and Average peed ()at the Yucca Weather Station
July 1300 PST
Height Above Sea level (Ft)
WindDirection 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 12000 14000 16000
015-044 % reqAV Sp
045-074 % FreqAv Sp
075-104 % FreqAv Sp
105-134 % FreqAv Sp
35-164 % Freq,Av b
165-194 % FreqAv Sp
195-224 % FreqAv Sp
225-254 % FreqAv Sp
255-284 % FreqAv Sp
285-314 %f FreqAv Sp
315-344 % $req-Av Sp
345-014 % Freq.Av Sp-
Calm Freq
Av Sp AU bas
No. of Observations
0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 2_ _ _ _ _ _ 6 - 11
2 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 22 - - - - 3 - 6 10
2 4 0 0 0 0 0 2 04 2 - - - - - 11 -
6 4 4 0 2 0 4 2 47 8 5 _ 4 _ 8 13 14
8 8 10 6 6 10 4 6 29 10 8 5 15 13 10 9 4
29 33 31 35 39 31 22 22 816 13 16 14 15 14 14 14 10
46 45 45 49 43 43 36 36 - 3617 18 17 18 17 17 19 16 17
8 6 8 8 4 6 20 20 3212 17 14 10 13 13 14 19 17
0 0 2 0 6 k 4 4 8- - 2 - 7 12 12* 9 11
0 0 0 2 0 0 2 2 2- - - 4 - 14 12 13
0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 4_ _ _ _ _ - 10 13 1.
0 0 0 0 0 4 2 0 0_ _ _ _ _ 10 4 - -
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15
52 51 51 51 51 51 50 50 50
i-tttVI-15
r-
Tible 6.15. Wind Direction Frequency (%) and Average peed ()at the Yucca Weather Station
July 1600 PST
Height Abave Sea level (t)
&
I~dDrecticn
015-044 % FreqAv Sp
045-74 % FreqAv Sp
075-104 % FreqAr Sp
105-134 % FreqAv Sp
5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 12000 14000 16000
2 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 29 12 - 3- - - - 3
0 0 2 2 2 2 0 0 0- - 16 14 12 -9 - - -
2 0 0 0 0 0 2 7 06 - - - - 2 8 -
2 4 4 4 2 0 0 0 210 7 5 7 8 _ - - 21
135-164 % FreA Sp
165-194 % FreqAv Sp
195-224 % FreqAv Sp
225-254 % FreqAv Sp
255-284 % FreqAv Sp
285-314 % FreqAv Sp
315-344 % FreqA Sp
345-014 % PreqAv- Sp
Calm % Preq
Av Sp All Obs
No. of Observation3
2 0 2 0 46 - 4 - 11
15 17 4 15 1314 13 10 10 33
53 62 72 66 6619 18 17 17 15
17 9 9 6 914 15 13 13.1 9
2 2 2 4 221 23 20 23 10
0 0 0 0 2_ - - - 14
0 0 2 0 0_ - 6 - M.
4 2 2 2 226 28 28 24 19
0 0 0 0 0
17 16 15 15 14
47 47 47 47 47
9 110 12
17 2212 13
50 39- 17-- 16
17 179 14
2 27 12
2 29 9
0 2- 11.
0 2_0 5
0 0
14 14
46 46
4 210 7
17 514 15
33 3415 -- 15
26 2713 15
13 2310 11
0 5- 7
0 0
0 0
0 0
13 14
46 44
VI-16
. .. - �.. --- -... ---
Table 6.16. Wind Direction Frequency () and Average Speed (Kt)at the Yucca Weather Station
October 0400 PST
Heigbt Above Sea Level (Ft)
WindDirection 5000 6000 7000 8000 90 1000 200 14000 16000
015-041 % FreqAv Sp
045-074 % FreqAr Sp
075-104 % FregAv SP
105-134 % FreqA Sp
135-164 % reqAv Sp
165-194 % FreqA Sp
195-224 % FreqAY Sp.
225-254 % FreqAv Sp
255-284 % FreqAv Sp
285-314 % FreqAv Sp
315-344 % FreqAY BP
345-014 % FreqAr Sp
Calm % Freq
Av Sp AOl Obs
No. of Observations
16 15 17 16 1216 17 15 3.3
4 8 6 6 105 1 . 16 20 15
2 1 5 7 56 12 12 14 14
3 2 2 3 35 4 15 10 11
0 5 5 4 6- 8 9 14 14
:9 13 16 17 11.14 23 22 18 17
12 12 12 13 1915 14 20 26 24
3 4 3 0 26 9 9 - 4
1 3 4 5 33 3 5 8 10
6 4 4 5 84 5 10 11 11
13 5 8 9 96 7 12 31 12
28 27 16 23 102 213 13 9 8
3 0 0 0 0
10 13 15 15 15
98 98 98 98 98
1215
916
512
310
613
1019
1823
4T1
59
22
623
88
0
15
98
7 1014 16
9 513 17
6 616 14
3 511 13
5 421 - 18
4 518 29
17 1422. 22
16 1520 26
7 917 18
8 3214 16
9 813 - 19
7 518 15
0 1
17 19
96 96
1219
422
421
416
620
521
1323
1528
1322
2226
724
515
1
22
zIiIIIIIII
I
i ,IfI
I
t
IIII
I
I.i
j
IIi
IITable 6.17, Wind Direction Frequency () and Average Speed (m)
at the Yucca Weather Station
October 0700 PST
Height Above Sea Level (Ft)
'indDirection 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 12000 14000 16000
015-044 Fre qAv Sp
045-074 % FreqAv Sp
075-104 % FreqA Sp
105-134 % FreqAv Sp
135-164 % FreqAv Sp
165-194 % FreqAv Sp
195-224 % FreqAv Sp
225-254 FzreqA Sp
255-284 % FreqA Sp
285-314 % FreqAv Sp
315-344 % FreqA Sp
345-014 % FreqAv Sp
Calm %freq
Av Sp A;.L Ob3
No. of Observations
16 25 28 18 18I1 14 14 17 16
3 7 8 10 126 10 18 12 14
0 2 4 4 4- 6 6 22 20
1 3 4 4 46 6 7 6 7
1 3 4 7 45 9 8 7 8
9 8 11 13 149 15 15 18 16
11 16 14 13 1312 14 20 20 22
3 4 4 3 54 9 13 12 13
5 4 4 3 04 5 5 9 -
4 3 5 5 64 9 10 15 15
11 6 7 7 119 9 10 14 14
34 19 8 13 1010 14 15 11 9
2 1 1 0 0
9 2 14 15 15
L16 116 115 115 114
24 15 12 1.14 17 20 17
6 7 5 617 19 17 22
9 9 5 419 14 20 22
2 2 4 58 6 11 10
4 3 5 38 11 12 10
9 6 3 314 16 17 15
19 11 9 621 21 19 18
5 11 15 1310 24 26 26
2 9 10 1314 12 14 20
4 10 8 1313 14 14 18
11 10 14 1516 16 18 21
5 7 10 86 12 16 26
0 0 1 0
15 16 18 20
14 108 101 95
I
I VI-l8
Table 6.18. Wind Direction Prequency (%) nd Averaee Speed (t)at the Yucca Weatber Statioc
October 1000 PST
Height Above Sea Level (Ft)
WindDirectioa 5000 600 7000 8000 900 1000 22000 14000 1600
015-044 % Freq 25 29 24 17 16 31 14 16 10Av Sp 10 23 14 15 14 11 15 15 17
045-o74 % req 10 11 10 13 10 11 8 7 5Av Sp 6 9 10 3.1 12 26 16 14 24
075-104 % Freq 1 2 6 10 9 5 7 3 .3Av Sp 1 5 5 6 12 16 22 19 26
105-134 % req 7 2 3 3 2 4 6 4 1AvSp 4 3 5 8 12 10 10 10 22
135-164 % Preq 9 6 6 4 -3 2 4 8 7Av Sp 5 8 9 10 22 15 18 122 14
165-194 % Freq 14 15 23 23 14 14 4 3 5Av Sp 14. 5 16 17 16 16 23 28 17
195-224 % Freq 9 22 14 17 18 15, 13 10 6Av Sp 14 1325 15 15 20 22 21 18
225-254 % Freq 4 3 5 2 6 9 13 16 13Av Sp 4 9 8 6 0 -10 14 16 26
255-284 %freq 2 2 1 2 1 5 5 II 15Av Sp 8 6 4 10 7 10 12 16 16
285-314 % Preq 4 5 5 4 5 5 8 7 13AV Sp 2 13 22 10- 33 17 15 12 18
315-344 % Freq 2 4.6 8 10 10 13 10 10AV . 9 7 14' 15 17 18 18 20 18
345-014 % rkz -- 14 7 8 8 7 3.1 5 7 13Av 8P 16 18 16 19 14 14 9 15 20
C823 % Preq 2 2 .1 0 0 0 0 1 1
Av Sp ALL Obs 10 12 22 13 14 15 16 16 19
No . of Observations 130 130 128 226 325 124 220 116 112
VI-19
I
I Table 6.19. Wind Direction Frequency () and Average Speed (t)at the Yucca Weather Station
October 1300 PST
Height Above Sea Level (Ft)
WindDirection 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 12000 14000 16000
I
015-044 % Freq 16AV Sp 10
045-074 % Freq 9AV Sp 9
075-104 % Freq 5Av Sp 6
105-134 % Freq 5Aw Sp 7
135-164 % Freq 10Av Sp 7
165-194 % Freq 29Ay Sp 13
195-224 % Freq 10AV Sp 15
225-254 % Freq 4Av Sp 13
255-284 % Freq 1Av Sp 8
285-314 % Freq 2Av Sp 5
315-344 % Preq 2AiSp 6
345-014 % req. 7AY' Sp 10
Calm 5 Freq 2
Av Sp All bs 21
No. of Observations 134
14 10 .1l1 L10 10 10 11
8 8 6 39 10 8 8
2 0 0 210 - - 13
5 6 5 57 10 13 10
8 4 4 48 5 5 9
19 12 1 1110 10 14 14
21 25 19 1616 15 16 16
5 5 9 89 8 8 9
4 5 6 59 8 7 11
2 5 6 u6 12 10 ll
2 4 9 94 7 8 10
12 15 15 1510 1. 12 12
1 1 0 0
U 11 12
1212
414-
39
414
85
519
1718
812
212
210
1512
1.16
0
13
1014
418
76
313
614
414
1223
1017
612
1013
1617
1314
0
15
10 1215 19
5 618 13
5 26 18
3 17 11
3 519 8
5 414 21
U U.26 20
10 1317 19
17 1316 18
8 1215 17
16 1418 17
9 816 16
0 0
17 18
IIIII
3JIIIIII
134 134 133 132 131 128 226 119
IVI-20
'I
Table 6.20. Wind Direction Frequency (%) and Average Speed (t)k j at the Yucca Weather Station
October 1600 PST
Height Above Sea Level (Ft)
WindDirection 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 12000 14000 16000
S.
015-044 % FreqAv Sp
045-074 % FreqAv Sp
075-104 % FreqAv Sp
105-134 . % FreqAv Sp
135-164 % FreqAv Sp
165-194 % FreqAv Sp
195-224 % Freq- Av Sp
225-254 % FreqAv Sp
255-284 % FreqAv Sp
285-314 % FreqAv Sp
315-344 % reqAv Sp
345-014 % FreqA -.Sp
Calm 5 Freq
Av Sp All Obs
9 10 15 17 20 1511 13 10 10 12 15
10 9 9 8 6 47 9 9 7 8 6
0 3 2 2 1 1- 5 7 6 12 10
3 4 5 4 3 27 7 8 12 14 21
7 5 2 1 4 39 5 5 8 6 8
23 15 18 17 12 1211 10 13 13 15 13
29 34 22 18 15 1715 14 15 15 17' 17
5 5 7 3 8 513 .1 6 9 8 8
1 2 3 6 2 218 1. 7 5 5 13
0 0 2 4 8 10_ _ 6 7 7 7
O 1 3 9 11- 13- - 5 9 8 9 10
12 11 11 10 9 1516 15 13 17 13 I1
0 0 0 0 0 0
2.2 312 3U U 12 .12
8 I115
1112
38
419
210
-417
14'17
1116
511
1111
12 -15
2217
0
14
17
1215
212
421
39 9
619
617
1820
717
1212
1020
913
0
17
918
825
710
713
211
322
816
1524
1617
918
1020
715
0
18
i-t
II
i
I
III
I
i
t -
No. of Observations 99 99 99 99 99 99 97 94 89
VI-21
Table 6.21. Average and Standard Deviation of Height, Temperature, and RelativeThLmidity at the Yucca -Weather Station for Selected Pressure Levels
Ito. Surface (1196 m) 850 mb 800 mbofObs. Press Temp RH Height Tesp RH Height Temp RH
(mb) (00 M) (M) (°C) (d) (m) (c) MS)137 Jan Av d84 -3.6 63 1513 3.0 41 2002 1.1 38
SD 5 5.3 22 49 4.6 19 50 4.9 21
113 Feb A 882 -1.3 67SD 6 4.2 22
124 BMr AV 880-SD 6
114 Apr Av 879SD 5
84 May Av 879SD 4
1.3 574.2 21
5.1 464.6 20
8.6 425.0 20
59 Jun Av 878 14.5 33SD 3 4.1 11
85 jul Av 880 15.1 31SD 2 4.6 15
105 Aug AY 881 16.0 34SD 2 4.4 15
113 Sep AY 880 11.4 38SD 3 4.3 19
1491 3.2 4657 3.9 18
1480 6.0 3855 4.8 20
1477 10.4 3151 5.3 20
1475 14.8 2939 5.6 17
1475 20.1 2735 4.5 11
1500 23.3 2324 2.4 13
1510 23.2 2724 2.9 15
1496 19.6 2733 4.1 16
1505 14.4 3843 4.5 20
1519 8.0 3951 4.7 20
1533 6.4 3555 3.9 19
1981 0.9 4358 4.3 20
1974 3.3 3858 4.8 21
1979 7.4 3256 5.6 21
1985 11.8 2844 5.7 17
1995 17.2 2840 4.8 14
2025 20.3 2325 2.3 14
2035 20.1 27.27 2.9 15
2015 16.7 2835 4.3 16
2014 11.6 3746 4.7 20
2018 6.0 35-53 4.9 21
2029 5.0 3157 4.4 21
143 Oct A 882SD 4
150 Nov A 884SD 6
7.2 534.2 23
0.0 594.8 22
149 Dec A 886 -2.4 60SD 6 4.6 22
VI-22
-j
Table 6.21 (continued).
750 b - 700 b - 650 mb -
Height Temp RHCm) (0C) (60)
Jan Av 2518SD 56
Feb Av 2497SD 61
Mar Av 2492SD 63
Apr Av 2503SD 61
May Av 2518SD 53
Jun Av 2541SD 47
Jul Av 2577SD 29
Aug Av 2584SD 33
Sep Av 2558SD 41
Oct Av 2547SD 51
Nov Av 2541SD 58
-0.9 374.8 23
-1.9 424.5 23
0.2 384.7 23
3.9 345.4 22
7.9 305.5 18
13.4 294.8 15
16.2 252.3 14
16.0 302.8 17
12.9 314.0 18
8.2 384.4 21
3.6 334.8 22
Height Temp RHm) (0C) (M)
3069 -3.2 3460 4.4 23
3043 -4.5 3865 4.5 23
3045 -3.0 3570 4.9 24
3063 0.1 3470 5.2 22
3085 3.8 3360 5.1 19
3118 9.1 3052 4.1 17
3159 11.5 2829 2.2 16
3168 11.4 3534~ 2.5 19
3135 8.5 3442 3.4 19
3117 4.5 4057 4.2 23
3102 1.0 2964 4.7 23
3110 0.3 2667 4.2 22
Height Temp RHCm) (0C) (a)
3645 -6.5 3369 4.4 25
3620 -7.9 3474 4.2 25
3623 -6.8 3379 4.9 25
3649 -3.9 3477 4.9 22
3678 -o.6 3568 4.7 21
3724 4.8 3160 3.6 19
3769 6.5 3334 2.2 20
3777 6.6 4039 2.3 20
3736 3.9 3553 3.3 23
3715 1.1 3663 4.0 25
3690 -2.4 2873 4.7 23
3695 -3.3 2775 4.0 23
. i
6
i
i
I
Dec A 2552 3.0 29SD 63 4.5 21
VI-23
Table 6.21 (continued).
600 mb 550 mb 500 mb
Height Temp RH(m) (°C) (%)
Jan Av 4273 -}0.1 31SD 75 4.2 24
Feb Av 4241 -11.6 31SD 79 4.2 23
Mar Av 4248 -10.9 31SD 88 4.8 22
ti
i
i
t
Apr Av 4280sD 86
May Av 4318SD 77
Jim Av 4375SD 65
Jul Av 4423SD 35
Aug Av 4433SD 41
Sep Av 4385SD 56
Oct AY 4359SD - 69
INov Av 4325SD 82
Dec Av 4329SD 82
-8.3 314.9 23
-5.1 334.4 22
0.2 313.1 23
1.5 33.2.1 22
1.6 412.2 23
-0.3 303.0 23
-2.8 33.3.9 25
-6.3 274.7 23
-7.2 274.0 22
Height Temp RH(m) (°C) (O)
4930 -14.4 3083 4.2 23
4897 -16.0 2885 4.2 22
4906 -15.5 29100 4.9 22
4943 -12.8 2896 4.7 23
4990 -9.7 2986 4.3 23
5061 -4.3 2672 3.1 22
5110 -3.6 3337 2.1 26
5119 -3.2 3544 2.2 26
5068 -4.8 2862 3.0 24
5037 -7.1 2876 3.9 24
4995 -10.7 2792 4.7 23
4994 -11.6 2690 4.1 21
Height Temp RH(M) (°C) (I)
5o5 -19.2 294 4.3 24
5614 -20.8 2897 4.0 21
5624 -20.5 29130 4.8 22
567o -18.0 25108 4.7 21
5725 -14.7 2598 4.3 22
5811 .- 9.4 2279 3.0 20
5864 -8.7 2640 1.9 25
5875 -8.2 2747 2.1 24
5819 -9.6 2367 2.9 21
5780 -12.1 2686 3.7 21
5727 -15.8 27103 4.6 24
5727 -16.7 2499 4.0 21
L
7.0 MSCELAREOUS
7.1 Sunrise and Sunset Tables
The tines of sunrise and sunset given in table 7.1 are valid
at latitude 370 R., longitude 1160 W. within plus or minus 2 min for
the remainder of the twentieth century. These times were computed
on the basis of level terrain, an unobstructed horizon, and normal
atmospheric conditions. They are also valid for any point on the
test site within plus or minus 5 min subject to the conditions for
which they were computed. Uusual atmospheric conditions could
increase the limit of error by 1 or possibly 2 min. I
I- - I
K
I-
Table 7.1. Times of Sunrise and Sunset at Latitude 3701 andLongitude 1160 W in Pacific Standard Time. ( Add 1hr during the period of daylight saving time.)
JAN FEZ MAR APR MAY JUN
Rise Set Rise Set Rise Set Rise Set Rise Set Rise SetDay A. ML P.M. A.ML P.M. A.M. P.M. A.4. P.. A.M. P.M. A. X P.M.
1 6 57 4 38 6 47 5 092 6 58 4 39 6 46 5 103 6 58 4 40 6 45 5 114 6 58 4 40 6 44 5 125 6 58 4 41 6 3 5 13
6 15 5 38 5 30 6 06 4 50 6 33 4 26 6 586 14 5 39 5 29 6 07 4 49 6 34 4 26 6 596 13 5 40 5 27 6 08 4 48 6 34 4 25 6 596 1i 5 41 5 26 6 09 4 47 6 35 4 25 7 006 10 5 42 5 24 6 10 4 46 6 36 4 25 7 00
6 6 58 4 42-7 6 58 4'438 6 58 4 449 6 58 4 45
10 6 58 4 46
6 42 5 14 6 09 5 43 5 23 6 11 4 45 6 3 4 25 7 016 42 5 15 6 07 5 44 5 22 6 12. 4 44 6 38 4 24 7016 41 5 17 6 o6 5 45 5 20 6 12 4 43 6 39 4 24 7026 40 5 18 6 04 5 46 5 19 6 13 4 42 6 4o 4 24 7036 39 5 19 6 03 5 47 5 17 6 14 4 41 6 41 4 24 703
11 6 57 4 47 6 38 5 20 6 01 5 47 5 1612 6 57 4 48 6 36 5 21 6 00 5 48 5 1413 6 57 4 49 6 35 5 22 5 58 5 49 5 1314 6 57 4 50 6 34 5 23 5 57 5 50 5 1215 6 57 4 51 6 33 5 24 5 56 5 51 5 10
6 15 4 40 6 416 16 4 39 6 426 17 4 38 6 436 18 4 37 6 446 19 4 36 6 45
4 24 7 044 24 7044 24 7 044 24 7 05
.4 24 705
15 6 56 4 52 6 32 5 25 5 54 5 52 5 09 6 19 4 35 6 46 4 24 705I7 6 56 4 53 6 31 5 26 5 53 5 53 5 08 6 20 4 35 6 47 4 24 7o618 6 56 4 54 6-30 5 27 5 51 5 54 5 06 6 21 4 34 6 47 4 24 70619 6 55 4 55 6 28 5 28 5 50 5 55 5 05 6 22 4 33 6 48 4 24 7o620 6 55 4 56 6 7 5 29 5 48 5 56 5 04 6 23 4 32 6 4 4 24 707
21 6 54 4 57 6 26 5 30 5 4722 65 54 4 58 6 25 5 31 5 4523 6 53 4 59 6 23 5 32 5 4424. 6 53 5 00 6 22 5 33 5 4225 6 52 5 01 6 21 5 34 5 41
5 57 5 02 6 245 57 5 01 6 255 58 5 00 6 265 59 4 58 6 276 oo 4 57 6 27
4 32 6 504 31 6 514 30 6 514 30 6 524 29 6 53
4 244 244 254 254 25
7 77 077 077 077 07
26 6 51 5 0227 6 5 5 0328 6 50 5 0529 6 49 5 06
-O 6 8 5 OT
6 19 5 35 5 39 6 01 4 56 6 28 4 29 6 54 4 26 7 086 18 5 36 5 38 6 02 4 55 6 29 4 28 6 54 4 26 7 086 17 5 37 5 36 6 03 4 54 6 30 4 28 6 55 4 27 7086 16 5 38 5 35 6 04 4 52 6 31 4 27 6 56 4 27 7 08
5 33 605 4 51 6 32 4 27 6 57 4 27 7 08
33 6 48 5 38 5 32 6 o6 4 26 6 57
i
VII-2
-4j
* .I i
-e-- z- -
Table 7.1 (continued).
JU AUG 0 SEP OCT' EC
Rise Set Rise Set Rdse Set Rise Set Rise Set Rise SetDay A.M. P.M. AM. P.M. A.M. P.M. A.M. P.M. A.M. P.M. A.M P.M.
1 4 28 70 8 4 49 6 51 5 14 6 13 5 39 5 28 6 08 4 47 6 382 4 28 70 8 4 50 6 50 5 15 6 12 5 40 5 26 6 09 4 46 6 393 4 29 7 07 4 50 6 49 5 16 6 10 5 41 5 25 6 10 4 45 6 4o4 4 29 70 7 4 51 6 48 5 17 6 09 5 41 5 23 6 4 44 6 415 4 30 7T 7 4 52 6 47 5 18 6 07 5 42 5 22 6 12 4 43 6 2
4 284 274 274 274 27
6 4 30 7 07 4 53 6 46 5 19 6 067 4 31 7 07 4 54 6 45 5 9 6 048 4 31 70 6 4 55 6 44 5 20 6.039 4 32 7 06 4 55 6 43 5 21 6 l
10 4 33 70 6 4 56 6 42 5 22 6 00
5 43 5 21 6 13 4 42 6 43 4 275 44 5 19 6 4 k 41 6 44 4 275 45 5 18 6 15 4 40 6 45 275 46 5 16 6 16 4 39 6 45 4 275 47 5 15 6 17 4 38 6 46 4 27
11 4 33 7 05 4 5 6 41 5 23 5 58 5 48 5 13 6 18 4 3812 4 34 7 05 4 58 6 40 5 24 5 57 5 49 5 12 6 19 4 3713 4 35 7 05 4 59 6 38 5 24 5 55 5 so 5 1 6 20 4 3614 4 35 7 04 5 00 6 37 5 25 5 54 5 50 5 og 6 21 4 3515 4 36 7 4 5 oo 6 36 5 26 5 52 5 51 5 08 6 22 4 35
6 47 4 276 48 4 286 49 4 286 49 4 286 50 4 28 q
m
I
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