Christian HistoryChristian History

Lesson 3Lesson 3

The ReformationThe Reformation

The Fall of ConstantinopleThe Fall of Constantinople14531453

““He laid the egg which He laid the egg which Luther hatched”Luther hatched”

• Born 1466 in RotterdamBorn 1466 in Rotterdam• A Doctor of Divinity and A Doctor of Divinity and

royal counselor to royal counselor to Charles VCharles V

• ““I expected quite I expected quite another kind of bird”another kind of bird”

• His Greek edition of the His Greek edition of the New Testament was New Testament was used by the Reformers, used by the Reformers, Luther, Zwingli, TyndaleLuther, Zwingli, Tyndale

Martin LutherMartin Luther1483-15461483-1546

• First studied law at the First studied law at the University of Erfurt University of Erfurt 15011501

• Became an Augustinian Became an Augustinian Monk 1505, he was a Monk 1505, he was a devout Catholic and a devout Catholic and a “mad papist”“mad papist”

• Taught at the University Taught at the University of Wittenbergof Wittenberg

• Excommunicated in Excommunicated in 1521 at the Diet of 1521 at the Diet of WormsWorms

Martin LutherMartin Luther1483-15461483-1546

• First studied law at the First studied law at the University of Erfurt University of Erfurt 15011501

• Became an Augustinian Became an Augustinian Monk 1505, he was a Monk 1505, he was a devout Catholic and a devout Catholic and a “mad papist”“mad papist”

• Taught at the University Taught at the University of Wittenbergof Wittenberg

• Excommunicated in Excommunicated in 1521 at the Diet of 1521 at the Diet of WormsWorms

The Ninety Five ThesisThe Ninety Five ThesisOct 31, 1517Oct 31, 1517

• Posted on the Posted on the door of the door of the Castle ChurchCastle Church

• Disputed the Disputed the unbridled unbridled selling of selling of indulgencesindulgences

• Considered the Considered the beginning of the beginning of the ReformationReformation

• When our Lord and Master Jesus Christ said, When our Lord and Master Jesus Christ said, “Repent” (Mat 4:17), he willed the entire “Repent” (Mat 4:17), he willed the entire life of believers to be one of repentance.life of believers to be one of repentance.

• This word cannot be understood as This word cannot be understood as referring to the sacrament of penance, that referring to the sacrament of penance, that is, confession and satisfaction, as is, confession and satisfaction, as administered by the clergy.administered by the clergy.

• Such as: “Why does not the pope empty Such as: “Why does not the pope empty purgatory for the sake of holy love and the purgatory for the sake of holy love and the dire need of the souls that are there if dire need of the souls that are there if redeems an infinite number of souls for the redeems an infinite number of souls for the sake of miserable money with which to sake of miserable money with which to build a church? The former reasons would build a church? The former reasons would be most just; the latter is most trivial.”be most just; the latter is most trivial.”

““as soon as a coin in the as soon as a coin in the coffer rings, a soul from coffer rings, a soul from

purgatory springs”purgatory springs”

• Doctrine developed by the early Doctrine developed by the early medieval scholastics. medieval scholastics.

• Gave remission for the temporal Gave remission for the temporal punishment of sin not the eternal.punishment of sin not the eternal.

• Became a source for Papal wealth, Became a source for Papal wealth, the Pope could issue for all Catholics, the Pope could issue for all Catholics, Bishops could issue for their diocese.Bishops could issue for their diocese.

The Diet of WormsThe Diet of Worms15211521

• Called by Charles V to decide whether to give Called by Charles V to decide whether to give Imperial Authority to the papal bull Imperial Authority to the papal bull excommunicating Lutherexcommunicating Luther

• Attended by the Pope’s Legates, German Attended by the Pope’s Legates, German Estates, archbishops, bishops, noblemen and Estates, archbishops, bishops, noblemen and peasantspeasants

• ……my conscience is bound in the word of God: my conscience is bound in the word of God: I can not and will not recant anything,…Here I can not and will not recant anything,…Here I stand, I can do no other. I stand, I can do no other.

• After Luther had been released the Emperor After Luther had been released the Emperor withdrew his protection and endorsed the withdrew his protection and endorsed the bull excommunicating Luther.bull excommunicating Luther.

Huldrych ZwingliHuldrych Zwingli1484-15311484-1531

• Leader of the Swiss Leader of the Swiss ReformationReformation

• Pastor of the Gross Pastor of the Gross Munster church in ZurichMunster church in Zurich

• Influenced by Luther and Influenced by Luther and ErasmusErasmus

• Met with Luther at the Met with Luther at the Castle MarburgCastle Marburg

• Persecuted the Persecuted the AnabaptistsAnabaptists

• Died in the Second War of Died in the Second War of KappelKappel

““Hoc est corpus Meum”Hoc est corpus Meum”

John CalvinJohn Calvin1509-15641509-1564

• Used income from two Used income from two churches to pay for his churches to pay for his educationeducation

• Carried on the reformation Carried on the reformation after Zwingli diedafter Zwingli died

• Wrote the “Institutes of Wrote the “Institutes of Christian Religion”Christian Religion”

• Oversaw the arrest and Oversaw the arrest and execution of Michael execution of Michael Servetus 1553Servetus 1553

An excerpt from Calvin’s An excerpt from Calvin’s commentary on the Psalmscommentary on the Psalms

And first, since I was too obstinately And first, since I was too obstinately devoted to the superstitions of devoted to the superstitions of popery to be easily extricated from popery to be easily extricated from so profound an abyss of mire, so profound an abyss of mire, God God by a sudden conversion subdued by a sudden conversion subdued and brought my mind to a and brought my mind to a teachable frame, which was teachable frame, which was more burdened in suchmore burdened in such matters matters than might have been expected from than might have been expected from one at my early period of life. one at my early period of life.

The AnabaptistsThe Anabaptists

• The radicals or re-baptizers began The radicals or re-baptizers began with a radical movement within the with a radical movement within the reformationreformation

• Denied infant baptism as true Denied infant baptism as true baptism, members were re-baptized baptism, members were re-baptized after a confession of faithafter a confession of faith

• Were persecuted by Protestants and Were persecuted by Protestants and Catholics alikeCatholics alike

• Central figures: Felix Manz, Michael Central figures: Felix Manz, Michael Sattler, Menno SimmonsSattler, Menno Simmons

Ecclesia Semper Ecclesia Semper RefermandaRefermanda

(the Church always reforming)(the Church always reforming)

• The doctrine of justification by faith The doctrine of justification by faith alonealone

• The recovery of the GospelThe recovery of the Gospel• The translation and distribution of The translation and distribution of

the Bible among the common peoplethe Bible among the common people• The priesthood of all believersThe priesthood of all believers• The lordship of Christ over all lifeThe lordship of Christ over all life