child soldiers book1 · in fact, the un has been talking about this issue for years but the problem...

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MUN 2012

Issue 1:

Rescuing Child soldiers

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voicesCentral Africa

"I feel so bad about the things that I did... I still dream about the boy from my village that I killed. I see him in my dreams, and he is talking to me, saying I killed him for nothing, and I am crying."

A 16-year-old girl after demobilization from an armed group

Democratic Republic of the Congo

"When they came to my village, they asked my older brother whether he was ready to join the militia. He was just 17 and he said no; they shot him in the head. Then they asked me if I was ready to sign, so what could I do - I didn't want to die."

A former child soldier, taken when he was 13, speaking to BBC news.

Zimbabwe

"There was no one in charge of the dormitories and every night we were raped. The men and youths would come into our dormitory in the dark, and they would just rape us - you would just have a man on top of you, and you could not even see who it was. If we cried afterwards, we were beaten with hosepipes. We were so scared that we did not report the rapes. The youngest girl in our group was aged 11..."

(19-year-old girl describing her experience in the National Youth Service Training Program.)

Myanmar (Burma)

"They filled the forms and asked my age, and when I said 16 I was slapped and he said, 'You are 18. Answer 18'. He asked me again and I said, 'But that's my true age'. The sergeant asked, 'Then why did you enlist in the army?' I said, 'Against my will. I was captured.' He said, 'Okay, keep your mouth shut then,' and he filled in the form."

(Maung Zaw Oo, describing the second time he was forced into the Tatmadaw Kyi army in 2005.)

Colombia

"They give you a gun and you have to kill the best friend you have. They do it to see if they can trust you. If you don't kill him, your friend will be ordered to kill you. I had to do it because otherwise I would have been killed."

(17-year-old boy who joined an armed group aged 7, when a street child.)

Iraq

"I joined the Mahdi army to fight the Americans. Last night I fired a rocket-propelled grenade against a tank."

(A 12 year-old boy in Najaf, 2004.)

Israel/Occupied Palestinian Territories

"I was detained on 18 March 2003... We are in a very small room with 11 people... We are allowed to use the bathroom only three times a day at specific times. Once a week we are allowed to take a 30-minute recess. The prison guards force us into shabeh position: they tie our hands up and one leg and then we have to face the wall."

(15-year-old boy arrested by Israeli forces, reporting on detention conditions in an Israeli settlement outside Ramallah, April 2003.)

Source: Child Soldiers International

http://www.child-soldiers.org/childsoldiers/voices-of-young-soldiers





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Our topic for Day 1 of the MUN is :

Do you remember the words ‘disarmament’ and ‘demobilization’ from the introduction book? In this book, you will learn more about these two important words.

Problem SolvingWhen we write resolutions, we need to write solutions to difficult problems. This is not easy. Even very

clever people at the real United Nations often fail to solve the problems. Still, if we are careful and logical, we should be able to come up with a good plan.

Stage 1: Thinking about the problem 1. Is this one problem or many? It may help you to write down some key points. Brainstorm all the little problems you can think of. This will help you to see where you can help. 2.What are the causes of the problem? Every problem has one or many causes. If you

don’t fix the causes of the problem, the problem may come back soon. 3. All problems (and solutions) have effects. Thinking about this will help you understand the

priorities.

Brainstorming: write down all your ideas about child soldiers - anything you know about the problem. Look back at your introduction book if you want.

Think

child soldiers

they suffer trauma　（トラウマに苦しむ）

they may be used to violence

corrupt governments（腐敗した政府） may not try to solve

the problem

R______________ C______________ S______________

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Causes and effects: It is easy to say ‘no more child soldiers’, isn’t it? In fact, the UN has been talking about this issue for years but the problem still hasn’t been solved. Why? Talk with a partner.

WHY ARE THERE CHILD SOLDIERS IN THE WORLD?

E.g.It is too easy for people to get weapons.

What are the effects of the problem:

E.g. Many children grow up thinking that violence is normal.

Now go to page 14 and read the passage : ‘Causes of the Issue’. Add information to the table.

Stage 2: GoalsIt is essential to set goals before we make a plan. If we don’t have goals, we will never know if we are

doing a good job or a bad job. We need to:1. Write down the needs of the children and the society. 2. Write down clear, detailed, realistic goals.3. Write down the effects your solution will have.

Remember, these countries are poor. We may not be able to make life perfect right away. Look at the needs analysis (ニーズの分析). Some things are not important; some are part of Disarmament and

Demobilization; some are part of Rehabilitation and Reintegration; some may be both. Talk about them with a partner and decide the level of priority. Mark the needs D&D, R&R, D&D/R&R. Cut any that are not important.

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Needs Analysis: Children and/or society need...

Other needs we can think of _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

a safe environment

a place to sleep

food and clean water

a safe family life

gun collection

job training

counseling

education for children protection ( 保護) from armed groups

health care

a good ramen shop

gun control laws

a bicycle for each child

international rules on arms

demobilization staff

money

documentation (書類) and ID

networks to spread information

incentives (動機)for disarmament

education for adults

publicity (宣伝)

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GoalsFor D&D, our goals are clear. We want to: 1. Take away the guns (disarmament). 2. Get the children out of the army (demobilization). However, to achieve our BIG goals, we probably need to achieve a lot of smaller goals. Goals may be

short-term or long-term, local or international.

The most important (and difficult) thing is to explain how you will do something and to think about

the effects. Look at the two examples of the same goal for disarmament.

Write 2 goals for disarmament with your partner.

1. PROBLEM Many children do not know about the disarmament program. SOLUTION (how) Publicize the disarmament program by_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________EFFECT More children will come and understand that they have rights, protection and

a chance for the future.

2. PROBLEM There are sometimes language problems between UN staff and the children.SOLUTION (how) _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________EFFECT ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

IMPORTANT: THESE ARE NOT CLAUSES FOR THE DRAFT RESOLUTION. WHEN YOU WRITE YOUR IDEAS IN A D.R. CLAUSE YOU MUST BE BRIEF. PLEASE EXPLAIN THE

PROBLEMS AND EFFECTS IN YOUR SPEECH, NOT IN THE RESOLUTION CLAUSE

POOR Take away the guns from the soldiers (this doesn’t explain the problem, explain how to do it or tell the effect)

BETTER There are too many guns available in developing countries. We should establish a cash-for-weapons program to encourage disarmament by all citizens funded by donations（寄付で援助されている）from United Nations members. This will reduce the number of

guns available in the society to armed groups and children. Strict controls will be needed.

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Now let’s write some clear, detailed goals for the disarmament of child soldiers. First, please read the passage ‘Disarmament’ on page 15.

Disarmament1. Problem_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Solution and effect______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2. Problem_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



Solution and effect______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Stage 3: Resources You also need to think about what you need to make your plan a success. What do you have? Where will you find the things you need? How much will it cost and who is going to pay? You may need to change your goals here if they are not realistic. Things to think about (there may be others):

Money Tools People Time Transport

Add these details to your plan.

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Demobilization First read the passage on ‘Demobilization’ on page 16.

Here are some problems that countries have had making a good demobilization policy. Please think about these issues and discuss them with a partner. Take your time and write some ideas for solutions.

✦ armed groups may not want to release (解放する)their child soldiers.

_________________________________________________________________________________✦ there may not be separate plans for children after a war._________________________________________________________________________________ ✦ some children may not want to be demobilized._________________________________________________________________________________✦ many children do not know about the program. Others may not be counted as soldiers (兵士と見な

される) because they did not fight with weapons.

_________________________________________________________________________________✦ children who don’t have papers to say they were demobilized may be re-enlisted (再入隊させられ

る)or punished for running away (逃げ出すこと) from the army.

_________________________________________________________________________________✦ There is not much time between the end of a war and demobilization. ________________________________________________________________________________✦ Demobilization centres sometimes don’t have supplies or trained staff._________________________________________________________________________________✦ There may be language problems between the demobilization staff and soldiers. Translators from the army may not be trustworthy (信頼できる).

_________________________________________________________________________________✦ Children may be very scared. They may not trust (信頼する) the demobilization staff.

_________________________________________________________________________________✦ Demobilization and reintegration programs must be linked. _________________________________________________________________________________✦ It is sometimes difficult to know the age of children. _________________________________________________________________________________✦ Many children have ‘wandered away’ (さまよい出た) after demobilization. Many returned to their

army commanders voluntarily (自主的に) or by force（暴力によって).

_________________________________________________________________________________✦ Some children have been punished after they were returned to areas under control of another armed group. _________________________________________________________________________________

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Now let’s write some clear, detailed goals.

Demobilization of Child Soldiers1. Problem_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________




Solution and effect__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Resources You also need to think about what you need to make your plan a success. What do you have? Where will you find the things you need? How much will it cost and who is going to pay? You may need to change your goals here if they are not realistic. Things to think about (there may be others):



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A long-term plan Now that you have plans for the immediate problems, you need to think about the future. This is the most difficult part, making sure that the same problem doesn’t happen again. Many countries have failed at this part. Can you do any better? Please read the passage on page 17, ‘Prevention: a long-term plan’. Then write some goals below.

Long-term prevention of child soldiers1. Problem_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________




Solution and effect__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Resources You also need to think about what you need to make your plan a success. What do you have? Where will you find the things you need? How much will it cost and who is going to pay? You may need to change your goals here if they are not realistic. Things to think about (there may be others):



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Speech for Issue 1 Now that you understand the issue and have some clear goals, you can write your speech on Issue 1. Consider your country’s position and then prepare a speech of 60-90 seconds. Make sure your speech is direct and on the topic. You only have a short time so do not waffle! Give a greeting to the floor, explain your position succinctly in a clear voice using good intonation. Try to remember you are not a monk praying to Buddha (念仏を唱える僧侶)- you need some expression in your voice (口調).

Be careful about your posture, smile and look up. Say thank you and get off! Good luck.

Brainstorming/notes__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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ISSUE 1, TOPIC 1 Country___________________Delegates :_____________, _____________, _____________, _____________, _____________

Speech 1 : Rescuing child soldiers ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Background reading: Causes of the issue

1 Children make very good soldiers. They do as they are told and do not need much payment. They do not understand the consequences of their actions (自分たちの行動の結果) and can easily be

persuaded to commit violent crimes (凶悪犯罪を犯す).

4 One big issue is that there are too many unaccompanied children (同伴者のいない子供たち)

living in dangerous situations. Even children who live with their parents may easily be abducted (拉致

される). Another problem is that some children volunteer to join armed groups for safety or revenge

(復讐). Societies need help to become safer. They need to reduce poverty, discrimination and the level

of violence to stop these problems happening again and again. If poverty is reduced and education levels are raised, the society will be safer for everyone.

10 There is not enough education about children’s rights. Many adults still think it is normal for children to fight. Remember, not even developed nations (先進国) agree on the issue. Countries such

as the USA, UK, Australia, Germany and France still allow young people to volunteer for the army before they are 18, though they do not fight. Important people in society need to make public calls (公

的に要求する) for the protection of children (児童の保護). In El Salvador, religious leaders (宗教的リー

ダー)were effective in persuading commanders to release children. It is very important that the society

agrees together that children should not take part in war. Media campaigns may also help.

17 There is not enough monitoring (監視) of the problem. In many areas, the government does

not know what is happening. There also needs to be a system of punishment (刑制度) for those

countries or individuals who recruit children into the army.

20 Another issue is the availability of weapons (武器の入

手できる状態). Modern guns are light and easy to use even for

children. During the second half of the 20th century, western countries supplied millions of guns around the world. Many of them are still being used and there are also many domestic factories (国内工場) now making cheap copies of those guns. It

is far too easy and cheap to get a gun in many foreign countries.

NOW ANSWER THE QUESTIONS ON P.18

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Background reading: Disarmament

1 Since World War 2, the number of guns around the world has increased rapidly (急速に).

The USA and the Soviet Union (and others) supplied many countries with weapons to fight for

control of different regions. After the collapse of the Soviet Union (ソビエト連邦の崩壊), lots of

surplus weapons were bought and sold to Africa by arms dealers. In some African countries it is

possible to trade an automatic weapon for a chicken or a sack of grain. The world trade in weapons is

still a big problem and many countries can now produce cheap copies of guns that are light and easy

to use. In 1999 the Red Cross estimated (推定される) that in Mogadishu in Somalia, the city's 1.3

million residents owned over a million guns (1).

9 At first, disarmament means collecting weapons and either destroying them or storing them

safely. To do this, there must be both long-term plans and short-term plans. In the short-term, soldiers

must give up their weapons (武器をあきらめる) to return to the society. However, it is important

to remember that children do not always carry their own weapons. It should not be a condition (条

件) that only people with weapons can be demobilized.

14 Disarmament also means reducing the number of weapons in the society. This is part of a

long-term plan. There must be stricter controls on the supply of guns, both internationally and

domestically. Countries also need to try to stop people buying guns at markets and from their

neighbours.

18 Education is also important, for children and adults. Some fathers think even children must

fight. Also, in many poor countries, a gun is a sign of status. Little boys see their fathers with guns

and grow up thinking that a gun is cool or masculine (男性的. Somehow, the circle must be broken.

21 Finally, we should remember that ideas of age are different around the world. In Japan, we

think a 14-year-old is a child. In other countries, a 14-year-old may already be married and have a

job. This used to be the same in rich countries too. We must be sensitive to other cultures to make

plans that will work.

(1) From Africa Recovery, Vol.15 (4), December 2001, p.1.


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Background reading: Demobilization1 Demobilization (動員解除) means getting people out of the army. For children, this may

happen during a war but usually it happens after the fighting has finished. It is very important that demobilization happens properly. If children (or adults) just walk away after the war, then nobody knows what happened to them and nobody can help them. Therefore, demobilization must be a formal, official process (正式な手続き). People must put down their guns and understand that the

fighting is finished and there is help available. Usually, after a demobilization, soldiers will receive a package of benefits (扶助金), including identification and some money or other help. This help should

be connected to reintegration and should not seem like a ‘reward’(報奨金). During the demobilization,

rehabilitation and reintegration begins. They may receive education, counseling and other help to start life again. 11 One of the biggest problems is that during and after a war, the country is very disorganized (組織の乱れた). There may be many adults who also need demobilization and children get forgotten or

receive less. Many former child soldiers have said that being forgotten was the worst thing for them. There must be a special plan for children and people who take responsibility for them. Also, after the war finishes, there isn’t much time so the plans must be organized and easy to follow. Demobilization needs a temporary centre, supplies, trained staff and documentation (書類) for the soldiers. It is

important to give official papers to show demobilization so the child understands their new identity. This can also prevent them from being punished (罰される) or re-enlisted (再入隊させられる).

19 Children may not realize that demobilization is for them, especially girls, disabled children and those in support roles (cooks, porters, etc). Also, it may sound strange but for some children the armed group becomes a kind of family. They may not want to leave or may try to return. This problem is made worse by drug addiction (薬物中毒). Also, adults in the armed groups may not want them to

leave or may want to stop the children telling the truth. 24 Often the staff at demobilization centres are from the UN countries. In these cases there may be language barriers and other cultural differences. Adults from the armed groups may not be trustworthy (信頼できる) translators and children may be scared to tell the truth when other soldiers

are there. Some experienced workers recommend making life at temporary demobilization/rehabilitation centres as similar to a family as possible. However, children should not stay at the centre too long or they may find it even more difficult to return home.

30 Demobilization and rehabilitation must be linked and should happen at the same time. The war may have finished but there will still be a lot of anger. Demobilization must be safe and children should not return to places which might be dangerous. If families and communities do not want them back, then other families must be found. This process should be started during the demobilization.


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Background reading: Prevention-A Long Term Plan

1 There is no point (意味がない)in disarming and demobilizing an armed group if the

problem happens again a few years later. There must be long-term plans to stop children becoming soldiers. One of the priorities for many NGOs is for all countries to agree that people under the age of 18 should not join armed groups. However, several developed countries, including the USA, UK and Germany, do not agree. Agreement on a minimum age (最低年齢) would be a positive step.

7 More importantly, the societies in some developing countries must change their thinking. The media can be a big help. Both children and adults must be educated if real changes are to take place. Television, radio, newspapers, leaflet and poster campaigns have all been useful in changing people’s opinions. Also, community leaders (地域のリーダー), religious leaders (宗教的リーダー),

womens’ groups (女性グループ) and others can have a positive impact on society. They must be

encouraged and supported. If there are traditional values on which to base child protection laws, these must be used. Effort is needed to reduce the number of guns and the level of violence in daily life.

14 Many governments do not even know which children are at risk. Unaccompanied children, members of some ethnic groups (人種的なグループ), refugees (難民) may need special protection.

Governments must study the problem to find out which children are most at risk and then take steps to change their status.

18 Also, there must be strong laws to punish those who recruit children. Agencies must have the power to monitor the situation (状況を確認する) and take action if the laws on child soldiers are not

being kept. These programs need money and training.

21 These are only some of the issues. Think carefully about them and try to come up with some more ideas.


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Questions for readings

Causes of the issue

1. Why do children make good soldiers?___________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

2. How can societies be made safer for everyone?___________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

3. Give an original idea about a good system of punishment.___________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

Make sentences with these words and expressions:

a) ................. think it is normal.........................................................................................(line 10)

b) effective.............................................................................................................................(15)

c) supply (v)...........................................................................................................................(23)

Disarmament1. How much would you have to pay for a cheap gun in some African countries?_____________________________________________________________________________________2. What two things should be done first during disarmament? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________3. What needs to be done in the society?_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________4. Give an original idea about a way to change people’s image of guns______________________________________________________________________________________________

Make sentences with these words and expressions:

a) estimate (v)...........................................................................................................................(7)

b) It’s important to remember..................................................................................................(11)

c) sensitive...............................................................................................................................(23)

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Questions for readings Demobilization1. When does demobilization happen? (a)__________________________________________(b)_________________________________________________________________________2. What do soldiers usually receive when they leave the army? (give examples)_______________________________________________________________________________________3. What might happen if children do not have documentation?(a)_____________________________________________________(b)____________________________________________4. Why do children sometimes try to return to the army? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________5. Why do you think the translators may not be trustworthy? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________Make sentences with these words and expressions:

a) Nobody knows ......................................................................................................................(3)

b) disorganized..........................................................................................................................(11)

c) the worst thing.......................................................................................................................(13)

d) It may sound strange, but......................................................................................................(20)

Prevention-A Long Term Plan1. What is a priority for many NGOs? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2. How can opinions be changed in developing countries?_________________________________________________________________________________________________________3. Give 3 examples of what governments can do to improve the situation._____________________________________________________________________________________________Make sentences with these words and expressions:

a) People under the age of ......................................................................................................(4)

b) encourage (v).........................................................................................................................(12)

c) come up with (v)....................................................................................................................(21)

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WordsPage 4English Japanesecorrupt governments

腐敗した政府

suffer trauma トラウマに苦しむ

Page 5English Japaneseneeds analysis ニーズの分析

Page 6English Japaneseprotection 保護incentives 動機publicity 宣伝

Page 7English Japanesefunded by donations

寄付で援助されている

Page 8/9English Japaneserelease 解放するcounted as soldiers

兵士と見なされる

re-enlisted 再入隊させられる

running away 逃げ出すことtrustworthy 信頼できるtrust 信頼するwandered away さまよい出たvoluntarily 自主的にby force 暴力によって

Page 12English Japanesea monk praying to buddha

念仏を唱える僧侶

expression in your voice

口調

Page 14English Japaneseconsequences of their actions

自分たちの行動の結果

commit violent crimes

凶悪犯罪を犯す

unaccompanied children

同伴者のいない子供たち

be abducted 拉致されるrevenge 復讐developed nations 先進国make public calls 公的に要求す

るprotection of children

児童の保護

monitoring 監視system of punishment

刑制度

availability of weapons

武器の入手できる状態

domestic factories 国内工場

Page 15English Japaneserapidly 急速に

the collapse of the Soviet Union

ソビエト連邦の崩壊

estimated 推定される

give up their weapons

武器をあきらめる

a condition 条件

masculine 男性的

Page 16English Japanesedemobilization 動員解除a formal official process

正式な手続き

a package of benefits

扶助金

a reward 報奨金disorganized 組織の乱れたdocumentation 書類punished 罰されるre-enlisted 再入隊させられ

るdrug addiction 薬物中毒trustworthy 信頼できる

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Page 17

English Japanese

there is no point 意味がない

minimum age 最低年齢

community leaders 地域のリーダー

religious leaders 宗教的リーダー

womens’ groups 女性グループ

ethnic groups 人種的なグループ

refugees 難民

monitor the situation状況を確認する」

OTHERS

ENGLISH JAPANESE

ENGLISH JAPANESE

child soldiers book1 · in fact, the un has been talking about this issue for years but the problem...

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