fish selection for aquaponics - uwsp · fish selection for aquaponics chris hartleb northern...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Fish Selection for Aquaponics - UWSP · Fish Selection for Aquaponics Chris Hartleb Northern Aquaculture Demonstration Facility . Department of Biology . University of Wisconsin-Stevens](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020316/5b288d277f8b9a11298b4b17/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Fish Selection for Aquaponics
Chris Hartleb Northern Aquaculture Demonstration Facility
Department of Biology University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
![Page 2: Fish Selection for Aquaponics - UWSP · Fish Selection for Aquaponics Chris Hartleb Northern Aquaculture Demonstration Facility . Department of Biology . University of Wisconsin-Stevens](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020316/5b288d277f8b9a11298b4b17/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Status of Global Aquaculture: Farmed and Wild
![Page 3: Fish Selection for Aquaponics - UWSP · Fish Selection for Aquaponics Chris Hartleb Northern Aquaculture Demonstration Facility . Department of Biology . University of Wisconsin-Stevens](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020316/5b288d277f8b9a11298b4b17/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Selection Criteria
• Compatibility – fish, plants, bacteria • Availability – source of fish & regulations • Quantity – how many do you need? • Marketing – will you sell them? To whom?
![Page 4: Fish Selection for Aquaponics - UWSP · Fish Selection for Aquaponics Chris Hartleb Northern Aquaculture Demonstration Facility . Department of Biology . University of Wisconsin-Stevens](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020316/5b288d277f8b9a11298b4b17/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Compatibility with Plants & Bacteria
• Requirements for germination & growth • Simultaneous fish & plant selection
![Page 5: Fish Selection for Aquaponics - UWSP · Fish Selection for Aquaponics Chris Hartleb Northern Aquaculture Demonstration Facility . Department of Biology . University of Wisconsin-Stevens](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020316/5b288d277f8b9a11298b4b17/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Plant Requirements (lettuce as an example)
Parameter Range
Temperature 60-80oF / 15-26oC
pH Preferred: 5.8 - 6.2 Maximum: 7.0 - 7.5
![Page 6: Fish Selection for Aquaponics - UWSP · Fish Selection for Aquaponics Chris Hartleb Northern Aquaculture Demonstration Facility . Department of Biology . University of Wisconsin-Stevens](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020316/5b288d277f8b9a11298b4b17/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Bacteria Requirements
Plants
Compromise: Temperature: 70-80oF / 21 - 26oC pH = 7.0
Bacteria Parameter Optimum Range
Temperature: Nitrosomonas Nitrobacter
68 – 86oF / 20 – 30oC 82 – 100oF / 28 – 38oC
pH: Nitrosomonas Nitrobacter
7.8 – 8.0 7.3 – 7.5
Parameter Range
Temperature 60-80oF / 15-26oC
pH Preferred: 5.8 - 6.2 Maximum: 7.0 - 7.5
Parameter Range
Temperature 60-80oF / 15-26oC
pH 7.0 – 8.0
Fish
![Page 7: Fish Selection for Aquaponics - UWSP · Fish Selection for Aquaponics Chris Hartleb Northern Aquaculture Demonstration Facility . Department of Biology . University of Wisconsin-Stevens](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020316/5b288d277f8b9a11298b4b17/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS)
Fish Tanks
Clarifier
Mineralization tanks
Raft Tank Water Pump
Degassing Tank
Air pump
![Page 8: Fish Selection for Aquaponics - UWSP · Fish Selection for Aquaponics Chris Hartleb Northern Aquaculture Demonstration Facility . Department of Biology . University of Wisconsin-Stevens](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020316/5b288d277f8b9a11298b4b17/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Why control using RAS?
• Physical control – Temperature – Light intensity, daylength, spectrum – Dissolved gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide)
• Chemical control – Water quality – Feeding – Wastewater
• Biological control – Viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites (pathogens) – Fish
• Low stress = high or optimal survival & growth
![Page 9: Fish Selection for Aquaponics - UWSP · Fish Selection for Aquaponics Chris Hartleb Northern Aquaculture Demonstration Facility . Department of Biology . University of Wisconsin-Stevens](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020316/5b288d277f8b9a11298b4b17/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Water Quality
• Temperature: poikilotherms • Dissolved oxygen: limited in water • pH: indicator • Ammonia & Nitrite: fish waste products
– pH and temperature determine the proportion – Alkaline pH more NH3 (toxic) – Acidic pH more NH4 (less toxic) – Bacterial nitrification converts ammonia to nitrite
• Fish are sensitive at levels >0.6 mg/L
• Hardness – Influences fish osmoregulation
• CO2: product of fish respiration – Regulated by aeration
![Page 10: Fish Selection for Aquaponics - UWSP · Fish Selection for Aquaponics Chris Hartleb Northern Aquaculture Demonstration Facility . Department of Biology . University of Wisconsin-Stevens](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020316/5b288d277f8b9a11298b4b17/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Production Water Quality Parameters for Cool-water Fish
Parameter Range
Temperature 72 - 76oF / 22 - 24oC
Dissolved oxygen 7.0 - 8.3 mg/L
Oxygen saturation 85 – 100%
pH 7.0 – 8.0
Unionized ammonia-N Total ammonia-N
<0.01 mg/L <1.0 mg/L
Nitrite-N <0.5 mg/L
Nitrate-N <250 mg/L
Carbon dioxide <10 mg/L
Total alkalinity 50-700 mg/L
![Page 11: Fish Selection for Aquaponics - UWSP · Fish Selection for Aquaponics Chris Hartleb Northern Aquaculture Demonstration Facility . Department of Biology . University of Wisconsin-Stevens](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020316/5b288d277f8b9a11298b4b17/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Tolerance Ranges
![Page 12: Fish Selection for Aquaponics - UWSP · Fish Selection for Aquaponics Chris Hartleb Northern Aquaculture Demonstration Facility . Department of Biology . University of Wisconsin-Stevens](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020316/5b288d277f8b9a11298b4b17/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Generalized Fish Categories
Group Temperature DO requirement
Ammonia tolerance
Protein requirement
Coldwater <60oF / <15oC >5 mg/L Low High
Coolwater 60 – 75oF / 15 – 24oC >5 mg/L Low Moderate
Warmwater >75oF / >24oC >2 mg/L Moderate Moderate
![Page 13: Fish Selection for Aquaponics - UWSP · Fish Selection for Aquaponics Chris Hartleb Northern Aquaculture Demonstration Facility . Department of Biology . University of Wisconsin-Stevens](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020316/5b288d277f8b9a11298b4b17/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Tolerance Ranges for Growth of Tilapia
Culture factor Range
Temperature 64 - 90oF (17 - 32oC)
Dissolved oxygen 3 – 10 mg/L
pH 7 – 8
Ammonia-N 0 – 0.04 mg/L
Nitrite-N 0 – 0.8 mg/L
Hardness 50 - 350 mg/L
CO2 0 – 30 mg/L
• Widely cultured in tropical and sub-tropical regions.
• A favorite for aquaponics.
![Page 14: Fish Selection for Aquaponics - UWSP · Fish Selection for Aquaponics Chris Hartleb Northern Aquaculture Demonstration Facility . Department of Biology . University of Wisconsin-Stevens](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020316/5b288d277f8b9a11298b4b17/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Growth Rate of Nile Tilapia
• More than tripled in weight during 104 day (3 ½ months) study. • Inverse relationship between density and growth.
![Page 15: Fish Selection for Aquaponics - UWSP · Fish Selection for Aquaponics Chris Hartleb Northern Aquaculture Demonstration Facility . Department of Biology . University of Wisconsin-Stevens](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020316/5b288d277f8b9a11298b4b17/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Tilapia Production
• Worldwide: – 830,000 tons in 1990 – 1.6 million tons in 1999 – 3.5 million tons in 2008
• China: 1.1 million tons in 2008
![Page 16: Fish Selection for Aquaponics - UWSP · Fish Selection for Aquaponics Chris Hartleb Northern Aquaculture Demonstration Facility . Department of Biology . University of Wisconsin-Stevens](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020316/5b288d277f8b9a11298b4b17/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Tilapia Imports to U.S.
• Frozen tilapia fillets from China (90% of market)
• Fresh tilapia fillets are a niche market.
2007 2008 2009
China 120.0 119.3 130.4
Indonesia 8.6 9.8 8.8
Taiwan PC 16.1 18.6 15.7
Ecuador 12.5 9.2 10.2
Thailand 0.2 3.7 1.6
Honduras 7.9 8.3 6.5
Costa Rica 4.8 5.6 5.7
Others 3.6 4.9 4.5
Total 173.7 179.4 183.4
![Page 17: Fish Selection for Aquaponics - UWSP · Fish Selection for Aquaponics Chris Hartleb Northern Aquaculture Demonstration Facility . Department of Biology . University of Wisconsin-Stevens](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020316/5b288d277f8b9a11298b4b17/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Estimated Cost of Production
• Brazil, Ecuador, Cuba: $1.10 / kg • Costa Rica, Jamaica: $1.20 / kg • Colombia, Mexico: $1.25 / kg • USA: $2.00 / kg • Canada: $2.10 / kg
![Page 18: Fish Selection for Aquaponics - UWSP · Fish Selection for Aquaponics Chris Hartleb Northern Aquaculture Demonstration Facility . Department of Biology . University of Wisconsin-Stevens](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020316/5b288d277f8b9a11298b4b17/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Current Market Trends
• U.S. and European growers will concentrate on live sales. • Latin America and Southeast Asia will be primary U.S. suppliers of fillets and
processed forms. • Latin America, Caribbean and Africa will supply European markets. • U.S. imports are growing, demand is very good and almost all supplies are coming
from imports. • Second most popular fish in U.S. retail stores, behind salmon, and the 5th most
popular fishery product overall. • Tilapia supply will continue to expand from increased Chinese production mainly
directed at U.S. markets.
![Page 19: Fish Selection for Aquaponics - UWSP · Fish Selection for Aquaponics Chris Hartleb Northern Aquaculture Demonstration Facility . Department of Biology . University of Wisconsin-Stevens](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020316/5b288d277f8b9a11298b4b17/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Tolerance Ranges for Growth of Percidae (Example: Yellow perch)
Culture factor Range
Temperature 70 – 75oF (21-24oC)
Dissolved oxygen 3.5 – 10 mg/L
pH 6.5-9
Ammonia-N 0 – 0.0125 mg/L
Nitrite-N 0 – 1.0 mg/L
Hardness 50 – 400 mg/L
CO2 0 – 6 mg/L
• Widely cultured in Midwest U.S.
• A favorite fish for the Friday-night fish fry.
![Page 20: Fish Selection for Aquaponics - UWSP · Fish Selection for Aquaponics Chris Hartleb Northern Aquaculture Demonstration Facility . Department of Biology . University of Wisconsin-Stevens](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020316/5b288d277f8b9a11298b4b17/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Growth Rates of Yellow Perch & Pikeperch
• Yellow perch: 19oC RAS, raised for 4 months • Mixed vs monosex (female)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
November December January February March April
Month
Wei
ght (
g)
Lake Mendota mixed sex
Lake Mendota mono sex female
Pikeperch: 2 months in RAS
![Page 21: Fish Selection for Aquaponics - UWSP · Fish Selection for Aquaponics Chris Hartleb Northern Aquaculture Demonstration Facility . Department of Biology . University of Wisconsin-Stevens](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020316/5b288d277f8b9a11298b4b17/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Growth Rates of Walleye & Hybrids
Weig ht g ain of H ybrid Walleye R eared in R ec yc le S ys tem at 23 C
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
50 66 95 114 159 192 235 270 310 370 430 490 560
Da ys P ost Ha tc h
Gra
ms
F ingerling phas e IID GR =0.5 g/day
Growout phas e III-IVD GR =1.4 g/day
![Page 22: Fish Selection for Aquaponics - UWSP · Fish Selection for Aquaponics Chris Hartleb Northern Aquaculture Demonstration Facility . Department of Biology . University of Wisconsin-Stevens](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020316/5b288d277f8b9a11298b4b17/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Tolerance Ranges for Growth of Centrarchids (Example: Bluegill)
Culture factor Ranges
Temperature 68 – 85oF (20-29oC)
Dissolved oxygen 4 – 10 mg/L
pH 7 – 8.5
Ammonia-N 0 – 0.01 mg/L
Nitrite-N 0 – 0.8 mg/L
Hardness 50 – 200 mg/L
CO2 0 – 25 mg/L
• Potential as temperate region tilapia.
• Widely cultured in Midwest U.S.
• Broad geographic distribution.
![Page 23: Fish Selection for Aquaponics - UWSP · Fish Selection for Aquaponics Chris Hartleb Northern Aquaculture Demonstration Facility . Department of Biology . University of Wisconsin-Stevens](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020316/5b288d277f8b9a11298b4b17/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Growth Rates of Bluegill & Hybrids • Bluegill and female green - male bluegill hybrids. • 0.5 lbs (227 g) market-size needed in 10-12 months. • Feed ranges: 32-40% crude protein
![Page 24: Fish Selection for Aquaponics - UWSP · Fish Selection for Aquaponics Chris Hartleb Northern Aquaculture Demonstration Facility . Department of Biology . University of Wisconsin-Stevens](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020316/5b288d277f8b9a11298b4b17/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Tolerance Ranges for Growth of Channel Catfish
Culture factor Ranges
Temperature 70 – 90oF (21-32oC)
Dissolved oxygen >4 mg/L
pH 7 – 8
Ammonia-N 0 – 0.05 mg/L
Hardness 25 – 100 mg/L
CO2 <10 mg/L
• Hardy and tolerant. • International and national
market saturation. • More economical
production in ponds. • Sub-optimal growth in RAS.
![Page 25: Fish Selection for Aquaponics - UWSP · Fish Selection for Aquaponics Chris Hartleb Northern Aquaculture Demonstration Facility . Department of Biology . University of Wisconsin-Stevens](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020316/5b288d277f8b9a11298b4b17/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Tolerance Ranges for Growth of Carp (Example: Koi & Goldfish)
Culture factor Ranges
Temperature 65 – 75oF (18-24oC)
Dissolved oxygen 4 – 10 mg/L
pH 6 – 8
Ammonia-N 0 – 0.08 mg/L
Nitrite-N 0 – 0.6 mg/L
Hardness 50 – 350 mg/L
CO2 0 – 25 mg/L
• Ornamental trade and sales. • Hardy & tolerant. • Marketing.
![Page 26: Fish Selection for Aquaponics - UWSP · Fish Selection for Aquaponics Chris Hartleb Northern Aquaculture Demonstration Facility . Department of Biology . University of Wisconsin-Stevens](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020316/5b288d277f8b9a11298b4b17/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Tolerances Ranges for Growth of Salmonids
Culture factor Ranges
Temperature: Optimal
<71oF / <22oC 53 – 60oF / 12 - 16oC
Dissolved oxygen >6.0 mg/L
pH 6.5 – 8.0
Ammonia-N <0.01 mg/L
Hardness 10 – 400 mg/L
CO2 <10 mg/L
• Most popular retail fish in U.S.
• Well established markets. • Potential in RAS being
documented.
![Page 27: Fish Selection for Aquaponics - UWSP · Fish Selection for Aquaponics Chris Hartleb Northern Aquaculture Demonstration Facility . Department of Biology . University of Wisconsin-Stevens](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020316/5b288d277f8b9a11298b4b17/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Growth Rate of Rainbow Trout • All female • Continuous light, fed every 1-2 hours
![Page 28: Fish Selection for Aquaponics - UWSP · Fish Selection for Aquaponics Chris Hartleb Northern Aquaculture Demonstration Facility . Department of Biology . University of Wisconsin-Stevens](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020316/5b288d277f8b9a11298b4b17/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Growth Rate of Atlantic Salmon
• Raised at 13oC • Continuous light vs 12:12 for winter
![Page 29: Fish Selection for Aquaponics - UWSP · Fish Selection for Aquaponics Chris Hartleb Northern Aquaculture Demonstration Facility . Department of Biology . University of Wisconsin-Stevens](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020316/5b288d277f8b9a11298b4b17/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Growth Rate of Arctic Char
• Triploid vs diploid
![Page 30: Fish Selection for Aquaponics - UWSP · Fish Selection for Aquaponics Chris Hartleb Northern Aquaculture Demonstration Facility . Department of Biology . University of Wisconsin-Stevens](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020316/5b288d277f8b9a11298b4b17/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Freshwater Species
• Most any fish can be cultured in RAS as long as it does well under medium to high density culture.
• Optimization data needed. – Largemouth bass
• Markets mostly large cities – Barramundi (sea bass)
• Australia to Southeast Asia • 1.5 – 2.0 lbs in a year
– Murray cod • Australia, carnivorous but readily accepts feed • Adaptable to crowding
– Jade perch • Australia, require water temperature >16oC • Can grow to 500 g in under 12 months
– Pacu – Others
![Page 31: Fish Selection for Aquaponics - UWSP · Fish Selection for Aquaponics Chris Hartleb Northern Aquaculture Demonstration Facility . Department of Biology . University of Wisconsin-Stevens](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020316/5b288d277f8b9a11298b4b17/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Marketing
![Page 32: Fish Selection for Aquaponics - UWSP · Fish Selection for Aquaponics Chris Hartleb Northern Aquaculture Demonstration Facility . Department of Biology . University of Wisconsin-Stevens](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020316/5b288d277f8b9a11298b4b17/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Fish Feed
• The fish food provides the nutrients to the entire system: Fish – bacteria- plants
• Assimilation and conversion • Fish selection affects diet choice and
nutrient availability: – Herbivorous fish require a diet of 22-
35% protein. – Omnivorous fish require a diet of 32-
38% protein. – Carnivorous fish may require 40-50%
protein.
![Page 33: Fish Selection for Aquaponics - UWSP · Fish Selection for Aquaponics Chris Hartleb Northern Aquaculture Demonstration Facility . Department of Biology . University of Wisconsin-Stevens](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020316/5b288d277f8b9a11298b4b17/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Fish Nutrition Required Elements in Fish Diet
Essential Amino acids Non-essential Amino acids Vitamins Minerals Elements for Plants Arginine Alanine Thiamine Phosphorus Phosphorus
Histidine Asparagine Riboflavin Manganese* Manganese*
Isoleucine Aspartate Pyridoxine Copper* Copper*
Leucine Cysteine Pantothenate Iron Iron
Lysine Glutamate Biotin Potassium Potassium
Methionine Glutamine Choline Calcium Calcium
Phenylalanine Glycine Folate Magnesium Magnesium
Threonine Proline Ascorbic acid Zinc* Zinc*
Tryptophan Serine Vitamin A Cobalt* Boron*
Valine Tyrosine Vitamin D Selenium* Molybdenum*
Vitamin E Iodine* Sulfur
Vitamin K Nitrogen
Vitamin B12
Nutrient Percent of feed
Protein 45%
Fat 22%
Carbohydrates 25%
Moisture 10%
Ash 2%
*micronutrients
![Page 34: Fish Selection for Aquaponics - UWSP · Fish Selection for Aquaponics Chris Hartleb Northern Aquaculture Demonstration Facility . Department of Biology . University of Wisconsin-Stevens](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020316/5b288d277f8b9a11298b4b17/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Fate of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Fish Feed
Food 100% N 100% P
Retained in Tissues 30% N 32% P
Dissolved 87% N 10-40% P
Solids 13% N 60-90% P
Effluent 70% N 68% P
![Page 35: Fish Selection for Aquaponics - UWSP · Fish Selection for Aquaponics Chris Hartleb Northern Aquaculture Demonstration Facility . Department of Biology . University of Wisconsin-Stevens](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020316/5b288d277f8b9a11298b4b17/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Availability
• Know your national, state, and local Import regulations. http://www.ncrac.org/Info/StateImportRegs/stateregsmain.htm
![Page 36: Fish Selection for Aquaponics - UWSP · Fish Selection for Aquaponics Chris Hartleb Northern Aquaculture Demonstration Facility . Department of Biology . University of Wisconsin-Stevens](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020316/5b288d277f8b9a11298b4b17/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Source & Receiving Fish
• Know your nursery provider. • Health certificate & Quarantine • Acclimate • Year-round availability
![Page 37: Fish Selection for Aquaponics - UWSP · Fish Selection for Aquaponics Chris Hartleb Northern Aquaculture Demonstration Facility . Department of Biology . University of Wisconsin-Stevens](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020316/5b288d277f8b9a11298b4b17/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Depuration or Purge
• Removing off-flavor
![Page 38: Fish Selection for Aquaponics - UWSP · Fish Selection for Aquaponics Chris Hartleb Northern Aquaculture Demonstration Facility . Department of Biology . University of Wisconsin-Stevens](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020316/5b288d277f8b9a11298b4b17/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Conclusions
• More detailed information needed for optimizing culture performance of fish in aquaponics.
• Information can be garnered from studies using recirculating aquaculture. • Tilapia optimization has been done, but other issues arise. • Marketing awareness and consumer education.
• VetMedCE.org – "Fish Health Courses for Producers and Veterinarians" > "Fish Producer Courses“
• [email protected] • http://aquaculture.uwsp.edu