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Alternative Fish to Culture in Aquaponics

Chris Hartleb University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point

Northern Aquaculture Demonstration Facility Aquaponics Innovation Center

Aquaponic System (Coupled)

Fish tanks

Clarifier (solids filter)

Mineralization tanks

Raft tank Water pump

Degassing tank & biofilter

Air pump

Aquaponic System (Decoupled)

• Raise cool and cold water fish • Greater management

Selection Criteria

• Compatibility – fish, plants, bacteria, humans • Availability – source of fish, regulations & quantity • Marketing – will you sell them? To whom?

Compatibility

Plants

Compromise: Temperature: 70-80oF / 21 - 26oC pH = 7.0

Bacteria

Parameter Optimum Range

Temperature: Nitrosomonas Nitrobacter

68 – 86oF / 20 – 30oC 82 – 100oF / 28 – 38oC

pH: Nitrosomonas Nitrobacter

7.2 – 7.8 7.2 – 8.2

Parameter Range

Temperature 60-80oF / 15-26oC

pH Preferred: 5.8 - 6.2 Maximum: 7.0 - 7.5

Parameter Range

Temperature 60-80oF / 15-26oC

pH 7.0 – 8.0

Fish

Availability

• Know your nursery provider • Quarantine new fish • Acclimate upon arrival • Year-round availability or when you need it?

Marketing

• Raise fish that customers want to buy • Sell your fish before you grow them • No such thing as too much marketing • Enthusiasm > Knowledge

Factors Affecting Fish Growth Rate

• Water quality • Water temperature • Age/size • Health • Genetics • Stocking density

Generalized Fish Categories

Group DO required Ammonia tolerance

Protein requirement

Temperature (oF)

Coldwater >5 mg/L Low High <60

Coolwater >5 mg/L Low Moderate 60-75

Warmwater >2 mg/L Moderate Moderate >75

Tolerance Ranges

Commercial, Specialty & Home-made

Specialty

• Specialty feed that utilizes the same unique formulation approach as our other feeds for superior fish health, performance and water quality.

• We add several critical modifications targeted to promote more rapid plant growth, improved plant budding & fruiting, as well as preserving organic standards. $55 per bag

Nutrition Required elements in fish diet

Essential amino acids

Non-essential amino acids

Vitamins Minerals Elements for plants

Arginine Alanine Thiamine Organic (protein) Nitrogen

Histidine Asparagine Riboflaven Potassium Potassium

Isoleucine Aspartate Pyridoxine Calcium Calcium

Leucine Cysteine Pantothenate Magnesium Magnesium

Lysine Glutamate Biotin Phosphorus Phosphorus

Methionine Glutamine Choline Sulfur Sulfur

Phenylalanine Glycine Folate Chlorine Chlorine

Threonine Proline Ascorbic acid Sodium

Tryptophan Serine Vitamin A Iron Iron

Valine Tyrosine Vitamin D Boron

Vitamin E Manganese Manganese

Vitamin K Zinc Zinc

Vitamin B12 Copper Copper

Molybdenum Molybdenum

Nickel Nickel Iodine, Cobalt, Fluorine, Vanadium, Chromium, Selenium, Tin, Silicon

87% Overlap Nutrient Percent of feed

Protein 45%

Fat 22%

Moisture 10%

Ash 2%

Carbohydrates 25%

Similarities Fish Plants

Phosphorus Phosphorus

Manganese Manganese

Copper Copper

Iron Iron

Potassium Potassium

Calcium Calcium

Magnesium Magnesium

Zinc Zinc

Cobalt Boron*

Selenium Molybdenum*

Iodine Sulfur*

Protein Nitrogen

Food 100% N 100% P

Retained in Tissues 30% N 32% P

Dissolved 87% N 10-40% P

Solids 13% N 60-90% P

Effluent 70% N 68% P

Tilapia • 4th most consumed fish in U.S. • Dominated by foreign imports • Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), blue

tilapia (O. aureus), Mossambuque tilapia (O. mossambicus)

• Monosex male • RAS production (70% of industry in U.S.)

– Wide tolerance ranges – Crowding – Off-flavor – Less expensive feed

Culture factor Range

Temperature 64 - 90oF (17 - 32oC)

Dissolved oxygen 3 – 10 mg/L

pH 7 – 8

Ammonia-N 0 – 0.04 mg/L

Nitrite-N 0 – 0.8 mg/L

Hardness 50 - 350 mg/L

CO2 0 – 30 mg/L

Tilapia

• Separate nursery & grow-out in U.S. • Disease tolerant but not immune • Problems with uniformity of size • Crowded market • Processing

Tilapia Considerations

• Variety of products from live to IQF – Price $0.45 to $6 per lb (IQF import to live retail) – Foreign imports dominate market

Yellow Perch • Good market centered 50-miles

around Great Lakes – Wild supply low

• RAS production – Disease issues

• Indoor fry needed

– Low tolerance to TSS – Poor history

• Highly variable growth • Fry availability • Monosex female does best

Culture factor Tolerance range


Dissolved oxygen 3.5 - 10 mg/L

pH 6.5 – 9

Ammonia 0 – 0.0125 mg/L

Nitrite 0 – 1.0 mg/L


CO2 0 – 5 mg/L

Walleye • Market

– Fillets (8-10 oz, 1.5-2 lb live) – Petite fillets (4 oz, 1-1.5 lb live)

• RAS – 9 – 15 months

• Hybrid (walleye female x sauger male)

• Hurdles – Non-inflation of swim bladder – Cannibalism – Starter diet – Husbandry practices

Culture factor Range


Dissolved oxygen 5 – 6 mg/L

pH 6 – 9

Ammonia-N 0 – 0.02 mg/L

Nitrite-N 0 – 0.2 mg/L


CO2 0 – 10 mg/L

Sunfish

• Panfish and stocking • Pond production & reproduction

– Multiple spawnings per year & out of season

– Sorting & culling – 2 years to panfish size

• RAS production – Adaptable to crowding & poor

water quality • Accepts commercial diets

– >35% protein • 30% fillet yield

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 50 100 150 200 250

Wei

ght (

mm

)

Length (mm)

Pond 6 LC

Pond 5 IS

Pond 4 IS

Pond 3 LC

Pond 2 LC

Pond 1 IS

Centrarchids (Sunfish)

• Hybrids – Bluegill male x green female – Bluegill male x redear female – Redear male x bluegill female

• Monosex males – Super males



Dissolved oxygen 4 - 10 mg/L

pH 7 – 8.5




CO2 0 - 25 mg/L

Largemouth Bass • Mostly sportfish

– Limited live market foodfish • Pond raised

– Pond-tank-pond method – Feeding training (50% success) – Little nutrition research

• Slow growing – 2-3 years to reach 1½ lbs

• Finishing growth hurdle – Strain selection

• Northern largemouth bass & Florida largemouth bass • Cannibalism

Catfish

• Pond raised • Fry available • Diet available • Established market • Strong foreign import effect



Dissolved oxygen >4 mg/L

pH 7 – 8


Hardness 25-100 mg/L

CO2 <10 mg/L

Koi and Goldfish

• Ornamental market • Can be highly valued • Fry and diet available



Dissolved oxygen 4 - 10 mg/L

pH 6 – 8




CO2 0 – 25 mg/L

Baitfish

• Pond culture & wild harvest – Winterkill or treated ponds

• Fathead minnow, white suckers, golden shiner, lake shiner, mud minnow, rosy red, etc.

• Tied to recreational fishing and used as forage • Large industry in sales (U.S.)

– Regional demand by species • Demand > Supply

– Interstate transport regulations

Trout & Salmon Biologically feasible

Eggs available year-round Domesticated

Technically practical Some of the oldest production in U.S.

Economically viable Strong consumer demand Valued US consumption >20x domestic production

Salmonid Growth @ 15oC in RAS

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

0 90 180 270 360 450 540 630 720 810 900

Mea

n w

eigh

t, g

Post-hatch, days

Atlantic salmon (24 hr light & 6 week S0 photoperiod)Rainbow trout (24 hr light)Arctic char (24 hr light)Coho Salmon (24 hr light & 16 week S0 photoperiod)

Superior Fresh, Northfield, WI • 1st aquaponic Atlantic salmon & leafy green in world

– ~1,000 MT/yr leafy green production

Aquaponics Innovation Center Montello, WI

UWSP-Aquaponics Innovation Center

Nelson and Pade, Inc.® Demonstration Greenhouse

Overview of Systems

Comparing Tilapia & Walleye

Achievements of These Public-Private Partnerships

– Educate the workforce • The only college Aquaculture Minor in Wisconsin

– Trained >50 college interns that have a 90% job placement rate

• Offer university aquaponics courses – Enrolled >350 students in six years

• Offer only Professional Aquaponic Certificate in nation – Approved by U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs – 110% job placement rate

• Partnered in 3-day Aquaponic Master classes – 1,400+ students from 101+ countries and all 50 states; 15%

purchased, constructed, or launched new aquaponic business

• Free fish health course:

– http://www.ncrac.org/online-fish-health-certificate-program-producers

• USDA Regional Aquaculture Centers

– NRAC, NCRAC, SRAC, WRAC, CTSA

• State extension agents

chris hartleb university of wisconsin-stevens point northern ... · chris hartleb university of...

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