Circulation and Respiration

Miller, Geoffrey. 2009. Spent: Sex, Evolution, and Consumer Behavior.

Miller, Geoffrey. 2009. Spent: Sex, Evolution, and Consumer Behavior.

Respiratory system moves O2 into, and CO2 out of, the body.

Cardiovascular system transports materials to and from all other systems.

Digestive system transforms food into a form that can be transported throughout the body.

Urinary system filters bodily fluids, removes waste while conserving water and other materials.

Figure 30.1

Figure 30.2

blood sample

formed elements

plasma 55%

45%

Formed elements

Red blood cells 99.9% White blood cells 0.1% Platelets

Plasma

Platelets White blood cells Red blood cells

Water 92% Plasma proteins 7% Other solutes 1%

Formed Elements

Figure 30.3

Blood Vessels

Figure 30.4

connective tissue muscle

epithelium

artery

vein

capillary

connective tissue

muscle

epithelium

The Heart and Blood Circulation

Figure 30.5

(a) The pulmonary and systemic circulation networks

The right side of the heart pumps

deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

The left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the entire body.

pulmonary circulation (to lungs)

pulmonary arteries pulmonary veins

systemic arteries

systemic veins

systemic circulation

(to all tissues)

1. Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium through the superior and inferior vena cavae.

superior vena cava

(b) The circulation of blood through the heart

7. From the aorta, blood is distributed to the rest of the body.

3. Blood is delivered to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries.

4. Oxygenated blood returns from the lungs through the pulmonary veins.

5. Blood then moves into the left atrium which pumps it into the left ventricle.

6. Powerful contractions of the left ventricle force blood into the aorta.

2. The right atrium pumps blood into the right ventricle, which contracts, pumping blood to the lungs.

inferior vena cava

Mitral valves: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LhhWu4JCrBw Beating heart transplant: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fwd32Xa3uwc

Heart Valves

Critical Vessels

Figure 30.7

superior vena cava

right coronary artery

aorta

pulmonary artery

left main coronary artery

left anterior decending coronary artery: blocked

damaged heart muscle

1. LDL molecules infiltrate the wall of the artery; immune cells follow.

2. An inflammatory reaction follows; a growing number of cells and cellular debris form a plaque.

3. Plaque cap ruptures, sending plaque material into bloodstream; a blood clot forms that blocks blood flow.

blood clot

LDL molecules

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Nf6Q2skGOM

Bypass Surgery

Coronary artery: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Nf6Q2skGOM

Figure 30.8

artery

capillary bed

arteriole venule

(b)

tissue cells

interstitial fluid

epithelial cells of capillary wall

O2 glucose CO2 wastes

(c)

(a)

vein

thodgeslmp.com

Capillary beds

Elephantiasis

medindia.net

Figure 30.9

Valves allow blood to go forward . . .

. . . but not backward

valve open

valve closed

muscles contracted

muscles relaxed

valve closed

valve open

(a) Anatomy of the respiratory system

sinuses

pharynx

esophagus

right lung

diaphragm

bronchioles

left bronchus

left lung

trachea

larynx

nasal cavity

(b) The structure of alveoli

alveoli Elastic fibers

artery vein

capillary network

(c) A bronchiole and its alveoli

The Respiratory System

Figure 30.10

(b) Front view of body cavities

cranial cavity

spinal cavity

thoracic cavity

diaphragm

ventral cavity

abdominopelvic cavity

dorsal cavity

(a) Side view of body cavities

Figure 26.2

Ventilation

Figure 30.11

respiratory cycle

Depression of rib cage and elevation of diaphragm increase pressure in lungs causing air to flow out.

Elevation of rib cage and contraction of diaphragm decrease pressure in the lungs, causing air to flow in.

ribs

lungs

diaphragm

inhalation exhalation

Figure 30.12

alveoli in lung

air out air in

capillary

tissue cell CO2 O2

CO2

O2