chou yi-liang - tantrism in china

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TATRISM I CHIA

CU Y-AGHARD NIVERSITY

TABLE O CONTETNTROUTION:

Tntrism Ey Chnese Bhsm� Ts-ning Hs orces

BIOGRAPHY OF HAN-WU-WEI AND OTS

BIOGRAPHY OF AJRAODHI AN OTSBIOGRAPHY OF MOGHAVAJRA AND OTS

PPNlES

BCE

807 F 809 G 8 H 81 88

818 K.

814 L. 815 M

817 N 81 O.

ITRODCTIO

Ttr r h ddh

819 P .

8�0 Q.8�I R

8�� S.

8�4 T .

PAG

�41�4

�51

�7�/ �4

. 8�5

8�6

8�7

3�9

881

The age o he Tang dynasy 68-07 A D.) was a perodwhen vaous oregn egons were oushng n Chna Amonghese he mos mporan by a was Buddhsm As a resu ohe deveopmen o Buddhs posophy and heoogy dung heSx Dynases, here arose n he eay par o he Tang eroddeen ses such as Chan and Ten-a These repesenedhe hghe orm o Buddhsm he vaue o whh was no easyappeaed by ordnary peope On he ohe hand he anr

orm o Buddhsm, n whh ma payed a pnpa e, wasque popua among he upper casses durng he eghh and nnhenures I was dung he sevenh enuy ha anr Buddhsm began o be sysemazed and edued o a phosophabass n Inda everheess, even beore hs me hee exsed

C B. BHATTACHARYYA, Bi ot 8�4�

4



242 YLANG

lan anrc lmns n Chna, ahough was no un hghh cnury ha h sc was ocaly nroducd hr. Thshss s dvod o h sudy o h bographs o hr Indanmonks who brough anrc Buddhsm o Chna Bor dalngwh hm, howvr, wl b proabl o xamn h work ohr mor obscur prdcssors, whos ors, n ranslang andachng, h arls vsgs o hs docrn on Chns sol.

CU Lüyn a monk rom Cnral Inda, ranslad n230 A D. a x cald Mo-tengchih ching Bsdsdrcons or h worshp o sars and som smp rs orsacrcng o hm hs sra conans sx dhran whch allbgn wh h word om and nd wh svh, ncudng nsruconsor ncssary crmons durng h rcaon o h dhrasOn o hs r prormd by lghng a gra r and hrowng owrs no a h nd o h rcaon. Ths crmony,mos lkly nuncd by Brahmansm, sms o b a lnk bwn and h homa r augh n lar anrc sras Among hranslaons o C Chn x d. ar 253 A. D) svralxs conss o dhras, bu no rs accompanyng hm ardscrbd.

In h arly ourh cnury h gra Masr Dharmaraka � d ar 33 A D) mad many ranslaons u a wo hs sras conss o dhras. I s characrsc o Dharmaraka o ransla h manng o dhra nsad o ranscrbngh sound Exampls may b ound n wo dhras n h Hingwng ching In h ourh cnury wo ohrmasrs rom Cnral Asa wr parcularly amous or hrmagc, whch hy usd cvly o srnghn h popl'sah. Th rs, o-u-chng [ d 348 A. D.) , s h sub

jc o many gnds H was sad o b parcularly procn ndhras and could mploy sprs as h wshd By appyng ol

T 21.404b25 T h°) T 21400b2 400c16 40424b7. Fo s tex so cf 7 (1907) . 11;

Q 12 (1936) . 2. 204205.• T 2140027 E g T 14 No 427 T 21 Nos 1351 1356 T 14 No 42; T 21 No T 151416 156c2 T 50



TNTRM N HN �43

o hs pam he was abe o see wha was happenng a housandmes away Anohe o hs aompshmens whh no ae monk

possessed was he aby o e ounes by senng o he soundo bes hangng om he eaves o he empes. ma d beween 335 and 34� A D.) was anohe monk whopased he a o dhäa wh ban esus wheeve hewen He ansaed some dhäas n a ex now os, aed'ungchhwng ching

S-kung d 380 A. D) a monk om Cena Asaobaned Chen's avo beause he oud summon dagons andmake an Ths s one o he eaes oasons on whh a

Buddhs monk n Chna pays o an Lae mases o heesoe se wee a supposed o be abe o do hs. Tan-wu-han Dhamakema d. 433 A. D) was eaned n dhäaand showed hs mag powe by ausng wae o spng om aok. In he T-chi ching whh he ansaed, one passage decaes ha a bodhsava has ou knds o onamens amongwhh dhäa anks wh a samädh, and pajä uvpbh aso ansaed by Tan-wu-han gves nsuons o makng oengs dung payes o wody benes

bu he e s by no means so eaboae as hose pased nae daysTanyao he monk who suggesed he budng o sone

aveempes n Ta-ung ansaed he T-chi-i hen-chou ching n 46� A D wh he oaboaon o Indanmonks I desbes he mehod o makng an aena wheeBuddhs mages aanged n a ce eeve he oengs o hevoaes The aena seems o be a udmen o he maaa oaa he onsuon o whh s augh n ae exs The same

sa aso eahes a knds o sddhs Thee ae sddhs o wna wa, o sop a som o oban an o onea ones om, o oseue a whjewe. o deen puposes deen dees as we

9 T 503838 T 50328 T 5032812 T 5038925 T 50336a5

T 13 5c28 T 16345a5c6 T 5583828 T 2579



244 HOU N

as deren ways o worshppng are assged. The sra onsddhs ransaed y Shan-wuwe

n he ime of he ang

dynasy appareny s a more eaborae ex of he same ypemperor üa of he Liang dynasy son o Emperor Wu who was he mos famous Buddhs emperor n Chnese hsorysays ha he had earned severa dhras n hs chidhood ndicaing ha a ha ime hey were popuar among he upper cassesA ex caed Michihtin ching 5Ux consdered a ransaion of he Lang dynasy (502556 A. D) species he mehodof ceanin he ha of the empe and making oerngs o hedeiy Mrc. A considerabe amoun of his sra is aso devoedo he bene which one woud receive from recing his dhraA aer version of he ex ransaed by Amoghavara Bjadds some new eemens which are no found n his one. saysha in reciing he worshpper shoud make he proper mudrsand carry sma images of he dey on he head or on he arms asamues. Amoghavajra's verson aso menions he buidng ofa ma<aa durng he reciaon of he dhra These addonswoud sugges ha during he wo hundred years beween heeary sixh cenury and he eary eighh cenury anric Buddhsmgraduay ook is na shape n nda.

n he eary Tang dynasy a Chinese monk Chh-ung ransaed severa exs wih dhras Hs biography say hahe suded zeaousy he esoerc eaching Agupa who arrved n China n 652 A D ransaed he T'oni chiching which consss of many res simiar o hoseaugh n sras ransaed by Shan-wu-wei and Vajrabodhi . Pyodaya » who came o China in 655 A D, red onroduce some exs of he anric Buddhsm hen popuar n

ndia. Bu because Hüsansang he promugaor of he deaisc T 2579c2 See note 88 n Shanwwe' Boaphy t Tz-ü Cinotz d 620 T 22626 T 21260c20 T 2126112 T 2268 T 5719c20 720 ÖMR Sia ikkö attat i 5 755 For

Atgpta a see Appnd K



TANTRISM IN CHINA 245

Shoo n China, was so nenia a ha ime, Pyodaya wasnsessf Aordng o hs bography by Tao-hsüan, when

he rerned from a rp o he Soh Seas, " es exes sars q'ava prdemmen appors avaen os empors parHiansang vers e Nord. avai bien 'inenion de radireqeqes exes por onverr es Chinos, mais omme n'avaps de mariax a sa disposiion, ne rads qe rois Sra:tpl Maala � la Mthod por adorr l dda e l n#ya ses radions son exaes, onses, e minieses, e parfaemen apes a re ojors dese mises en praiqe

I-hng was aso ineresed n he anri form of Bddhismwhen he sded in Näandä; he od no devoe mh imeo i, as he had many oher opaions. Neverheess, among hisransaons he Ta kng-chüh-cho-wang hing wih s appendix on mehods for making aars and paningimages, is a we-deveoped ex of he anr shoo I s n hissra ha he dhära s rs deied and aed a vidyäräja

There, hen, were he eares eahers of anri Bddhsm nChina. Their work, hoh ahieved some degree of popariy,

anno e said o have esaished he as sch Besides hesehere were oher monks who, we know, wen o Inda o sdyhe esoer dorine; b hey a died in India before he odrern o Chna o promgae i Ths, was no ni hearriva of he hree famos monks of he eghh enry ha hisdorine began o form a disin and even dominan se ofChinese Bddhism.

22188 22188-89. Fo the Octe aaa b 90-97, o Äna

Pl nd Snkr veon c bd 100, A F Rdo HOE ansct Rensof Bddst teae ond n East Tkestan 12427

E CE, oe omo oe de a ande dnaste Tan eeex mnents aent e a o dans es a doccdt a -tsng104-05.

T 19476b25 477b3 Sch Shhn nd To-n CE Regex mnent

3132 101102 For the elton etwee Indn tntc hoo d Ch, f S LHQ 2 (936) . 2 207-208



246 CH YLANG

Shawuwe arrved Chaga 76 A D Later he was

aowed to trasate the texts which he had brought aog withhi. Hece he became he rst great master of this schoo iChia Soo after Shawuwei came Varabodhi ad his discipeAmoghavara who i ater years made this schoo oe of the importat sects of the Tag dyasty Athough this schoo of Buddhism did ot have great uece o Chese thought it wascosey associated with the court as we as the ordiary peopewho were terested i prayig for their ow wefare i presetad future ife but ot so kee o the discusso of profoud doctrie After Amoghavara's death i 774 A D this schoo graduaydecied No more emiet masters were kow to us except afew ames metioed i the dares of Japaese pigrims Durigthe eary part of the Sug dyasty some da moks aso trasted quite a few texts of this schoo ad performed esotercrtes Whe Jöj a Japaes mok, vsited the paace ofEmperor Shtsu i 073 A D, he foud may mages ofdeites who beoged to this sect excusivey This sect as a whoehowever did ot prosper ay more ad was eve hed i cotemptby the word Therefore, it woud be safe to say that the EsotericSchoo of Buddhism, about two ad oehaf cetures after tstroducto to Chia ad about oe hudred ad eighty yearsafter ts most ourishg perod died out Chia before itwas revved through Lamaism the üa dyasty some threeceturies ater

This artice cosists i the trasatio ad study of the biographies of Shawuwe, Varabodh, ad Amoghavajra who are theoy masters of this sect ts proper sese icuded Tsag's Sng kaoeng chan *it. My rst am s to

check Tsag's accouts wth the scaty avaiabe sources whichhe faied to use or used erroeousy The secod aim s to d

Fo thee me nd the nton P C e can be enCne es tactes e es tacto 2 8-60

C n a ka o-hh 2 6 C. Dain bkk ns 6b- See Tn-nng omment he end o jbodh ogphy nd Chh-pn

ttemen he F-t n-ci T 492962



TANTRSM CHNA 247

some nfomaton in Indian and Chnese iteate whch may heps to ndestand the Indan backgrond in these bogaphies.

Athogh no reference to the three monks is fond n any Indianbooks a few facs sch as the Trksh e n Northe Indathe cente of edation in Käpa King N aashapotavamanof that conty and the tamng of the eephants ae proved byIndan soes Ths we ndestand these biographies morethoroghy and an distingsh between hstorca facts and fancf egends contaned theen

The thrd am of ths thesis s to se these bographes as aframework arond whch to gathe some mateia eevant to

varos phases of this set sch as its rites ts eatonshp to thecot and its popaity among the masses It is hoped that theposition of this set n the time of the Tang dynasty wi ths bemade cea. Nether the dynast history no the two hge coetions of the pose and verse of the Tang dynasty the Ch'üanTangwen and the ChüanT'ang-shh contan asmch maeia as one wod expect A fairy age amont ofmateria s fond in the T'a-png kuangch an indispensabe coeton n stdyng the history of this perod the

Chn-shh ts'u-pn and the a-ch'ungshh chnshhpu-cheng two age coectons of nscptonsand the Japanese monks' itneraies ontained in anhon bukkyznsho @ Above a mst be mentioned the textstansated by these three masters themseves and varios hstorica woks ncding Tsanning's book contained n the TaishTripiaka The nds Tnhang povided invaabe materiasto the stdy of the hstoy of the T ang dynasty Pofessor Hu

Shih J and Mr SKAMT Zeny have made im

portant contibtions to the hstory of the Chan and Chngtsets by sing these new materias Nevertheess so far as theEsotec Set is conceed I am no partcay beneted b anyavaiabe Tnhang manscrpts except fo a few pites andsheets of pape on which dhäas wee witten. As for the reference works it is regrettabe that a few artices by Japanes schoars

C. Hu-shih ln-hüeh chnhu J � 98-39 TUKOO ZeryT ö chuk i no jdky J t! Q"± � .



28 C YN

puished n some ess importan Japanese perodicas are noavaiae here in Camrde on accoun of the war

2 Tg d c

Tsan-nin (919-1001 A D) was o o a famiy named which emigrated fro Po-ha to W-hsing in heend of the Si dynasty Accordin o WG -cn :Mihe ecame a monk in the Tien-chng period (926 A Dand in the eary years of the Ching-tai period (93- A D)e enered into Mt Tien-ai where he was fy ordained Benparicary procien in the Vinaya texts, he earned hisef the

nickname Tiger of Vinaya $ n 978 A D when W-üeh was incorporated into the Sun empire Tsan-ning was seny the kin to the Sung cor where he was honored y EmperorTai-tsung with a purpe roe and the tite Tung-hu �. At hesame time he was appointed o the Han-in which served ashe emperor's secretarat n 991 A D he ecame an editor of theNationa Archves n 998 A D he was appointed the sng-u of the Right Road which was in chare of haf of hemonks in he capita He hed oth positions unti he died in

1001 A D 7 w Chih-pan wh ay ha anning i in 1001 D t h g

eghty-tw 49402) hi prfac anning wk Hach ch S 219a) W Yhg ay that the mate wa ti n un hahat th ag eighy-tw t eem tha thi prface wa writn nt ry ng fthe mater ie W Y-hng give the ate f annng irth a th yeachma the itnth yar inyu f the ang ynaty whih atuayw the fth yea f Chng-ming f the Liang ynaty 919 D) auh Tang ynaty ha aray faln in 907 D f an-ning wa rn in 919 Dhe wul hav een eighty-tw yea l n 101 D W a ay that thiteenh ya f Tin-yu crrpn t he eventh yea f Chng-ming which

eem t a mcaculatn Nin-han 965922) gv th ate f Tannng eath a 996 D whih i vinty wrng Wnying 3 Hsang-saye #§ � t 76) 3 ay that h ie at th age f ighyur which al cntraic th at givn y W Y-chng an Chihpan

Hc c 207.·i he tt ha Ä Since he wa ny aut

ten yar at that time th ful rinatin praly tk ple m time ateut W i nt giv precie ate

Cf T 90c7 F the ac cf Hs-c c 208-



TANTRSM N CHNA Q4

It s sad that he was wdely read n both Buddhist and nonBuddhst books Schoars such as H Hsüan WG ü

ch€g and w Kai were his good friends. In WG worwe nd a preface to Tsannngs ench , and three poemspresented to h in all of which WG referred to Tsannngsscholastc achievments partcularly the contribution of the aoseng chan In H Hsüans ench there is also a poem presented to Tsanning when he was returning to hs hoe in theSouth. Snce H was famous for hs study of palaeography it nteresting to notce that in this poem he asked Tsanning tond for hi the sele erected by Shhhuang of the hin dynasty

and inscried y his renownd prime minister

S ÜUGHsiu records a story of Tsanning which would show howtactful he was. When he as a sngu accompanied EmperorTaitsu to the Hsiangkuo Temple in the capital thelatter was hesitating if he should kneel down to pay oeisance toa Buddhas image Thereupon Tsan-ning said The presentBuddha would not pay obeisance before a past Buddha Theemperor was highly pleased and t thus became a rule that theemperor should not kneel before any Buddhist images. - shhha also has a story revealing that Tsanning was witty and quickin reply.

In the year 98Q A. D he received the imperial order to compilethe Sng kaoseng chan. He otained permission to return tothe temple in Hangchou N where he came from and there heworked on the book which he completed in 988 A. D The book

C. Hnghan yeh-lu 35 u- hh-hu * � ts �7 �T 997c5. r t rpes H Hsn WNG Y-cn n L c

S-hh-h'-hung Sung-t hun-h tung-h ynt -*e% , 59 70

H-hu ch �07-9 I 7. 5 10. H-kung wn-h (SPT ��. C Kue-ten Zu ! � sers 7 s 9) t very ut

t e rn T-ts s crrc cs Tsn-nn c te Nrt nec t sn- n T-tsun's re en T-su rdy e r etns e Kue-t'en u, suc s Pe-h ts �4 ) hu-fu (Y e, s � n t Hn--l () e T-s

C Lu- hh-hu �. C Tsn-ns r n prsntn ts k (T 50.709) n Fo-u ung



250 CH YN

s dded no thty chaptes and composed of 533 bogaphes

Thee ae also 30 monks who have no bogaphes of the ownbut the lves ae bey ecoded n the bogaphes of othes.As fo the souces of ths book he acknowedges n hs pefacethat he has made use of the bogaphes as wel as the tomb nscptions witen by fome people It is also amed by Chhpan n his ots tng-h Ths accounts fo thedieence in sle even wthin one biogaphy.

The st half of Shanwuwe's biogaphy is vey elaboate instyle and language because it is entiely taken with vey few

changes n woding fom the wok of LI Hua * who was consdeed a good pose wte The latte half of the biogaphydealng with Shanwuwe's legend is based chey on the -yangtsa-ts and hence the style is clealy dieent fom thest half. Fo Vaabodh's bogaphy Yüanchao's wokpobably s the chief souce but Tsannng dd not make use ofal the infomaton n hs Cheng-yan shihhiao Z The chief souces fo Aoghavaas biogaphy ae C Chiens hsngchuang and Fehsi's peimng The

style of the bogaphes of Vaabodh and Amoghavaa s moened than that of Shouwuweis biogaphy When Tsannngstated the compilaton of ths book, he was aleady an old man.Hs peface says that besdes hiself sevea othes took pat nthis wok It s most ikely that Tsannng ony acted as a chefedto whle othe monks ealy dd the compaton. Ths s whythe stye was consdeed poo and HUG Tngchen even ted to evise it

Among othe books whch Tsannng wote ony two ae stil

hi (T 003 Hah hi (208b nd t nghi (T 38c6 83 A yr when h reed he rder

C h pee (T 50703 C T 507022 T 4 40023 Fr hee re e e epee brphe T 507020 T 4 0026 F he b . Ku H-n P 1Da hih wn hh

3& 2 8 nghh *(31+IPr ed Al he d he d he pee wk re ted m th edtn) . 205., 22, 25a,206b 5.



TRS N CHNA 251

peseved today The st one is theSeng-hihlh in theechaptes which is a geneal histoy of the sangha in China. The

second book is a shot teatise in one chapte called Sun-pu deaing with bamboo shoots has ve headings the vaiousnames of bamboo shoots the places whee bamboo shoots ae poduced the way of cooking them the stoies about bamboo shootsand miscellaneous notes Pobably it was due to this kind ofknowledge that ru Kai calld Tsanning the HANG Hua of the day as HANG was a welknown schoa with encyopaedicknowledge

HE BIGRAPHY HANWUWEI HE HNGHAN EPE LANG HE ANG DYNAY

(Tish Tripik 50.71471617)

The monk Shanwuwei was by oigin a native Cental India and a descendant of Amtodana, äkyamuni's une His Sanskitname was ubhakaasiha in Chinese, Chingshihtz which was tanslated as Shanwuwei B anothetadition his name was ubhakaa which also meansWuwei in Chinese.

T 54 No 1. he nber of hapter of the book a it i preered todaygree with the nber gien in Sung-shih 0510a Hng-shan yeh-lu .5aay that ai-tng wanted to know the life of the enent onk in forer tieo Tan-ning opiled the Sng-shih-lüeh in ten hapter to preent to the epero.Apparently he had onfed the Kao-sng huan with the Sg-shih-lüeh and thenber gien by hi agree with neither work

hi book inlded n the 'ai-ch'uan hehhai t Hiang-shan yehlu 5b.

L Ha Shan-wu-ei hsng-huang abbreiated below a hinghan gie aadha the ontry where Shan-wwei faily originally lied 5090a L Ha died in the early year of the a-li

*fperiod 9 A. D.

and wa partilarly known a a writer of biographie and onental inription Cf.hi biography in T'ang-shu 01b Hi biography ay that he wa onertedto Bddhi in hi later day. For h aoiation with onk f the biographie ofen-hün 5098a and Lan-jan 50800a in Tan-nin worAordin to the forer he wa till alie in the forth year of a-li 9 A D

n Atodana f. MOZUK Shinkö Bukky daijiten $*I abbrevaed below a MZUK 4b- and Bdha 4.

here i no way to derive h a eanin a literally god withou



CU LNG

Because of unrest in their own country, Centra India his

ancestors had eft t and gone to regn over the country of Ora � Shanwuwes father's name was Foshou wang King Buddhakara From hs birth he appeared ike a divinity and was endowed with vrtues and accompshments Thereforehs father tested hi a successve varety of positions

fea) fm ethe ubhakaa bhakaaha Ths biaph is manl based nL ua's Shanwuwei peing ping hü W (abbeviated belw aspei) whh the on's name sas nl hs ha wa Shanwuei "(T 50.290b16) I mih ipl that besdes ths ao or sle he als had a n o name. sncuan (T 50.290a4) sas: ubakaas complete Sankt namesld be ubhakarasiha o wic he coe Chnese tanslaons Chnshihz litel ln. fee anslan f hs ne wld be Shanwwei. EOO Ena n is emui sanzö no mi wa tano nonaku ka (Shkyö kenky new sees, 8.4.9104) sests at Shanuwei mt be a Cinese tansleraonof te Tean tanslaton o ubhaaa ba Bed mon the sas e tanslatede name used e ws wle W s used in wen of e neve ocus

I sms me that Sanwuwe s sml anoher name w as no elaonwt te Sanskt name ubaaa. Si staes of fearlessness abaa) or eedoom fea in a bdisavas stal pess a desed in the P'iu-chna ching

tanslaed b ths ase Te rst abhaa amon the s su abaa (svabaa)(f. T 85 and Ihsins commenta, T 9 .605c6) . ubakaa mt haveadoped this wd as is Chinese nae, a as i is sated n h pe Sne es called e ao Sanuei in s ba, I also use it n m anslation.

It s eneall aeed nw that ts oun was lated in the pesent ssa. C.T. E On Yuan Chwang rae, 2.196 S. B Lfe f Hiuian 4; HO Kentu Kaieu eikki 781785; MO 1. 24R D BE Hiry f Oria (Calcua, 90) 1 161145 e am s te in o a s no found in süantsans od But accodn hs plm . 28) and Taosan (T 50.42a20) te kin f Udäna was said ave been an eid ka. Since Udäna was tansiteated in man was, amnwich ae � o � (, 20520) , tis so f Sanwuweis famil ould

ave been a cnfsin between te � fo <a and he � fr Udäna Pealead as is tadion In the a quae of the eih cenu, thee eised na a dnas f wic he ins al be te name aa ee was even nekin aled ubhakaa The wee eieves n Buddism . Te date of these Kaakins was woed out on te basis te insipions n e op e plaes discveedin rssa ad te Chines sources (cf. S. L Kn ubhakaa o ssa Epiraphianica 15.8.64 R D BE Hir f Oia 1 14610) . s Shanwwei wascaed ubaaa and is ahes name cod be esoed as *Bddaaa I aminined to suspect at te mi ave bn e pedcessos of tese Kaa ins

Pe eads f istead o j$ ( 50290b8)



TANTRISM CHINA 253

At the age of ten he was in command of the army; and athrteen he succeeded to the hrone. He won he aecon of bothsolders and cvians; but hs brothers, beng eaous of hs abilty,organzed an armed rebellion The resulng fratrcdal sruggle wasso severe that Shanwuwe hmself had to take acve command.He was struck by a stray arrow and a yng dscus brusedte top of is head Even so when, n accordance wh martalaw s brothers upon her defeat had incurred the penalty ofdeah, he indulgenly forgave them, despie he requiremens ofsric ustce Then, wih tears n his eyes, he sad to his moherand minsers: When ed my army [agains my brohers hat

was he end of any love [between us In order, however, o perfectmy duty [as a brother, I mus now abdcae [714b15 He hereupon gave he throne o his eder brother and earnestly requestedhat he mght become a monk Sadly his mother gave consen

She secrely gave Shanwuwei the pearl without prce whchwas the emblem of nheriance of the throne, ust as [correspondngly the vessels dstrbued among he feuda lords [dened

The ex es whh mens o swn o o whl. n his senseche bee wh

Pe es (T 52b2) meng o poec.

The scus s n of wpon. Hsi-yü hi T 51877b1) "a W (1171)omts the enumo of hese wepons S J n hs nston of Hsn-tsnswor 82 ses fone to ene B 183) ss H ros ns o slngs Boh re norect cr) pä) e wo wepons h Bus Hnu gos e equentl epesente s berng he ns Cf T AGopnh Ro Elent of Hindu Ionogphy M, 11) 1 pt 1 Descptono Tems P. C B Deux lexique nskithinoi 3.

Te tx es e. ;. Pe res

i;� �1, . 4e(B) Im, f -.! (T 50290M1) . It

mens Wen e m m [ns em t ws ghteousness wc supersee

oe Now I esre to bce beuse I so le o c out m pln. Chungpnhi hing r t. b Tn-uo n Mn-sng

n 27 A D) " A m A m T .18b26) Te wo o s lec of e e s whn Busm ws stintoue nto Cn n ws ce fo-to m fe e fson of Tosm. Cf.T Yung-un Hn W lingChin nnpeiho fohio hih 87-5 Ler n A m cme to men to beome mon. Asoc J R WE TP 3 (133 113 153

e hs o obtn s ens ermsson befoe he cn be one. C.Mgg (SB 1315.5) Sfnlü (T 22818) Shihnglü (T 2315223) .



254 CH YANG

them. He went southward to the sea where he ame to a superb

monastery and there obtaned the=12 He pled up sand to form stpas to the number ofalmost ten thousand and even when a blak snake bt hs nger,he would not gve up

He then found aommodaton on a merhant shp by travellng on whh he vsted several ountres and [whle on board hereted [stras and medtated n seret emittng [the whle awhte lght from his mouth. There were three days when the wnddd not blow and yet the shp saled onwards a vast dstane. The

merhants ves were [one n danger when they enounteredprates Flled wth ompasson for hs omrades Shanwuwewhspered a dhära n slene Seven kos of deties appearedn full glory and nally the prates were destroyed by other bandts[who appeared These bandts then onfessed ther sn and beamehs dsples

They beame his guides over the ountry whh was now easyand now dult Only after passing through many a weary wlderness and rossng stnkng rvers dd they reah Central Inda,

where Shanwuwe met a kng who was marred to his eder sster[The kng asked Shanwuwe why he had abdated and oudnot repress hs admraton They walked nto [the palae handin hand Lke shelterng clouds Shanwuwes presene omfortedthe whole ountry

Shanwuwe had grae of person and surpassng ntellgene.

Pe as edted n Chün-Tngwn (31. and T 500 read hh oud mean otaned a upe monte' h text eads o h ette. e nn ing (H ed. 861.1 has eher

no C Hsn-ng (W .1319 nd of medtaton praed Mahäänts, thouh hh oe endeaos toee Samanahaaodhsata ad o onfes ones ns th the hope of omn aodhatta hs medtato s to e oht aot retn he ous Sr foent-one das Cf MOZUK 558.

desn a Hsüan-tsan (WE 13-1 sas that nea he shoeo the oean n the southeast of ths otr as th t of Che-ta-o (Charra?aoe tent n t hh as a thoohfae and es pae o sea-on trades ad stanes fom dstant lands."

The text a d hh teal oud men pratsn n see hedhäna etaton." I am no etan of m ntepretaton

Cf MOZUK 1.68



TANTRIS IN CHINA 2

He understood the Five Ways [of Buddhism 714b27 and thThree Disciplines He plumbed the meaning of both the dhrans

and meditations and was an artist and expert craftsman [in themaking of Buddhist images and stpas When he rst visitedäland Monastery (meaning untiring generosity in Chinese)rom which the counterfeit doctrine was derived and whichwas the pole of all the saints, Shan-wu-wei presented the pear ofinheritance to be set in the forehead of the great statue [ofBuddha B da it was like the moon, at night like the sun

There was a certain [monk named Dharmagupta in themonastery. He held the mystic key to the ate of Meditation and

possessed the secret seal of Tathgata He appeared over fortears old but was reall eight centuries old Hsüantsang hadone met him. With great reverence, Shanwuwei made obeisanceat [Dharmaguptas feet and recognized hi as his Master.

nn k ptkbh bohitt. Th t tor to not th r o Bhit ho obr th pcpt tc. Thcon gop of to f to Hnn hi th t on f to h.Thr r th othr it of th n hih i ight fom thi t nwhich o gr th bohittn or bhn th hiht w fo tion.Cf OZUK 2.227.

Th Thr Diipn :� o ik r hn n pr. Cf OZUK2.72c

Fo Nn cf WTTRS 2.669 TKKUU Jniö n ARcord1 h Buddhi Rligion a Practid in India and th Malay Achplago CAANNES L rligiux minn 898

Bh' thing i ii into thr pio of hih th pio of th confit octrin or ptirp i th on on. Cf. addhaapuarka 828ayutanikya 6.3 (r. RS AIS tnton 212 o f. T 2226c7 19b2Th ngth of ch pr o i in con ith int tition. Cf ZU,2117b Bh tchin i thro o hinchio f. TP 3013.

In Hi chi t ht in mn to mn to s o tot' Th xm fon in T 1870b18 8728 876b7, 93, 9320

Thi imi on thr i r It mn it in tim it i k moon, t ight it hin. It i n Ini of ph to omp oo pon to th moon bc it i biht bt o nothrt th th n o hn o ook t it Thi ho ti o notxpin th im .

Thi nm i not mntion in th Hi chi o Hüntng biogrph bY ntng

3 It Inin tom to toh n ki th ft of th mn hom or C WATTERS 1173; TKKUU 99.

2 Th biogrph of YÜ I hihchi R (80 8b ht Yüh



256 CH NG

ne day when Shanwu-wei was acting as atendan for a mea

here was a monk rom China present Shanwu-wei showed himhe Masers bow and the monk sa w in t a ried cake andboed miet whch were si warm Beng asonshed he xcamed But Chna s an uncounabe number of mles away rom hereand ye ths Chnese ood was cooked his moing and broughthere Whereupon Dharmagupta said [o Shan-wu-wei: Snceyou have made no remark you are realy quaed to earn

Then Dharmagupta mparted to Shanwu-wei the dhärasyoga and he docrines o the Three Secrets. Surrounded by

hng-ng 0 stdid [t docrn of Hang and oz d hs oigna mas was o-shang chang-jn . Hoshanhang-jn taugt A-chi-shng �;1, An-hi-shng agh Mao-i-ung 0Mo-ing taugh Yh-hsia-ung 0 Yüh-hsia-ung taugh Y-chng-ung" his h wod is usd to man a ach by whom on is drcy aught

Th has which sms o b a nd of ood mad of ou and ridh oi It is o b sd ho as T hng-sih has passag n Yyg - ST d b) wich mnions th ho id ca

6 This story as t is gn n or t dos no ma sns i proids a dintrsion on whic I bas h abo rnsaion i T 0�90c) says Whn updhyya [i. Sanwu-wi] saw a wha was conaid n his Masrs bow was

ot h food o ti own country showd o a mon who was a CinsHag sn that both h frid ca and bold mit w si warm monw surprisd nd said i admiraion: Bt na is an uacountab nmbr o ils away rom h nd ths foods wr cood tr i mornig d broughr at noon. How mracousy fast it is! A h mons i h smby wrtonishd ony h updhyya pt slnt [Thn h Masr tod h pdhyycrly: A wostorid palion was rcntly bil in h aima Tmp ä Chna and I ha js rturnd fom hr a ciing origs As you canfan from ang yo a lly uid o a."

For dhr cf. TOOO Shöun W Shon darani no ny Q (Mdr Kky Q �9-6. Also s Appndi N

Th word yoga coms from h roo yj which originy mans to joi nd

atr coms to man to sui. In sotric Bdism h rm yoga ms o concnrat ons mid in ordr o harmoniz with th suprm doctr and to idnifyonsf wih th dity on worships cf Mkky dj ��a) Hnal th rits pormd by h mons of this sct whhr simp or complicatd aalld yoga baus ths rits ar t mans o idtify onsf with th diy -sng his '--ch- chg T 3963c) says: To b rsd yoga mans ofom w h mthod o oin. I rs to on ho an thoroughy udrstanh dras o h th diisions and h siddhis o th high middl ad ow grads now that h ag wth h highst doci Thn h is] gardd abo prom yoga w" T Chkg-g yü-ch'eh-hg üeh-ch' e-g chg transatd by Varabodhi is a stra dang with l



TANTSM N CHNA �7

dragons and divntes n a crcle about h he learned at onesitting to make the mudräs On that very day he received abhek

and was made a Master of men and devas and receved the ttleof Tripaka. The Tripaka deal with moral conduct medtation and wisdom whle formaly they are known as stra

nd re bh dvdua mn prace n day e ad up perm maee ad hee e ae caed ya C T 18223c2

9 The The See are he ece bdy (äyauhya peech (vägguhyaad md (manghya Mahäyäa Buddhm hee hee ece beg Buddha F nae me ene he aemy may ee Budda' dy n gdecr ahe ne may e ve whle a hrd e may ee c var ewey Th Bddha' ee bdy (c Ta-hih-t n *!�,T 2.12712. ec Bddm a dee meang attahed t he TheeSece. Amghavaja h P-ti-hin n (T 3274b13 gve a terebt car teeat w Am the Thee Sece the ne theecet dy he mang mdä whe vtg he at Th ecnd theret peech the eret eatn dhäa whh the wd hd beuteed] dcty ad auy The thd ece the eet mnd pemthe jnng mehd lealy dwe n yga] and medate he Bdhttawhe magnng e' mnd a whte, pue rd mn The whe m aave bje medta taught n the Pi--ha hing (T 181722 203A c hg mmetay (T 3968822 The W- wi antsang chan-yao (T 18.946 gve the ea why a mn t t e a jet medtan

ter Bddhm a mdä me a gue made wth nge ah detyha h wn pauar mdä whch t e mated y a whppe Deet eare a t b amaed by deen mud Vau name ae gven the twhand (uch a un' wdm e the ght hand and m' medatn' er the et had ad the ten nge (h a ten päamtä' te whee en dhätu' et. F the deet mud the hapt Mehd Mag Mdä f:p n -hg' mmentay the Pih-a hing (T 39714a-772; SKO ( Si-Do-In-Dz p nnas d M imt, ibiothqdtds 8 MOZ 1176177 TO Mandaa n kky, 469489. ne Buddm mudä mea a gete Buddha' had uh a hat peahng medat mtng alg the eath wte e a we te ee Buddht

art A GETY The ods of Nh ddh 91 The me mudrä hwever athe med Hndm made etenve e mudä (c Tya DE KEEMds, Lnd 1924 29-42, and hey payed a eve mre mprtat re n teBuddm

3 T W R D Pai-Engsh Dtonay . v p ay: Th wedge the 3 Paa a a amhmen he hhu ated n the tem epa e wh ama wth he 3 P ' Sme vaed rm he ame ttle uh atpe, tpeaa ad tpaadhaa ae a ted de th headng The eaeuee h tte n Chnee that a nd n the baphy Saghavam

aved Cha 433 A D c. T 034214 19



28 H YLANG

vinaa, and äsra. The dhäras are used o epiomze hem; he

are he shor-cut to enghtenmen [714c1] and he uck sea oeease. The Buddhas of the three words were born through thisgate [method] . The ilumination of uddhas] inteigence bequeahed on one [source of] lght [ButJ it was forever and everwhere sucient to meet the needs of diversied human nature.Therefore there have been innumerabe Buddhas and meditatonsas numerous as rains of sand. A bodhisatva, having epiomzedal the medtatons in one string i e dhära], would sudenlbe eevated n rank and approach supreme enightenmen. Ths

was the essence o Dharmagpta's docrne] .Then Shan-wu-wei earessl wandered through he wild plansand made pigrmages to al the sacred spots If he went to a paceonce he went three tmes He entered Kukkuapäda Mountainwhere he cut [the arhat] Mahäkäapas har and Avaokievaralaid hands on his head. Once when he spent the rain season atdhrakta Mountain a wd animal guided h into a deepmountain cave i whch t was as lght as da. There he saw avision o äkamuni with attendans on both sides as the werebodi present.

The ext ha e �'M:, $. Ahe exame hi wrd reen t Bdha i nd in a memria Amhavarasdcipe :tV!" ( 2 80) . The erm hui- M lamp ieligene is a sed by Amhavaa's diciples t desinate thei Mate, sh a [] MW! ( 52836) and rJmz7 528492)

h ext ha m.) I am n ceain my tepeatin

ei eads r T 5029026) . Mahäkäyaa is said t have eteed int iväa i kkuapäda Mntain and

pesevd his bdy here ui the desent Maiteya, wh wil shw his bdy t herävakas and enihten them he K hich'ih- aa ahh

(T 24409a15) , sü ch 51.91) , Fahcha T 5186327) th Fatsa üa cha #Y{ ( 50300) and Dävadäa 61 he sy Shan-w-weis in har Mahäkäyaa sapparey a eend bu t ut hai the mnk i plned samädhi thr avewas a mmn atie. S. B Th L o tia (202) Ta-hsasbiaphy änaupa ( 50.434b3)

san-nin llws L Hua's pei whh ha inead (T 0.291a)n ant the tabu the an dynasty Bth and *i are used assubtitues the hater . Yan YCP 4. 563 567 635,Ch'üaTa 273ab



260 CHU YIIANG

and mediaion is good for a The banners of the heerodox were

overturned, and the victorious standard of Vairocana Buddha was et up He caused the hereics to free themseves of their ownbewidermen by concentraion, and [taught hem to ook for theBuddha within themseves

Dharmagupta said to hi: " [You good man You have apre-destined ca to China. ow you may go Shan-wu-wei henrevereny bade hi farewe and ef When he arrived inKashmir he came at dusk to a river over which no bridge wasbui He crossed it by oating through he air One day he wasinvited o dine in a rich mans

hoe In a short whie an arhat

descended, saying " I beong to Hnayäna. You are a bodhisatva who is traversing the bhmis 8 Thereupon he arhayieded the [higher seat to hi and honored hi. Shan-wu-weipresened an exceen robe to the arha, who then depared intothe sky

Laer Shan-wu-wei arrived in dyäna Whie mice ran

The ex hs Pei eads 5029110)

The ex has ;IG,z Th m IG' s he aslton o cta conras wth IG'f o IG e. caa Hee howeve he tem s o used isorigial meag u as a epihe or Vairocaa Buddha he peache o he P'i-lcha chi and the chie dity woshipped soteric Buddhism C I-hsg'scommetay to the aove mentioned süa T 958015) .

45 For Kashmi c. WE 1 258264 C Dm r l TKi166168 W uei-chaos Pigereise duch NodwestIndie d eral

Asie um 726 SPA W 198) 441-442• The text has wh ich is the taslaion o the Sasrit word §rehi For

the distnctio ewee the usage o this word Buddhist texs ad Chiese classicscf a-i mii ch T 541 08) ad MOZ 4706

4 The tex has which s a tsation of the Sansri word hadanta n the

Tag dyasty this word w also used as a mon's tite as Ata Bhadata Peachig Bhadata etc. C Sshhüh T 549) The text has : The characte ±stands o hümi Fo the te hüms

n a odhisattva's caee c Ha Dayal Bdhiaa Dcri i Bddhi Sasrar 270-291 N DT Ac ahääa Bddhi ad Rla aäa 28-289

dyä compised oughy the pesent distict o Pagoa Bijwa Sw adun Cf WE 1225-29 C Dcms 128129 Ths coutry is alsdescried y Fa-hsie J. GE A Rcrd Bddhis Kidm 28-29) and SY S. B Rcrd h W Wr 1 ciii the neaies.



TANTRISM IN HINA 26

up to hi each day and brought presents of god coins He ectured on the il [hen engfo henpin hi-hih hing]

[{1n#l] in the court of a Turkish khan]and meditated under thekatuns tree The Law appearedin goden etter displayed in the sky. At that time a femaeattendant in the Turkish khan s] paace pressed her hand to hebreast from which three streams of milk ew out and poured intoShanwuweis mouth He casping his hands said soemny " Shewas my mother in a former birth

n his way he met bandits who struck at hi three times witha sword, et he was not hurt. The man who wieded the sword

heard ony the sound of copper being struck]. 71a1] He wenton and cimbed the Snow Mountain. There he fe il on re aching] a arge ake Dharmagpta came from the sky saying Whiein the word a bodhisatta does not escape transmigration; butyou hae ong understood the word. How can you be siknow? After e had said this Dharmagupta ascended to the skyand Shanwu-wei recoered his strengh competey] as thoughwashed

When he passed through Tibet he stayed with some merchantsThe barbarians being greedy for money came in arge numbers

See beo, note 8. Te text as �d)Zm. e reas liJ�fmr

(T 029a8) ould mean As te Katun e fo te La perfomedan aa der a tre" e n Wüa ha (863a) reads meanng te son of te atn ased for te La. j) s a term omposed oa translteraton and a transaton o te ord dyna, but s a translteratonof te or aa meanng to mae eerene t bot ans asped Ts onfuson o usa s freuenty ound. T F-paos süh a't

{jm (980b enes �f (aa) as Ä) or onentraton but e does no e any Bust texs exet te or of Tsan (. 8 A .

d e (d 9 A . See Appenx A5 See Apendx B Te text as eray od en yo separaton from

laa:. Te tex eas Ts expesson s fond n te borapy of

a-n T'ash (2a , ee t seems to mean ea' Ru

Snsn i' n s commentay to Thh t'h j ed, 20a) des as or ted Ts meann, oeve does no ere.



C YILNG

to surround and waylay them Shan-wu-we secretly appled

mudräs by heart so that the chef of the Tbetan robbers wasdefeated by hs mag power and begged for pardon When hereached the western border of the great Tang [country a godtold hi one ngh " Eastward from here [the county s no mydomain Majur s guardng that heavenly land The godvanshed after havng made obesance at hs feet. Ths was lkeKapilas protecton of [Master oinedbrows [i e. Dharmamitra Shan-wuwei oaded hs books on the back of a camewhich, when crossing the river at Hschou , was pulleddown into the river by the dragon Shan-wu-we aso fel no hewaer and stayed three days in the paace of the dragon and propagandied [them on the Law so that many were converted Whenhe led the camel out o the shore, he books were stil no damp

Whle Shanwu-wei was stll in the regon of orth Inda, hsae already had spread as far as China Emperor utsung

ordered äna and enera S Hsen l to go ou

Te ex s -I Fo e relio beee Mjr d i . S hales O d

d Bddhm 2.2021 MOHZUK, 5.48774878 See bove oe 23 Fo p f. Shhhh ao-a T 54.3046 MOHZUK 1 .460

Te so f pil's ompig Dmmira is fod i Kao-s haT 50 .34322 . Joiedbos is probbl e rlio o sb oe of mor mks of Bdd. f Latavtara 22. 1 5 Räedlä Mi ed. dDhararaha 59. I i lso voie desipio o eo i Sski Bddiliere. Cf. Dväadäa 2.1.27 26.1.4 581.4.

sio rog orespods o e pese T Siki Povie Fo me T msip of geee o is reio, -ho hh Tha hh-hh -h t�;H. 2

isng eined oe i 684 . D. d dehoned b mpess W Then

e eiged g fom 710 o 73 D Jä ms be Idi mok o is o esed esehee. mo medDevedrä T 50719b9 me o i om o i 68 . DTe de of is de is o kon Jä old be simpied om of Devedjab s ei ehe e as sill lie bo 76 . D .

Pei reds T 50291 . I eems me ikel is geer soii sioed o e e bode. The Tks of e o mil ho mo seve e Tg mpeo s doped he Chiese se Shi hi brided fom of he Tkis me HHA l sh SHH Til d SHH l f. HAAE Domt 23; Ch Ta-hu



NRISM IN CHIN 26

the ade ate P to welcome h In the ealy years of theKayüan 5 peod [7-74 A D] Empeo Hsüantsung

dreamed that he had met an emnent monk of unusual appeaanceThe Emperor, applyng the pants hself, portayed [the dreammonk] on the wal of hs hall When Shan-wu-we arrved, he was[foun to be] dentcal wth the monk of the dream [71a29]Rejocng at ths mraculous meetng, the Emperor decoate thetemple n the palace for Shanwuwe and honored has Master Begnnng wth the prnces of ng and Hsüeh all knelt down before h and wated on h As a bodhsattva mght be receved n the celestal palace so ths Indan

[monk] was seated next to the Emperor who honored h as theTeacher of the Country, [ust as] Huangt honored Kuangchng9 [Shan-wu-we, on hs pat] cause the Emperor to [enter]he way of Tathägata Ths sublme doctrne was hen at the peakof ts populary

A tha tme there was an astrologer who could manpulatesupenatural sprts and was learned he mechansm of [cosmcchanges When [Shanwu-we and he asrologe] were ordered toengage n a es of her [ral mraculous powers n the presence

of the Empeor he was calm, but he asrologer who tred towors h] was at a loss o know what o doIn the fouth year of Kayüan the yea of pngchn [716

A D] Shanwuwe rs arve n Changan, brngng wth

9a) The genera HH Hsien o our tet mght be a smie orm o -HH-NAHsen o Tsh. C CHAANNES Dcm 77 2 Chi T'ah9b The headquarters o the heh-tu-shh o Chi-hs � s nKarashar S Hisao Sekise setsuoshi kö (P�, Shih 22- 6)

The ade Gte Pss s ote he northese rt o Kansu Provnce C

C Y Y Y 29-6. Hsan-tsung reiged rom 7 to 7 D See en C Boh ere Hsan-tsung's brothers. For he biogahies Chi T'ah

9a-7a aa For the erm kuoshih ELLl TP 267-676 The story o Huang- an Kuanghng-t is oun Cha. C LEEs

rnsion in SB 9297 The exact dte o Shnu-eis arriva Chngn s no give the te

or ei but anoher monks bioghy rten by L Hua gives he ae s he eentof he h moon Ch'T'w 97b).



64 CH YIIANG

hi some Sanskit exs. He was stationed n the suhn quate he Hsing-u Tempe 7 by he Empeos ode. Later

n he was ordeed o say in he Hsiming Tempe 72 Messenges wee sent] epeatedy rom the Empero] o inquire aterhis heath and he presents given hi] were unusua In he tyear the year tingss 717 A. D.] by imperia oder he madransaions in Putiyüan F 73 He asked the Empeor nvie noed monks who should discuss with hi] both he Chinesand the Sanskit exs He s transated in ne chape h-k'ng-tang ch'wen-ch'ih a mi*ß 7 The monk*Siddhärha 7 made an oal tansaion. Wu-chu 7 wrot

7 Te Hng-fu Teple wa ocaed n Hu-t-ang # n e notwee of Changan c H Sung Tan anhin hnfan kao # ed 48b Hüan-ang onc woked in h eple.

Te Kaiüan hihchiao (T 55572a2 ay ae an iedc odeed hi o ay n he Hing Tee]" Th ele wa oaed Yenkang-fang # n he ween a of Changan c Chnfan kao 4.bChnfan kao i 4a I w ao faou fo i eony owe cf IMinoue Z Töo chöan ni okeu boan no kanhö � C C chimra haka koki kin hi ron 894

7 Te Put-yüan ut be a ar o he H-ng Tele Hngchuang ention an ndvidu ele (T 50 290a) wich u be a itae A lage tel

uually coned o any yüan whic ight occuped by onk of dieen C Y Kei Sanaik no kk C 8 222 T 54.240a2 C Yenyüan Liai minha chi lt;(i*�. ed) .b Chnfan kao 2.4. Soe Japee book ay ha Shanwuwei n the year 7 A. viied Jaan whic i copetey goundle C Fakk ed 07 Gnk hakh 1 044b HZU 005c

The tex ead i a te ued ince the Six ynatie toean the inoductoy rear on the ile o a ta wen it w exounded Heete wod not ued n te ogna ene but only ean to gi wth"

7 T 20 No 4 The ull ttle of th wok i found n the ext below Thra conta a dhära to be ected with oe ite to invoke Ääagababodiattvawho would el the upliant in ganing woldly ot Fo te cult o t bodavain te Fa Eat c M W V The Bodiattva Äkäagabha (Kouö nChna and Ja handnn dr Konnkjk Akadmi van Whan Amdam Afdeelin lette-unde nieuwe ee deel 0-47

7 Thi Indan onk i not atteed elewhee77 It not cean whee i onk wa an Indan o Cne ince te na

can be a tanlaton of Aaga Bu one wo cooed te text ut be falarwit boh language uually a Cnee wa chon C W. FUHS ur ecnchen



TANTISM IN CHINA 26

down and omposed he ex was oped and presened o eEmperor, who aorded hgh prase Thereupon an ed was

ssued ha Shan-wu-we should presen [o he Emperor a heSanskr exs he had brough alongPrevousy he monk Wuhsng had gone o vs Inda

Afer he had nshed hs sudes, he [red o] reu o Chna, buunforunaey died on reahing orh Inda. All he eaves of heSanskr exs whh Wu-hsng had obaned were preserved nhe Hua-yen Temple n he apa From hese Shanwu-we and Maser I-hsng 71b1 seeed [for ransaonsevera exs and dhäras whh had never been ransaed before

In he wefh year [724 A D he aompaned he Emperor oLo-yang There he reeved he ed orderng h oransae he Tpilhe hig n he Fu-sen Tempe The omplee Sanskr ex of ha sra onaned one

ranisatio der Übersetne bddistiser rifte ns Cinesise A 193 13

7 Kaiüa iia u T 72a1 n reatin tis event says aoto tis e od ot transate a te sütras" Hsantsns arm eome to Sa w-wei as deribed n tis text is very doubtfu ause n is eary year imperor w ot avorabe to Buddism Te onsation of Sanu-weis boo

ut tat Hsa-tsn may ave so disied tis form of Buddism ot to wists texts to beome popary ow For tis probem s Appedix L

For Wsn f is bioapy by I-in CHAVANE L rigiux mi37

Tis is te tmpe were I-sin oe stayed C 733 For I-sin bioapy f T 5732 He stdied der severa teaers of

te ien-tai Can and Vnaya Se Sne e is said to ave bee eaed introoy and matematis many faifl stories ar tod about i n te bioapyHe ded 727 A

Aordin to Ch Ta-u 2a Hsan-tsn visited L-ya n te eeventmoo o tis year and reted to Can-a after nneteen days Hee pei teemperor ordeed i to ive n te Sn-san Tempe

=T 5291b13 He

must ave passed is ast years n tis tempe and died tere bease te tite of is pei is = " Tsan- nin omitted tis sentene n tis biorapyso te ame Snsan-ss te tit of is biorapy is not aonted for Tistempe was bit n 75 A n Can-sanfan souteastern part fLo-yan and its name was aned to Snsan " te foown year Cf T'agua ü ed) a H Sn faied to nde tis tempeuder Cansanfan

Te Fusien Tempe was oated n Yenfufan n te easter paf Lo-yan C H Su Cgag ka 26a

3



66 CHU YIIAG

hundred thousand stanzas and what Shanwuwe transated was

on a summar of essentas It was put n seven chapters andcalled Tp'ilucn c'ngfo npin cic'i cing8 Themonk Paoyüeh made the ora transaton I-hsng wrotedown and composed [the text wth some omissons and addtonsIt was [wrtten in a stye wel baanced between oamental andsmpe language and was in exquste harmony wth the profounddoctrine [it contaned On the one hand t bets the Buddha'sntenton and on the other hand t suits the incnation of thepeople This text was the most essenta means for the benet [of

all the peopleHe also translated the Sup'ou t'ungtz cing in three chapters and the Suiti cilo cing n three chapters Both stras were complete vnayas forthe Dhära [Sect The prohbitons of the Secret [Sect are foundtheren Those who had not entered the maala were notallowed to read them ust as those who had not receved ful

T 8 . 88. Als . Bussh kas dajtn ;MI*t 7.6d. e Tibea translatin tis text . 126 Ötan Kanjur Catalue 9�

wi is based e ekng editio te Tibeta Triiaka ad gves reereest t editins. Tis atalge will be areviated elow as ÖTNI. Te Sanskrittitle o tis tet as it is reserved i te Tietan traslation is MahävarcanäbhsabdhvkurvatadhÜhänavapulyatrandaäjanämadharmaparyäya. Te rst ater o is stra was traslated to ren y R IM tude ur le Mahäaiana StaDanchky, avec la taduct mmnt du pm haptr (aris96). Te Sarta ditin tis text was edited y TTORI Ytai Saitama 19) wit tes lati and a Tieta-Jaaese gssary.

Te name ts mnk s nt attested esewere. Ising mied a mmetar is stra (T 9 796) w s nds

ensale readng te text. He wever died er e ld s te wrk AKrea mnk named u-ss ) wre a mmentar t te last ater

(T 9 . 799 . T 8 . 89 As . Bsh kast dajt 7.1 ÖTN 28. TeSanskrit name is ÄryaSubähupapcchänäma-tantra. Tis tet was as translatedy a-ten : (*Darmadeva) nder Sung dnt (T 18 . 896). A fewassages wi te meanins are not ea in Sanwuweis ransati are mreintelligie n a-iens versi.

T 18 . 893. Als Bussh kasetsu dajten 7.8d ÖTNI 3. Te Sanskriame is Susddhkaamahätantraädhanpäyka-paala Te ie reae in is

sra is i-in-ang aei usa l*& See Aendix D



TANTISM IN HINA �67

odination 90 [should not] ovehea [the lecues on] discipline Thesü-kung-tsng p'u-s nengmn chuyün tsuishenghn tolo

i ch'iuen-cih f mBJMIC,W*ltwhich Shanwu-wei endeed in one chapte, was simply absacedand tanslaed fom he C'eng-chiu i-h'ihi tu p'in] :J[] 91 pat of te Sanski text of the Chinkngting ching/

Being fond of quiet and simplicity, Shan-wuwei was accustomedto tanquillizing his mind and calming his houghts Fom imeto time he withdew fom his meditaions 93 to encouage theiniiates. Those who saw hi fet as if] a lotus owe wee bloom

ing befoe [719] thei eyes Those to whom he talked [fe asif] swee dews wee moisening their heats Evey day some onewas unexpecedly enlightened by hi When his fellow monksasked fo an audience he addessed hiself only o the ede monkRatnacinta 94 All ohes honoed hi [with the humility]suitable o disciples. Mase I-hsing was gealy esteemed by theEmpeo and admired by he scholas of the day. In addiion o[quesions ab out] mediaion and wisdom, [Ihsing] also consultedShanwuwei] on the pofundities of Yin and Yang i e

astology] befoe he made decisions.nce in his own quaes Shan-wu-wei cast a bonze stpaHe hiself designed the model which supassed in technique any

O The ex reads is an abridged orm o whih meanshe odinaion o asaad. asaad is aso ransaed iera as o r near USU Rcr Bhst Rl 00

This ex see noe 5 above has he sub-ie - , whih sggess ha he haace is a misake or meanng a hape.

An abidged version o his ex was ansaed b Vaabodhi . T 18 No 8 3 The ex eads f 04 For Ranaina's biography cf T 50.720a15-b2. He arived at Lo-yang o

Kashmir i n 693 A. D. and died n 721 A D Sev ral tanti exs were tra nslated b yh His biography sa ys hat he was earned in both Vinaya d magi spels Afte705 A. D. he eased to wok on tanslaton, but stayed in a emIe whee he hadveythi ng made afte r the Indian fashio n. This tempe was alled T'ien-hu-ssü 7M- a nd the insriptio n of a steIe eected thee n memoy of hi is pesevedin Chüan-T'ang-wen 257.5a-7a. It is also eoded that he gave his belo nging s genousy and hed hsef u nde stit disipne n his daiy ife Neve rtheess in a

süta tansated b y hi there is a siddhi to ause a dead body to stea hiddreures, and othe siddhis to sneak nto a woma n's room (T 20425b-6a)



�68 CHU NG

prevous work of men or gods Snce he pace requred for sme

ng was exremely large and he yard of hs quarers was deepand narrow the moks of the emple worred lest a wnd mghcome up and the ame mght rse and set re to the temple Hesad wth laughter " Don't worry You'll see soon enough nthe day [apponted for the castng as he had predcted heavysnow was falng When the dvne stpa was taken out of hemolds, lucky owers made of snowakes grew up on he matspread n the yard. All he people shouted admraton

nce there was a great drough n the summer and the Emperor

sent the eunuch KA L-shh n haste to ask Shan-wu-eto pray for ran He sad " It s destny that there should be

drough now we smmon the dragon by force, the ran thsnvoked wll be a delge and only cause damage That mustnot be! The Emperor, urgng h, sad " The people have beensuerng from heat and are sk Even soe wnd and thunderwould be enough to satsfy [them. Thus Shan-wu-we's refusawas neectual The ocers showed h the mpements used nmakng ran banners, sandards conch-shells, and cymbals were

all avalable Shan-w-we laughe and sad " Those thngs can'make ran Have them removed quckly He lled a bowl wthwater, strrng t meanwhle wth a small knfe 71c1 and rectng a Sanskrt dhra of several hundred syllabes Soon an object,lke a dragon, about the sze of a nger and red n color, lfted tshead above the surface of water bt dved back to the ottomof the bowl agan Shan-wu-we went on strrng and rectngAfter a whle, a whte smoke rose from the bowl and went straghup no he ar for several feet and was slowly dsspaed Shan-

The ex has which means he empe This usae od in L Pa' wokC Ch'an-T'ang-wn 32.

O The ex has which ms be a misak The Ch-lng ko-chng ch edon o Sung kaong chn 25b and e T 502 b26 boead whih I olow i my ansaon

9 KO -shih was a pios Buddhs C his boaphy n Chiu T'ang-h 6b.so . Chiu Tang-hu 2 b; H Sung C'ng-fng kao 3a.

O This soy is ound i Li-shih-shih cied n T'ai-ping kang-chi <ed 362b The ex hee reads whle Kng-chi hs whihis moe nellibl.




wuwe tod Lshih " Hurry back [to the palace It is gong torain! Thereupon Lishh rode away at fu speed When he

looked back, he saw a whte cloud rapidly blowng west ward frothe lecture hal, like a long strp of white sik ying across the skySo on t became dark and a great wind and thunder came. L-shscarcely reached Tien-chin bridge 99 when the wind and raincaught up with his horse. Most of the large trees on the streetswere uprooted When Lshh went into the palace to report, hiscloth es were a wet The Emperor [later wecomed Shan-wu-wewith his head bendi to the ground and thanked hi repeatedy

Then at Mt Mang a giant serpent appeared, whch Shan

wu-wei saw and addressed [as follows " Are you going to oodthe city of Lo-yang? He recited a dhära of several hundredsyllables in Sanskrit In a few days the serpent died It was theomen [indicating that A Lushan �WÜ was going to occupyLo-yang

One traditon says that Shan-wu-we once lived in the room ofTaohsüan the Master of Vinaya at Hsiming [TempleHe behaved rather rudely so that Tao-hsüan isliked hi and hadcontempt for hi At midnight, when Taohsüan smashed a ea

nd threw t on the ground, Shan--we yelled repeatedly " TheMaster of Vnaya struck the son of Buddha to death ow Taohsüan knew that he was a great bodhisattva The next morningTaohsüan holding hs robe reverently paid homage to Shanwu-we. [715c29 If we examine this traditon [closely it wasalmost fty years from Taohsüans death to the middle of theKayüan period Shanwuweis unexpected appearance and dsappearance are things that cannot be magined by ordinary persons

In the twentieth year[72 A D. he asked permission to return

to Inda. The Emperor was sympathetc but did not grant hisrequest In the twentythird year, the year of ihai 75 A. D

Th was h bdg ad v h Rv t th sh th mpra ty. Ch'ngang kao 515a.

1 Th x has O Kuang-chi ads 11 A sry e ths s ud n Amhaajas bgapy Thr ust b a

sure that aer deveped nt tw egends Se Appedx .



7 CU YIIANG

on te seventh day of the tent moon yng wt is right side

down and two feet overlapped he died quietly He was ninetynine yeas old, or as the reigious counted he was eighty years ofage His feow monks fet sad and onely and the Empeo wasshocked and grieved The title Directo of the Court of StateCeemona g was bestowed on hi L Hsien *4 theFst Secretary of the Cour of State Ceremonial and Masterof Vnaya Tng pn r]/05 the master of rtes of the templewere odered [by the Empeor to superntend the funeral ceemony In the twenteth yea [74 A D., on the thid day of the

tent moon he was bued n the yard of the uang-hua Tempe 106 in he Weste Hlls of Lung-mn Because of his

1 Cf Tang-hu 488b Tang hui-yao 66a For e r n to eceve a woldlytle ate dea cf J R WRE TP 30.12 te Tang dyay on beganto eceive oial tte a we a alary cf. T 54250a22 4373a6, 507204. TCout o State Ceeoa too carge of te aair o on we a of oreignget d wa te eon wy ertain of te on were ade drector of tFo te adiitatn of on ee Appendi P. A Tao priet ao ad te ae oo n 720 A D. Chiu Tng-hu 1 1.20b Unti 736 A. D te Taot pet belongedo te ae oce Tang huiyao 44b

1 Te tet a * but pe a * T 5021c3) wic i correct Fo ien ife cf Tang-hu 131 2a For i geneaogy C Ta- Nienrhshih ao-i -t=E C1? ed 53.a. en bograpy failto ention tat e once ouped t poition Acordig to te a-uan-ci e o Tang-shu 48.1b) te fnea eeony o an oial of te tid ran= i o be erved by te Te g belonged to e b-tirdank, ereore i e w appoted

Te te read {$ Pei a $ T 5021a) ng-uag T 5020c8) alo read W$l Te atter two reading are ore inteligble i a naefor nute rte and oe Vinaya tet ae aled by nae T 24 No. 4701472) ere ean a onk wo erve a ter of ceeony n te tee,

epecay n te cereony of ordinaton T 4025c2 ) In 755 A D. Gann aed te Japanee pre for pion od te ordation cereony twce a year and to appot one gi {ß ad two üi ater e Cineeaion. Cf. Tdaii zashou Dainhon bu zensho 121230b Fo r Gann and te ntoducon o te Vinaya Set nto Japan cf. S LISEHJAS 1.85-88 J USU e voyage de Kanin en oent BEEO 281-41 247-62. It cear tat te in our tet oud go w Tg-pn. For ti Mateof Vinaya cf ao Chüan Tang wn 508b

Sa-w-wei ut ave ded in te Sg-a Teple ee note 82 above)T tepe wa bilt n 758 A D o te peie were e w buried T 502c26)



TANTRIM IN INA 27

holine/ h body uered no decay On the day of h funeralthe capital wa the cene of the people deep orrow Mountain

nd river changed their color Hi diciple both monk and laymen Dhyäna Mater Paowei and Mingwei of] theCG famly of Yingyang and the WG amily oLangyeh / were all a grieved at the lo of the Mater a f they had lot ther own father and mother In the beginningo he Chenyüan perod 758 A D] the power of Tangroe agan after the rebellion of A Luhan] The two materengraved a vere u on a memoral tone] and the lay beleverdug the bural] cave Hi dcple went to lve beide it ut a

Conuciu' pupl had done] to how ther love for ther mater]Shanwuwe body whch can tll be een ha hrunk wth

time The black kn ha dulled and the bone have becomevible Whenever a drought or ood ha occurred n ubequentdynatie, people have gone to pray at the cave and have gotten

0 Th x ha •., � whch may b raa Bg mbud wth mdtaon and wdom h body dd not dcay." For h cuom o kpg amok dad body whch pactd patcuay h Far at bt no Inda. KO Kauo J Nkushnz oyo kaz no ky TG �4 405-436.0 Fo h two mon am p ad \ ad [ T 50�9c5)

1 Th tx a t tand rroou. I bad my mdaton on p T 50�9c5) whch nrt h rnam and natv ocat o th two dcp to how hahy wr rom rownd am. Tan-ng mndrood th paag and paratdth nam o th two monk no our nam ccordng o L ua h rt dcp mntond a dcndant o hn-o (Chu Tang-shu 6�.6a) th man who mad a prdton about a-tang utur T 50��c4) Athough L ua tm an wr th oca am t wa h hab o th tgnta h Ta dynaty takg prd n thr pdge o u th od nam o C. CO I Kai-yü tun-ka (t� d b-9a.

Th xt ha whch an aon to what T-g ad whn

Conuc wa abo to d -h TK d �b . Th vr ound a th nd o T 50�91c4 . mpror Ta-t vtd Lo-yang 95 A D and wnt o th Kuaghua Tmp

to pay h homag to han-wu-w rman th orh moon o that yar th mpror whd to or acrc to havn but he ran dd ot top A mng wa th t ray o th rma T 49396c). Ft tung-h T 49�96b5)ao rcord nothr vt d by Tau n th nth yar o hn- prodTh -hao & hnt howevr oy atd yar and thr ca o nt yar o ha am. It mut mtak



272 CHU YIIANG

reut, o tht ny gft of grtitude wre d there Thren re covered wth heet of ebrodered brocde i hwere leep Every te the rein re tken out of the cvehey re pced on low couch nd bthed wth frgrnt unguentThe rich people in Loyng 71615] gve n copetition chnpo, clening towel, nd the toilet pe ued in the bthThe preent Eperor, when propititing or prying for oethng, uully end eenger to preent gft nd h Mety'deire hve alwa been fulled

T OGRAHY OF ARAOH OF H KANG-F OF O-YANG OF H ANG DYNAY

(Tihö Tpik 50711671222)

The onk Vjrbodh E�, nely Chinkngchih inChinee, w ntive of Mly (enng brightne inChinee) n South Ind It w dtrict octed ner Potka Mountin, where Avloktevr' plce w ituted

H fther, Brhn, w procient in the ve kind of know Te e b he Chning o-hng h edton a (27a

i I follo t eem to b a id o arf ed by mon, but o far I annot ndy referene to i n other boo Te mon of e Chan Set n ater day eara d o ood by te ame of an (ü rin höki en 694b but it not o ee e to gament are oneed

Te oet pea a ed o a ad, . Shihhuo hn"ü (SPTK ed) 3b44a Yuyang tat hchi (SPTK ed) 46b

o e eadg f. note 1 o e edito n e e Th efe o mpeoTai-tug o eied fom 976 o 977 A .

Malaya i an abbeviated fom of e ame Malayaua Ha-ag aouhi nluded the mode diti of Tajor ad Madua o the ea ithCombao Cohn ad Tavaoe o te et." C WATTS 2. 228-231; A CUNIGA The Ancit eography o nd 549-552; IRT Chau Jukua 12CUNNIGA bang i o o that of the Aab ugge hat Malayaua mghe a ompound ame fomed by jonng t name of to onguou diti (p 551

o Poaaa Mounan f WATTERS 2231-232; RI Keou Kait ikiki842-844. The em i uually ued o aate the Sa od vimna. I i bdeood n h ene ee

Yahao Chng"üan hihchiao Zu onan o aou of Vaabodhi lifehe rt oe (T 55875b-8767 a itte by hi lay diile Hiag ne of he ve ommenaor o Wnhan hoe bography i oud n T'angh



TATRSM I A 27

edge and a teacher of the kng of Kä X5 Vajraodhi waae to read ten thouand word every day when he wa a few

year od He qucky comprehended whatever he aw and retanedt throuhout h ife.

At the age of ixteen he wa enghtened y Buddha doctrne

2020b11b. The end e mh te nd ppently bed n te rt ne w mped by pe kw Ku-lu-w T 876b2-87721 t ive diin diere fm u tet t Vbdhi' fmly

L Hin bbevited belw L y tht he w he thid f *vmn ktiy kn etrl Indi eue he w mpied thi by Genel Mi-hu-n f e uy f Su Indi he wnideed ntiv f Suh Indi T 87b1 S Le mii de WHiue-e d l'nde JA n eie, 1 [1900]. 19-21 ive rum f Lut F hi k he y J'inre quel e le i km u vmn emble die de lidenie ve l prie de e nm meti dn lniptindAphd (Co ° 2 , mme e ntempn e le il mlheeu deKumpt de Mdh Vrbdhi tnt en 661 (1

Fr the ve vidy f WE, 1.1719 Fai mingi chi (T 111 P. B (Le caon bouddhiqu Chie 2 i w n yi h

Vbdhi ielf w te kn' eher Kä i bbevited fm Käpu whi i he peet evem he Plr Rive n Sh ·ndi f WE2227 C, 8 P. PE, BEFEO 9-6 It w nt he me f unty, but ity whee he Pv ki hd their pitl The kn f Kä

n the te mut refe ne f thee kn. Adn t R SEE The Historicalsiptios of Southe dia ad Outlies of Poitica Histoy (Md 12 7rihvm I eined . 60668 d i uer Medvmn eined 668-670 A D Vbdi fhe mit hve been tehe f eihe ne

The Plv kn wee fmu fr thei fvble iude twd men leiMhendvrmn I himel wrte dm i whih flwe f dieent reiied f R. GPA, Histoy of the Palavas of Kachi (Md, 128 9 Ii ein nideble impeu w ive pduti i he eld f dm mui pitn, d the (ibid 88 I i id tt D<i mped te f hpe e Kvydara ivi len i hei t yl pie t Käpu ndti pie w i ll pbbiity te f rivm (ibid, 11 011 1 Kä w ete f lei dui the peid bewee the eveh d te nh

erie f M Admiistratio ad Soci Life uder th Pavas Md198 186-187 we knw e Plv kn d Kä eem t ee withe diin b Vbdhi' fte eded n e tet.

n-n mke mu ue f mnk teleiipi ee Induin dS-wuwei biphy d emple u i i vey tne tt ee he de nt ue te tw un nined i te Cha shihchiao u wi w dubte eible t hi Did he hve y e t ejt the they thtVbdhi w bo in ktiy fmiy?

• L (T 87b y tht e beme äme älndä Mey t tee ten d tdied nder Mte *ätiän te bdvidyä Whe he



�7 CH YILIANG

and theefore] did not wh to earn the treate of the igaha.

He cut hi hair and put on] a dyed obe] and became a monk.Thi converion] wa probaby the eut of good eed] pantedduring a former exitence. Late he accompaned h teche toäandä Monatey in Centra India where he tuded the tra,abhdharma nd o on. When he wa fuy ordained, he heardthe ecture on the Vnaya of the eighteen choo ° Again hewent to Wet Ind to tudy the Hnayäna treate and thedoctne of yoga, Three Secet and dhäa. By the tme tenyea had paed he had become conveant wth a the thee

Piaka.Then he vted Ceyon and climbed Lakä Mountan.Taveng eatward, he vted twenty counte o moe, ncludng Bhoja {$ the county of naked 711b15] peope/ andothe. Having head that Buddha' Law wa poperng n Chna,

wa fteen year old he wen o We India whee he uded haaki äafo fou yea and then eed to Nälandä haak ealy eventh enury)w a diiple of äga and a geat logian Cf M WNER, History of ndianLitature 233 32 O, 543a

t i nteeting to notie that Jana ex ae peialy enioned hee Janhad taken deep oot n the outhe tip of the Indian pennula and attacd anyfollower. It ao eceived the paonage of the royal faie Cf C AAdministration and Social fe under the lava 227. Mahendravaan I, oignalya Jain wa lae onveed to aivi. R GOALA, History of the Pallavas of Kanc90 Naaihavaran I though not a Jan hief wa we dipoed to he tIA 23

8 Cf T 5405b 29a3, and T 5000a2 Te text ha acend the law of la" wch I conide ynonyou wh

T 5072b) . L ay that he wa fully odained when e wa twentyyea old T 5575b) .

Eigeen the tradiional nub of te ool in Hnayäna Buddi Cf

Appendix II The Eigheen Shoo," n E J TOA, The Histy o BuddhThought 2-292 See Appendix F See note 2 n Shan-wuwei' Biogapy Se note 29 n San-wuwei' Biogapy. See Appendix G See Appndix I. Boa i te pent Paleang in Sumatra I wa alo called r Boa

{$ Cf PLLIO, BEF 4.32-339 R, Chau uKua 3 L ay (T 557a29)a Vaabodi d te Peri eant took one onth fo te ouey to Bhoa

n See Appendix J



TANTRISM IN CINA 275

he went there by the ea route. Becaue of frequent mihap,he took everal year to get there. In the year of chiwei in the

Kaiyüan period 79 A. D. he reached Kuangfu 20 Aimperial edict ordered hi to be welcomed to the Tzn Temple n Changan. Afer a hort whle he wa tranferred tothe Chenfu Temple Whatever tempe he tayed at, heaway caued an atar to be erected for the abheka ceremony, on whch a rat mala wa painted], and he convertedthe four aemblie of Buddhit] . Dhyäna mater Tachh

This seems o mean that Vajabodhi intended o go o Chna afte he hd eched

Bhoja, which is quite ieen fom L accoun Cf T 55875b22 JA ninth seies5 (900) 39 Aoing o L (T 5576b) , Vjabodhi a he Persian mechans eouneed

a sorm jus wey days before hey eache Chin A he est of the hiy-odships were los, bu he mok' ship was safe because of his eciaio of he Mahäpratisardhra I ook hee yeas for he mok o each Chna Acoding oAmoghavajras reord o Vjrabodhis own description (T 39 0b 6) , eah of hehity-odd ships acommodae ve o six hnded eoe. Whe he shis werabot o snk he shimase had everythng o boa thow io the sea Vajrabohi in his cofsio fogo to se he omlee ex of he Chin-kangting chingof which oy he bridged version was eserve. This is he ex which he nsledae

2 PE idenie Kun-f wih Khfu he Aab ame of Caon BEFEO4215) I was so caed becuse he Kuang-chou -fu N ws locaed ha efecte Cf. KUWABARA Js Hojuk no jiseki 17-18 Knf mod koon sono kanrak ed ni sie l rnI� 3fc\ (ai !tshi ron L3R 3951) L(T 5576b9) says ha when Vajabodhi aive a Cao, he mliary oveorGeera 1 se wo or hree thosand pesos, on bod severa hunded smalboas o welome hi far out se ere L ommis a nachoism becuse hetie u was rs esbished in 757 A. D and befor tha ony he ileu was se (ang hi-ao 716) .

This ws he teme where sü-sag sayed. I was located he Chnchag-fn

in he souhwesen of Chn-n Cf Chng-ang kao

3.16 L (T 5576b ) sys ha Vjabodhi arrive he esen cia in hemide of 720 A. D

2 This emle was lote n he Ka-ha-fan o he soh of imeriaciy Cf. Chngang ao 23 Secil qrers for he se of traslaing sras were bil n his emle n 706 D. for I-ching (T 50710c3) .

2 ee he word is no used i he sense of teme bt mens muh hesme s area

See pendix K Bhk, bhkun, äsk äsikä; ZUK 2.1800a.



276 CHOU YIIAN

*�,26 Tahu *21 and Amoghavajra all honored him wt

courtey becoming to dcple

Later he accompanied the Emperor to Loyang. Snce the rtmoon of that year it had not rained for ve month Prayer waoered at the acred temple of mountan and river wthoutreult The Emperor ordered Varabodhi to et up an altar forprayer. In conequence, he adopted the cheme of Puung oupua � 8 An atar of four hata 2 n height waerected in the hal of the tempe] where he lived He himelfpainted 3 the mage of Bodhattva of Seven Koi 3 and et the

He w I-f_i d 732 A D C T 50760b and Chnshh tp

ed) 87a-8a Dhyäna Master Ta-hi w I-hsin See note 8 in Shan-w-weis orphy2 I cannot nd ot who this bodhsattva s There is an Amoghäkabodhsattv

who s spposed to deiver beings wth an aka He s a re n the arbhadhätumaala extant in apan; MOCHIZU, 5 439c-4392b Nevertheless, the character in the name is stil pzzlng

. Abot eghteen inches MCHIZU, 53 äcärya is spposed to be abe to paint maala hsl withot resorting

to ay pinters C P-luch chng T 8 4a29 and T 3963b5) Several tradtonssay that Vajrabdhi was a prminent paiter The stee-inscriptin written by Kn-wng (T 5587c9) says that he w expert in clr paintn & CHANG

Yenyans L-ta mng-h-ch (9 b7a) says that Vajrabdhi was fro Ceylonand ws particlarly good at panting Bddhist images The states dr the wodentpa of the Kang-f Tempe are said to have been desiged by Vajrabodhi HANG'Saccont is wrong in sayn that Vajrabdhi was a native o Ceylon t the statementthat he w expert in painting Bddhst ma seems to be tre Kn-n-wn lsosays that Vajrabodh desed the stpa o Vairocana w was onsdered anexcellent pece of work (T 55 876c20)

The tex has 5mM� Vajrabodh transated text caled Fo-huch-chü-t omu chu-t ta-mg to-lo- chg m{$-l*It It contains dhär so esent tt it is d te oter o he pseven kois of Tathäas (T 20 73a6) st as most o the dhäras are personiend deity made t of each there is s chief deity for this dhära

calle m- (T 20 75a20) When riting this dhära, maala o ouht is to bilt T 2073b Doght d ood are koned amon tcaamities which can dispeed b itin nd perfrmin the correct rites in ccordance with this ext T 2074a 7) Therefore the � is n bbreviatform o mM (This bodhisattva is ai identie with Avokit

va in Ta-chng chngy pao-wang chg *:!. C MOCHIZU32526a) This, however, stil does not re with the � entioeabove The image of this deity, accordin to the tet (T 20.78b9) , is to paintedin yelow and white coor He has eighteen arms d three eyes and is seated o otus ower whih is in the pond Two dragon kings are painted to hod the otowr Cf ÖTANI no 88 Th Sanskrit nam is Äryacunddnäma-dhära



TANTRISM IN CHINA �77

date ha when the eye o the image hould be drawn it woudain The Emperor ent Mater Ihing to oberve it ecrely It

wa til o hot in the morning o the evenh day tha here wao a ingle coud oating in the ky ut in the aternoon, whenhe eye and brow o he bodhiava were barey drawn, northwet wind began a once o bow o heaviy ha the tile onhe roo were ited and tree were uprooed The coud droppedheir rain The peope ar and wide were asonihed A hoe wso in he roo above he aar and heavy rain poured into hehal ex moing, peope o high and ow degree n the capitaerted ha Varabodhi had eized a dragon which had umped

p 7b�9] hrough he roo o he hal], and thouand o peopedaiy ough o ee he pace Such i he miraculou eec o thee o alar i

A ha me he Emperor Hüanung] wa nereed nTaom and had no ime or he Buddhi] docrine o nyaäThe ocials, ening he Emperor'] inenion, aked ha hebarbarian monk o oreign orgin hould be en back o her

The ext h r · I Amogavajas ansation of te same tetmentioned aove n oe 3 tee s seto dg wt he metod of pantng

images I says (T 20 8c2) When e mage is panted n aodae wh ones[anca aity he ext has o wich e t two haates ae unteigie one soud vite seve monks to wosip t Whe te igess soened they shoud make vows and ecte yms of ase The image s o eought o a uie oom to e wosed seey" r s a abevaion ofrz oeing of the gtess of the eyes Cf Sihhu (*Däaäa) Foo icie lai asiag samei ikei cig $:_, T 21934c3 moe ommoy aed r (MZ 1 3) Thisoay deote the a touh added to te eyes of an mage y whi t eevedto e made hoy In Jaa whe a mok oeed he eyes of uddha, to te ushen whi he was using was aseed a thead whih a the eoe atteding teeemoy hed (f Mikky daiit 1 202a Lte in Chn ad Ja e oeng

o eyes became meey a eemoy i the wosi of newy ometed image uothewse had nothg to do wh e eyes Chiha hs Fots t'gci msundestding te manig of ou tem, says that Vajaodi omsed tat wete images eyes oeed t shoud ai ad te thee days as excted h mageeyes opeed r p (T 49292 It is vey stagtat he shoud so msdestad ts tm as o iven su a inced stoy Hemigh ave e mised y su a text So-h t'gtz chig cigwhih says at e eyeows o he mage wosied w move wh a siddh whhone ays fo s otaied (T 82c2

See Adix



�78 COU YILIAN

own countries, and the date of depature was xed fothwith Anattendant asked Vajabodh [about his pan, and Vajrabodhi said:" I am an Indian monk, not a Tibetan or CentraAsiatic [monkI am no aected by the imperia order Anyhow, I sha noeave After a few days he suddeny decided to go to YenmHP by posthorse. When he bade the Empeor faewe, theate was much suprised An auographed order was issued toreain him

The Empeor's twentyfth daughter was very much beoved[by the Emperor] She ha been i for a ong time and coud nobe cured. She was removed to rest in he Hsieni Waikuan [whee she ay th cosed eyes not having spoken fomore than en days. Previous [to Vajabodhis pan of departurean edic was issued orderng Vajrabodh o be her precepto inmaking vow to observe the Budhit odinance [a] This orderas isued because [he Empeor] anicipae that the princesswas certany going to de [Nevetheess Vajrabodi wen hereHvng chosen two grs even yeas of age fom he paace hehad ther faces wrapped with red sk and had them ad out onthe ground He had N Hsentung wrte an ec

For he dtnon betee nd cf aong chuan lftJ(T 50.43b6 ; Fan-i mingi chi (T 54056 .

MAPERO JA 223.2249-296 üa-tung had 29 daughter Ni-h-hih 'ao-i 59 , ve of hom are ad

o have ded young. The ere Prnee ao-hang Lng-hag hang-hen a- ad I-hun T'ang-hu 34-7a . It no knon ho h teny-fh daughter a There a a prne poeng hee en- J1 ho a a daughtr of Wu h-fe he ded n 74A D (T'anghu 36a og afer an-g' death. The paage jut ed nTanghu ha J hh a make, eae another paage n the ame ork(35a) ad he pa-na edto oh read 1 Though he te dea

h the t mpoe o detfy h dyng prne th Prnee-.

It ot o ha th pae a. There a a tempe for Taot u aeden Ka J Chag-a u t a rt aed y hat ame 762 A. D(Ch'g-ang 'ao 30a) There a e- Kug J1 Lo-yag (Chiu T'anghu 22 ut I anot be re hether the prne ay Lo-ag or Chag-a.

e Apped LS N e-ng a a eh-h of the urea of Paae Attedat

e a o death n 739 A D. eaue he deved th Empero oeagthe dfea of CNG hou-ke q n a ar th he peope. Cf. CNGography Chu T'ang-hu 039



280 COU YLAG

the Prnce of Hotung to paint an image in the stpa Vairocna He tod his discipes " These two persons wi not

ie ong n a few months both died as he said A his predictions were in genera simiary exact

There was no principe with which he was not conersant andhere was nothing he did that was not eectie. He coud anayzend answer questions on stras, ästras the Vinaya texts secretdhäras and other books wheneer anyone asked [hi] jus aa be woud rng [when struck] Whoeer came to isit if Vajrabdhi met hi once, he neer forgot hi n peech and behaiorhe was aways soemn His [facia] expression remained unchanged

whether he was gad or angry, peased or oended Those wterewed h een · though] ot knowng the scope hind] naturay expressed ther admiration for him

From the eenth year of Kai-yüan [71 A D.] when he rrried at Pan-yü and then came to the capta he watirig in hi propagatn of the doctrine] of the soterc Scrptures and n the erecton of propery constructed maaas acheort was rewarded with a dine omen of approa] The monkhsing respected ths doctrine of soterc Buddhsm] and fre

quenty asked Vajrabodh questions whch he answered 711c2]withut cnceang r mtting any deta hsng hsef had an

i reqey fud te pre diered at Tu-ag i hag d wih he dety t i t. C MOO Ei Tkg keky :�=Ql 3-38

Th ug wag u L Chi * f Pr f C ad ew saug Adg T'ugti d 3!3a, a -wag mad a chüwg. Te gay Pr Ch Tghu 8 .a ay ha whe he ded i C dd Ched eary a a reu dary A . Tughih i-hi-pia

Tag-h 04 ad C reads wh a maeau a hi rr' am ae ara wh he ade ada

T x a a ad hdig a e ad d eag er. hud rad wih Sug ad Ya edi ( 3 . y e edi T C. Lichi, S CO' rasa !40- Uae q a rde ax gai e mme e q rap (r irr de U he rapp ae p aau red aapp av r maeau e d f"

. The txt a If!:T" § �$mt. Pa-y wa a uy Kuag- whe h fl wa aid



TANRISM IN CNA �8

ata eected whee he eceived abhieka and [made vw t w thi dctine Since he ecgnized it t be ptabe, I-hin

aked [the Mate t tanate [me text pmugatin Inthe eeventh yea [7� A D Vaabdhi by impea edict, tanated in the Tzhng Tempe 4 the üi ninng a$l� 4 in tw chapte and the icüti toloni 48 n tw chapte *vaa an ce f theImpeia Secetaiat and a eat Bahman chief f EaIndia made the itea tanatin The mnk W-ku fmMt Sung wte it dwn

Ths tepe w located n the Chngnfang �! n the oheastern p

f Chaga Cf. Ch'ngfang ka . hs an abrevated fr of Chnkangtng ychehchung lehchu n

ng f Otm� whch accordg to Yanchao T 55875a) s aso caed a chng and consists of for chapters he dton n T 8 No. 8)s caed nnng chng and h for chapters. It s sad that Varaodh studedths sta de *Ngana discpe of Nguna see Apped F) and t worgnay coposed of one hndred thosad okas For the eged that ths tewas otaned fom an on stpa South Inda f. Aoghavaas Chnkangtnghng taheh pm hnt famn chüeh OJ*j,:�r' (T 9.808a2) . Jaanese onks of the Shngon st have speulated cncegths egend and one theoy s that the on stpa s a ee etaphor referg t

one's ow ody (f. KAAYAHI Jörys Intodton to the Japanestansaton of ths tet Kokuyaku aky!I-Mkkyöu f{1.182 Acodng to Vaaodh ths tet s ardged fro the rst of the eghteenhaptes of he aeged ogna huge wok. he ter ehhu coony usen he ang dynasy fo an abdged veson of eth Buddhst o ay books asosee note 9 It dea wth tes espay thse used n akg aas efong abhka and he hoa sacrce hs s te ny tet whe the erenyf ahka s treated deta cf KAAYAHI'S Introdcton 2222)

Fo ths tet 20 no. 075) see note aove. It s ony one chater n thpresen paka. It ay be ha the Mehod of Pantng Iages s onsdeed searate chapte by sannng .

*vaa checked the Sanskrt tet whn Ichng was engaged n tansaton n 80

A D 50.70c22) . 7 A. D. when Bodhuc transaed sas he aso tookart n the work y akng era ransatns T 50.7208) .

Fo ths ce cf. R. ROO Le trat de examen 9. h ce ascaed chihchungshushng or chunghuchhshng cf. Chu Tang hu 90a. 94a.25.

Wnk was the onk who wroe a preface o Chhyens revsed edtonf Ihsngs coentary on he P'-luch-na chng In hs prace he as hat hwas acquanted wth both Shanwwe and Ihng. Cf. Kyto p . 254a.

4



TANTRIS IN CHINA �83

Kuangfu Temple in Loyang: When the white moonecome full, I hall go Then he made oeiance to [the image

of] Vaiocana Buddha walking aound it en time Havingwithdawn to hi own quate, he uned pefume and madevow Afte he paid homag to the Sankrit text and condedthe new tanlation on the doctine [to hi diciple] he diedcalmly Hi ecula age wa eventyone and [hi] eligiou ageftyone

On the eventh day of the eleventh moon of that yea he wauried on the ight ank of the I Rive to the outh of Lungm. [71Qa15] A tpa wa eected hi memoy Hi dicipe

Amoghavaja hi eigiou hei made ecommendation to theEmpeo, who accodingly etowed upon Vajaodhi the pothumou tite Mate of the County T Hungchien the

n Amghavara' bigrahy (T 5c3 give the ame date in cnntin witthe atter pigrimage t India dirty ater the mater' death Th characte i nt et t in Tannng k y a cribe becae he added the cycic namenhn r the twentieth year, i , 73 A Hbgirin (Facice annee 43 iight in givng 74 rt and mentining 73 a a variant It i nteretng t nte thatharmacanda wa a awed t retrn t India n the ame day (T 5 878c

6 Thi tempe i nt mentined eewhere5 The ndan caendar divde each mnth nt tw have the white mn andthe back mn C B tranatin Siuki 7 L (T 55877a a givethe eact date a the teenth the eighth mn

6 Varcana Bddha i the rt ne the ve hyni Bddha He a grein me mahyna tra ch a Avatasakatra and *Brahmatra t neteric Bddit tet he take the pace kyamni and i regarded a the highetdeity C MZ 43343c334c, 43743c A G The ods o NorthnBuddhim 33

The teencriptin by Hnnwng (T 5 87c7 ay that he died when hewa itting and td hi dicipe that n accrdance with the Indian way ne hddie yng n the ight ide

The tte granted t Varadhi n 7 A wa Tahngchia antang F (T 5877b C TP 7 Fr T Hngchien (d 7 A c hi igraphie n Chiu T'angshu 8

8b Tangshu aa The atte ay that he became a pi Bddhit nhi ater day wheea the rme ca hi ny] a aith Bddhit He died 7 A at the age ityne Therere when Varadhi died 74 A wa abt thirtythree year d Hi abhieka mt have taken pace bere henThi rve that he had ben a i Bddhit ver nce hi eary day The ath Tangshu tk pride n the perir cnciene thei wrk Te additin hee



284 CHU YILIN

Atant Seetay f the Impea Seetaat , a d

pe h had eeived abheka fm Vajabdh and beeved nhi eve ine mped [an niptin] n the tee t edh vtue.

The auth ay: " Adn t the heme f the Maaa fFve Dviin, yun by vin mut be ued a meda tummn pt It a ne extemey eay t u e ne exie ev. Pepe in mden time, [heve,] ue thi methd]t pt the bdy muth theefe tte eut btanedeneay thee methd] ae hed n ntempt by the d

Aa that the deteatn f the d La ha ne fa a thi!

HE BIOGRAPHY OF OGHAARA OF HE AHNG-HANEPE OF HANGAN OF HE ANG DYNAY

(Thö Tpk 0712a24-714a20)

The mnk Pukun ;� Sankt name a havj f hh the Chnee tntn Pu-kun-hin

oever of e ods ate days only eads o confuson. It s also ecodedta T Hncen bause o Bdds la prefered not to nct severe pnsmensand dd no le to be n care of an army Ts obles ee caused n Szecuanere e a oveo. n s deatbed e ordered s famly o ave a monsave s a and buy s remans n Budds ay He as also a ood fenof e mon Ta *_ T 50800b5 Te eat Prncess of Ta a sse of Susun eceved oon ann däayabeafom Vajrabod accodn to e nscrpon on a see eeced n e memoy (ChüT'g-w 2793a Cf aso op. c. 50 8b.

Fo s oce cf. T'g-hu 76a R. ROO L trai de exame 9 • Te Ma<aa of Fve Dvsons efes to te ma<aa a n e Chikg

ig chig Te e dvsons or rops of detes ae Buda Padma Vajra na

and Karma Te Dvson of Padma or Lous symbolzes e eoy at nman bens ere ess a ceran ncorrupb py e a os oe c caneve be poued even o gos ou of e mud Te Dvson of Vaja symbozes e sdom c eveasn and can desroy a mena confson. TeDvson of Bdda symbozes syness of e o menoned above Te Dvsonof Rana symbozes Bdda's pospery le e Dvson of Karma symbolzesBudda's o n delven oers Eac dvson as a ead a pacar seaand a domnan colo: Dvson of Budda Vaocana on sea e Dvson oPadma mäba peacoc sea red Dvson of Vaa oby eepan sea bleDvson of Rana Ratnabava os sea od Dvson of Kama moasdda<a sea mscelaneos coor cf. MOZ 2280b)



TRSM C 28

ang; but he was nown for the sae o brevity by [the abbreviatedname consisting o] two characters He came o a Brahman amily

of North Inda and his ather died in his childhood [Later] hevisited China with his uncle t the age o fteen he becameajrabodhis disciple [The Master] rst intoduced to hi aSansit text of Siddham and a teatise on the Science o Sounds

C Chien isciple o mohr wrote biorphy o his ter: Ting kangi kng santang singcang m.!�R(T 0.292b-29c, bbreite below s hsngchng) which sys tht he Mstew originly rom Brhmn mily o orth ni o si-ing Wa (292b7) The chrcter a resmby is miste or V n the nme W lso ppest th en o biogrphy. s Kng-cho is sometimes clle Kng- (see note 20

Vrbohi's biogrphy) , this Lingf my reer to V t s strnge tht CChien sho siing n front o orth ni s it becse he cme toWwei n his cilhoo ht he ws consiere nte of Ling-cho?

sing-chng ( 0292b22) sys tht he cme to isit Chn with his mtece } n stele-nscription compose by his iscipe Feihsi ( 2 .848b849c,bbrete below s pei) so nictes tht he cme to Wwe with his mternlncle } (T 2 88b23) Tsn-nin s the wor which wol men pternlcle

ccorng to hsngchng (T 50292b8) , snce moghjr's fther e erly, hews broght p n his mothers hoe n opte hs mothes srnm K This inictes tht he is from the neighborhoo o Smrn (C H T

T'angtai C'angan yü siyü nming m*�W5I, YCHPmonogrph no 2 26; K Jitsö, Stö ii ni shin ni rishit seiiijn

n tsite mlcC nWAv yö bmmeiionsöI For the settlement of the people from Smrn n WesternChin c Pl P ch tcheo to fo to ng et l colonie sogienne e rion Lob or, JA eeenth seres, 23 (9 6)

Both Yüncho (T 52.826c7) n Y Yng (T 52.8608) gie siyü o Wteegion s mohr's ntie plce. e s clle h-sng n Ci T'angs(see note 82 below , n the nme h ws nribly pplie to Centr s wh

the wor fn ws se for ni (see note 34 n Vjrbos Biogrphy) Yün-chon his Cngyün siciao l (T 5588 ) sys tht moghjr w originlfom Cylon which contricts his other ccont mentione before. P C B in

hs L canon boddiq n Cn 2568 Ö Seii in his Mikky attat si(4559) , Gemmyö n his Bso kaits daiiten (269 nZ n his Bkky daiitn (5.4385 ll me the sme miste Shön (Himit bkky i %i UO righty sggests tht this error e to misnterprettion of Lingpns a wor (T 33.430b24 which clls hichihshih-t-o n-ting sntsng ß, menn mon wheceie bhie in Ceylon not ntie of Ceylon

See ppeni M Fo Sihm cf W .54-56 , Rod of Bddit Religio

072 MZ 2937 95 b ccorin to -chn, i hden begn



26 CHOU YIIN

i e grammar} which he mastered in ten days The Master wassurprised and ordained hi as a bodhisattva Having led Ao

ghavajra] to the ajradhtuandala and testd hi by [observingthe place where] he threw a ower [on the aala the Masternew that he was going to advance the doctrine greatly [72a29]

By the tme he was fully ordained he becae an expert inexpounding the inaya texts of the Sarvstivdin Schoo andwas conversant with the writings and languages of [several] foreigncountries When the Master translated stras he was frequentlyordered to collaborate He copleted the twelve years coursein six onths when he studied the Science of Sounds He learned

the hdpidhn 3J in two evenings [while

learn the Siham when the were six ears n were exte t nis it ixmonths (T 1 72 Te Cinese mnks f the Tantri Sch re torite hras rretl ai secia attentin to Siham Cf Chi-kangs Ha ch T 51 186a7

One f the e Vis See nte in Vajrabhis Bigraph The text has Hsinghang as jG' T 5029225 ei has

G' (T 52 8826 The reags f the ast tw texts etter Tesocale u-thsin hieh is a eremn reei that f abhieka mana aleSho phsncheh jG' T 1 894b6-94126 was translate b

moghavara The iscipe rites several ths in whih he confesses is sns eeksrefge n Bha makes an oath t ars his Bhiitta an last f al expresseshis ve eat esires Te are t eiver al bengs t et l the gas to eathe fn ctre to serve the Bha an t aheve sreme Bhi

The ise throws arlan f wers n the maa He is sppose to bent that Bha whse ivisin te garan hits Cf T 1825012

Both hsigchan · (T 50292c pei T 5284827 sa that he was fllrane at the ae of twent Yüan-hao (T 55881a17 sas that when he beamen pasapanna te ceremn was hel t an ata buit in accrane wth the

Vnaa the Sarvtv Sc at t Kuang-u Tempe e as sas that he bame fl raie thrugh the Vaa te Sarvtiv S"

Cf T, xx-xxiii M 32926a2927b

See nte 54 i Vajrabhis Brapy This mst reer t the Phien pa hsngyüan sa J:_ atertransate b mghavajra (T 10 N 297 It s a ltin mns i praise famantabhara's ten great esires; t wrsip the Bua t prase the Tathgat make ergs t nfess al nes ss t please with te merits f therst pra r the turning f te Dharmacakra t ra r Bhas sta in the wrt fw the Buha t transe s wn merts t thers Th Sansrit tet f thistra w pubshe b I Hkei i Bkky keky 2 128n Mayra v 2 (133 Cf M, 54407b-408a WKayku gen yöga s n nih bmb i tsute J;




others woud have] spent one year. His quck comprehenson wasalways lke this

[Amoghavajra] had wshed for three years to learn the methodof the Fve Dvisions 12 and the Three Secrets 13 of the new Yoga 14 doctrne; ut since the Master did not teach it to hi he thoughof etung to India. The Master then dreamed that al theimages of Buddhas and Bodhsattvas of the temples in the capitalwent o towards the east.15 When he awoke he realized thatAmoghavajra was a rea recipient of the Law and gave his assentto the latter's request. Thereupon the Master imparted to hithe method of ahi�eka of the Five Divisions, the homa rites 16

0 a 3 l \ 1 , Kogeu zenh "tf � U99327 The word Bhadra

he ie is a abbreviaion of Samanbhadra ad his work is quoed in Si$amuccaya as Bhadracaryä. Cf WINTERNITZ, Hisory of Indian Lieature 2.326-327.

Cf ÖTANI No 716: Ärya-Samanabhadracaryäpraidänaräja I is srange ha Tsa

g adds Wn-shu o he am of he ex Hsig-chuang (T 50.292c4) on he

oher had simply has 3I. Buddhabhadra ft�'r�', (d 429 A D) rans

laed a ex caled Wn-shu shih-li a-yüan ching 3U§I*� (T 10 No 296

whi deas wih he same e desires bu hey are aribued o Majur sead of

Samaabhadra Sice eary imes here seems o have been a cofusio beween

hee wo bodhisavas Buddhabhadra's work acordig o Yüa-chao (T 55505c7) ,

was usualy reied by he Buddhiss a foreign coury presumaby India whe

hey made obeisace o Buddha This would aso accou for Amoghavaras udyof hs ex hs eary days

12Se noe 6 Varabodhi's Biography.

3 See noe 29 Sha-wu-wei's Biography.

H See oe 28 i Sha-wu-wei's Biography.15 Hsg-chuang (T 50292c6) says ha Amoghavara had already reahed Hsin-fg

a own o he eas of Chag-a. Apparenly he eded o reur o India

by sea.16 Homa is he rie of worshippig diere diies by hrowig oerngs ino a re.

Cf. Chin-kang-ing yü-ch'ieh hu-o i-kuei /IJ m. (T 18 No. 908)

a rasaio by Amoghavajra There are ve es of homa sacrie. The rs kid

is erformed o remedy ones own misforune or ay public disaser. A oud earhe

sove is o be used The rie should be performed a dusk whih symboizes res ad

peace The prforme should face he orh ad everyhng shoud be i whie The

seond knd is o pray for he prosperiy of eiher a dividual o 0 aio I should

be performed i he moig wih he peformer facig he eas hic is a symbol of

wealh The shap of he sove is suare ad he olo is yelow The hird kid o

homa is performed o subdue an enemy. It is o be praised a oon wih a riaga

sove The performe faces the south ad the color is bak. The fourh id of hom

is o summon those he hree worst gatis hat is the gatis of hel aimals, a

res The stoe is n he shape of a vajra and he olor is ed There is o spec



288 CHOU YILIANG

nd the rtes an rya shoud know] He aso taught Amogh

vajra n fu deta the *Virntr and the manuas o sddh and so orth Later Amoghavajra accompaned the Master toLoyang where the atter ded n the twenteth year of Kayüan732 A. D].18 After the portratha 19 was nshed and a postumous tte was conferred on the ate Master Amoghavajra pannedto make a ong journey to Inda and Ceyon as the ate Masteronce ordered h to do

He rst arrved at Nanha-chün where GoveorGenera L Chün made an earnest request

co s o me re The h of hom erform o see for ov.The sove s he sh of lous he oor s so e The erformer fces hewes he re s o be erforme he erly eveg Dere ms rese for ere homs.

Ths mgh refe o he Suhsi-ti chieh-o ching rse by Shwuwe eeoe 88 hs Bogry.

8 Ths e s wog. I shou be he weyh er f Kyü (41 A. D ) oe 6 bohs Bohy.

I ws oulr usom ug he Tg sy o worsh ecese mseso sec hl. The orrhl of some mos f he Pure L Sec Te ec re meoe Tsgs bogrhy of hog (T 0

86b�8) Es ry Dainihon bukky ensho 11 3.�3� C YeüsLi-tai ming-hua chi (31 ) . Fo h of rboh Amghv f. ChüanTang wn 06 1�13.

0 Emeor ssug chge he me chou (refere) u beweehe o he hse ! (s) o ch 4� A. D (Tgshu �) Hece Kugchou beme Nhchü

2 The ull e o hs oce s sfg huhh shh wh she hghes cv ce f Lg he usuly lso hls he osoof e Pref of Nhcü Cf Tangshu 49b6 W Mgshg Shihchi-shih hangchüeh R ) 8 R. ROL ds examens �.

Ise

of

he ex hs

whh s wrog Though we o o

bogrhy of h e ys hsoy, hs me s ese sever oe exsof he Tg y beses Chiu Tanghu. Chih-i chi ( Taip'ingkuangchi 43.4b sys h e e of he Ky eo esumbly bou40 A. D. L Cl ws My Commssoe Kugf (for s mesee oe � bo Bogry) Te c f süsug Chiu T'ang-sh(9.0b recods L Ch s Pefe q f N, eee he es

Yugch 44 A. D. T daiwa tei den Dainihon bukkyö ensho 131, 116b s f. T so BEEO�8. 448 466 sys we Ks me s so em o eve o ,e boug ble from L Chl who ws he GveoGe Lgo. The me howeve s fo wch T s



TNTRS N CHN 29

o abhi�ea. In the Fahsing Temple he converted inuccession hundeds thousands and myriads of people Amogha

vaja himself payed to the chief deity and ten days later Majurconstrained by his faith put in an appearance Befoe he boadedthe ship the GovenoGeneal summned the geat chiefs ofthe barbarians in the region of P'anyü Ihsipin and othesand warned them: Now the ate of Tipiaa [712b15 is goingto South India and Ceylon ou ae to warn you captains to seeto it that theythe Master and his twenty-one disciples includingHanuang and Huipien get thee [safely andthat the nations credentials [which they bea ae not lost

e Hsansngs pn nd Ha-sns bgrapy Chiu T'ng-shu9 989) say h e as p de he fh mn n 749 becase

e ad eeved many age brbs On accn f s nvenen lan Canndrng he ng dynasy beame n pan sep hee a he fregn mehanshps cled nd fegn mechns gheed (cf NK y öda n knö S 28. 242-28, 38-368, 4879, 3, 76) Thss y he cv cers n Cnn ee lkey be avas and Ch-n sn ecepn s sessr Hn as palaly kn s n hnesmn derng hs fm hs pedeesss Cf Chiu Tngshu 989. He s lsmenned n Tsei den, b KK fs pvde any fe fman ns nes Fo-tsu tung-chi (T 4929 37) s ng syg mgvj

cme Cnn 74 n hs ay bk fm Ceyln C-pn msakes hechace

Ths eme s n aesed eseee The d as apped n e Tang dynasy he hef f e abges

n S nd Sheasern Cha Chiu Tngshu 00.9, 22) as l s he ceff e fregnes fm he Wes nd he Sh Ses. vra s aled :n Varabds Bgrpy (T 0724) F he fegners selemen n Cann fNK e menned abve

Hn-kangs bgraphy s fnd T 0879 H heped hs Mse nsesme ss 766 . he s mng e fy-nne pmnen mnks h eensfeed fm vas empes e Ta-hsgshan Temple pn mghavajses (T

2830) In

766 he s emmended by s as g M

W-a spevse he bdg he Chn- Tempe M (T 2 832837) Sme ses and maas f empe menned by Ennn n s days made by mghvaj Dinihon bukky znsho 3239 240) ee prbabyexeed nde Hnkangs den he end f s bgpy Tsn-nng sayh s n knn hen nd hee he ded Te ny nsln f s s exf rshppng e yb-ym frm f he Hnd gd e h s ced Ta-shng

n-s z-sa-n :% § 1X (Mäynndkevar) n Esec Bddsm (T 2 N 273)

N bgrphy f s fnd n Tsan-nngs k.



290 CHO AG

In the tweth mn 27 the twenty-ninth year [74 A D] he

et Nan-hai n bard a Kun-un ship ßfB When they reachethe bundary f Kaiga they met with a heavy strmEach merchant being terried tried t prpitiate the gds] bythe methd f his wn cuntry but wthut result Al f themnelt dwn t pray fr hep and prtectin Huipien and therdisciples as wept bittery Amghavajra said: I have a panDnt wrry Thereupn with vengered vajra f Bdhicitta in his right hand and the rajäpäramitätra in his left hand heecited nce the Mahäpratiarähära and perfrmed the rite

[required r this dha] The wind subsided immediately andthe sea became calm and cle Later they came acrss a argewhale which emerging ut f the sea emitted jets f water iea muntain was even mre threatening than the previuscalamity and the merchants were ready t give up their livesAmghavajra perrmed the ites as befre and tld Hui-pien trecite the Sohih ngwang hing �mn* .32 At nce al thedangers disappeared

When he arrived in Ceyln the ing sent a deputy t wecme

hi The guardsmen n ft and n hrse were statined in ransalng the street when he entered the city The ing having made

Th voag to da fom Cnto s sa d t C. H Chuk 9

P (BEFEO 4 90] 279286 dnts Kun th Tnssrm thnothrn part o th Mly Psul. C aso P, tuds Asatqus 2.26-263T Record o Buddhist Religio l- C Religieux minents 63-6 Chau u-kua 3-32 K kurö anö konron kö wß. Taihoku ti shigkka kk B#·m 3550.

Ths ontry s dntd s Jav Th nm s proay du to n y oon

zaton Jva of mmgrnts from Kalga East nd Cf P, BEFEO 279-86 or th v kds o odhs otd y a monk o th Esotr t, .

MZ 226-27. not 55 Vjraodhs Bogaphy and Appnd Ths mght r to a short tt hh as translatd th ung dnast

hh-hu as Fo-wei soch'ieh-lo lung-wang oshuo tach'ng ching �{±I* (T 5, o 60 Both �m and � ar trnsrptons oägr

bo not 38 H s sad to hav styd th Tmp o Buddhas Toot(T 5588



ANRSM N CHNA 29

obesance at hs eet invited h to stay n the paace to be entetaned o seven days The ing hsef bathed Amoghavaja

daiy usng a goden bae fu of fagant wates The cownpnce the queens [72b29] and the mnistes acted smlaly

When Amoghavaja st met the äcäya Samantabhada he pesented god jewely bocade and embodees and equestedthe Maste to epound o h the doctne of oga n the Chinkntin chin o eghteen chaptes and the method of eectingan ta in accodance wth the Mahäauägabhadhätumaaan the *Viocnt He aso pemtted Han-uang Hui-pienand othe dscipes to eceive the abhea o Five Divisions

togetheAmoghavaja ate that had no egula teache fo hs studies

He sought eveywhee o the sciptues of the Esoteic Sect andobtaned moe than ve hunded stas and commentaies Theeas nothng that he did not go nto thooughly as fo eampethe samaya ls4 the vaious detes secet mudäs fomscolos aangements o atas bannes and the ltea and intinscmeanngs o the tets

One day o entetanment the ing odeed some [wild] ele

phants t be tamed Everbod clmbed up the high [paces] twatch but no one dared co me nea Amghavaja stood n [themidde ] the street in matsamädh � eciting [a dhäraand maing mudräs wth his hands Severa mad elephants sud-

he samaya i Esoei Buddism eans the wapon or instrumn whi isusuay hd by dity nd egaded as his paticula sin MOZ .861186ab .

0 Cylon was known as a contry aboundin in phants whih rm time immoria th pope had capturd and amed Sir ames E in his Cyl(1859, London !71-401 has a spcia chapr dalin with hs intrsin subectAso c. F EO Th lephantlore o the Hindus 16 879

3 6 h h f� but th Chinlin o-ch chu ditio and th hsincuan 509a14 instad o f hav which is oc Pi ( 5!88caQs t�j which mans th same thing. his id of mdiation s cad� �L' and ardd as a scial typ o samädhi. C. MOZ!17b Mäitrsamäpanna Divyvadä 186 , a synonym s also tanslatd by -chinas t-tin !3.88c10

h tet h nly but hsnhan ( 50!93a14 has Pei has (T 5!.848c15) *fmFP . For he Foye t'o-loni and its accmpanygmudrä, cf Millyö dajten !.9!a-1934b



292 CHO YIIANG

denly tumled dow Peole all over the country were astonshed

y the stoyThen he visited India, where he caused ausicious omens many

times In the th year o T'ien-ao 746 D] he returned tothe caita and resented a etter rom King Slmegha ? 3 o Ceyon, and ornaments o gold and jewels, the Sanskrttext o rajpramittra, miscellaneous earls, and white cotton cloths 3 The Emeror ordered hi to stay temorarin the oce o the Cour o State Ceremonia ater he was summoned to the alace to erect an altar or the Emerors ahi�eka

ceremony Then he moved to the Chngying Temle It was very dry all through the summer o that year and theEmeror ordered hi to ray or rain The merial edct sad The ran must not last too long, neither must t e too heavymoghavajra asked to erect an altar at whch to ray] to thePeacock King Beore three days had assed t had ranedsucently 712c15] Being very much leased, the Emerorestowed on hi a urle ka�ya roe] n a eewelled case,and heled h into the roe] In addton, he was granted two

hundred ' o silkOnce a great gale came on suddenly The Emeror orderedmoghavajra to sto t y raying He asked or a silver ottleand aled some magi to t Soon the wind calmed down, utwhen a goose n the lak accidentally umed the ottle and

This s King Siläegha o Caasa (eiged 266 D C Graation 48.42 T'fu yanuei 5& (*4� 9.1a T'nghu22b4b

3 Tsu ü-uei ibid) oty sheets o hite oon loth +H (Chau uua 28) says that this is the sae od as he Tush ahahi eas oto (Snoanica 489-490) hns at i is deied r eesian ord db eanig boade Toyoaci (Mea efuni asuu oda siajn no chishii o QTai hh no eny nanai hen wQ W_, 533-584)says tha a ind of oton ot ad detes t th aäa i äl

• Ths eple had b no fo e tie of the Sui dynty f T 5059b 64a24) bu is eat ocato in e ity of Cag-a a ot bee etaied

U See pped O . 2 689 D. Epress s besoed pupe olored aäya robes o e

os Cf Tsan-nigs Snghihleh T 4253c) Ts olo osen obableause he oial olr of the ereoial obes o te hige ors



TANTRSM CHNA 29

tied t uside down, e gale lew again wi even greatervelocity and volence For the second tme he was ordered y the

Emeror to sto it and the same result was otained with thesame ceerty style Chih-tsang was then estowed onhi y the Emeror

In the eighth yea o the Tien-ao erod 749 D he wasermitted to return to his native country Wen he arrved atan-hai-chün, having used ve ost-horses an imeria edctwas issued to detain h agan In the twelth year 75 D ,uon the request o the Military Goveor-Genera o Ho-hsi and ung -yu] l"(i](k] K Han the

Emeror ordered hi to go to Kansu] He arrived at Wu-wen the thrteenth year 754 D and stayed n the KayüanTeme The Mtary GoveorGenera and hs su-

< Tis saemen s no ue, snce Yüan-cao (T 5588a ) says a e Mea-u � was c-sang and is ao was Amogavaa He caed imse b name C-sang n s memorias o e Empeo (e g T 5588a 4) beoeEmpeo Su-tsung odeed a e soud be caed by s ao ony (T 55 88ab)

An ocer o e tid an coud use ve postoses taveing. C. T'u46.8b Bu accoding to t Ling ony ou oses wee aowed. C N Nobou Tr m5i57580 For te posta system n t ang

dynty c C Yüan-yüan , Tang-ta -ci ao mWlU SHNP56- Accodng o Yüancao (T 55 .88b ) e w pemted to etu n 750A. D. but e e s wn e eaed Sao-cou H were e stayed unti 75A D Upon e quest o - Han e was summoned to te capta tayear and was sent o Langcou ate e ad rested o moe tan a mont eaosou Tempe

Te Miitay Goveno-Genea o Ho-si was stationed n Liang-cou; tat oLung-yu was San-cou

• Fo is biogapy c Cu T' 04 0ab. He was o Turis oign, andmay ave ad some specia connetion wit Buddism, as is ae - Tao-üan was seeted by Empero ui-tsung n 70 A D. to send änandasJfW remains bac to oan (T 507a5) C C T' 04a.

n 60 A. D Empess Wu ordred a Tayün Tempe to be eeted ea o te wo apitas and every precture a ove te ounty but n 78 A D.te name o a tese empes was cangd to aiyüan Temp by Empero Hsüantsungs ode C. T' -o 48 a Toug we nd te name aiyan Tempementioned n many paes, Hsan-sugs oder was not stity aried ou in teemoe povinces Te names o Ta-n Tempe and ai-an Tempe are boound in wrien doumens discoveed in Tn-ang L G Daed CieseMss in te Sten Coecton, BSS 07 Accoding to Yüan-cao T 5588 Amogavaa tansated C-k- -c' j- c-s s-c'



294 CU ILING

odnates a wanted to eceve ah�eka. Sevea thousand eoeo hgh and ow egee attended the ceemony Hankuang andothe dsces wee also nstructed n the method o the FveDvsons. The Commssone o Relgous ars U8 andK'au 9 Yüansung was also aught the amemethod and the Vajadhtuma<ala. n eahquake occuedha day n the temle whee he ceemony was hed and moghavaja sad It s [due to] the concentraton o the audence sath 5 In the teenth yea 756 D. he was ordeed y theEmero to return to the catal, where he stayed n the Tahsngshan Temle 5

Dung the ealy days o the Chh-t eod 756757 D the Emeor was n ngwu and Fnghsang to eare or the ecatue o the two catals moghavajaoten esented memoals to hm, nqung ate the Emeoshealth, whle n hs turn, Emeo Su-tsung secetly sent messengers

encng taciaowang cing OJ- : ( 18, No 865 , o wc L -en omposed he e. C. Ö No. 1 2he Sanr name s Sarvatatgatatattvasagraamamaynatra. moavara's anaon a smal poon o h e, o wc Sh-hu made a compee

ranaon laer ( 8, No. 882 e aan ansaed Pticang oo itztingnwang cing J ( 9 No. 950 tz tinglnwang yücie cing J ( 9, No 855 and tz tingnwangniensng ei J ( 9 , No. 95 w were al composeb T Lan-chu E N In te meanme e ao endeed some o sa e en moon o 5 . D e Kuchean mon L-en wa sen or on-s �" o ep mohavaa n anslaon. L-en ame o Cna w ndded n Can-an someme beween 89 and 95 . D C. P C. B Dexleiqe anrtcinoi 0-5

See end P9 he Ka-u s e an o e wen-nne o ono. e u le

sould be Ka-u -un san-ss

C. ang 6.6a le

w eaded a a rea ono and ate Empeo üan-un ueeded o e one,onl our peson eld een ea (Ci ang 06.2b

5 See pendx Q5 n-cuan ( 5029b7 as a moavaa old L üan-sun a e

eaqae ws due o h a. hs was a reat temple w ocuped te wole o te Cn-san-an

n te mdde o te t. C. Cngang ao 25b 76 . D. moavaasd te Empeo to tanse o-nne emnent monks om ote temple o tesn-an eme ( 52.802



ARISM CHIA 295

asking or [71229 seret methods When the aita was reatured and the Tang dynasy restaished the date was exaty

as [moghavajra had redictedDuring the Chienyüan eriod [75759 D he wasinvited to the aae to erorm the homa sarie, and then theEmeror reeived the ahi�eka o a akravartin ossessing sevenjewes One at he end o the Shangyüan eriod [760761 D the Emeror was i moghavajra exorised the evi siritsy reiting the Mhprtsrdhr seven times and as aresut the Emeror was we the next day and aid even moreesect to him than eore

moghavajra asked or the Emerors ermission to go to themountains L Fukuo * onveyed oray the edit whihordered hi to reite stras the Chihhü Teme 6 Mt Chungnan One night when he was in the midde ohis reitation, Mahsukhasattva was so moved thatthe deitys hair [etween his eyerows strethed out and emitteda ight It was thus roved that [moghavajra had aseded to

6 A cakraartin or uniersa monach is spposed to possess seen knds o ratnashese are akaratna whee hastiatna eephant aaatna hrse mairatna

pear statna wie ghapatiratna minister and pariäyakaatna (geneal CMOZ .9a 486a87 It is nt known how this speia knd ahiekwas pemed Cod Amoghaajra hae adpted the ites o the ahika o a kingin India r his reigios prpse?

See Appendix Fr the reitatin stras in the paae the igraphy C o Chiu 'ang-shu a For monks se o ats dhäras, andmdäs, ai-ping kuang-chi 98a .7 8945a 45a, Yangta-t 57 144 Yu-yang tsa-tsu hü-chi 6

6 For his igraphy Chiu ang-shu 184 7a9 Aso 58976 his tempe existed rm the eay years o the ang dynasty C 56a7 Mahkhatta is the personied deity Mahäskha r Geat oy whih i

tained throgh the eaizatin o the insepaaiity o pajä and kaä his Geat

Joy s compared to the joy deried m sexa nin he eti eement isne the haacteritics o Estei Bddhism in n dia, t it did not deeop inChina (se Appendix R his dctine is treated in the Adhyadhaatikprapra_mi which was tansated y Amghaaja s it ecase it content that thathos o Amoghaajra iographies aid mentining the name o this sta OOOhöuns Rishukyö no knky Q a ery ompehensie k autthis text A smmary o this ok is ond in Bibliographi bouddhique i 9698Fr the anskit and ieta texts and ais Chnese transations, OOO 85, 4951 Fo the theory o Mahäskha iid 4744



296 CU YILIANG

he sae next to ha o sddh mohavaja sad: Ho can

seek my on elease h he peope stll unsaved? [So he puo hs on elease 59e Empeo Su-sun ded, Empeo Tatsun succeeded to

he hone and shoed h even eate avo When he hadnshed the tanslaton o the Myn chng -M* and henwng chng * the Empeo ote peaces o hemOn the vey day hen these exs ee ocally announced,auspcous clouds appeaed unexpectedy n he sky The mnsteso he hole cout expessed he conaulaons On he s

day o the eleventh mo on o the yea Yun-a [765 . Dhe as pomoed by an mpea edct to the ank o T-chn and he oce o Pobatonay Decto o he Sate Ceemona He as also ven he tle Takuan-hh san-tsan

n the hd ea o Ta 76 D., a ceemony o Bud

Siddi i the lt te in bodiattv' ptual aeer aodn to te EoteSchoo Cf. M 295-195�c

n-chun ( 50.�93b8 h c whih woud copete the enn here 16, No 682. i text deal wt lyavn he Epeo' preface pre

eved n 16747b-.1 8 No �46 h t hpte led u-kuo-pn (Protectoo the County whee kn ae ued to eite hi tr weneve there i anyatral alaty o hote ttk. ne unded ie n one hunde eat reto be pepred an onk o an eu nuber re o be nved to epound necte hi t ( 8.8407 Aov peened a eoi o the Epeoecoendn a new tnion of i ex Hi chief reaon w i fnction opoen he conty ( 5�831b2� he ne of the onk who hlped hi ntrnln thi tra e enueed n i eoril ( 5�831b28 he bioaphyof ANG Chin 3* n Chi Tng-sh (80 y ha iun ofen fed oethan one hunded onk n te ple and odeed h to epound te Jn-wng

hing wheneve hre wa any eney nvaion Accordn to nnn Sngshihlüeh ( 54�53c) copy of he Jn-wng hing wa ried bout hunded pcehed of he Epro when he wa on te tee. It i id a thi cuo taeddrn iun' rein.

' For the Probaiony Diretor o t Ste Cereon ee note of Shn-wuwe' Borphy e -chn te ond of he tweny-nne itle of ono CfTng-sh 466 Aordn o Tng-ti ( 57b) l he ocer bove he th ranke pponed by n perial edic cle Ui nd he erticae of pponenhence i caed U*J For the tte c AT enkic onkhuto no ö kioi hinn kokhin �I±(M5*! Thgkh yo 3. �18-6�



TNTRISM IN CHIN 2

dhst ectatons as held n Hsnshan Tempe. The Empeo[on that occason pesented h th telve quts o embodeed

bocade and thtyto embodeed auze bannes, and also povded meas o outeen days o those monks ho took pat nthe ectaton. The eunuch attendants, the mnstes, and the commandes o the mpeal amy ee all odeed by the Empeoto o thee o abh�eka. n the nte o the outh yea 76. D.], mohavaja asked the Empeo to ssue an ode thatMajubodhsattva as to be oshpped as the uadan detyn the eectoes o the tempes all ove the county. [73a15The equest as anted. Ths as because he dd not have hhespect o Kaunya

who as a Hnayäna ahat. n

the summe o the th yea 770 . D.], hen a comet appeaed,n mpea ode as ssued to nvte mohavaja to Mt. Wu-ta to ecte sas. te the elous ceemony as ove, thecomet vanshed mmedately. n the autumn, hen mohavajaetuned om Wu-ta, the Empeo sent a eunuch to elcomeh outsde o h cty th a " onhose cubed by theEmpeos on bdle and bt. Povsons o the jouey eeanted by the Empeo.

On the second day o the tenth moon o the sxth yea [771 . D.]hch as the Empeos bthday, mohavaja pesented asts the stas hch he had tanslated an a memoal sayn:" olloed and atended the late Maste o Tpaka [. e.Vajabodh o outeen yeas eve snce my chldhood, and asnstucted n the doctne o Yoa. also vsted nda hee souht o the doctne that had not been tauht and oundstas and commentaes hch amounted to ve hunded odd

For s uose Amogaajra esene a mmoa w T 5283726) sasa

n e Wese oues Maju s wose n e refeoes aoe P<oaI s not known w au<a s menoe ee Enns ia (Dainihon bukkynho 323) es us a Majus mag was ae n fto of ame a M Wu-a Netss P<oa st sm to maan s oso n eftoes owa h ae Tang as, f T 50.7796 Fo P<oa f S La E. C, Les seze aa oeus a o JA eenth ss 820526(96).

Emero Taug uke hs ssos ot ae hs iha e ee ha ifs fom oina os f Fnghih wnchin chi chiao-chng 9



29 CH YLANG

oks In he h yea o Tenpao [746 D] I euned ohe apal Empeo [Hsüansun odeed me o o o he paaeand ee an ala o abheka The Sansk sÜas hh Ibouh bak ee al pemed o be ansaed65 EpeoSusun peomed he homa sae and abheka n he palaeThe o Empeos epeaedly odeed me o olle he Sanskexs [bouh bak] he pevous peods o epa hose [paaeaves o hh he [bndn] sns ee los, and o anslaehose [exs] hh had no ye been anslaed Y ou Majesyolloed eveenly you deeased ahes nen n oden meo onnue anslan and pomulan o he bene o [hepeople o all classes Fom he Tenpao peod up o he pesen,he sxh ea o Tal, n al [I have ansaed ne hunded andeny odd hapes, sevenyseven oks [73a29] In addon,he aaoue o names o monks and laymen ho helped n omposn [he exs] and he abded manuals o ecaon eeall oped s happens o be You Majesys bhday, I eveenly pesen hem o you n mpeal ed as ssued oallo hose sas o be pmulaed n he apa and he povnes, and [hey ee also o be lsed n he [oal] aaloue

o he Tpaka L Hsen-hn * 66 ead he mpeal edann mohavaja eh hunded olls o boade, oloedcloh, and slk The en monks ho helped h o anslae sasee eah aned hy ols The monk henhn 6 pesened a memoa o expess he aude Ohe monks anday dspes ee eaded h coh 6 n aodane h heme

One beause o douh n he apal dun he spn andsumme season, he Empeo odeed mohavaja o pay, sayn

" ans hn hee days ll be due o you ma poe6 S o 78 Sa-wuwis Bograpy6 T am of L Hs-cg a uuc, is asd Amogavajas wi T 5�.

4421) ad som docums T 5284022, 84625, 850c11 15 21 25, 29) For Ccs ograpy cf. T 50.736737a wr s mmoa prsrvd

T 5073622) . H dd 788 A Hsgsa Tmp. T x as and m oca docums of Tag

yasy usuay dcas xi facs wc ad vau of cuncy Cf. T'ngs516; Ci T'ngs 1387a, 14511a; T'ngtin 6.2a; CYYY 10110-119



TANTRSM N CHNA 2

If it ans aft th days, th cdt ill not b yous Aoghavaja, having cvd ths od, ctd an alta to pfo th

it], and on th scond day t aind havly and sucintlyh Epo bsod on h a pup gauz ob and on hundd os of scllanous colod cloth Svn obs gantdto hs dscipls and a fast to fd on thousand onks as povidd as a ad fo hs achvnt

Aoghavaja psntd a oial askng th Epo to bulda pavlon fo Maju in th Hsing-shan pl H obtaindth pal psson as as contbutions fo ]kuf / Pinc of Han and th Pincss of

Hua-yang About thty llion chn fo th pialtasuy donatdAoghavaja agan tanslatd th hltwang chng

� Gfts gantd by th Epo on aft anothand th ssngs] busy on th stts In th nnth ya774 A D], fo spng to su h kpt on poulgatng thsubtl La and ncouaging his dscpls H talkd fquntlyabout th hadracarpradhäna and th Chhengwpn a-men chng 1ir* / hich h pasng adadiing, patdly advsd hs dscpls] to cit o thosho had pvously bn taught th doctn, h told th pa-

9 Cf T 52841c10 844c21 . Te arcuar devoon o Maur one of caracerscs of Esoerc Buddsm as romugaed y Amogavajra Cf T 5834a5,Chinshih tsui-ien 1334

For s queen cf Tang-shu 773a-; Chiu Tang-shu 153.1a Te Emeror oveder so muc a afer se ded er remans were ke n e aace ured foree years

Ts rnce was e son of T- kuefei Cf. Chiu Tang-shu 116.12a Hs namewas chiung and e ded n 796 A. D

Ts rncess was T kue-fes dauger Cf Tang-shu 8319a; Chiu Tang-hu52.8-9a Amogavajra adoed er as dauger C T 52843c27

Hsng-cuang (T 50293c15) as H Te ex as � u sng-cuang (T 50293c17) reads �

Neer of ese wo names s found n e s of Amogavajras ransaons n Yüancaos Chng-üan lu (T 55879a-881a

75 Te Pu-hsien üanhsing mus e aoer name fo e Puhs 'u-a hsngüan san Cf ne 11 aove Te name of e Chushg wu-ien fa-mn chings Chu-sheng ien-mn to-loi chingg$irW.J, a asaon oAmogavajra. Cf. T 19 No. 1909.



00 CH YLANG

ticulaly to pay attntion to th folloing things] th contplation on Bodhicitta/ 71b1 th chif ditys udä thintuitiv cophnsion of t ltt ' a and th alization ofth autpäda of th dhaas 8 n, accoding to Aoghavaja,thy] ould ach Mahäbodhi h dis ci ps ] told againand aain in such a lucid ay as if h shoing th vything in his pal

On niht h told his discipl hin to bing hi abush and an ink-slab " I ill ak an abidgd vsion of hanual on niväa and cation 8 fo postity and y funalcony should b hld in coplianc ith it h'in knltdon and qustd th tis " Will you b so ciful as tostay in this old] fov Othis ho should th poply upon Aoghavaja siply sild Bfo long h bcaill, hupon h psntd a oial in hich h bad fallto th Epo Ipial ssngs snt to inqui afthis halth] and both physicians and dicins snt fo thEpo H as adKaifu it'ung sanss 8 aninvstd ith th titl of Duk of Su h thousandhousholds assignd as his f8

Fr dca cf. B. BHATTAHARYA Buddhist Esotsm 96-100 OHIZUKI5.4666c4668.

Te ex as we sng-cuang T 50294a2 as wc wldmean rue cmprensn.

8 Te a snd and e leer represenng s snd are mpran syms nEserc Buddsm. Cf. sngs cmmenary e Pi-u-ch-n ching T 39651c5,773c12 , OHIZUKI, 12a-c, Hbgin 14.

He s menned n Amgavajras wl were e Mas says a e elped nranslang and cpyng manscrps T 5284424 . Accrdng CHAO Censgrapy f Amgavara T 50294c4 , e flwed e Maser fr nne years ands ca e was a f Han-ln a-ca T 502924 , . e, a lerary

cuncllr fr e Emperr Cf. Tngshu 463.8 Fr e ranscrpn � and e eres a s P and Sanskr frmscf OHIZUKI 43483c.

1 See ne 49 ave.8 Te name S was csen ecause Amgavajra vsed Kans n s eary years

and a ar f e cunry came e regarded as s nave place. Te Ku-kngr Duke accrdn Tng iu-tien !f ed., s enled ave ree sand seds as s ef. Ts, wever s nly gven n nameunlss s sad a e can acally ea e ef 1M.' sally e acal efwc ne can ave s ess an nerd f e nmna ef Fr s nsun



TANTRSM N HNA 01

Amoghvjr ernestly declined he honor bu [he Emperordd no permit Being qute dsplesed he sd: The snts seemo hve extended heir hnds to console me. When he whemoon 8 is ful shl o Why should stel more iles ndposons when I m dying

Thereupon hrough he eunuch L Hsen-ch'€g he presenedo he Emperor s token of frewell the vengered bell ndvjr whch were inherited from hs decesed Mser slverplte nd rosries mde of seeds of the bodh ree nd cryslbeds On the fteenh of he sxh moon he bhed nd shmpooedn frgrn wer nd ly wih his hed owrd he est nd fcinghe norh in the direction of he imperi residence. While mking gret mudrä he died in the mids of mediion 8 t he ge ofseventy His religious ge ws fy Hs discple Huilng 8 succeeded hm s the Mser of bhisek There were severlohers 8 who knew the Lw

f. N Nobou Tödai no fsa oyobi shouf sei mf{ QTöhgakuh Töyö 102554. The bioapy of W Chin in Chiu Tang-hu (180a) aso mentions tat the babaian mon (see note 2 above) Amohavaja wasinvested wit title of Due and was pemitted to ente the impeial paae. Tanghu

(45.a) quotes the same passae but omits Amohavaja's name and hanes tehaate int . Tus te statement speialy made of Amohavaja is tansfomed into a enea statement as to the Westees fm Cental Asia T'ang-huoften maes sh anes as to oasion mistaes o onfusion . Cf C Kai-ütung-kao 1.5aa

8 See note 58 in Vaabodi's Bioaphy.8 The tet was I Hsinhuan (T 50.294a10) has I

!1*.8 He is mentioned in the Mastes wi (T 52 .844b2) wen he stayed in the Chn

Temple �j . Afte Amohavaas death he was tansfeed to te HsinshanTempe and odeed by te Empeo to diet the teahin (T52850a19 12) . Huilans name is put nde the headin of Amohavaja's bioaphy in the Sung kao-ngchuan yet nothin is said of hi. Sne the last mention of hi is dated th tenthmoon of 778 A D. (T 52.85a29) e may have died not lon afte that time KWei one of the ten famous poets of the Tai peod (7779 A. D) as apoem wit the tite Pesentn to Maste an (Ch'üan-T'ang-hih 410. KnWei 1 a) n this poem the Maste an is said to have ome fom ndia and sevedte an Empeo. He ad been n China fo suh a on time that he ost isndian aent. The autho aain lads his stit disipne sayin that al the aybelieves espeted hi Cold this Maste an be Amoavaas dsiple Hilan?

8 The tet has bt hsinhuan (T 5029414) ha + Fo the est of Amohavajas disiples see Append



3! CHO YLANG

Hving herd of hs deh he Emperor pu o hs dly nervew wh hs mnsers [73b!9 for hree dys He lso ppropred silk cloh nd misellneous fbris in ddiion o fourhundred housnd h'en for he funerl eremony nd womllionodd h'en for buldng sp The Commissoner ofRelgous Ars L Yünsung ws ordered o supervise hefunerl eremony.

[Shorly before Amoghvjrs deh he monks in hs empledremed h preous blony 88 of housnd jn m hd fllendown nd he new Pvlon for Mjur hd beome dilpided

[They lso dremed h vjr hd own up o he sky Thepond he rer of he Hsingshn Temple dred up wihou nyevden use8 Fruis were produed on he bmboos nd heowers n he grdens wihered.

He ws remed on he sixh of he sevenh moon The Emperorsen he ko-p'n L Hsien-ho o mke oeringso hm he emple The oil le ssk'ung � nd heposhumous ile Tpien-hng kunghih sn-sng were besowed on him When he re of he pyre wen

ou severl hundred grns of rels were found nd eighy grinswere presened o he Emperor The bones of he rown of hehed did no burn nd on hem here ws rel prly hiddennd prly exposed The Emperor ordered he erecon of sepre sp n his own qurers.

Whever Amoghvjr did beneed he world bu he showedsuperoriy priulrly n dhär we ry o exmne hs sge

Te sng-uang T 50294a5) as a moe deaed s of wa was esowedy e Empero ee undred p of sk, wo undred uan of co four undred

an of re and ou seven an of o feen aloads of rewood, ree aroadsof aroal and four undred ousand cen. Te ol ewood, and aoal wereevdenly fo e purpose of remaon

Te ex as ! wle sng-uang T 50294a20) as ! w woudmean preous dvaja

Ts s aso eoded y T Cng-s n Yu-yang tsatsu hhi (52a) dy C Cen in sng-cuang T 50294a22)

Kao-pn s a e of eunucs of e Buau of Palae Aendans Cf Tang-shu474a e documens T 528495 6) e s menoned as Nec-s

9 For s oe cf T'ang-shu 464a. Te oce eongs o e rs ank.9 T ex as wc s a misake



TANTRSM CHNA 03

of K�änt , we shoud fai to ascetain hs ank EmpeoHüsantsung pevously had specia espect fo hm Once when

a dought occued, the Empeo odeed Amoghavaja to payfo an He sad: " We may have ain afte a cetan date, butif we obtan it b foce now], thee will be a teible stom TheEmpeo then asked his Maste Vajabod to eect an alta [topay] ust as he had said, the wnd and an [thus bought about]would not stop Some esdental disticts and makets weeooded tees wee upooted o felled An edict was immediatelyissued asking Amoghavaja to stop the stom. Amoghavajakneaded ve o sx eathen [dolls in the shape of] old women

whch he scolded n Sanskit [71c15] in the cout of the templewhee wate was accumulated So on t cleaed up

Hsüantsung once summoned the astologe L Kungyüan to have a tounament of magc powe with Amoghavaja n thehall fo casual aas Amoghavaja often tuned hs handto scatch his back L 8 sad: " May I end you [my] back

Aodg o some Mahya exs a odhsava spua aeer a e dvdedo ve gea sages amog whh he seod s alled 1r o sage of prepaaoydspe payoga) . Four kualamlas �m ae o e ulvaed hs sage K

or foearae s oe of hem. Cf HzK, 21015-1016a 62-6a heexs pu K as he sxh sage. Cf. HzK 21 90-91a The use of heerm hre seems o e geeraed o lude he ere sprual age.

The ex has " whh meas old woma Howeve hs ory aso eoded Yuang tsatsu a o whh Tsag mus have ased hs work sead o i reas or rago Se dragos wee usualy payed o for ra s moskely ha he haaer " hee s a msake fo T'ai-p'ing huang-chi 961) g Yu-ang tsa-tsu also has Aordg o he Mu-i man-t'o-o chou-ching

*Bn, rasaed h sxh ury T 1965) he T'o-oni chiching WB : of Agupa T 019) ad he Ta-pao uang-po oushan-chu pi-mi t'o-o-ni ching .tl;M�{wB, raslaed yAmoghavaja hself T 19 625a9) lay dagos are used prayg for a Whe

musard seeds afe eg ojured wh spels are o e how o he dragos Eveh pe re fro of he spa where hs rmas wre ud he Ta-hsg-shaTempe was egarded as a ve sume o ause a ( Yu-ang tsa-t hsü-chi5.1) .

The ex has wh Yu-ang tsa-t .a) has whh makeer sese Tai-'ing uang-chi 962a) eads

e Ths soy s aso eoded Yuang tsatsu ) • sead of Amoghavajra Yuang tsa-tsu has L, whh s he same as he Su

ad Yü eos. Cf h edos oe 4 he ex8 Yuang tsa-tsu ke he Sug ad Yüa edos ha Amoghavaja Cf

dors oe 5



04 CH LNG

scracher? There was a piece of decoraive rock n he ha

hen. Amoghavajra sruck he backscracher a he rock ansmashed i no peces. L red severa imes o pck up hebroken] back-scracher bu faied. To he Emperor, who wasabou o arse and ge , Amoghavajra sad Third Maser ß you don have o ge up Ths s merey an image. Thenhe raised hs hand o show L ha he back-scracher, nac, wasagan n his hand.

In Norh Mang Mounain here appeared a grea serpen, whchhe woodcuers frequeny saw. Is head, when urned up, was

ke a hi, and i usuaUy inhaed he ar wih dew a nigh Onewhen he serpen saw Amoghavajra, spoke in human onge I am a vcim of] my bad conduc. How coud you save me?I ofen wan o sir up he waer in he river o desroy he cyof Lo-yang for my own saisfacon Amoghavajra augh he Buddhis preceps and expained for he docrine of karmaBesdes he said You receve punshmen] because of yourhared of ohers], how can you now] hae he peope and khem] agan? My power , however,] s suprme. You ough o

hnk of my words and hen his body of a serpen] wi beabandoned. Laer on he woodcuers saw he serpen dead inhe vae and he evi sme spread ou severa i.

Whenever Amoghavajra was ordered by he Emperor o prayfor rain, he had no paricuar ries. Ony one embroidered seawas o be se. He woud urn wih his hands a wooden imagef a ceran] dey a few nches aU], and hen hrow whe

The ex has ; and Yu-yang ta-tu eads ; I s no known wha hs was The name ; occus n C Hungchao

Shih-ya ; 164) , whee s dened wh grane00 Ths s he nfomal name y whch Empeo Hsüan-sung was geneally addessei he paace. Cf C I Kai-yü tung'ao 372225a

0 Fo b Yuyang sasu 311 eads Ths s also found in Yu-yang ta-tu 3.11-12a whch has (sevea seas

sead of one sea. Ths saemen aou Amoghavajas mehod payng fo ais appaeny conadcoy o wha s menoned aove S Appendx . Tsan-nngmply gaheed maeas fom deen souces and made no eo o unfy hem.hs mehod of us wooden gues so fa as I know s o found n any ex opayng fo an.



TANTRSM N CHNA 30

ectng a dhäa When it std up n the seat itse Aghaaa wud bsee the cnes f its muth 7c29 As s n

as its teeth wee epsed and ts eyes winked t wud ainDung the ped fT'ienpa742-7 AD TibetW ,Tashh* Aabia] and K' ang Samakand sent amies t suundHs-angfu WJ The Empe summned Amghaaa tthe paace t pefm sme ites and the Empe hmsef attendedthe ceemny Amghaaa hding an incensept ecited thesecet wds fm the en-wan twce seen times TheEmpe then saw appmatey e hunded dine sdiesappeang in the cut Beng supsed he uestined Amgha

aa The atte sad " The sn f Vaaaaäa iP:s gng t escue Anhsi with his amy Pease make eings

Ardng T-ha chin-n chih ed. 5.8 Emperr Hsüan-sung sen CÜ Cng-a m an py e image airavaarja and ad CÜ pan n e wal a emple n 5 A. D LHung-sn n is sing-tangsU pi-sha-mn tin-ang chi iP : daed 838 A. D. (Wnyüan yingha 819.6a als reers e a aHsüan-sung ad e image s dey paned n ags. Hwever e legend inis grapy is enrely grundess Tsan-nings sry is duless ased n ePi-sha-mn i-kei P « a ex asred Amgavajra (T 86 .ATSUMOO Bunaurö

kßin s Töasu samn kö

iP (Töh gakh Kyö 10 .1. 1-) gives ve prs sw a s sry s n rue. e rs plae e ex is duul eause i s n inuded n e Chng-yüan ZMrever s sry s n und n e dy e ex u aaed a e end.n e send plae e ex says a s urs in e rs year Ten-pa (4A D w Tsan-nng canges in e perd Tien-pa Tere s n rerda An-si was eseged y an army se unres in 4 A D. TrdyAmgavajra wen Ceyn in 41 A D and reed n 46 A D. Ten wuld e perrm su a mirae n 4 A. D? ATSUMOO ur pr is a ee menns -sng as ne w remmended Amgavajra Emperr Hsüansung. Sne s maser died n A. D i is mpssile a e suld averemmended Amgavajra n 4 A D. And sy s egend is n menned in

C Ciens sng-uang wi uld n ard mi a sry ke is CHAVANNS n is addenda e rrigenda Docments r l ToKie (34 ques issry, u says auiusly Les uvrages uddques rappren un vnemen qudevra re nsr ds ee ne s [s ai ien a sriquemen. Frs dey as öbgin 9-83.

Tis knd nensep as a lng ande n e pures disvered n Tunuang we requenly nd e dnrs lding su inense-ps wen ey are paneda e r edge e piure C ASUMOO Tnköga n knky plaes28 3a 41 43a See ne 61 ave



306 CH YLANG

rh nw and send hem away. On he weneh day he

rh mn as ne wd have expeced he ca vernmen]repred " On he eevenh day he secnd mn ab hiryi he nrhwes he ciy appeared an dvine sders amnhe cds and mss The snds drms and hs were heard]as mnains and earh were expdn r rembn The barbaran rps were asnished and capsed In heir campsahered many] den cred mce which b asnder he srns her bws and crssbws. The pavin abve he nrhernae he wa was mnaed and here sd] he divine kinsarn anriy a he barbarian cmmanders wh ran pe me avin read he repr he Emperr hanked Amhavara.Aer ha he Emperr rdered an imae hs kn be pacedin he paviin abve he cy aes a ver he cnry

Aer Amhavaras deah a he araphed edics hehree Emperrs were rned n be preserved] n he paacenred n hs ieme and amened a his deah Amhavarawas n rvaed n rmer r presen mes by any wesern mnkswh camed prmae he Law I was anwh scceededh A see whch he nscrpin was cmpsed by he CensrGenera Y Yn 8 and inscribed by a was ereced in hs wn qarers in he empe]

The ahr says: " Amn hse wh prmaed he Whee Teachn and Cmmand % n China Varabdh srearded as he rs pararch 714a15] Amhavara he secndand ian he hird Frm hi n he sccessn pararchsis knwn everybdy] As me wen n minr schs wereseparaed ne rm anhe and rmed many dieren secs They

0 Fo e eaio ewee Vaavaaja ad e moue ic ofe epeeedoe w i dey cf. ASMT onköga no kenkyü 454-456 4700 T oce eo o e d ak Cf. angshu 481a0 Fo Y Yig cf 'ang-shu 14517a-19�o H Hao wa aiculay kow a a xcee caigape Cf hiu ang-hu

1371a-2a0 ode o dee oe wicked peope wo ae dcu o eac e exiece

of may deiie wi devil ugy fom uc a e Vidyja i aug yEoec Buddim Tey a uppoed o ac upo Tagaa eacig ad commad % o cove e peope Teefoe i fom of Buddim ao caede Wee of Teacg ad Commad. Cf HZUKI 1.623a 54779



TANTRSM N CHNA 30

all claim o each he gea docine of Yoga Though hey aemany in numbe, I wonde why so lile eec has been shown.

The developmen of his school can be compaed o he myhha Yü-chia poduced Yinglung Yinglung in is poduced he phoenix Fom h phoenix onwad only commonbids ae poduced How can we scape a change?

A A

au s he ame fo quee used y he Tuks Cf SO Kuakch Kaka oyo kao shög k If TG 1307-35. twoud seem sage ha Shawu-we shoud come o a Tuksh kigs cou Noda. Neeheess we hae edece ha Tuks dd ue oe Nohwese diaad Nohease Afghasa he eghh ceuy ad ha hese Tuks weezeaous Buddhss Hu-chao a Koea mok who aeed da aou 726 A Des us of Gdha a coy he cy of he pese Peshawa as foows(HS asao SPAW 93] -6 : om Reche Kaschm geag ma

odwesch üe de Bege emoache Rese ach Gadaa Deg ud de Tuppe do sd e Tu-küeh de Ewohe sd Hu ] . .Deses Ld wa fühe ue dem Heschafseuss de Kge oKapa odos-Afghasa) ; deswege uewaf sch de ae j desTuküeh-kgs Bahaeg m dem Tuppe sees gaze Sammes jeem Ko Kapa As spe de Kgsach de Tu-küeh zuahm e e da ee

Kg o Kapa ud mache sch ses zum Ladeshe, . De Kg heis zwa e Tu-küeh ae eeh doch gug das aa. De Kg de kgche aue de Pze sowe de Gosse eche ae se ud mache deKche =) Spede De Kg easae zwema hch ee Kcheesammug; dae se e see pesche Geauchsgegesde aue, Eefaeud Pfede ae zusamme s Spede zu efügug. Be de aue ud Eefaeedoch ss e de Mche ee Pes esmme ud da kauf se de Kg seswede zuück. De üge Kamee ud Pfede God, Se ede ud Hausadüfe de Mche ekaufe ud daduch escha sch de Kg ses eeGew The ex hee eads § whch meas ha he moks dde amoghemsees he po gaed y sg he kgs popees. The em s oyused he sese of wody po whe he kg gas y hs geeosy spua

po whch cao e caed y hs wod] Dese Kg s he ch gech demde wee dche Tu-küeh See She ud Tche hade auch so; ae eaueses Tempe hae Kcheesammuge a ud mache Spede Aou dyaHu-chao ges o fomao egad o he ace of he oya famy excep hefac ha he kg ad hs chefs ae aso pous Buddhss 6-77 . Speakg

Ths auso o he T-hs hsü of he anan-t ;Cf i-nan hng-ieh chi-chieh {jr!M 6 o Hua-a-z has Ths assae s o asad y Ea MOG hs Tao the Gt Lmiant



3 CH YILING

o Kapia a ountry n he valley o he Upper Kabul River n ghantan, Huhao ay (FucHs, 447-448) : uh dee Land gehr zum Herrhatgebet de

Kng von Gandhara; . De Einwohner diee Rehe nd Hu ß> und drKnig und Truppen aber Tu-küeh. . Die Bevlkerung verehr eh gläubg darratna, und e gib reihlh ter und Mnhe. Die einzelnen Famien de Volkeerbauen ae ebt er und ten e der Kirhe"

Further proo provided by Wu-kung a Chnee monk who wen o Indian 751 . D. and reud aer ory year n 79 . D. When he tel abou Kahmirhe ay Sylvan L and douard CHAVANNES L'iinraire du-kong, n JA nnthere 6 [1895. 354-355) il y a . le monatre du Ye-i-e-le [t-kn et le l du ro de Tou-kiue ) qui a ond. Et l y a le monare dea Ko-oen ) katoun . Ce la ouveraine de Tou-kiue qu a ond. I ya plu de ro ente monare dan e royaume; le nombre de tpa et deimage et onidrable." In Gandhära aordng o Wu-kung l y a le monatrede Te-kinli ) ond par le du roi de Tou-kiue; le montre de KounKatoun) i ond par la emme du ro de Tou-kiue Ibid. 356-367) . In Huihao' ime Gandhära wa unied with and under he rule o the king o Kapior Chipn bout hrty year laer when Wu-kung went to India, hee woountre were til under one overeign Lv p 349) . Sylvan L and douardCHAVANNES relying hiey on Wu-kung reerene to he temple buil by the Turkuggeed ha the dny reigned over Kapia in he eghh entury and wa Turkhby orgn " Kpn n JA ninh ere 6 1916]. 371-384) Ther onluionwa onrmed by the normaion n Hui-hao' nerary whih wa made knowno the world in 199 when L Chn-yü publhed n he Tn-hang hhhh h L alo identied hi Turkh dynay o Kapa wh the ähya king

o Käbul n lberun work E C . AHA Aben Inda 2.1; Sr H ME The ity f Inda a d by t n tian 2.43-413) . Thi heory alo generally aepted by Indologt. C. . TEIN Kahana Räjatagn AChne f the Kng Kam Wemnter 19) 2338 note V . SMITHEay ity f India 88. HS even idene he Turkih kng who rt oupedKapa wh Barhaegn who i mentioned in lberun book a he rt Turkhetler in Käbu. C. V AYA agant he theory ha the r ähya dynaty waTurkh n origin (ity f edeva Inda Poona, 1921 2 .199-21) H manargument ha aordn o Hüan-tan, n 63 D h kng o Käbul wa akhatrya Th, however doe no prove tha a hunded year laer the khatriyaking had no been ueded by a Turkih uurper a Hu-hao repored.

To reurn to our te t now reae he mirae perormed by Shan-wu-wei aer

h arrva in Udyäna and beore h rong the Snow Mounan . We may take orgranted hat hi happened n Udyäna a Chih-pan underood i. T 49 .296a18 Havng arrved in Udyäna he epounded the [P--] ch-na chng The aemblyaw our goden haraer p-u-h-na appear n he ky) Then, t poble ohave a Turkh king n Udyäna n the midde o the eghth entury? Le u quote apaage rom Tang-h La eptime anne ka-yuen 719 ) e K-pin) envoya unambaadeur . . . 'empereur donna par breve au ro e tre de ko-lo-ta-he-te-kntegn de rokhadj) Dan la ue u-an te-kn ha, e rouvan vieu, demandaque on Fou-n-k-po lui edt Lempereur) y onent . . . La quatrimeanne tien-pao 745) , empereur) onra par brevet a on l Pou-ou-thoen ledroit d'hriter de titre de roi de K-pn Kapia) e du royaume de u-hang




udya CHAVANNES Doments 132; TP 5 194 75) These kns of apawh he Turksh e ten evdenly were Turks and t n very we wh what wehave just dscusse Snce Udyäna was unde the rue of the kn of apa n 745

A. D. s qute reasonabe o thnk tha he anneaon ook pace some tme beforeand ha the Tuksh cout whch Shanwuwe vsted about 716 A D. was ha ofthe khaan who rened ove boh apa and Udyäna No maer how unbeevablehe story of the mrace s Shanwuwes vs o he Tuksh khan's cout wouldseem to be a hsocal fac.

AX B

U Shanwuwe took he Cental Asa oute to Chna as Hsüantsan and someother monks dd ths Snow Mountan shoud mean the Hndu ush Mountans Buhe passed by Tbe and dd no o houh Cental Asa therefore ths must eferto the Hmäaya Mounans ha e between North Inda and Tbet The oue whchShanwuwe took s also an nterestn probem I seems that at rst he ntendedo o throuh Central Asa so he went nothweswad as fa as Udyäna perhapseven to äbul. If he wshed to o by way of Tbet he shoud have one o Neparst snce that was he shotest way Many monks who came o or eurned fromInda by way of Tbet ook hs oue as recoded by Ichn (CHAVANNES, L eligiexminents 35 36 4) Hsanchao who went to Inda n he ae sevenhcentury waned o return bu su a roue du Npolouo Npa es Toufans'taent masss pour fare obsacle et empche de passer . comme sur le chemnde apche apa es Toche es Tadjks aaent es ens et qu'lta dce de les traveser bd 25) So he had o reman n Inda. Shanwuweschane of oute fom· apa or äbul o Tbet mht also be due to he bocknof he fome way by the Aabs

In the s quaer of the ehh century especaly between 711 and 716 A. D theArabs ofen nvaded the counres Central Asa such as warsm and Samakandand hose counres repeatdy asked for help from the Tan cour cf. Sr PercyS A tory o Aghantan 11163-165 CHAVANNES Doments 136 140 164) Further souh the Arabs even sent a sees of epedtons aanst he Turksh ahsn the Uppe äbul and hese epedons ony emnaed 716 A D. wth hedeah of Hajjaj vceroy of he easte provnces of the Calphae S H M isto of India 2413-420) Ths s also conmed by the Chnese hstoans. In theyear 720 A D the kn of Udyäna was ewaded by the Tan Empero because heefused o coperate wh he Arabs (CHAVANNES Doments 129 Noes addtonnelessu es Touue TP 5 [1904 42-43) All these facs pon to the possblty thatShanwuwe chaned hs oute n 715 or 716 A D. on account of the Arab mlay

actvts n Noth Inda or Centa Asa Accodn to Wukun L and CHAVANNES JA nnth sees 6356) one could ene Tbet by cossn he Hmaya Mountans from the easern border of ashm whch I thnk pobably was the nal ouehat Shanwuwe ook

AX C

Taochan was orny a word used o tansae bodhmaa the pace undehe bodh where äkyamun became a Buddha. Lter came o mean a placewhee Buddhst ceemones were held. In 425 A D e Empeo of he Northe



310 CHO YLANG

We dyasy sosored e c-s ao-cag wc was og morea a meeg were moks gaered ad reced sras (T 54247b7) Durg e

S Dyases, moks were frequey summoed io e aace o recie or easras bu i s o kow weer a emle was esabised i alace eyear 613 A D Yag- of e Sui dyasy caged e ame ss of all emles Ca o ao-cag Tis is o recorded e -ci of eier S-sh or Pe-shh bu aears Sng-shh-üh (T 54236c28) ad Fo-ts tng-ch(T 49 362a12) Te eac dae is gve oy i e laer T-süas kang chan may moks of e Su dyay are meoed s bogg o ceraiao-cag, wic sows a is cage was a oe me sricy observed

was Emress W a ous Budds wo rs ereced a emle e aace ofbo e weser ad ease caas ad called ei-ao-cag Tearlier referece o s emle i e alace s foud i -cgs bogay ers year of S-ug

e year of i-ss 705 A D ] , e rasaed e Kng

chüeh chng e ei-ao-cag i Lo-yag (T 50710c5 Also cf Chüan-Tang-n396 b) Emress W was a woma wo roduced ew deas, siuos, adwrie caracers Terefore i s likely a se abadoed e old ame ss ifavor of e ew erm coed b Ya- Sce e reig of Ta-sug a ceraumber of moks were regualy egged i recig is eme Cag-a e year 790 A D Hui-kuo was caled io e alace ad sayed ere morea sevey days (T 50 295c4) . Te aaese mok Ei says a Budds magesad sras were dsayed s emle were wey-oe moks from deremoaseres a Cag-a were seeced o serve by erms Tey erformed res adrecied sras every day ad ig wou cessaio (Danhn bkkyö ensho 113263b) Taos ress also sayed ere ad er ceremoes were aso ed s

emle (cf Chüan-Tang-shh 52 L Lu a, biogay of Y Fa-saj� i Ch Tang-sh 1920a) .Te ocao of e ei-ao-cag is varably give as i e Logeviy Ha

of e Ta-mig *w Palace oe of e ree alaces i Cag-a TeLogeviy Hall was also called (Wu-sig c Ch Tang-sh3718b) . Te mus coss of a grou of als ad avilos, bu e amwas reserved for e ma al H Sa-sig rs said a e Logevy Hal wasrimarly e Emerors seeg quarers, ad a suc as e dere aaceswere cald by a ame i e Tag dyasy (cf s commeary i T-chh tngch 2079b) Y Jo-cü ad H Sug folowed i (Tang iang-hngchng-ang ka 7a 19b) Hu ced ree exames Frs, Emress W ad lai i e Logevy Hal i e alace Lo-yag Secodly, Su-sug died i a al

bearg e same ame i e Ta-mig Paace Cag-a Trdy, e saa J-:Ef1:�.�Af1m" in the famous poem Ch'ang-hen-ko f'tl by P Cü- refers o e rerig al i e Hua-cg PalaceBu woud ave bee absurd o bud is eme ear e aace were e Emerorwas vg rereme Te evdece raer ois o fac a e LogeviyHa was rmarly used for relgous uroses e rs ace, ere s o roofsowig a e alls were Emress W lay ad Su-sug ded were imaryo reose f we exame e records as o e aces were Emerors ded, wed a ey could rere ad de aywere e alace Te Logevy Ha mayhave been chosen as a pace to seep, but ts does not necessarily mean tat t was



� CH YIIAN

here are w knds a<aa, bth wh Vaiana Buddha he ena deity.he Vaadhua<aa based n Ta-p-hna hng is psed nine divisins

and nains a a 1461 deiies r he rean beween he entra prin this aaa and ean gues n ibetan panthens, W E C, Toamast Pantheon 1 . xvxvii. he abhadhtua<aa, bed n the Chnkangng hng is divded int heen sa divsns and nans 405 deities his isthe nube detes ha appea in he aaas exan n Japan [but des ntagree with he exs n whh these a<aas are suppsed t be bed A a<aarepresens iher he iag he detes r heir sybs, whh are again dividedn tw aegries: he insruens hey hd and the bas seed he bas ishe s n he e he abhadhtua<aa he as n th ase heVaadhuaaa eer he dha used in wrshipping the OOO,andara no kenky 63114 189203 ÜO ey, kky bjts köa

389437 . ente n the aaa reers the abhi�eka eeny by whine s intated int hs set, and s then quaied t ea he seret rtes and dhras ths see Appndix K.

he an Buddhs has urished n Nepa dwn he pesent day8 LVI, e Npa 1.316392 H A DIED Sketche from Npa 2.131-205 . H HWO, Nie hee rats Reeived r Nepa, TS, 16 . 450478 pubisheda synpss a reaise n the Buddhs uas pered n Nepa he ext s aedAshtam Vrata Vhana-e the regius bservane he eighh day theuna night I s nteesing nie he unin a<aa n this ex Itsays he pesen ase the prinipa persn prpitiaed s Aghapasa, buprayers ae ade, and erings ae addressed t a he pesnages he Buddhapanhen, and a great nube h divniies the Hindus, espeay t he

er rs Sva and Saki, and t he huas sprts i In heha where the eeny s hed, varius andaas c WO has a ne here heandaa s seies an iagiary ie n he bdy the wshippe but it isdened hee be ade wih vaius subsanes, ardng he eans he pere he rite, as with gd dust, r punded ges, sne", prtins areaked d apppraed the dieen bets the re, and a pee urse wship s addressed t eah he wing s wha is dieed r he BuddhaMandaa: Let he sare uh the Buddha Mandaa wh his renger repeaing. . . nvans are ade he ve Dhyän Buddhas and he deites. A st nessn is nex perred hs nessin s be said by the dispe berehe uru pang hs rgh knee n he Mandaa n he grund. . he wrshpperardngy akes rie, wes and waer, and perrs the ie spnkes the

n the andaa " (T S 16 .474-478 .his tex, hugh rather a n dae, us be based n se der adiin It

sees t peseve he eare r a<aaa pn he grund assgned teah deiy n eeny his reinds us the anient way epresenng Buddhin suptue by hs sea under he bdhi ree. heere, the wd aaa an bederved he eanings ' ire and regn bu OOO thery t nne itwih essene s by a eans arehed he wship he whe panthenat the sae i is as an nteesig eature, whih ay hep t expan why asng aaa the Esteri Set shud nude s any dees.



TANTRISM CINA 313

pPENX E

Tao-hsans d 667 A. D) commentay to the Sfn-lü was an authotative woke was consideed the ounde o the Vinaya Sect o his bogaphy c T 50 790b6-791b15 wheein this stoy is tod with sight dieence In the end o ths biogaphyTsanning says This Wuwei is not the one who ivd in the Kaiyüan peod Theemght have been anothe Wu-wei who ived duing the Chn-kuan 627649A D] and sen-ching D 656-660 A. D] peods " T 50.791b25 ) Appaentlyths s an anachonism that Tsanning aso ealzed. e may have adopted this stoyom C Chis Kiin chunhin hi cted in Tipingkungchi 924b) CG Ch lied in the ate nnth centuy The S-ku iyo h 142 Commecial Pess ed. 32953) cticizes ths book as uneiabe.o ths legend thee can be two explanations. In the st place when Shan-wuweiaived at Chgan he stayed n the siming Tempe which was closely assocated

with the memoy o Taohsüan Theeoe peope invented this stoy to bing thetwo noted monks togethe. The second explanaton s that Shanwu-weis dsciples mayhave nvented it to show that the Maste so a as dscipne was concened waseven moe stict than the amous Maste o Vinaya I ua n pe mphaszed thaShanwu-wei dd not neglect the Vinaya $ T 50291b19)

Esotec Buddhsm in India gave the monks a eady excuse o elaxaton in discplineAs soon as a monk knows the tuth that s to say when the wod appeas to has a deam without any ealty thee is no moe estcton o hi A stanza nGuhy a aiy eay tantc wok c INTENITZ Hioy of ndin Liu2.394395 ) woud illustate ths You shal eey mmolate animas utte any numbe o alsehoods without ceemony take things whch do not belong to you andeven commt adultey " (B BHATTAHAYYA Intoducton to Guhymä, v) . In

Chna on the contay al the geat mastes o this schoo wee known as stictydisciplined Ratnacinta was an ealy exampe T 50720a1 7) . Amoghavaja was asoauded by Empeo Ta-tsung because he held mly the Vinaya " and guadedthe las " T 52845c29) Thee wee a numbe o monks o the Vnaya Sect whowee at the same tme inteested n the esotec teachng c ChünTngwn 226.3b501 .a 5206b 7432a) Thee seems to have been somethng n common betweenthe Esoteic Sect and the inaya Sect The Esotec Sct emphaszes what a monkdoes whie the Vnaya Sect also puts stess on a monks conduct othe than medtaton o speculaton It must have been due to this common view towad pactice thathese two sects wee united

pPEN

Accodng to L T 55875b6) ate he had been uly odaned he studed theVinaya texts o both Mahäya and nayäna sec o six yeas besides äpdpä = Mädhymikä; c. CHAVANNES Le igiux minn 17-18)ä, and ädmukhä Then at the age o twenty-eght he went toKapiavastu whee he studed the ästas on the doctne o yoga iänmä,and Mdhyänibhägikä, unde ästa Maste *Jinabhada Ate theyeas when he was thtyone he went to South Inda whee he met *Nägajäna

who was seven centuies od] and a disciple o Nägäuna e studed undeths maste o seven yeas and eceved abh�eka Ate he had eaned thooughly



314 CH YILIA

he e uch he Pi--ch-na ching he Chin-kang-ting yü-chieh ching andvaou dhäa he reurned o Cnal India

The egend ha Vajrabodhi earned he eoeric docine rom he evencenuyoddicpe o ägäuna a avorie oy among he monk o hi ec and eaedh he poiion a he paiach n Chna ee Amoghavajra Biogaphy) Many apanee chola o he preen day i beeve n he heory ha ägärjunahe auho o ädhyamikästa who ved n he econd cenury ae Ch, wahe eacher o Vajrabodh maer c TOGOO Shöun imits bkkyshi 6-6�) .Ichng ecord ha ägärjuna wa pocien n dhära, which accodng o whahe had eaned omed a Piaka o 00,000 anza CHAVANNES ranlaon, �) .He however, doe no pecy wheher hi wa he ägäruna o he econd cenury

o nomaon abou h Eoerc Buddhm i oud he Indan book ecepa ew ramenary noe and coophon o ome a The Tibean give a o

he ucceon o he guru o maer o h ec. Anohe l i uihed by Kaziawaamdup i hi inroducon o Cakasamvaatanta. Baed on ome coepondencebeween hee wo li and he iomaon i Täanäha isty Indian ddhismB BHATTAHAYYA (ddhist Esteism 6-66) clevery worked ou a chronoogyo hee guu I by no mean accurae, bu imi a ea he acvie ohee guru o a cerain cope o me. According o him Saraha c 633 A .) dägäjuna c. 65 A .) wee wo o he eary pomien guu and diuer o hedocrne. I now genealy ageed ha h anoher ägärjuna (ddhist Esteism 67-6 INTENITZ isty f Indian Liteate �33, 39�) . I pobe haägajäna mae wa hi ägäruna, who wa conued wih he earie one becaueo he deny o heir name?

The Päa king eghh o welh cenuy) o Benga are ad o have been pou

Buddhi and ome o hem wee devoed peciay o hi anrc om o BuddhmV. A. MTH Eay isty India � ) Fou aced ie o h ec ecordedn he ädhanamäa wee probably a locaed n Aam BHATTAHAYYA 3-6) everhele, here wa ao a cene o Eoec Buddhim in We India ManyChinee monk who deed o udy he dhära wen o We Inda n he evenhcenury CHAVANNES anlaion o I-chng 3, 77 0) . Laa in Souhern uarawa menioned a a cenre o hi eaching (imits bkkyöshi �-�5 noe ) ue hee ay ha Vajabodh wen o We India äandä Monaery alo eemo have been a cenre a Ichng aed ha he wa iereed in he docrne odhära and equeny vied he aa here CHAVANNES anaion 0-05)

ENI

+ a anaion o Shala Fo he varou rancrpion o he namo h iland c. P. EFE 357-35; TP 36�6 For he reaionbeween Ceyon and Chna a ha ime ee S LVI JA nnh erie 5.�9 (900) Beoe Vajrabodhi vii o Ceyon, L T 5575) ecod ha he wa nvedby a king named araihapoavarman . o Souh Inda ohe denicaon o h kng ee Append H) o pray o an. The king wa veymuch pleaed wih he reu and bui a empe o h o ay i The ouhepa o hi counry bordered upon he eahoe whee hee wa a empe o Avaokevaabodhiava The bodhava appeared] and ordeed hi o pay homage o



ANRISM IN CHINA 315

Buddhas tooth n Ceyon and climb Mt Laä to worshp Buddhas ootpnt. Vajabodh was also odeed, accordg to L, to go to Chna o the sae o delivering the

people thee and to pay obisance to Majubodhisattva He accordingly went toCeylon and stayed o ha a yea in the * Abhayaräja emple whee hepad obesance to Buddhas tooth and was honored in his turn by the ng and hispeople hs ngs name is gvn as Sra ( 55.876a4) , whom Ldentes wth Mäavamma though no convncing evidence supports it (JA nnthsees 15 7)

pN H

Sylvain L estores the name S. to Naasiha Potaarmanand suggests that the correct orm shoud be vaman (JA nnth sees 15 419) he Chnese transcription howeve s correct, snce the character was read *mut

nstead o o, whch L must have read. he same explanaton appies to the nameänavaman he Sansrit sylabe va s usualy transcbed as *but as Buddhavarman Qavarman and Saghavarman are transcibed espectively .» and » 59a14, 4a15 4b ) A syllable with a nalt is used to epsent the Sansit nal r, which does not exist in Chinese just as» is the transcription o Ma Mani Nevertheless, charactes with an ntiam are also used to transcibe the syllab es with an nitial v. he examples ae *mji or va in yavana *mjt or vi in vistaa (S N thode po dhet tan e nom ant e enontet dan e e hno 151, 15) *mun or van in vandha *mji o vyä in vyägha *mut o in vruand vama (P. C BAGHJ Dex exe ant-hno , 8, 89 1) We caneven nd examples showing that the chaacters

and

ae used to tanscibe

va or va i. e or var in pravartta o va in valena and vadanam. BAGHJ6 8, For the reconstuction o the sounds o the characters n these tanscriptonsc B. AN TP 19 14-11)

AAYASHJ öry in his ntoduction to the Japanese tanslation o the Yhehnen-ng hng (Kokyak ayö Miyöbu, 1 ) estoes this ings name asNälasaghaputravaman which is entiely gounless. he character S is used totanscribe both e and la (J, 146-147) . Although ae the well-nowntransciption o sagha these two chaacters are also used to tanscibe the nameSiha as Hsan-tsang writes ftS o Shala ( 51 .9b16) the examples the chaacte ft or si are ftS (Sihala) n I-ching ( 51 4b8) and ftin Shanwu-weis biography

he use o ft or Siha n this tanscription s an ntersting phenomenon othe ang dynasty. Whenever they intoduced a new oeign name which sounded tothem lie an old tansciption o a oreign wod (usually Buddhist) the old tansciption was used without any modication o this new wod. his i why we nd manysimila prop names which caused misunderstanding For nstance Sp was awell-nown tanscription or Brahman but it was also used to epresent Man-ma,the name o Burma, which probably sounded lie Bama. he name was oPersia n Western Asia, but Bassein at the west o the Irawaddy River and Pas atthe nothastern coast o Sumatra were both called by the name in Chineseboos duing the ang dynasty (o these two examples c. F Review o



CO

LAR'S eleveth seies, 18 (19�) . �79-�9) The zgg or blackslave of the South Se was called i Tgu which w an old establshed

tansciptio fo samgha P

LO

T, BEFE 4 �89�9 F. HR

TH, Cha uua 49

50) Michas w kow as J an the chaactes wee oigilyused tascbe the Sakit wo aQi i Buhist texts

is ight i lookng fo Naasimhaotavaa aong the Pallava kings, but he

ak a istake intiyn this kg wth Naasha n the Mahäva who helped

Mäavaa, a kng of Cylo, to estoe his thone ( nnth ses, 4�4�6)

This stake, as says hself, taks its og fo wis CE who ientes

Naimhaotavaan wth Naasa i Vikaätya Is nsciton without any

poof The Mahvali Dyasty, Iia iquary 10 7) . We know that two of the

Pallava kigs boe the nae Naasimhavaa; the st eed c . 666 A D. thesecod, c. 69071 A D. These ae the dates give by R SE his Th HiaIpi uh I ) . V. A. SMTH an R GOPALAN give the dates

wth sliht ieeces ot actg ou aguent he Naasmhavaan 1 wa the

one who ae a exton to Ceylon an stoe Mäavaa's soveignty. othe wods, he was the Naha of Mahvaa; an t was n hs eg that Hsüan

tsang visite Käc cf S, � V. A. SMTH, ary Hy 49) Theefoe theidentcation of ths kg wth Naasmapotavaan, who was a coteoay of

Vajabohi, s an anacons.

Accodg to a nscipto of the Calukya kig Ktvaa 11 Vikaäditya 1c 774 A D) , oe of his pedecssos, " slew battle the Plava aed NadiPotavaa who cae agaist hi . . eteg without destuctio Käc . .

acquied the geat eit of coveig with gold Räjmhevaa ad other god cp

tued i stoes, which Naasimha Potavaathe potecto of poo d idgen

Baas ejoiced by the bestowal of cotiual gfthad ae o ceated)

taslated by ewis CE i his The halukyas ad Pallavas, I iquary8�8 so cf. SEL �8) . Fo gods the text has deva kula. CE earks Deva

kula would see to ily that they wee iages of gods, but thee s o uch god Räasimha that 1 a awae of. It sees allowable to supose that they wee

statues of deied ebes of the oyal faly It is a coon pactice to eect liga i the ae of the deceased kig bd, �)

the othe had, a scitio of the Kalsaätha Teple etios Räasmha

as the oe who but the icial pat of ths tele, which he called Räjasimhevaacf E ULTZH uIi Icrpi 14) . ULTZBCH' idetcatio The

Pobable Age of Soe Pallava Reains, I iquy 1� 0) of this Räjasimha

with Naimhapotavaa o Naasha Potavaa, as CE wites it) the

scitio of Ktvaa 11 s coect but he is wog i sayig that these two

aes belong to Naasmhavaan I The Pallava kngs liked to be called by anybudas o oyal les, and each kng could have oe than a dozn such aes cf.

SE, 776 Rjasimha s on of the tiles of Naasimhavaa 11 ibd, 76)

theefoe it is faily safe to dentify Naasmhapotavaan wth Naasmhavaan Accodig to , Vajabodh was ov thityght yas old se Aendx G) whe

he was vitd by Naasimhaotavaa to pay fo a Since h was bo n 66

A. D the tie whn h wnt to Käc was about 699 A D, faling with th pod

of Nasmhavaan 11 who id aoxatly 697 A D Though this kng

atonizd the Bahans, as the nscpton says, h ight also b wl sosd



TANTRISM NA

toward the Buddhist monks. Te shore temple at Mahäbalipuram and the Kaiäanätha Temple in onjeveram are good evidence H favor hown to Vajradh,therefore i not an exaggeration of the Buddhit hitorian A for the meanig o

hi name ewi RCE has a uggetion whih s worthwhie mtioning H ay(I Aqua 824, note 8) : " Pota resembe ome form o Buddha A aSkt word t ha the meang the young of ay ama But there i a loal godof this ame P BOW says (. D) ' he is a rstic god ike Pa woshipped(chiey by herdsme) throghout the Teegu Kaaa, and Marähä contries afterhi may men are named The second expaation sems to be more possibe amay Paava kings had the word pota i thei birdas; e g Potaraiya PotaräjaParamevara-Potavarma varaPotaräja Nandipotaraya Datipotaraya (SEWL,7576) Sce it is ot likely that a these kings were Buddhists it wou b betterto take pota as signifyg oca god

pPEIX For akä Mountain f ATTES 282 286 ü (T 55875c2) says that Vajrabodhi

wet sotheastward to Mt akä from *akäpura 1� where he stayed withthe king He passed by RhU (a ontry i the sotheaste part ofeyo cf G ENS, e arly Hory of eylo 28 868-867 the kig ofwhih outry beieved Hnayäna Vajrabodhi being entertaied n the kigspalace expouded Mahäyäa doctrie, to whih the kig was nay overted ThenVajrabodhi and his disipes cimbed the moutai whih was fu of wid aimaand savage peope After seve days they reahed the smmit of the motain, wherethey fond a round stoe abot four or ve feet high ad twenty feet i irumferenceIt was o this stoe that they saw the imprit of Buddhas right foot (This was

the pae ater known as Adams Peak The ftprint has bee ascribed to ieretsats by foowers of deret reigios f Sr James ENNENT eylo 218214)There he etered into samädhi for one day ad waked around the stoe for sevendays The savage peope used to break sma pebbes by knokig them on the stoeof Bddhas footprit ad eat [the broken piees, whih they thought woud ureheartache

After oe year says ü he reted to the ountry in Sout Idia whece he hadome ad asked for the kigs permission to go to ha The king snce he wasuabe to stop hi, ai If you isist on going I wil send an ambassado toaccompany yo and preset some tribte to the Tang mperor Therepon GeneraMi-chun-a was ordered to keep hi ompay The Saskrit text of the aäprajäpäramäsra and other vaabes were carried by them as tribte They saied for

eyo rst and reached the port Po-chih-i in twenty-four hors (POthnks that the second charater may be a mistake and that this port may be identied with Piehloi or Beigamme metioed i the books of hinesetravelers the fteeth cetury f P 8080809 ote 8 Kng ra aso triedeaesty to detan hi bt in va Vajrabodhi saied eastward with the Persiamerchants who havg ome with thirty ships to trade with eylon for jewerydesired to me a voyage to the ast with Vajrabodhi

The Persi merchants were very ative n the Near and Fa ast drng the Tangdynasty (cf CHANG Hsing-ang ugs aoug -lao u-p



31 C YIING

T;1 46792 . ucaos account of Persia would explan the

situation most vvidy e says (FH translaton SPA W 45 s ist deNau de inwoner, dass se andel lieben Besndig fahren he Scie vomWestlchen Meer zum Südmeer nach Ceylon + und nehmen dort ostbarketen ( woh Perlen ud [dlsee?]) e eshalb sagt man von jeneReche, es bringt ostbakeiten hervor Sie nehmen hren Weg sowol nach Insulide um Gold ) einzunemen auch segeln sie mit hren Scien nachchinesische Gebe und kommen drekt bis nach anton u dort grbereund fee Sede sowie Sedenwae einzunehmen Tis descrption agrees exactly withwhat w have arabodhis soy tod by sian

Ceylon has had importat comercial relations with both ast and West sincevery early days In the sith centuy Cosmas Indcopleustes wrote: " The sland begas t s in a central poston is much fequented by shps from a parts of Inda and

from Persia and thopa and t likewse sends out many o ts own Te rtaTooay o osmas anslaed by J W CRNL London 197, 365

pP J

The county of naked people seems o be he present Nicobar Islands Cf CHERelex mnt 1, 12 TAKAKUU Recor o But Relon 3, Note onSome Geographcal Names 1 RT au !uua 12 süantsang caed by thname Na-o-cho whch ay be a rascrpon o the Saskrit wordNikela meanng cocoant (ATTERS 2.2627, RT 12)

ÖTAN Söshn * in hs cö gotenjikkokden ch no chni n site

\Oa sens öju knen sen ros

14-16) dststs the old theory, and cas atention to a passage I-chgs Recod of Buddis Region which says (TAKAKUUtranslaion, 121) : Sttg ou sothwestwards one reaces (on foot) within aont, Poh-nan (o) , ormery caled Funan f od it was a conty teihabiants of wich ived naked � the peope were mosy worsippeof eaven (the gods or devas) , and ater on Bddis ourished there bt wickedking as now epeed and emiated tem al Tis region is te sot cornerof Gambdvpa (India) , and s no one of te sands of the sea ÖTANI hinksthat the � � s idenical with te couty of that name mentionedelsewhere, and hat it must be the sae as Fu-nan, i e Siam Neveteless tis canhardly be te meanng TAKAKUU' tansation is quite correct H we take �

as a name of a county, t would be impossble to explai the use of ereMoreover, I-cing refers o this contry elsewhee in te same book (TAKAKUU 6 :" Besides India [e text here has 1xzY" j/ for whic tis translationis no qie adeuae, ee ae counries of he Pasas (Pesian) and e Taiks(generay aken as rabs) , who wear shirs and rousers In e cory of henaked peope is dieet fom a e s passage cited befe

noer ig tat misleads ÖA is ha I-cig says " n di e ce paysconsiue la limie sud-oues de la province de Cho (CHAVAE 12121) CAVAE has aready emarked ha " I-sig rappore n on-di don i es faciede vor 'ieaciude (ibid 1 21 ) EIOT suggess EFEO 422722 noe 2)that I-cg mig ave confsed ese naked peope wih he � or nakedbabarians who lived in e sohwesern at of Ca



ANRISM IN HINA 31

pPEIX

Abhi�eka was an ld Indian cusm by which a prince was made a king y hisahe (Sir Mnie MOW Sanskrngls ona 71) EaryMahya Bddhism n dividing a bdhisavas caee n en sages, named helas sage Abhi�ekabhmi because when a bdhisava aains his sage ays cmefh fm he ahgaas and cnsecrae hi as Samyaksambuddha pssessed fmniscience " (cf N DU ss o aäyäna Busm !83) . he rie f dinain amng he Mahyniss hugh in essence he same as ha f he nayiss,pssessed sme feares f is Wl (f. DU 31131! ryäsa1graaakä ciedi ara Prasad Shsis srv Caalogu o Sanskr anusrs n Govmn Collon 1 1!3-1!6) A he end f he ceremny, he nvice is bahedin he waer f he fu ceans (casamdaaai snpayiv sv Caalogu1 .!4.13) a csm which was appaenly mdeed afe he kings abhi�eka is

ceain ha he name f he las bhmi gave hn the Mahyniss fr he indcin f his prcedue A Mahyna ex called Bosava Pramok$a Sra(c he enh cenry A D deals wih he ie f rdinain. Amng he seven seps,

the las b ne is caed cybhi�eka (cf. N. DU Bdhisava Praimk�a Sa,IHQ 1!!!65-!66) ryäsagraaakä als deas wih varis abhi�ekavidhi (-8v Caalogu 1 .1!1-1!!) Since his bk sil emains uedied, we knw nyhe name f hese abhi�eka ceemnies is hweve amng he Eseic Bddhissha he abhi�eka became paicaly mpran, and came be egaded as a ritendependen f dinain

Aigupa aived a hang-an frm enal India n 65! A D . In ha very yearhe had an a bi in he i-ih emple E pefm an Eseic Buddhisceemny which L hi * Ü-H'H hing- and en he high

cias made cnribins ( 18 785a5, 50718b!3 5556!c4) . In he -l-ni chiching ( 18814a-816b 889a-891b) , wh ich he ransaed upn he eqes f hisdisciples, ies cncerning abhi�eka are inrduced. ÖU Seigai (kkyö aasus !!1!) says ha his was he beginning f abhika n hina Evidenly he readssmehing in he ex becase al he hree surces say nhing beynd J1 Fr he frme exessin cf UU Junirö BFO !9.49

Besides Aigupas wrk he abhi�eka rite is als descibed n sme h exsransaed unde he 'ang dynasy such as Bdhiucis I-z o-ng lun-wang ng

( 19 !51a-!5!c) , Shan-wu-weis Su-s- -lo ng ( 186!0a 6!3c-6!4b) . he ex ha des wih his ie in he greaes deail is VarabdhisCn-kang-ng ( 18!39c-!5!c) , which hink Vaabdhi and his discipeAmghavara mus have flwed. Amghavara made a briefe ransain f hesame ex n which ( 18 .!17!3b) he abhi�eka rie is vey biey eaed. heeis as a mana peseved in Japan deaing wih abhi�eka ( 18 189b-19!b) ncmpaing i wih Vaabdhis wrk I fnd ha i is nly an abridged vesin fhe secin n abhi�ka in he ae Besides many deals he ries agh by heexs dier frm Vaabdhis wrk mainy in w pis hei maalas are n Imuch smalle scae, and he dhaQs in hse exs are invcains ne ceaideiy. Snce hese sas wee anslaed earie hey may epesen an earlie stagin he develpmen f he abhi�eka ie



TANTRSM NA 2

PPEX M

Hsing-cuang says at bcam Vajabodis discipl a t ag of itn(T 5 292b23) d p says at a titn wn o C'ang-an wr mtVajabodi (T 52848b23) I is vidn at bcam a monk af ad ftSamarkand account of ligious blifs n os counris dring t igcntry is psrvd n t iinary of Hu-cao a discipl of Amogavaja Accordng o i (F transaion SP W [1938 452) popl in Samarkand andv or contis al folowd Zooasts tacing and did not rcogni BddismSamarkand ad on Buddist tmp and on monk yt t popl sowd no spcto Buddism Tis owv dos not man ta pop of Samarkand w aniBddis af y ad f i own contry t contray w know of svralass lik at of Amogavajra F-tsang a grat Mast of t Ha-yn sct was fom Samakand (T 5732a11) CUG u (lat Tang dynty)

n is Chng I ($i sris 16 s' 9 p 25a) s of a monknamd Tao-cao wos suam was K'G H ivd in middl of igt cntry and dclard islf to b a nativ of an-co H may asoav som conncion wt Samakand T monk Tao-sin of t Sui dynastyad bn a mcan from Samakand bfo was convrd Taosüan (T 5651a5) says at travld xnsivy on busnss Chyn (cid inTai'ng kangch 2485a) as a soy about a monk in Sui dynasy His faas x ads was a sang-u wic m a mcan from Cnta AsiaIt is said a was bo n Cna y is appaanc and mannrs wr tos of foign Amogavajas unc n all pobabiity may aso av bn a sang-u(T Wsrn mrcants w also calld sing during T'ang dynasty

f H Tör Kko myögi k : J n kch hakasa kanki

kn yösh ons y 67578)Yüan-cao n is Chngyüan (T 55881a5) says ta Amogavaja mt Vaja

bodi in Java in 718 A D at t ag of fortn and bcam t atsdiscipl H travlld in t counris of t Sot Sas wit is Mast and arrivdat oyang in 72 A D Tis vrsion contradicts bot O 'ins singcangand Fi-sis pi Nvlss i sms to m tat Yan-cao is igt Hsing-cangand pi say at Amogavaja mt Vajabodi at C'ang-an wn fom wasirtn yars old Snc was born in 75 A D. (T 55881a3) is tirn bitday must at t atst av faln a t nd of 718 A D If ty countd in ins way coud av bn tin yas old in 717 A D. Now wn w lookat Vajabodis biograpy w know tat andd at anton in 719 A D andaivd at oyang n 72 A D His arriva at C'ang-an mst av bn sil latbcaus sa o from t sou o capital in T'ang dynty was to goto oyang rs by Pin Rivr and tn fom yang wstwad by and oCangan Tn ow could Amogavaja av mt is Mas at 'angan in 717or 718 A D?

Amogavaja isf said n is wll (T 528464) and on of is mmorials (T 55749c21) tat ad kpt is Mastrs company v sinc is boyood fo twny-foyas If w ac back wny-fou yas fom 741 A D ya of Vajrabodsdat (s no 56 n Vajrabodis Biogapy) wold b 717 A D wn sm is Mast Vajabodis biogapy says tat aft ad f Cylon ravlld



CH YIIAN

roug more an tweny conie beore e reaced Cna. I ery poibe ae ad i oo n Jaa dung 71 7 or 71 A D. wen Amogaara became i

dicipe. I Amogaara unce wa a mecant om Samarkand we od not beurpried at ndng i n Jaa were e coud cetany make geat po. It trange a bot CO C'ien and Feii oitted Amogaara trip o te SotSea Probaby tey dd not ike o aociae te Mae wit commece wic waadiionay ed n contempt by Cnee coa Bo ngcuang and pei aya e wa tonred wen e wa teen year od ( 5.9b6 54b7) He mayae been r Varabodi ay aendan nd ae iiated no te aga at eage o een

PPEIX N

e Mpt wa r anaed by Ratacna (d 7 A D T !O,

No 11 54 ) Amogaaa made anote anation o e r w new ieraion o te däa ( No 1153) 75 A D. e peented o EmpeoStng a copy o i dära; and requeed e Empeo o cary it w ( 59) Acodg to e tra ( 61c1 7) e dära i o be paed t

dierent pat o e body (i e ead arm et) dependng pon e and prpoe.Beide e dära ite aio ma;aa and mudrä are o be paned on teame eet. Fo te acua obet c MUOO Eiii Tnkö n kenky 5963Pae 1516 i ctom wa aied on unti te ime o te eary Sung dynayA ma ee o pape wi ti däa prned n wooden bock daed 9 A Dwa ond nang and i wa apparenty ao made o ayng (C Fu Scu wn-u 4b MUOO 6469)

Anote ery popua dära o te Eotei Se wa te U�jy

wi wa rt anated by Bddapai ( 19 No 967) n teate eent enry. Some monk woked on agan ate nd made new tranteation o te dära ( 19 No 96971 974) e Sankit tex preered nJapan wa edited by rederik Max M and Bunyiu N n Te AncentPmLees Anect Oxnens Ayan Serie part III (od 19) Sanwwei and Amogaara eac anated a mana abou ti däa ( 19 No. 97973) ee mana teac ow to prepare e piue o te däa; a peronieddeity and ow o make aiou mdä n eitng Aboe a ey enumerae wadeire an be ganed by eing ti däa and ow many ime it od berecied Certan rie ae required o acompany te reitng in ode to oban teumen o etan dere. Amogaaa preened a opy o ti dära oEmpeor aiung n 76 A D on te aer biday and adied i to ay i

wit ( 59c1) 776 A. D. aing ued an edit oderng monk andnun o te onty to memoize te U��jy win one mon Fromten on ey were to eite i wenyone time eey day and to epor to eEmpero in e beginning o eac year ow many ime ey ad reited it n tepa year ( 5 5c1 ) e cita o wenyone time aigned n Sanwuweimanua or mot pupoe ( 19373b375b)

Ennn (diay o e een moon o 44 A D ) n deribng te peecuion omonk by Wtng ay ta a e tone pia (or te name r o aaaued o one pa c MUOO Bnzabuö Cen no dö ni tuie rt\ n Bukkyös n 4447) engaed w ti däa; wee



TANRSM CHNA 323

desoyed as wel as he monaseries ann bkkö ns 113265a aso cf.CüanTan-wn 788.13a Since he makes special mention of these sone pastey must have exised n rea nmbers pio to Wsuns ime. Accordn o

Ennn and L Cieh * ann bkk zns 13.275a Cüan-Tan-wn78813a e desuction of monateies and staes was carried ou quite ooyn places far fom Chan-an This accouns fo e scarcity of ese sone pilarsoday Neveeless WNG Can :lcollece moe than sixty bbins of thisdhära inscibed on stone pllars nforunately he dd not publis ee in isCns s-pn (67.8b . he eat collection afte Wans wok is L Tshsians Pan-s ns p-n wch ncldes seven pillas datedn the Hsien-n perod (860-873 A D ) , besides a few daed earlier (all hesenscriptions ae n vo 8 of Ls work . Evidenly e beief n is däa evivedwhen Bddhism had been resoed afte Wu-sns death.

H i-san iw in Ta-chn-chin k'own shih-ai kancien *9J3R# YC 1854 its sixeen dieen exsten versions of is dhära

peseved in Cina and Japan They die fom one anote in many pons especiallythe caactes sed fo transleration ee are owever two moe vesions unnotced by Pofesso H ne s on a pilla eected in 842 A D., e ex of wichs ncluded n Cn-s süp ow ed. 11a Thoh itclaims to be based on Bddhapais ranslieaion it diers from e latte and othevesions n many especs. e oe was discovered n un-huan and edited byL Chn-y n Cn-an sn-s .• t is said to be based onAmohavajras anscipion bt diers from e version n Tasö Trpaka (19No 972 n many points he inscription discussed in Professors Hs artice as hesays mst have been enraved late tan 1403 A D on the para wich the Ceseave wonly called by the name cin Bt it s aso sinicant a whoeve did

ths in the feenh centry knew hat the Uavjaara was popula in heae an dynasty and siable to be inscibed on a pata dated 85 A D o tisdäa also cf. GIHR nrai t) Sonshö daran no kenkyü • c Oara Unra bns 3� 809-834 It was said a teshadow of the pilar with this dära wold be a bessin to those wo happened opass unde it Pa-ns n-s p-cn 47.2a-b . his may expan whythe form of par was adoped Some lay believers made bbins from the parsand dsibued them o ohes to recite (cf nscrpton on a pilar dated 813 A Din Cn-s s-pn 669a

Anohe frequently eced dhära of he an dnasy was the Cns cnn kan-s-n ap-sn n TT• ( 20Nos 1060-1064 10661068 here are several tanslieatons of te dhära and

anslaions of e sra nder sliy dieent iles. The name iven here is thatof Amoavaras work t seems at is ranslaon was te most poplar one sncein severa laces he abbrevaed form of his name s menioned Ta-pn kan-112.6b 33 1.1 b 339 2a 3722a s dära is also fond n an amlet sheet discovered in unhuan on which a maala is painted n the cenre and severaldhäras are wren aund t Cf SMO Eiic T akö Tökyö 6105.Aso cf ÖN, No 368 The Sanskt name as iven by ÖN s Ära-vakvarasäaskabaana nräavsaaparpsaaakkaära

here are a few ohe mnor dhäas eher mentoned in non-Buddhst books recited by ay beeves or inscrbed on sone pilas (Tapn kan- 55a



CHOU YIIAN

up b ab ab 5ab 5a; ug pug 1ab 82bb a-b 1 b a 25a) Th s o dhr ws so

nntal that othr sts also adod ths mhod to t th doctin in a dhäraorm ad cbd gat moanc to t (or th dhäa sd by th Pr adSct c. SMOO Zny T hk o joky 2) Fo th s o dhära iga c. . A WDDELL Th Dhär Ct in Bddhism ts Origin Ddiat ad Imags 1 (1912) 155195 Hi thory howv that Bddhhisl mad s o dhäas is hady convcing.

A 0

Kmäajva rst tslatd th ugchehag oug L T 1No 988) and th ar two othr tanslatos both aoymos ascbd to thoth cntuy (T 19 No 9898) A mor xandd vso o this txt wasrndd no Chns by Sng-ch'h-o-lo who did in 52 A. D. (T 19 No 98 Th traslaon o h s nam s gvn as thr or whch wodb *Saghabhara o *Saghaarman C. Hbg Fascicl Anx 15 Ichigmad aothr raslaon (T 19 No 985) ad Amoghavajra mad h last on whichh cad Fo-mu a-kug-heh mgg chg L (T 19 No982) . WNE Kaikyok dscovd a ragmntary Saskt txt o sx avswhch corsods roghly to h h latr taslatos o his sra C his arc A Chs x cosondg o Par o h Bowr asct" JRAS w sris19 21-2; WINRNIZ A Hsory of a eraure 238 NI No. 18.

Amoghavaja also anslatd a mana o h s cing hs dhära accodigo whch (T 19.a1b) th cr o ahämäyrvidyääjabodsava s o b

aintd n h cnr o th ata H s dng o a goldn cood acock ad maybddhas ad othr dts nmratd in h xt in h odr o hr rank arrsntd as srrodng hi Food drnk and rts ar to b ord Th on charg o th cmony s o sit o th wst o th ala o a mat o a ow cochH rst maks invocatos to al h dts Th h maks his s and asks odiv h Havg md hs hads h sis don and bgns o mak mdäsand rct dhära}s Thr may b thr v o sv rsos to ci th st t Th mor th sta s ctd h br wi b th rslt Th crmonymay last or sv days. I o cano aod o aint h ala an ala coad wthsandawood rm wold b snt Som bddhas mags a o b acd onth alta ad aso a w aths rom a acocks ta Fo h acocksnak symbosm Bddhs xs c L A WDDELL 1 (1912 1-19 181-192.

It shod also b mtiond hr that Amoghaajra hisl ansad a x imaily or ros o rayg or ra It s th Ta-y-lu hg-y hg (T 19 No 989) I h lat sxth cty ths tx was raslatd byNardayaas % (T 19 No 991 An abstact o ths vrsion s gv S. BEA' A Caea of Buhs Sure from he Ches 19-23 Th tanslatosam is wrogy rstod by Ba as Nalanda Yasa in 1) ad Jäayaas % (T 19 No 992993) Among h wo sions o änayaas h s o scalld Tafagg ay hg hgy -lu-shh-s whi th oh omts h rs h chaacts Th Sask xt oths sra cad Meghar (bsd on two mss datd 1 d 18 A D w



326 CHOU YIANG

of Reigon should always be an ocer n he Imeria Army. 9 A D whenmeror T-sng succeeded to he hrone an edc was issued o aboish he ins

tuion on the ground that reigous aars should be searated from mltary aairsThe monks and nns were nder the Bureau of Naional Worshi again

In 88 A. D however, the name again aears in hisory the duties nowdivded beween two ocers: one commissoner n charge of he temles o he eastof he Chu-chüeh Road and he other n charge of the temles to he wes ofhe same Road The Chu-chüeh Road was he horoughfare divdnghe cy nto the cony of Chang-an n the eas and that of Wan-nen n thewes cf. h'g-fg k'o 2.2a) . These wo osions were as before hed by ocersof the Imera Army generaly by enuchs. For he later deveoments of thsinstituion cf. SMOTO Zenry Tö chk ira no chöan no kudokush (( T gkuh Kyöto 4.368-406. There was also the oce ofice-Commissoner

of whch he eariest occurrence s found in an inscri

on dated 822 A D h-shh s'u-p 10b, P-chug-shh ch-shh pu-chg26b) . Under the lae Tang dynasy he conro of he Commissioners of Reonover the monks became much more strict as the eunuchs were very owerfu Forths cf nnns dary n Dho bukky zsho 113254b-5a

AX

Yan-tsng s mentioned n Amoghavajras estament T 52.844b15) where ue comiment is ad to h. a document daed 4 A D he s menoned as agenera of the Imera Army and his name is given as L Tsng T 52.851a8) TMOTO . 32 of his work cied before n Aendix P) states that Yüan-tsung

fe s no known other han from the occasional comments n Amoghavajras memorialsbut I have found an account whch decs an entirey derent erson from he onewe see n Amoghavajras memorials In he biograhy of H Shih-me huTg-shu 15.3b) t s sad that Y Chao-n d 0 A D ) an nuentialenunuch in command of the Imeral Army, aointed n rmy ocer L Tsn to he osition of Commssoner of Reigion o the w Roads Tsung behaved badly a he gae of he imera ciy and nsulted T Chao-chun

Prefect of Chng-chao T wen to comlan o Y Tsai

asking hi o reort to he meror Y atly refused his reuest aareny because of hs fear of Y Chao-n

os of he eunuchs of the Tang nasty favored Buddhsm hshh s'up84.13b-4b 90.1a-b; u-yg s-su hsu-ch 6.2b-3a; hu T'g-shu 1846b) . Snce

hey ayed a ery imorant art in he otcs of he ae Tang dynasy cf. CHOI, N-h-shh -ch ed., 201a-6b; SHEN Ynkoh TheShun-tsung shh-u and the Hs hsan-kuai u HS 319-16;T'g- chg-chh-shh shu-u ko E 50-53, 6-8 81-88) Themonks of the soterc Sec amng at oulary naturay tried o ive on frendlyterms wth the eunuchs Y Chao-n rst seized the command of he Imeral Armyand from this ime on i was consanly conroled by eunuchs Tag-shu 50.10bhu Tag-shu 18411a-3b) Amoghavajra was on very good erms with his eunuchY conributed hs manor to buid the great Chang-ching Temle where asecal hal was assgned o Varocana When Amoghavajra reuested the meror



TNTRISM CHIN

n 766 D o pticipe in bildin he Chin-o Tempe n Mt Wi e picy menioned YÜ n s mmoi s f hs pcpion in ts ts ws mpon h of he Empeo (T 5�846 T wod te tite of Y

Chon s n eo fo ccodn to Ys biopy he ws spd ndspeci, bu peended to be ened n eveythin (hiu Tnshu 18411b Hcn mon of he Chn Sec ws sd o hve nsued hi pposely inont of he Empeo (Te stoy ppes in Fot tunchi cf T 4978b17 FotZiti tuntsi dops i with some ddton, cf T 49605b10 B Tsn-nn does notmenion hs incden n Hui-chuns biopy in T 5076b-76b If we compeHui-cn's ttitde wih tht of movj i s esy to ndestnd wy tete o lon so we w the co

R

ccodin o some Sns exts o te Esoteic Scool o Bddism yt(emptness nd u (compsson oete constte w is clled Bodicttyt conssts n eizin wodly penomen s tnstoy o momeny whe s he detemntion of bodhstv o bin l beins to Niv befoe hehsef eces ste Te mxin of the wo is clled dvy, on whc et ide s is bsis The is he eney of ny bddh o bodhsv expessedin te deied fom of femle consot Evey bddh o bodisv ms ve t, wo is uslly wospped oete with h It fom tis ide of t tthe Esoeic Buddists ew tei intepeton of Nv o n svtion Fobove cf HAAHAYYA Buddhist soti 101-18 Te union wt wom(, mud, o yoin in hei tems s cled yo ich tey eded neecive wy to svton Pjpmt, s ey sy esides in evey womn n

e wold ( Bddhtvm yodyonismim, cf R 1�190 Ths ide welexpessed by ous de V P, whom I sold ie to ote ee Demme e v onemen ni a son pose Boddh (Vsv epose dnse bh mystiex des Bvts ce embssement subme (in , essentieu cops de dimn, ise de mhsh e dns le mhäs l Sbod pfeBouddh es inspbe de T C'es p l'mo e en vue de 'mou uee monde se ddouble c'es dns lmo ui eouve son unt peme e s nondention eee Bouddhism: tuds t mtiux 1415

i woshp neve becme pop n Chn wee Confcinism fobde nylose eltionshp beween men nd omen Shn-w-we tnslted ext deinwith te yb-ym fom of Ge, b wed h hs stue sod not be pcedn Bddh hl (T � 0c1 I my be due to he pesecution of ths clt n

the Sn dynsty ht no dobe fom of s dey is found in Chn cf lice YG 67-77 Neveteess, popul stoy of te Tn dynsty wod ve s hin h the eotc elment of Esoeic Bddism my ve contned o opeo i neve becme sent I is soy bo womn of Yen-chou in Fu-yens (te Tn dynsy H hsnkui chi ? wic cted n Tipin kunchi 10 7b-8 (The cce my be miste o Zu{ T S-ys Index o Tipin kunchi 8, nudes hs stoynde e te Hs sn-u Tis stoy s not ond n the epoduce Sunediions of wo n Linn pishih tsunshu uin tsunhu nd Sspu tsunkn snpi I



28 COU YIAN

The stoy s as olows:

Thee aeaed in Yecho a beati woman abot the age o twentyo

ve, who wandeed aloe i the city All the yg men the city loved he anassocated wth he She wold do what these yong men wted and neve eseanybody Ate seve yeas she died He nea was aanged by the eoe Yen-cho wth geat soow Sce she had o eatves they bied he ight besidethe oad. Ding the Tai eiod 669 A. D ) a mon om Ceta Asia camto the cty Havng see the tomb he made obesance t it bned icese waedaod t ad ecited hymns o aise The eole o the city said t hi: Shewas bt a volts woman who wold tae aybody as he hsbad Why shoyo wosh he le this? " The mon eled Y do t now She was ageat sage wth de comasson and good-wl to give. Theeoe she gantewhateve dese the wold had. She was So- -sa (Bodhsattva Chaned Bones) I yo do ot beeve yo may oe the tomb ad see." So theeoe dd The boes o the seleton wee teoced with ne athe le chansThe comason o the mess o a bddhas bdy t itelced chains s an

simle. Late n this simle cae to be tae as ea act Qite a ew mos the Tang dynasty ae sad to have bes teoced e chains C T 50821b26830a1 Ch'ün-T'ng-wn 6942a Hsün-shh chh ed. 713b.)

The theme o this stoy s evidenty drected against the Chnese moa concetHow cold a common man have sch non wth a dety How cold nal elease bebtained by a bohsattva o a commnlace beleve thogh the ment sexadesres? eove the stoy is sosed t have taen ace n the Ta-i edwhe Amoghavajas esotec teachng was in its zenth It seems to me that thieged ght have be ceated in n enviomet o Esoteic Bddhsm

Fthemoe it s inteestg to see hw this stoy was tansmed as tme wet. Chhas o-tsu t'ungchi (comled n 1269 A D) has the same stoy, d hegives an exact date 809 A D. whch cs s witht odatio The ocaity the same The basc ot howeve, o the stoy geatly chaged. It s oghyas olows T 49380c)

The eole o Shesi wee od o idg and shootg bt di ot now aythgabot the Thee Teases ce thee came to them a yong wma who declaethat i aybdy cld lea the Samatamhaavata ir o Shrmp7rk ne eveg she wod may h the next mong twety eoecame to he sayg that they ha llled he eement Nw she ased themto ea the Prjprmtstr n the same codt, ad ten eole cme t

he the next mog Aga she gave them the Shrmpu7rk and eedthem to lea it in thee days Whe the thrd day came ony oe yong maamed was aled to as o he had Theeoe he bght he to hishoe wth a oe ceemones a weddg She demanded t stay aone oaccot ness. Whle the gsts wee stl thee she died The body decayed ina momet a the ele bed he A e days late an ld mo came to thelace and iced he bnes which wee lie goden chas He tld the ele She was Samatabhadrabdhsattva, wh came t teach yo by this sl means"

I we comae this vesn wth the oigna this oe s stingly deet om thethe ts sobe ad mal sese Chh-ans time the esotec om o Bddhism



TANTRSM CHN �

amost ded out ad eConfucasm was gy nueta It s qute atura tatC-p'a soud ave moded te story. It aso appeas Nec'angs Fo-tulitai t'ug-tai T 4961c6 wc was comped 1341 A. D In ts book te

stye n teg ts story s muc moe eaborate but te pot s st exacty te sameas C-p'ans verson except o a chge o te Prajäpäraitätra to teVajraheika wc s a muc sote text and ts te story mucetter. Te name Samatabadra s ot metoned Nec'ags verso Temok Paocous Shih-hih hi-ku lüeh T 49 833b compe 134 . D foows Nec'ang cosey except fo te ate ad te bodsattvasame He gves 81 7 A. D ad te bodsattvas name s sad to be Avaoktevarate ce dety pased te Samantamukapavata of Sahaapu4arika Unete ate T'ang dyasty an eary Sung dynty Avooktevara was st cosdee asa mae dety beg represeted wt a mustace most o te Pu-mn-p' pensag te Su-ye kuanyn t'u and ote oms ots bodsattva dscovered Tuuang C. M Ec Toköga o keky

pates 41b 4 43b 44a 97ab 98ab 168170 17-174 177 181a 18b 16b b ad3a It wa te ate Sung dyasty tat Avaoktevaa bega to be tougt oas a feae and so easy socated wt ts story. C. aiü tugkao 34.19b1aC I oweve tes to prove tat eve snce te tme o te Sx Dynastes Avaokteva was cosered to ave a eae om but s evdence s very weak ane pctures of Tunuang aod a strong proo tat a ate as te nnt centuyvaoktevara was st repeseted te fom o a ma. Ts eae om ovaoktevaa s caed Maangu kuan-y o vaoktvaa of Moys wfe Cf M .486a.

S

Sx scpe are mentoned Amogavajas w as tose wo a been taugtte aw conceg te Vajradätumaaa T 844 Tey are Hakuag ofte Cnko Tempe of Mt Wut'a see ote n Amogavajras Bogapy Hu'ao o Sa Hukuo o te C'ngung Tempe Huag o te C'ungfuTempe see note 3 Amogavajas Bogapy Yacao ad Cüeao o te Pao-sou Tempe. or Hu-c'ao wo was aso a spe o Vajaboc. s troduton to s transato o Hu-c'aos teary SPA W 193846-48 Hukuo d. 80 A D s we kow on account of s apanese dscpeKka �j, te ounder o te Sgon Set apan He dd ot transate any textbut spet s woe fe pactcg vaous rtes o te beet of te mpera famyand g oes Besdes Kka e ad svera oter foeg spes suc as Pen

ug o ava and Huj of Sa He s ot cuded Tsa-ngswok but a bogapy of s found Taihö Tpaka 09496a Someote saty fomaton s coected by M Cög s Ekwaj tsute otV TG 1733-36 C. aso Ch'üaT'ag01b.

Tee wee some oter monks wo eped Amogavajra n transato agpnT 0.73a es T 071 ad Tz-n b Te Kuean monk

yen as been mentoe note 47 mogavajras Bogapy. Hu- a monko Kasgar was aso Amogavajas dspe. s ot know weter e actuay

7



0 CHOU YANG

took art n ransatng yet the Mter mght have used hs knowedge of othanskrt and Chnese, shown n hs huge excon T-sng yini (T 50.738a Yüanhao ought to e mentoned here aso, as he pad atenton to Amoghavajras teachn

and compled hs ography and memoras (T 50804805c Amoghavajra had twosaves who ore foreg nes (T 5�844c4 one of hs memoras dated 767 A D there ar mentone ve dscpes whose

famy names are P (two persons , K d and al ofthem are marked as wthout natve localty (T 5�835c836a Evdentythey were from Central Asa and had no hoe town n Chna Ther names ndcatether natonaty ceary must e for amarkand Shih for hh-kuo or Tashkent, for T'u-huo-o or Tukhara and P fr -kuo or BetkFor the dentcaton of these contres cf. F Toyohach, chö ö goenjikukokun senshku inihon bukkyö nsho 11343a-48a;C Hsng-ang, Chung-h chio-ung shih-Zio hui-pien 5.113-154 They al servedas attendants n tempes for a long tme efore they were ntated. another memora

dated 768 A D (T 5�.836c837a Amoghavajra asked for permsson to tonsure thremen who names were Wn-chng A3 (Tukhara Fu-mo (Langchou and T' Mo-ho W li (Chng-chao There s no proem for thert mans natonaty as t s ndcated am ncned to thn that Fumo wasaso from Tukhara He mght have rst setted down Lang-chou (Kansu , whchhe had to pass through efore arrvng at Changan Durng the tme of the xDynastes and the Tang dynasty foregners who came to Chna frequenty clamedthe cata Lo-yang or Chang-an as ther ho town though actuly they were notresdents of those ctes. Ths rle may also e apped n the case of T Mo-hoor Tsao s the Chnese name for Ishtkhan Cf. Ö Shöshn, Sökoku kö W keuchi hkse knreki kinen öyöshi ronsö �39-�76 t s also nterestng to notcethat the character a transcrpton of Mära efore Emperor Wu of the Lang

dynty changed o s used n the name of Amoghavara had many hgh ocas as hs dscpes amog whom YÜ Tsa ChiuTng-shu 118.1a-6 and W Chn Chiu Tngshu 1188a-1a were the estknown. Both of them served Emperor Ta-tsng as prme mnsters and the ographyf W Chn even ascred Ta-tsungs fath n Buddhsm to ther nuence. BesdesAmoghavajra, YÜ Tsa also assocated wth some other monks (T 50.8011 WChns rother W We the famous poet, was aso a Buddhst and had many frendsamong monks . But no partcular reaton etween h and Amoghavara can e tracedt s roncal that most of the hgh ocers who eeved n ths form of Buddhsmere sad to have een avarcous. Both YÜ Tsa and W Chn were notorousfor covetousness and rery YÜ Tsa was put to death and W Chn arey

escaped capta punshment. Chü-ln was pt to death y Hsüantsung forrecevng res T Huang-shang ± Chiu Tng-shu 1471a-3a and hs sonaw W Chh "ng-shu 168.1a-�a were ay dscpes of Hukuo andreceved aheka from the later n 790 A. D. (T 50.�95c6 The name s anerror for ) W was exled ecaus of ntrgue and hs fathernaw was asoknown as avarcous Though he ded a natura death a rery case nvolvng hnd a monk caled Chen-hs was dscovered ater. For the story of Chenhsüf Chiu Tngshu 1539 (ography of HÜ Tsun-chg L Chaos*_ uo-shih u d., �� and C Lns in-hu Zu ed 4.4



TANTRISM N NA 1

AX T

Under he T'ang dnas he monks of deen secs cod sa n he sameempe and each deen docnes When one o wo osandng monks of acera sec ed n a ceran empe whee a he onger monks gahered fornsrcon ha empe wod ecome he cenre of hs parca sec n spe ofhe fac ha man monks of ohe secs wee also hee Amoghaaja saed nseea emples and nall seled n he larges emple n Ch'ang-anhe Ta-hsngshan Tempe whee he ded was fonded Emperor Wn of he S dnasThe name was changed o Hsng-shan n he eal T'ang das C'nn '�5 The c of Ch'ang-an was hen dded no one hndred and egh fang oencosed locks and hs empe occped he whoe lock of Chng-shan-fang Accordng o he cacaon of A ok hs Chng-shan-fang was hreehndred and f paces fom eas o wes and hree hnded and wen-e paces

from soh o norh (H Sngs C'nn 'o �� foows he radonaalclaon of 350 350 paces A efes hs heor n Cön ss n n-tQm 139-143 and sggess a new esmae of 350 x 3�5 pacs washe fh fang soh of he mperal c The empe was saed o he eas of heCh-cheh Road on he wes sde of whch was ocaed smmecal he Hsan-kan a grea Taos empl Ths Ta-hsng-shan Temple esed n an enreransfomed and dlapdaed condon down o he lae par o he nneeenhcenr was desoed drng he Mohammedan eelon ow onl a fewpalons es ao e Chnese mles o he soh o he c of Ch'ang-an A��

The ne mporan cene of Esoec Bddhsm n he T'ang dnas was heCh'ng-ng Tempe whch was ocaed n he Hs-ch'ang-fang he sohease

par of he c of Ch'ang-an Ths empe was fonded Emperor Wn of he Sdas n 583 A D wh he name of Lng-kan (T 50863-16 Afer seeralaeraons he name was changed o Ch'ng-ng n 711 A D T'n -o 485a H-ko saed n hs empe whle Japanese monks from ka don all regadedhe Ch'ng-ng Tempe as he and of Chna and sogh for nsrcon fom smasers Therefore ecame ee known n apan han n Chna When EmpeoW-ng perseced Bddhss n 845 A D hs emple was conered no anmpeal gaden Dnn ö zso 11 3�7�) The nformaon of Ennn ageeswh a poem of W We whch sas ha hs emple saed on a hl had ave good ew Thee was a los pond amoos and ochards C'ünT'n-s�8 W We 37a The emple was resoed n 846 A D afer W-sngs dahand he name was changed o H-ko Howee hee s edence showng ha

he od name Ch'ng-g was resored n 855 A D and was sed n 87 A (cf Dnn s E 11749 P-c'n-s cn-s p-cn 4818a

The se of hs famos emple has een a sjec of dse eween wo apaneseschoars T Daö does no ele he Hs-nn sn-c (compled n 1819 A D whch denes he Ch'ng-ng Tempe wh hShh-fo Tempe ;{ n Ch-'a-s'n e Chnese mes soheas ofhe pesn Ch'angan (Waga öda ms no hasgench ar n shöj nske :JQ l o Q* - � Sö nnew sees �5 686-704 sz opposes T heor (Chöan n



2 CHOU YIIG

shöy no sh n sue o , Työ bmmeii onö227-26 In he rs pae, he belees n he auray of he Hien-ning hi-chihof 1817 D, beause i was omped y L Yüeh-yü a famous ahaeologs,and Yu-h'ng a famous mahemaian hey boh nesgaed heaua se he seond plae AAA uses he se of he Yen-hsng ae!r (now aled Yüan-hsng ae .r) whh s neae o he Ch'ng-unempe, as a ass fo nferrng he loaon of he aer. he od denaon onmed by AAA s now eneay aeped

When Engyö / ared a Ch'ang-an n 839 D I-hn a dspe ofHu-uos disple and hen egaded as he head of he Esoe Sec, was n heCh'ng-ung empe (Dainihon bkky enho 113 .167a, 55.1716 Enhn /and She ame o Chna n 855 and 861 . D. especiely hey oh sudedunde a-h'üan who was aso n he Ch'ng-ung empe (Dainihon bkkynho 11 3158a, 291b, 55.197a26 Many soes ae eoded of mons of hsemple who od founes (Kan-ting Z ed n T'ai-ping kang-chi 115aTang yü-Zin ed., 6 .16 or doe away bad u y heimag power (Hanhih chih ied n Taiping kangchi 98-5a, Chi-wn ied n he same wo 33.7a, M-i chi ed n he same wor 7.2a . Iam ncned o hn ha hs phenomenon may he had some onneion ih hemons of he Esoe Se n hs emple pure of Vaaaaräja n he Ch'nglung empe was also famous fo s ee n ung diseases ( Yen-hsu Tang Chüeh-hih M 9Jt ed, 2.8b-9a

he deeopmen of the Esoei Shool n he poines s ery hard o tae,owng o ac of maeria I s only fom he aouns of Japanese pigims ha weearn he names of some mons who elonged o hs se Edenly he se dd

no oush n ponial emples, so ha he enhusias Japanese mons had o goto th apal. Saich suded unde Shun-hsao p of the unghsg emp a Yüehhou H (Cheiang n 85 D ( 5515 Jöyö who aied a Yang-hou (Kangsu n 838 D was not alowed to go o thapal, so ha he ried his bes o see for a maser of he Esoeri Se n he oalempes. Eenually he found Wn-s'an of he Ch'-lg empe and eaed some ies from this mon. (T 55168 and Dainihon bkkyö enho113.59a oh ead nsead of he haacer oe, f ÖMA578 Ennn also menons his name, u Jnrei gyki reads I. Cf. Dinihonbkkyö enho 113 183a s he mons of his se a Yang-chou Ennin menionsao-wu of he Wuang-i empe his diary of 838 . D (Dainihonbkky enh 113183a , and Ch'üan-ya of he Sung-shan empe also in 838 . D (Dainihon bkky enho 113187a l hes mons led n heSouh o orhe Chna we nd only one name menoned n a Japanese Plgrmsieray She passed y Pen-hou (Ho-nan en oue o Chang-an and metHsüan-h'g hee n 861 D (Dainihon bkkyö enho 113158a .

chou yi-liang - tantrism in china

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