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Chicago Notes Quick Reference and Citation Guide

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CHICAGO NOTES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY QUICK

REFERENCE AND CITATION GUIDE

Overview ............................................................................................................... 2

Footnotes: General notes ....................................................................................... 2

Notes: Examples .................................................................................................... 4

Bibliography: General notes ................................................................................... 8 Types ............................................................................................................................... 8 Format .............................................................................................................................. 8 Capitalisation .................................................................................................................... 8 Order ................................................................................................................................ 8 Subdivisions ..................................................................................................................... 9 Authors’ names ................................................................................................................ 9 Abbreviations ................................................................................................................... 9 Place of publication .......................................................................................................... 9

Bibliography: Examples ........................................................................................ 10 Books ............................................................................................................................. 10 Journal articles ............................................................................................................... 11 Theses or dissertations .................................................................................................. 11 Conference papers ......................................................................................................... 11 Newspaper or magazine articles .................................................................................... 11 Online sources ............................................................................................................... 11 Media ............................................................................................................................. 12 Legal documents ............................................................................................................ 12 Miscellaneous ................................................................................................................ 12

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Overview

‘Chicago-style referencing’ can refer to one of two referencing systems recommended by

The Chicago Manual of Style (2010): (1) Author-Date Referencing or (2) Notes and

Bibliography. The following guide is for the Chicago Notes and Bibliography Referencing

System. Please note that British/Australian English punctuation is used throughout this

guide. The rules for punctuation in American English are slightly different.

The notes and bibliography style is preferred by many in the humanities, including those in

literature, history and the arts. This style presents bibliographic information in notes and,

often, a bibliography. It accommodates a variety of sources, including esoteric ones less

appropriate to the author-date system.

Referencing correctly according to a particular style (whether that be APA, MLA, IEEE or

any other style) involves presenting the publication information required exactly in the way

proscribed by the style. This means knowing which publication information is required, how

and where it should appear in the reference, what punctuation is necessary and where this

should be placed.

Thus, when formatting your references/in-text citations to a particular style and reviewing

example references/in-text citations, pay close attention to the order of information, how

each detail is displayed, and the punctuation used and where this is placed (i.e., whether

publication titles should be placed within quotation marks [if so, are they single ‘ ’ or double

“ ”?], italicised, have a capital letter for all the main words in the title or just the initial word,

and so forth).

Footnotes: General notes

The major features of footnotes in Chicago’s Notes and Bibliography Referencing Style are:

The notes can be footnotes, placed at the foot of the page in which the note appears, or endnotes, placed at the end of the document. Endnotes can also be placed at the end of each chapter, particularly when the chapters are written by different authors.

The note flag is placed after punctuation, like this.1 This is incorrect1.

Multiple citations can be included in one note, separated by a semi-colon.

In notes, author names are presented in the order First Last (e.g. Jane Smith and Tom Franklin). In the reference list, the first author’s name is inverted to Smith, Jane.

Page ranges should include only the necessary numbers (e.g. 20–2, 121–3, 16–22).

For subsequent citations, use the authors’ last names (family names) and a short title. You should use ‘quotation marks’ or italics for the title, as in the first citation. For example, a book uses italics, while a journal article uses ‘quotation marks’.

If you are citing the same source two or more times consecutively, use Ibid. for subsequent citations, rather than the author names and short title. If the page number is different, this should be noted (e.g. Ibid., 23).

All effort should be made to track down original sources. When the original source is not available, its author(s) and year of publication should be cited with a secondary source.

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Quotations of five lines or more should be formatted as block quotations and not enclosed in quotation marks.

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Notes: Examples

Periodicals Citing for the first time Subsequently

Journal article, with doi

Gueorgi Kossinets and Duncan J. Watts, ‘Origins of Homophily in an Evolving Social Network’, American Journal of Sociology 115 (2009): 411, accessed 28 February 2010, doi:10.1086/599247.

Kossinets and Watts, ‘Origins of Homophily’, 439.

Journal article, with non-English title, no doi

Irmela Von Der Luhe, ‘I Without Guarantees: Ingeborg Bachmann’s Frankfurt Lectures on Poetics’, translated by M.T. Kraus, New German Critique 8, no. 27 (1982): 31.

Von Der Luhe, ‘I Without Guarantees’, 33.

Journal article, in print, accessed online

Frank P. Whitney, ‘The Six-Year High School in Cleveland’, School Review 37, no. 4 (1929): 268, http://www.jstor.org.ezp.lib.unimelb.edu.au/stable/1078814.

Whitney, ‘The Six-Year High School’, 269.

Journal, special issue

Sharon Sassler, ‘Learning to Be an “American Lady”? Ethnic Variation in Daughters’ Pursuits in the Early 1900s’, in ‘Emergent and Reconfigured Forms of Family Life’, ed. Lora Bex Lempert and Marjorie L. DeVault, special issue, Gender and Society 14, no. 1 (2000): 201–2, http://www.jstor.org.ezp.lib.unimelb.edu.au/stable/190427.

Sassler, ‘Learning to Be an “American Lady”’, 201.

Newspaper article, retrieved online

Julie Bosman, ‘Jets? Yes! Sharks? ¡Sí! in Bilingual “West Side”’, New York Times, 17 July 17 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/17/theater/17bway.html.

Bosman, ‘Jets?’.

Newsletter article, no author

‘Pushcarts Evolve to Trendy Kiosks’, Lake Forester (Lake Forest, IL), 23 March 23 2000. ‘Pushcarts to Evolve’.

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Books Citing for the first time Subsequently

Book

Michael Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals (New York: Penguin, 2006): 99–100.

Note: For two to three authors, list all authors in the bibliography, initial and subsequent notes. For four or more, list all authors in the bibliography, and use ‘first author et al.’ for the initial and subsequent notes. For second or subsequent editions, insert (2nd ed.) immediately preceding the book title, followed by the year of publication (in the initial note).

Pollan, Omnivore’s Dilemma, 3.

Citing for the first time Subsequently

Book with translator and author

Richmond Lattimore, trans., The Iliad of Homer (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951), 91–92. Lattimore, Iliad, 24.

Book, electronic version of a print book

Elliot Antokoletz, Musical Symbolism in the Operas of Debussy and Bartók (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195365825.001.0001.

Antokoletz, Musical Symbolism.

Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice (New York: Penguin Classics, 2008), Microsoft Reader e-book, chap. 23. Austen, Pride and Prejudice, chap. 24.

Electronic-only book, no date of publication

Grant Ian Thrall, Land Use and Urban Form (New York: Methuen, 1987), http://www.rri.wvu.edu/WebBook/Thrallbook/Land%20Use%20and%20Urban%20Form.pdf.

Thrall, Land Use.

Andres R. Edwards, Thriving Beyond Sustainability: Pathways to a Resilient Society (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society Publishers, 2010), 34, Kindle eBook.

Edwards, Thriving Beyond Sustainability, 32.

Chapter in book—one editor

R.A. Emmons, ‘The Personal Strivings Approach to Personality’, in Goal concepts in personality and social psychology, ed. L. A. Pervin, (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1989), 50.

Emmons, ‘The Personal Strivings Approach’, 51.

Chapter in book—multiple editors

John D. Kelly, ‘Seeing Red: Mao Fetishism, Pax Americana, and the Moral Economy of War’, in Anthropology and Global Counterinsurgency, ed. John D. Kelly et al. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010), 77.

Note: All editor names would appear in the bibliography entry.

Kelly, ‘Seeing Red’, 81–81.

Chapter in multi-volume book

James M. McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, vol. 2, The Civil War (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1993), 205. McPherson, Ordeal, 206.

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Online resources Citing for the first time Subsequently

Entry in an online reference work, no author, no date

eMelbourne: The Encyclopedia of Melbourne, s.v. ‘Street Lighting’, accessed 19 June 2010, http://www.emelbourne.net.au.

Note: This entry would not be included in the bibliography.

eMelbourne.

Webpage with author (and known date)

Mister Jalopy, ‘Effulgence of the North: Storefront Arctic Panorama in Los Angeles’, Dinosaurs and Robots, last modified 30 January 30 2009, http://www.dinosaursandrobots.com/2009/01/effulgence-of-north-storefront-arctic.html.

Jalopy, ‘Effulgence’.

Webpage with known date (and no known author)

‘Illinois Governor Wants to “Fumigate” State’s Government’, CNN.com, last modified 30 January, 2009, http://edition.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/01/30/illinois.governor.quinn/.

‘Illinois Governor Wants to “Fumigate”’.

Government reports Citing for the first time Subsequently

Australian Bureau of Statistics, National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing: Summary of Results (ABS Cat. No. 4326.0) (Canberra: ABS, 2007).

ABS, National Survey.

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Young Homeless People in Australia 2001-02 (Canberra, 2003), 20.

AIHW, Young Homeless People, 33.

Meetings and symposia Citing for the first time Subsequently

Conference paper in print proceedings

Kamal Singh and Gary Best, ‘Film Induced Tourism: Motivations of Visitors to the Hobbiton Movie Set as Featured in “The Lord of the Rings”’, in Proceedings of the 1st International Tourism and Media Conference, Melbourne, 2004, 98–111, (Melbourne: Tourism Research Unit, Monash University, 2004), 44.

Singh and Best, ‘Film Induced Tourism’, 50.

Conference proceedings

Kira Hall, Michael Meacham and Richard Shapiro (eds.), Proceedings of the Fifteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: General Session and Parasession on Theoretical Issues in Language Reconstruction, February 18–20, 1989, (Berkeley, CA: Berkeley Linguistics Society, 1989), 24.

Hall, Meacham and Shapiro, Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting of Berkeley Linguistics Society, 60.

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Dissertations and theses Citing for the first time Subsequently

Unpublished dissertation/ thesis

Stephanie Lynn Budin, ‘The Origins of Aphrodite’ (PhD diss., University of Pennsylvania, 2000), 301–2. Budin, ‘The Origins of Aphrodite’, 58.

Published dissertation/ thesis

Shakela Carion Johnson, ‘An Examination of the Social Characteristics and Beliefs of Delinquent and Non-Delinquent Youth’, (PhD thesis, Auburn University, 2007) 60–63, http://search.proquest.com/docview/30489730?accountid=12528.

Johnson, ‘An Examination of the Social Characteristics’, 78.

Audiovisual media Citing for the first time Subsequently

Film The Secret of Roan Inish, dir. by John Sayles (1993; Columbia TriStar, 2000 DVD).

Note: Provide 1) the title, 2) the director, 3) theatrical release date, 4) if viewed as dvd or video, specify the distributor, date of dvd or video release, and format.

The Secret of Roan Inish.

Podcast ‘Facebook Pages reveal not so social media’, 7.30 (Sydney, ABC, 11 October 11 2012), Vodcast. http://mpegmedia.abc.net.au/news/730/video/201210/730s_Facebook_1110_512k.mp4

7.30, ‘Facebook Pages’.

Personal communication

Karl Sanders, email correspondence (October 22, 2012).

These would not appear in the bibliography.

Sanders, email.

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Bibliography: General notes

Types

A full bibliography that includes all the works cited is recommended by Chicago but

other kinds of bibliography include a selected bibliography, an annotated bibliography,

a bibliographic essay and a list of works by one author.

Format

A full bibliography should be titled ‘Bibliography’. If no additional works are included, it

may be titled ‘Works Cited’ or ‘Literature Cited’. Chicago style recommends single-

spacing your references and leaving one blank line between each entry. Entries should

also be hanging by 1.27 cm. For example:

Acier, Marcel, ed., From Spanish Trenches: Recent Letters from Spain. London: Cresset Press, 1939.

Fyrth, Jim and Sally Alexander, eds., Women’s Voices from the Spanish Civil War, London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1991.

Capitalisation

In the reference list, use title case (e.g. The Last Train from Madrid) for all titles. The

exception to this rule is foreign-language titles: if you are unfamiliar with rules for

capitalisation in that language, only capitalise the first letter of foreign-language titles.

Order

References must be ordered alphabetically. Single author entries are placed before

multiple-author entries beginning with the same name. Multiple-author entries

beginning with the same name are listed in alphabetical order according to the co-

authors’ surnames, regardless of how many co-authors there are. For example:

Smith, Lisa. Book Title.

Smith, Lisa and Jonathon Johnson. Book Title.

Smith, Lisa and Erin Sachdev. ‘Journal Title’.

For entries by the same author(s), editor(s) or translator(s), use a 3-em dash to replace

the name(s) after the first entry. Note that this only applies to names listed in the same

order. Abbreviations such as ‘ed.’ and ‘trans.’ should be indicated for each entry.

Smith, Lisa and Erin Sachdev. ‘Journal Title’.

———. ‘Journal Title’.

———, trans. Book Title.

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———, Book Title.

Smith, Lisa and Jonathon Johnson, eds. 1982. ‘Journal Title’.

Multiple publications by the same author/s should be ordered alphabetically by title.

Preston, Paul. Juan Carlos: A People’s King. London, United Kingdom: HarperCollins, 2004a.

———. Juan Carlos: Steering Spain from Dictatorship to Democracy. London, United Kingdom: W. W. Norton & Co, 2004b.

Multiple works by the same author/s published in different years should be ordered

chronologically in ascending order. For example:

Preston, P. We saw Spain die: Foreign correspondents in the Spanish Civil War. London, United Kingdom: Constable and Robinson, 2008.

———. The Spanish Holocaust. New York, NY W. W. Norton & Co, 2012.

Subdivisions

Chicago style does not recommend the use of subdivisions. Books, journal articles

and online sources should not be listed separately. Some subdivisions can be used if

they are necessary to guide the reader. For example, in a thesis about a particular

author, that author’s works could be listed separately to other works.

Authors’ names

Chicago style stipulates the use of authors’ full names, not just initials and surnames,

where possible.

Abbreviations

Abbreviate nouns such as ‘editor’ (ed.), ‘editors’ (eds.) and ‘translator’ (trans.).

However, spell out phrases such as ‘edited by’ and ‘translated by’; they should be

capitalised if they follow a full stop.

Use standard abbreviations for nouns such as ‘number’ (no.) and ‘volume’ (vol.) and

phrases such as ‘no date’ (n.d.).

Place of publication

Indicate the city of publication. If two or more cities are given, only the first city is

needed. Use English names for foreign cities where possible (e.g. ‘Vienna’, not

‘Wien’). State, province or country abbreviations can be added if the city could be

confused with another city of the same name (the exception is Washington DC, which

should always appear with the letters ‘DC’). For example:

Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press

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Bibliography: Examples

Books Book (single author)

Pollan, Michael. The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals. New York: Penguin, 2006.

Book (two authors)

Ward, Geoffrey C. and Ken Burns. The War: An Intimate History, 1941–1945. New York: Knopf, 2007.

Book (three authors)

Lewis, Barry, Robern Jurmain and Lynn Kilgore. Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology. 9th ed. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth, 2009.

Book (four or more authors)

Cicmil, Svetlana, Terry Cooke-Davis, Lynn Crawford, Kurt A. Richardson and Project Management Institute. Exploring the Complexity of Projects: Implications of Complexity Theory for Project Management Practice. Newtown Square, PA: Project Management Institute, 2009.

Group as author

Museum Victoria. Bunjilaka: The Aboriginal Centre at Melbourne Museum. Melbourne: Museum Victoria, 2000.

No author

Valuing Integrity: Guide for the Workplace. Bentley, WA: Curtin University, 2010.

Editor, translator or compiler instead of author

Lattimore, Richmond, trans., The Iliad of Homer. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951.

Editor etc. as well as author

García Márquez, Gabriel. Love in the Time of Cholera. Translated by Edith Grossman. London: Cape, 1988.

Chapter in a book

Kelly, John D. ‘Seeing Red: Mao Fetishism, Pax Americana, and the Moral Economy of War’. In Anthropology and Global Counterinsurgency, edited by John D. Kelly, Beatrice Jauregui, Sean T. Mitchell and Jeremy Walton, 67–83. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010.

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Electronic version of a book

Kurland, Philip B. and Ralph Lerner, eds. The Founders’ Constitution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987. Accessed 28 February 2010. http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.

Journal articles Article in print journal

Weinstein, Joshua I. ‘The Market in Plato’s Republic’. Classical Philology 104 (2009): 439–58.

Article in an online journal

Kossinets Gueorgi and Duncan J. Watts. ‘Origins of Homophily in an Evolving Social Network’. American Journal of Sociology 115 (2009): 411. Accessed 28 February 2010, doi:10.1086/599247.

Theses or dissertations

Choi, Mihwa. ‘Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty’ (PhD thesis, University of Chicago, 2008.)

Conference papers

Adelman, Rachel. ‘“Such Stuff as Dreams are Made On”: God’s Footstool in the Aramaic Targumim and Midrashic Tradition’. Paper presented at the annual meeting for the Society of Biblical Literature, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, 21–24 November 2009.

Newspaper or magazine articles

These may be cited in running text instead of a note (e.g. ‘as Michelle Grattan recently

noted in an article in The Age on 25 January 2010...’). These may also be omitted from

the bibliography. If a more formal bibliographic reference is required, use the following

format. If the article was accessed online, include the URL after the date. If no author

is identified, alphabetise according to the article title.

Vedelago, Chris and Nino Bucci. ‘Border Force Under Fire over Arrest’. Sunday Age, 13 September 2015.

Online sources Website

As with newspaper and magazine articles, websites may be mentioned in the text or

a note. If a more format citation is required, use the following format. Include the date

of access if possible, as website content can be subject to change.

Google. ‘Google Privacy Policy’. Accessed 11 March 2009. http://www.google.com/intl/en/privacypolicy.html.

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Blogs, emails, text messages

These items are normally cited in the text (‘In the blog, The Thesis Whisperer...’; ‘In

an email to the author...’; ‘In a text message to the author...’) and are not included in

a bibliography.

Media Podcasts

Wadhams, Steve. 2012. ‘Voices of Canadian Veterans of the Spanish Civil War’ (podcast audio). Recorded 9 November. http://www.cbc.ca/asithappens/features/2012/11/09/voices-of-canadian-veterans-of-the-spanish-civil-war/.

Television broadcast

Blake, John, and David Hart (directors). 1983. The Spanish Civil War. Granada Television Productions, VHS.

Film or dictionary

Hogan, James P (director). 1937. The Last Train from Madrid. Ashfault’s Classic Movies, 2008, DVD.

Radio programme

Bragg, Melvyn (host). 2003. The Spanish Civil War. BBC Radio 4, 3 April, Radio broadcast.

Online video

Finlay, Frank (narrator). 1983. ‘Prelude to Tragedy’. Episode 1 of The Spanish Civil War. Granada Television Productions, 21 December 2010. http://watchdocumentary.org/watch/the-spanish-civil-war-episode-01-prelude-to-tragedy-video_39fd3b325.html

Press, media or news release

ICP (International Center of Photography). 2007. ‘Other Weapons: Photography and Culture during the Spanish Civil War’. Press release. www.icp.org/sites/default/files/exhibition_pdfs/ow_PRESS.PDF.

Legal documents

Legal and public documents do not need to be included in the reference list unless

they are published in a secondary source.

Miscellaneous Pamphlet or newsletter

Carroll, Peter N., ed. 2012. The Volunteer: Vol. XXIX, No. 4, December 2012. http://www.albavolunteer.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Volunteer-2012-4.pdf.

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Lecture, lecture notes, study guide or course materials

Preston, Paul. 2011. ‘The Spanish Holocaust: Hate and Extermination in the Spanish Civil War’. Lecture at Swansea University, Swansea, 12 July.

Feldmeth, Greg D. 1998. ‘Key Events and Battles: Spanish-American War’. Lecture notes. http://www.myhistoryclass.net/classnotes.htm.
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