mla quick reference and citation guide · mla quick reference and citation guide © editex.com 2015...

MLA Quick Reference and Citation Guide

MLA QUICK REFERENCE AND CITATION GUIDE

Overview ....................................................................................................... 2

In-text citations: General notes ...................................................................... 2

Placement of in-text references .............................................................................. 2

Providing page numbers ......................................................................................... 3 Citing multiple sources ............................................................................................ 3

Secondary citations ................................................................................................ 3 Citing works by the same author ............................................................................. 3 Citing works by authors with the same surname..................................................... 4

Citing quotations ..................................................................................................... 4 Footnotes ................................................................................................................ 4

In-text citations: Examples ............................................................................. 5

Reference list: General notes ......................................................................... 7

Format .................................................................................................................... 7 Capitalisation .......................................................................................................... 7

Order of entries ....................................................................................................... 7

Subdivisions............................................................................................................ 8 Authors’ names ....................................................................................................... 8 Place of publication ................................................................................................. 8 Publisher’s name .................................................................................................... 8

Other kinds of source lists ...................................................................................... 9

Reference list: Examples ................................................................................ 9

Periodicals .............................................................................................................. 9

Books .................................................................................................................... 10 Encyclopaedias and dictionaries........................................................................... 14

Websites ............................................................................................................... 14 Technical and research reports ............................................................................ 15 Working papers ..................................................................................................... 15 Meetings and symposia ........................................................................................ 15

Theses and dissertations ...................................................................................... 15 Audiovisual media ................................................................................................. 16 Blog posts and internet message boards .............................................................. 17

Legal and public documents ................................................................................. 17 Miscellaneous ....................................................................................................... 18


© editex.com 2015 2

Overview

MLA referencing is widely used in humanities disciplines such as English and foreign

languages and literature, and cultural studies. MLA referencing uses a brief

parenthetical citation—typically, the author and page number but not the date—and a

works cited list at the end of the document.

Please note that British/Australian English punctuation is used throughout this guide.

The rules for punctuation in American English are slightly different. Many Australian

universities, but certainly not all, prefer that you adapt American referencing styles to

adhere to British/Australian rules of punctuation. If you are not sure what your

university or department prefers, ask your tutor or supervisor.

Referencing correctly according to a particular style (whether that be APA, MLA, IEEE

or any other style) involves presenting the publication information required exactly in

the way proscribed by the style. This means knowing which publication information is

required, how and where it should appear in the reference, what punctuation is

necessary and where this should be placed.

Thus, when formatting your references/in-text citations to a particular style and

reviewing example references/in-text citations, pay close attention to the order of

information, how each detail is displayed, and the punctuation used and where this is

placed (i.e., whether publication titles should be placed within quotation marks [if so,

are they single ‘ ’ or double “ ”?], italicised, have a capital letter for all the main words

in the title or just the initial word, and so forth).

In-text citations: General notes

An in-text citation in MLA style includes only enough information to enable readers to

find the source in the list of works cited. The publication date is omitted. If the author’s

name (or title of the work, if that is how the source is listed) is mentioned in the text

and you are referring to the entire text, you do not need to include a parenthetical

citation. If the author’s name (or the title) is mentioned in the text, but you are referring

to a specific passage of the text, only the page number(s) should appear in the

parenthetical citation.

Placement of in-text references

Place the parenthetical citation where a pause would naturally occur (preferably at the

end of a sentence), but as near as possible to the material documented.

Martin argues that ‘it is important to learn how to reference correctly’ (78).

The director of Editex argues that correct references are important (Lines 78).

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Providing page numbers

Page numbers should be provided for direct quotations and when paraphrasing or

referring to an idea in another work.

The page number for a direct quotation is contained within a separate in-text reference

immediately after the direct quotation if the author’s name is mentioned in the

sentence. For example:

Orsini argues that ‘it is important to learn how to reference correctly’ (78).

If the author’s name has not been mentioned, it would look like this:

If the author’s name is mentioned but his or her ideas are paraphrased rather than

quoted directly, the page number is placed where a pause would naturally occur

(preferably at the end of a sentence), but as near as possible to the material

documented.

Orsini argued that correct referencing is important (78).

Citing multiple sources

Multiple sources cited within parentheses are separated by a semi-colon and must be

presented in alphabetical order. For example:

(Jackson; Tremlett)

However, long parenthetical references should be avoided in MLA. To avoid excessive

disruption, cite multiple sources in a footnote instead.

Secondary citations

Secondary sources should only be used when the original source is not freely available

(for example, not available in English or out of print). The original text should be cited

as follows:

Watkin Tench (qtd. in Smith)

Citing works by the same author

If an author has multiple publications in the list of works cited, include the title (if brief)

or a shortened version in the parenthetical citation. For example:

(Bajatierra, Cronícas 14)

If the author’s name appears in the text, include only the title (and page number if

necessary) in the parenthetical reference.

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Citing works by authors with the same surname

When citing works by different authors with the same surname, their first initials must

be used to distinguish between them, even if the years of publication are different. For

example:

(R. Carr; E. H. Carr)

Citing quotations

In shorter quotations, the author’s name should precede the quotation, and the page

number should be listed at the end. For example:

Orsini argues that ‘it is important to learn how to reference correctly’ (78).

Quotations that extend for more than four lines when they are run into the text should

be formatted as block quotations. The citation can be formatted in a manner similar to

the above, with the closing punctuation for the block quotation appearing before the

page number. For example:

Pérez Collado explained the following:

The group that went, we went as a man. We went, not as soldiers, because

we did not consider ourselves to be soldiers, but as a group. And I tell you,

there were ten of us, as we considered that there were ten of us, nine men

and a woman! (p. 57)

Footnotes

Two kinds of footnotes may be used in MLA:

Content notes provide comment, explanation or information that the text cannot accommodate. They should only be used if they provide essential justification or clarification of what you have written, for example, to give full publication facts for an original source for which you have cited a secondary source or to explain why you worked from secondary material.

Bibliographic notes are used for references containing several sources or for evaluative comments on sources.

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In-text citations: Examples

Standard Citations As part of the sentence In parentheses

1 author Gellhorn argued that … (14) (Gellhorn 14)

2–3 authors Radosh, Habeck and Sevostianov’s work asserts that … (Radosh, Habeck and Sevostianov 2–3)

4+ authors Casanova et al.

As Casanova, Moreno, Solé I Sabaté and Villarroya explain…

(Casanova et al.)

(Casanova, Moreno, Solé I Sabaté and Villarroya)

Organisation The European Institute of Social Security ... (42) (Eur. Inst. of Social Security 42)c

Special citations As part of the sentence In parentheses

No known author or editor In Roman Catholicism in Spain … (63) (Roman Catholicism 63)b

Newspaper article, no author

In ‘A Girl of the Spanish People: A Story from the Special Correspondent of Woman To-day’ …. (6)…

(‘Girl’ 6)1

Two or more works by the same author

Freud notes in Ego that … (14)

Freud explains … (Totem 23)

(Freud, Ego 14)d (Freud, Totem 23)

Website with no author ‘Guernica’ (‘Guernica’)

Classical works As seen in Wollstonecraft, … (185; ch 13, sec. 2) (Wollstonecraft 185; ch 13, sec. 2)a

(Bible, Ezek. 1.5–10)

(line 11)

United Nations resolution/report

United Nations Security Council (United Nations, Security Council)

Secondary sources Vilar … (qtd. in Shubert 2) (Vilar qtd. in Shubert 2)

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Authors with the same surname

E. H. Carr famously said… (R. Carr; E. H. Carr)

Film or documentary Last Train (Last Train)

Australian Bureau of Statistics statistics

Australian House of Representatives (Australia, House of Representatives )

Notes: a If you are citing a commonly studied prose work that is available in several editions, add the chapter number or any other identifying

information you can. In citing commonly studied verse plays and poems, omit page numbers and cite by division (act, scene, canto, book, part)

and line) separated by full stops. If you are citing only line numbers, use the word ‘line’ or ‘lines’ for the first citation only. For unpaginated

sources, use the chapter number or similar designation. b The full title (if brief) or a shortened version is used unless the title appears in your text. c It is better to use a long name in the text, but if you give the name in a parenthetical citation, shorten terms that are commonly abbreviated. d If

an author has multiple publications in the list of works cited, include the title (if brief) or a shortened version in the parenthetical citation.

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APA Quick Reference and Citation Guide


Reference list: General notes

Format

Use the title ‘Works Cited List’, rather than ‘References’ or ‘Bibliography’, and centre it above

the list.

The list should be double spaced and unjustified at the right margin, with a hanging indent

of 1.27 cm. There should not be a line space between entries. For example:

Hogan, James P, dir. 1937). The Last Train from Madrid. Ashfault’s Classic Movies, 2008.

DVD.

Low, Mary, and Juan Breà. Red Spanish Notebook: The First Six Months of the Revolution

and the Civil War. London: Purnell, 1937. Print.

Radosh, Ronald, Mary R. Habeck and Grigory Sevostianov, G. Spain Betrayed: The Soviet

Union in the Spanish Civil War. New Haven: Yale UP, 2001. Print.

Capitalisation

For all titles in the works cited list, capitalise the first word, the last word and all principal

words, including those that follow hyphens in compound terms. Principal words include

nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and subordinating conjunctions (after,

although, as if, as soon as, because, before, if, that, unless, until, when, where, while). When

they fall in the middle of a title, do not capitalise articles (a, an, the), prepositions (e.g.,

against, as, between, in, of, to), coordinating conjunctions (and, but, for, nor, or, so, yet) or

the ‘to’ in infinitives.

When capitalising titles in languages other than English, follow the specific capitalisation

rules of that language.

Order of entries

Works cited must be ordered alphabetically.

To cite two or more works by the same author, give the name in the first entry only. After

that, use three hyphens followed by a full stop and the title of the work. The works listed

under the same name are alphabetised by title. If the person named edited, translated or

compiled the work, place a comma after the three hyphens and include the appropriate

abbreviation (ed., trans. or comp.).

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Preston, Paul. Juan Carlos: A People’s King. London: HarperCollins, 2004. Print.

---. Juan Carlos: Steering Spain from Dictatorship to Democracy. London: Norton, 2004.

Print.

If two or more entries cite co-authors that have the same name, alphabetise by the last

names of the second authors listed.

If the author’s name is unknown, alphabetise by title, ignoring any initial ‘A’, ‘An’ or ‘The’.

Subdivisions

If you wish, your list of works cited may be subdivided into primary and secondary sources,

or into different research media or genres, or it may be arranged by subject matter, period

or area.

Authors’ names

Give the author’s name exactly as it appears in the publication (for a book, refer to the title

page; for a journal article, refer to the beginning or end of the article) but reverse it for

alphabetising and add a comma after the last name. Only use initials for the first name if the

publication uses initials. For works with multiple authors, reverse only the first author’s name,

then add a comma and present the other names in normal order.

Radosh, Ronald, Mary R. Habeck and Grigory Sevostianov. Spain Betrayed: The Soviet


When an author is an organisation, omit any initial article and do not abbreviate its name.

United Nations Security Council. 49th Sess. The Spanish Question. Res 1946/7. 26 June

1946. United Nations. Web. 28 Oct. 2012.

Place of publication

If several cities are named, give only the first. It is not necessary to identify a state, province

or country after the city name.

Publisher’s name

You only need to give enough information about a publisher to enable readers to find the full

name of the publisher themselves. Use shortened forms that omit articles (A, An, The),

business abbreviations (Co., Corp., Inc., Ltd.) and descriptive words (Books, House, Press,

Publishers). If it includes the name of one person (e.g. W.W. Norton or John Wiley), cite the

surname only (Norton, Wiley). If it includes the names of more than one person (e.g.

McGraw-Hill), cite only the first surname (McGraw). Use standard abbreviations (Acad.,

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Assn., Soc., UP) wherever possible. If a publisher’s name is commonly abbreviated as an

initialism that is likely to be familiar to your readers (e.g. MLA), use the initialism.

Other kinds of source lists

The ‘Works Cited List’ contains all the sources that you cited in your text. Titles for other

kinds of source list include:

‘Annotated Bibliography’ or ‘Annotated List of Works Cited’ for a list that contains descriptive or evaluative comments on the sources

‘Works Consulted’ for a list that is not confined to the works cited in the document

‘Selected Bibliography’, ‘Selected List of Works Consulted’ or ‘Suggestions for Further Reading’ for a list that suggests readings.

Reference list: Examples

Periodicals

Follow the same citation rules for journal articles by two or three authors, and four or more

authors, as you would for books by these numbers of authors.

Journal article, in print

Ackelsberg, Martha A. ‘“Separate and equal?” Mujeres libres and Anarchist Strategy for

Women’s Emancipation’. Feminist Studies 11.1 (1985): 63–85. Print

Journal article, in print, accessed online

Jackson, Gabriel. ‘Multiple Historic Meanings of the Spanish Civil War’. Science & Society

68.3 (2004), 272–276. JSTOR. Web. 5 May 2011.

Jackson, Gabriel. ‘Multiple Historic Meanings of the Spanish Civil War’. Science & Society

68.3 (2004), 272–276. JSTOR. Web. 5 May 2011. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/40404187>.

Note: Do not include the URL unless the reader would not be able to locate it otherwise or

your instructor requires it.

Reviews and abstracts

Tremlett, Giles. Rev. of The Spanish Holocaust, by Paul Preston. The Guardian, 9 Mar.

2012: 33. Print.

Jackson, Gabriel. Multiple Historic Meanings of the Spanish Civil War. Science & Society

68.3 (2004), 272–276. Abstract. Print.

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Note: If you have retrieved the abstract online, omit ‘Print’ and add the name of the website

in italics, the medium of publication (‘Web.’) and the date accessed.

Newspaper article, in print

Rello, Mateo. ‘Concha Pérez and Anarchy’. Solidaridad Obrera 17 July 2006: xx. Print.

Notes: Do not include articles (a, an, the) before the names of English-language

newspapers but do retain them before non-English-language newspapers.

Abbreviate the names of all months except May, June and July.

Do not give the volume and issue numbers.

If an edition is named on the masthead, add a comma after the date and specify the edition

(e.g. ‘natl. ed.’, ‘late ed.’).

If a section is paginated separately and given a section number or letter, but it is not part of

the page number, put a comma after the date and add the abbreviation ‘sec.’, the letter or

number, a colon and the page number (‘sec. 11: 1.’).

If an article is not printed on consecutive pages, write only the first page number and a plus

sign (‘6+’).

Newspaper article, online only

James, Steve. ‘Let the People Truly Speak’. Yorkshire Times. Yorkshire Times, 11 June

2012. Web. 20 June 2012.

Notes: Include both the title of the newspaper and the publisher, even if they are the same.

Include the access date.

Books Book, one author

Gellhorn, Martha. The Face of War. London: Rupert Hart-Davis, 1959. Print.

Note: Apart from reversing the order, the author’s name appears exactly as it does on the

title page.

Book, two or three authors

Low, Mary, and Juan Breà. Red Spanish Notebook: The First Six Months of the Revolution

and the Civil War. London: Purnell, 1937. Print.

Radosh, Ronald, Mary R. Habeck and Grigory Sevostianov. Spain Betrayed: The Soviet


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http://yorkshiretimes.co.uk/article/Let-the-People-Truly-Speak



Book, four or more authors

EITHER

Casanova, Julían, et al. Victimas de la guerra civil. Madrid: Temas de Hoy, 1999. Print.

OR

Casanova, Julían, Francisco Moreno, Juliá Santos, Josep Maria Solé I Sabaté and Joan

Villarroya. Victimas de la guerra civil. Madrid: Temas de Hoy, 1999. Print.

Book, editor or editors in place of an author

Acier, Marcel, ed. From Spanish Trenches: Recent Letters from Spain. London: Cresset,

1939. Print.

Fyrth, Jim, and Sally Alexander, eds. Women’s Voices from the Spanish Civil War. London:

Lawrence, 1991. Print.

Book, edition other than the first

Orwell, George. (1954). Homage to Catalonia. 6th ed. London: Secker & Warburg, 1954.

Print.

Hemingway, Ernest. For Whom the Bell Tolls. Rev. ed. London: Arrow, 2004. Print.

Note: Identify the edition by number (2nd ed., 3rd ed., 4th ed.), by name (Rev. ed. for

‘Revised edition’; Abr. ed., for ‘Abridged edition’, or by year (2008 ed.)—whichever the title

page indicates.

Book, republished

Hemingway, Ernest. For Whom the Bell Tolls. 1940. London: Arrow, 2004. Print.

Note: Include the original publication date before the publication information for the book

you are citing.

Chapter in edited book

Shawcross, Edith. ‘The Hand that Rocks the Cradle’. Would I Fight? Ed. Keith Briant and

Lyall Wilkes. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1938. 81–102. Print.

One volume in multi-volume work

Alexander, Robert J. The Anarchists in the Spanish Civil War. Vol. 1. London: Janus, 1999.

Print.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juli%C3%A1n_Casanova_Ruiz



Book, no known author or editor

Roman Catholicism in Spain. Edinburgh: Johnstone, 1855. Print.

Book by an organisation

European Institute of Social Security. Yearbook of the European Institute of Social Security

1974–1977. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1979. Print.

Note: Omit any initial article (A, An, The) and do not abbreviate the name.

Book, author as publisher

Spanish Ex-Servicemen’s Association. Franco’s Prisoners Speak. London: Spanish Ex-

Servicemen’s Association, 1960. Print.

Book, translator in addition to author/editor

Laplace, Pierre Simon de. A Philosophical Essay on Probabilities. Trans. F. W. Truscott

and F. L. Emory. New York: Dover, 1951. Print.

Truscott, F. W. and F. L. Emory, trans. A Philosophical Essay on Probabilities. By Pierre

Simon de Laplace. New York: Dover, 1951. Print.

Laplace, Pierre Simon de. A Philosophical Essay on Probabilities. Trans. F. W. Truscott

and F. L. Emory. New York: Dover, 1951. Print. Trans. of Théorie analytique des

probabilités. Paris: Ve. Courcier, 1814.

Note: State the author’s name first if you refer primarily to the work itself. If your citations

are mostly to the translator’s comments or choice of wording, begin the entry with the

translator’s name. Although not required, some or all of the original publication facts may be

added.

Foreign-language book

Casanova, Julían, Francisco Moreno, Juliá Santos, Josep Maria Solé Sabaté and Joan

Villarroya. Victimas de la guerra civil [Victims of the Civil War]. Madrid: Temas de Hoy.

1999. Print.

Notes: Always cite the English translation of a work if the translated version, rather than the

original version, is the one you have used.

A translated title can be added in brackets if it seems necessary.

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Electronic book (e-book)

Shubert, Adrian. A Social History of Modern Spain. Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1990, Google

Book Search. Web. 15 May 2012.

Note: If you are citing an electronic-only book (as opposed to the electronic version of a

print book, as in the above example), omit the print publication information and include the

publisher or sponsor of the site (if unknown, use ‘n.p.’) and date of publication online

(unknown, use ‘n.d.’).

Book, no date of publication

Kollontai, Alexandra. The Workers Opposition. London: Solidarity, n.d. Print.

Kollontai, Alexandra. The Workers Opposition. London: Solidarity, [1978?]. Print.

Kollontai, Alexandra. The Workers Opposition. London: Solidarity, [c. 1978]. Print.

Note: If the book does not indicate the date, supply it if you can, using square brackets to

show that it did not come from the source. If you are uncertain about the accuracy of the

date, add a question mark. If the date can only be approximated, add a question mark.

Classical works (including scholarly editions, commonly studied works and scripture)

Wollstonecraft, Mary. A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. Ed. Carol H. Poston. New

York: Norton, 1975. Print.

Poston, Carol H., ed. A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. By Mary Wollstonecraft. New

York: Norton, 1975. Print.

The Bible. Introd. and notes by Robert Carroll and Stephen Prickett. Oxford: Oxford UP,

1998. Print. Oxford World’s Classics. Authorised King James Vers.

Notes: If your citations generally refer to the text itself, give the author’s name first. If your

citations are generally to the work of the editor, give the editor’s name first.

If the edition is based on a named version of the text, such as in The Bible example above,

the name of the version can be added at the end.

The name of the publisher is not required for books published before 1900.

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Forthcoming publication

Seidman, Michael. ‘The Victorious Counterrevolution: The Nationalist Effort in the Spanish

Civil War’. 4 Oct. 2012. TS.

Seidman, Michael. ‘The Victorious Counterrevolution: The Nationalist Effort in the Spanish

Civil War’. 21 Nov. 2012. Page Proofs.

Note: Any entry in the works cited list must reflect the status of the source you read. Any

background information about future publication would only be given in an annotated

bibliography (see Other Kinds of Source Lists for these guidelines.

Secondary citation

Shubert, A. A Social History of Modern Spain. London: Unwin Hyman, 1990. Print.

Encyclopaedias and dictionaries Encyclopaedias and dictionaries

Rodgers, Eamonn, ed. Encyclopaedia of Contemporary Spanish Culture. London:

Routledge, 1999. Print.

Notes: Indicate the relevant edition number, if there is one, after the editor’s name.

When citing widely used reference books, especially those that frequently appear in new

editions, do not give the place of publication and the publisher. Indicate the edition after the

title (‘62nd ed. 2008.’, ‘2004 ed.’)

Encyclopaedias and dictionaries, individual entries

O’Donnell, Hugh. ‘ABC’. In E. Rodgers (Ed.), Encyclopaedia of Contemporary Spanish

Culture. Ed. Eamonn Rodgers. London: Routledge, 1999.

Online encyclopaedia

‘Spanish Civil War’. Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 28 Feb. 2013. Web. 1 Mar 2013.

Note: If there is no website date or date of last update, replace the date with ‘n.d.’.

Websites

Nelson, Cary. ‘The Spanish Civil War: An Overview’. Modern American Poetry. University

of Illinois, 2001. Web. 8 May 2003.

Note: If no date is available, use ‘n.d.’.

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Technical and research reports

Human Rights Watch. The Human Rights Watch Global Report on Women’s Human

Rights. New York: Human Rights Watch, 1995. Print.

Human Rights Watch. The Human Rights Watch Global Report on Women’s Human

Rights. Human Rights Watch, 1 Aug. 1995. Web. 8 May 2007.

Note: When a report is in print form, indicate the location and publisher after the title as you

would for a book. When a published report is retrieved online, indicate the publisher, the

date of publication, the medium of publication and the date accessed.

Working papers

Balcells, Laia. (2012). ‘Violence and Displacement in Civil War: Evidence from the Spanish

Civil War (1936–1939)’. Barcelona GSE Working Paper Series 603. Barcelona: Barcelona

Graduate School of Economics, 2012. Print.

Meetings and symposia Published conference proceedings

Frank, Willard C. ‘The Soviet Navy and the Spanish Civil War’. Proceedings of the Citadel

Conference on War and Diplomacy, December 2–4 1975. Ed. David H. White. Charleston:

The Citadel, 1976. 67–73. Print.

Note: Treat like a book, but add pertinent information about the conference (unless the book

title includes such information).

Unpublished conference paper

Serrano, Inmaculada. ‘Return after Violence: Rationality and Emotions in the Aftermath of

Violent Conflict’. IV Graduate Conference of the Center for Advanced Studies in Social

Sciences. Instituto Juan March, Madrid. 17–18 June 2010. Presentation.

Theses and dissertations Thesis or dissertation, published

Archibald, David. ‘The Spanish Civil War in Cinema’. PhD thesis. U of Glasgow, 2004.

Glasgow Theses Service. Web. 12 Mar. 2007.

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Note: Cite a thesis that has been published in print as you would a book, but add pertinent

thesis information before the publication facts.

Thesis or dissertation, unpublished

Phipps, Kelly. ‘Gender and the Language of Struggle: Republican Representations of

Women in the Spanish Civil War’. Honours thesis. Brown University, 2003. Print.

Audiovisual media Podcast

Wadhams, Steve, prod. ‘Voices of Canadian Veterans of the Spanish Civil War’. As It

Happens. CBC Radio, 9 Nov. 2012. Web. 13 Nov. 2012.

Note: The person cited first depends on the emphasis desired.

Television broadcast

‘Battleground for Idealists’. The Spanish Civil War. Prod. John Blake, David Hart, David

Kemp and Steve Morrison. Granada. 1983. Television.

The Spanish Civil War. Prod. John Blake, David Hart, David Kemp and Steve Morrison.

Granada. 1983. Television.

Blake, John, dir. The Spanish Civil War. Prod. John Blake, David Hart, David Kemp and

Steve Morrison. Granada. 1983. Television.

Notes: If your reference is primarily to an episode, start your entry with the name of the

episode. If your reference is primarily to the full series, start with the series title. If your

reference is primarily to the work of a particular individual, cite that person’s name before

the title.

Any other pertinent information, such as performers, narrators, number of episodes, may be

included. Information relating to a particular episode follows the title of the episode.

Information pertinent to a series follows the title of the series.

Film or documentary

The Last Train from Madrid. Dir. James P. Hogan. Paramount, 1937. Film.

Notes: If your reference is primarily to the work of a particular individual, cite that person’s

name before the title.

You may include other data that seem pertinent, such as the names of the screenwriters,

performer and producer, between the title and the distributor.

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Radio programme

Bragg, Melvynn, host. ‘The Spanish Civil War’. In Our Time. BBC Radio 4. 3 Apr. 2003.

Radio.

Notes: If your reference is primarily to an episode, start your entry with the name of the

episode. If your reference is primarily to the full series, start with the series title. If your

reference is primarily to the work of a particular individual, cite that person’s name before

the title.

Any other pertinent information, such as performers, narrators, number of episodes, may be

included. Information relating to a particular episode follows the title of the episode.

Information pertinent to a series follows the title of the series.

Online video

Blake, John, David Hart, David Kemp and Steve Morrison, prod. ‘The Spanish Civil War—

Episode 01: Prelude to Tragedy’. Watch Documentary. 21 Dec. 2010. Web. 1 Jan. 2012.

Note: If the work also appeared in another medium, you may also include that information.

Begin the entry with the relevant facts about the original source followed by the title of the

website (italicised), the medium (Web) and the date of access.

Blog posts and internet message boards Blog

Fogarty, Mignon. Grammar Girl. Grammar Girl. Web. 15 Oct. 2015.

Blog post

Fogarty, Mignon. ‘Fictitious? Fictional? What’s the difference’, Grammar Girl. Grammar Girl,

31 Aug. 2015. Web. 15 Oct. 2015

Legal and public documents

In general, if you do not know the name of the author, cite the name of the government (e.g.

Australia), followed by the name of the agency, using an abbreviation if the context makes

it clear (e.g. Dept.). Do not use initialisms or acronyms.

It is preferable to include a long name in the text.

When giving the name within parentheses, shorten terms that are commonly abbreviated

(e.g. Natl., Inst.).

United Nations report

United Nations. Women. Progress of the World’s Women: In Pursuit of Justice. New York:

United Nations Women, 2011.

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United Nations resolution

United Nations. Security Council. 49th Sess. The Spanish Question. Res 1946/7. 26 June

1946. United Nations. Web. 28 Oct. 2012.

Australian Bureau of Statistics statistics

Australia. Bureau of Statistics. Women’s Safety Australia, no. 4128.0, Canberra: Australian

Bureau of Statistics, 1996. Web. 24 May 2008.

Parliamentary debates

Australia. House of Representatives. Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). HR 4. 15 Mar.

2012. 3142. Print.

Royal Commission, Inquest or Inquiry

Canada. Royal Commission on the Status of Women. Report of the Royal Commission of

the Status of Women in Canada. Ottawa: Royal Commission on the Status of Women,

1970. Print.

Australia. Human Rights Commission. Inquiry into the Equal Opportunity for Women in the

Workplace Act 1999 and Equal Opportunity for Women in the Workplace Agency.

Canberra: Australian Human Rights Commission, 2009. Print.

Legislation (Act)

Parliament (Qualification of Women) Act. Legislative Council and Legislative Assembly of

Western Australia. 1920. Print.

Note: Do not italicise or enclose in quotation marks the titles of laws, acts or similar in the

text or in the list of works cited.

Legislation (Bill)

Equal Opportunity for Women in the Workplace Amendment (Cth) Bill. 1st Reading.

Parliament of Australia, 2012. Web. 13 Feb. 2013.

Miscellaneous Personal communication

Morris, Heather. Personal interview, 18 Apr. 2015.

https://editex.com/



Unpublished data

Orsini, Maisie. Editor Instruction Manual. 2015. TS. Editex, Adelaide.

Note: The title or description of unpublished material is italicised. The abbreviation ‘TS’ is

used for work prepared by machine. ‘MS’ is used for a work prepared by hand.

Magazine

Pingree, Geoff. ‘What Spain Sees in Robert Capa’s Civil War Photo’. Time. Time, 25 July

2009. Web. 27 July 2009.

Pingree, Geoff. ‘What Spain Sees in Robert Capa’s Civil War Photo’. Time 25 July 2009:

20. Print.

Pamphlet

Women Before the Revolution. Barcelona: Publications of the Feminist Secretariat of the

POUM, 1937. Print.

Lecture, lecture notes, study guide or course materials

Preston, Paul. ‘The Spanish Holocaust: Hate and Extermination in the Spanish Civil War’.

Swansea University. 12 July 2011. Lecture.

Feldmeth, Greg D. ‘Key Events and Battles: Spanish-American War’. My History Class, 31

March 1998. Web. 8 May 1999.

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APA QUICK REFERENCE AND CITATION GUIDE

Overview .................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

In-text citations: General notes ................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Placement of in-text references ........................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Providing page numbers .................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Citing multiple sources ..................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Secondary citations .......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Citing works by the same author in the same year ........... Error! Bookmark not defined. Citing works by authors with the same surname .............. Error! Bookmark not defined. Citing quotations............................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Footnotes ......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

In-text citations: Examples .......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Reference list: General notes ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Format .............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Capitalisation .................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Order of entries ................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Authors’ names ................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Abbreviations ................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Place of publication .......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Reference list: Examples ............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Periodicals ........................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Books ............................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Websites .......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Technical and research reports ........................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Meetings and symposia .................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Theses or dissertations .................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Reviews and peer commentary ........................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Audiovisual media ............................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Datasets, software and apparatus .................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Blog posts/internet message boards ................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Legal and public documents ............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Miscellaneous .................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

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Overview

APA is one of the styles most commonly used by universities. It is widely used in the

humanities, social sciences, health and science disciplines. Please note that British/

Australian English punctuation is used throughout this guide. The rules for punctuation in

American English are slightly different. Many non-American universities, but certainly not all,

prefer that you adapt American referencing styles to adhere to British/Australian rules of

punctuation. If you are not sure what your university or department prefers, ask your tutor

or supervisor.

Referencing correctly according to a particular style (whether that be APA, MLA, IEEE or

any other style) involves presenting the publication information required exactly in the way

proscribed by the style. This means knowing which publication information is required, how

and where it should appear in the reference, what punctuation is necessary and where this

should be placed.

Thus, when formatting your references/in-text citations to a particular style and reviewing

example references/in-text citations, pay close attention to the order of information, how

each detail is displayed, and the punctuation used and where this is placed (i.e., whether

publication titles should be placed within quotation marks [if so, are they single ‘ ’ or double

“ ”?], italicised, have a capital letter for all the main words in the title or just the initial word,

and so forth).



An in-text reference with the year must always come immediately after the author’s surname.

When the author’s surname is mentioned as part of a sentence, the year will appear in

parentheses immediately after the name. For example:

Orsini (2009) argues that ‘it is important to learn how to reference correctly’ (p. 78).

When the author’s name is not mentioned in the sentence, the in-text reference will appear

at the end. For example:

The Director of Editex argues that correct references are important (Orsini, 2009, p. 78).


Page numbers should be provided for direct quotations and when paraphrasing or referring

to an idea in another work.

The page number for a direct quotation is contained within a separate in-text reference

immediately after the direct quotation if the author’s name is mentioned in the sentence. For

example:


https://editex.com/



If the author’s name has not been mentioned, it would look like this:

The Director of Editex argues that ‘it is important to learn how to reference correctly’ (Orsini,

2009, p. 78).

If the author’s name is mentioned but their ideas are paraphrased rather than quoted

directly, the page number is included with the publication year, like this:

Orsini (2009, p. 78) argued that correct referencing is important.




(Jackson, 2004; Tremlett, 2012)

When referring to multiple works by the same author, the sources should be separated with

a comma. For example:

(Hogan, 2005, 2006)

Secondary citations

Secondary sources should only be used when the original source is not freely available (for

example, not available in English or out of print). The original text should be cited as follows:

Watkin Tench (as cited in Smith, 1985)

Citing works by the same author in the same year

Where an author has multiple publications in the same year, a letter must be attributed to

each reference both in the reference list and in the in-text citation. For example:

Preston (2004a, 2004b)

Label the sources in alphabetical order by source title.


When citing works by different authors with the same surname, their first initials must be

used to distinguish between them, even if the years of publication are different. For example:

(R. Carr, 1982; E. H. Carr, 1984)

If there are two sources by three authors published in the same year and the names of the

first two authors are the same—for example, Orsini, Hawton and Sachdev 2010 and Orsini,

Anuwong and Brown 2010—give all three names in every in-text citation rather than using

‘et al.’ as you would for all subsequent citations of a source by three or more authors.

If there are two sources by more than three authors with the same names published in the

same year—for example, Orsini, Hawton, Anuwong, Sachdev and Brown 2010 and Orsini,

Hawton, Smith and Silver 2010—cite the names of the first authors and as many subsequent

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names as necessary in every in-text citation to differentiate between the two sources,

followed by ‘et al.’. For example: Orsini, Hawton, Sachdev et al. 2010 and Orsini, Hawton,

Smith et al. 2010.

Citing quotations

In shorter quotations, the author’s name and year of publication should precede the

quotation, and the page number should be listed at the end. For example:


Quotations of 40 words or more should be formatted as block quotations. The citation can

be formatted in a similar manner as above, with the closing punctuation for the block

quotation appearing before the page number. For example:

Pérez Collado (2005) explained the following:

The group that went, we went as a man. We went, not as soldiers, because we did

not consider ourselves to be soldiers, but as a group. And I tell you, there were ten

of us, as we considered that there were ten of us, nine men and a woman! (p. 57)

Footnotes

Footnotes are only used in APA for supplementary information, or information that augments

or further explains a point or concept mentioned in the body of your work. Footnotes should

be brief and encapsulate just one idea—if the information given in a footnote is lengthy or

complex, it is best included in an appendix instead.

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Standard citations As part of a sentence In brackets

First citation Subsequent citations First citation Subsequent citations

1 author Walker (2015) Walker (2015) (Walker, 2015) (Walker, 2015)

2 authors Bradley and Walker (2015) Bradley and Walker (2015) (Bradley & Walker, 2015) (Bradley & Walker, 2015)

3–5 authors Walsh, Bradley, Soo, Ramirez and Walker (2015)

Walsh et al. (2015) (Walsh, Bradley, Soo, Ramirez & Walker, 2015)

(Walsh et al., 2015)

6+ authors Soo et al. (2015) Soo et al. (2015) (Soo et al., 2015) (Soo et al., 2015)

Groups, with abbreviation

Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS, 2015)

ABS (2015) (Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS], 2015)a

(ABS, 2015)

Groups, no abbreviation

University of South Australia (2015) University of South Australia (2015) (University of South Australia, 2015) (University of South Australia, 2015)

Special citations As part of a sentence In brackets As part of a sentence In brackets


Zhou (2014, 2015) and Soo et al. (2015a, 2015c)

(Soo et al., 2015a, 2015c; Zhou, 2014, 2015)

Citing in parenthetical material

The complete data can be seen in Table 2 of ABS (2010a)

(see Table 2 of ABS, 2010a, for complete data)


A. Walker (2005) and K. Walker (2010)

(A. Walker, 2005; K. Walker, 2010)

Citing specific parts of works

Soo et al. (2015a, p. 45) and Walsh et al. (2015, Table 2, p. 16)

Soo et al. (2015a, p. 45, pp. 102–105) and ABS (2015, para. 16)b

Secondary sources

Rutherford (1952, as cited in Zhou, 2015)

(Rutherford, 1952, as cited as in Zhou, 2015)

Personal communication

T. Burke (personal communication, April 17, 2013)

(T. Burke, personal communication, April 17, 2013)

Legislation (Act) s. 2 of the Parliament (Qualification of Women) Act 1920 states that …

* Always give Act names in full in the body of your work.


Parliamentary debates (2012) (Parliamentary debates, 2012)

Notes: a In APA, when inserting further bracketed text (e.g. ‘ABS’) inside rounded brackets (), use square brackets []; b ‘para.’ can be used instead of ‘p.’ for online sources that do not have page numbers (see Section 6.05 of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th ed, for further details).

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Format

APA format requires double line spacing and a hanging indent of 1.27 cm. There should not

be a line space between entries. For example:

Hogan, J. P. (director). (1937). The last train from Madrid. Etna, Ohio: Ashfault’s Classic

Movies, 2008. DVD. 85 mins.

Low, M. & Breà, J. (1937). Red Spanish notebook: The first six months of the Revolution and

the Civil War. London: Purnell and Sons.

Radosh, R., Habeck, M. & Sevostianov, G. (2001). Spain betrayed: The Soviet Union in the

Spanish Civil War. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Capitalisation

In the reference list, use sentence case (e.g. The last train from Madrid) for all titles except

journals, which should appear in title case (e.g. Feminist Studies). Always capitalise proper

nouns (e.g. Spain or the Civil War), all words longer than four letters and the first word after

a colon (e.g. Red Spanish notebook: The first six months of the Revolution and the Civil

War).

Order of entries

References must be ordered alphabetically. Within this, multiple publications by the same

author should be ordered chronologically. For example:

Preston, P. (2004a). Juan Carlos: A people’s king. London, United Kingdom: HarperCollins.

Preston, P. (2004b). Juan Carlos: Steering Spain from dictatorship to democracy. London,

United Kingdom: W. W. Norton & Co.

Multiple works by the same author published in different years should be ordered

alphabetically by title. For example:

Preston, P. (2012). The Spanish holocaust. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Co.

Preston, P. (2008). We saw Spain die: Foreign correspondents in the Spanish Civil War.

London, United Kingdom: Constable and Robinson.

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Authors’ names

All authors’ surnames should be listed first, followed by their initials. First names are not

required. In addition, full stops are required after initials, with a space between each letter,

and an ampersand should be used between the second last and last names. For example:

Radosh, R., Habeck, M. R. & Sevostianov, G. (2001). Spain betrayed: The Soviet Union in the

Spanish Civil War. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

When an author is an organisation that is commonly known by an acronym, such as the

United Nations (UN), define the acronym in the first citation (if it has not already been defined

in the body text); always define the acronym in the reference list entry, even if it has been

defined in the body text. For example:

United Nations Security Council (UNSC). (26 June 1946). The Spanish question (S/RES/7

[1946]). Retrieved from http://www.un.org/documents/sc/res/ 1946/scres46.htm

For the first citation if the organisation acronym has not already been defined in the body

text, define the acronym in the citation. For example:

(United Nations Security Council (UNSC), 1946)

For subsequent citations after the acronym has been defined, cite the work using the

acronym. For example:

(UNSC, 1946)

Abbreviations

Standard abbreviations can appear as abbreviations in the reference list:

ed. edition

Rev. ed. Revised edition

2nd ed. second edition

Ed. (Eds.) Editor (Editors)

Trans. Translator(s)

n.d. no date

p. (pp.) page (pages)

Vol. Volume

Vols. Volumes

No. Number

Pt. Part

Tech. Rep. Technical Report

Suppl. Supplement (American Psychological Association, 2010, p. 180)

The above list is taken directly from the sixth edition of the Publication Manual of the

American Psychological Association (2010, p. 180).

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Place of publication State names do not need to be spelled out; for example, NSW can be used rather than New South

Wales. Always give the city and state/province for the US, Canada and Australia, and indicate the

city and country for all other locations; for example, Berlin, Germany. Write out ‘United Kingdom’ in

full rather than using ‘UK’ or ‘England’ (or another United Kingdom country).


Periodicals Journal article, with doi

Amabile, T. M., Hill, K. G., Hennessey, B. A. & Tighe, E. M. (1994). The work preference

inventory: Assessing intrinsic and extrinsic motivational orientations. Journal of

Personality and Social Psychology, 66(5), 950–967. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.66.5.950

Journal article, with non-English title, no doi

Argyris, C. (1973). Kepribadian dan organisasi teori ditinjau [Personality and organization

theory revisited]. Administrative Science Quarterly, 18, 141–167.


Gibbons, H. S. & Wentworth, G. P. (in press). Andrological and pedagogical training

differences for online instructors. Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration.

Retrieved from http://www.westga.edu/~distance/ojdla/fall43/gibbons_

wentworth43.html

Journal, special issue

Haney, C. & Wiener, R. L. (Eds). (2004). Capital punishment in the United States [Special

issue]. Psychology, Public Policy, and the Law, 10(4).

Ganster, D. C., Schaubroeck, J., Sime, W. E. & Maynes, B. S. (1991). The nomological validity

of the Type A personality among employed adults [Monograph]. Journal of Applied

Psychology, 76, 143–168. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.76.1.143

Newspaper article, retrieved online

Gardner, N. (2011, 13 June). Rates to trigger recession—cost of living crunch—get our power

bills down. Sunday Telegraph. Retrieved from

http://global.factiva.com.ezproxy.uow.edu.au/ha/default.aspx

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Newsletter article, no author

Six sites meet for comprehensive anti-gang initiate conference. (2006, November/December).

OJJDP News @ a Glance. Retrieved from http://www.ncjrs.gov/htm/ojjdp/news_at_a_

glance/216684/topstory.html

Books Book, second edition (2nd ed.)

Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsade,

NJ: Erlbaum.

Book, electronic version of a print book

Griffin, E. (2000). A first look at communication theory [Adobe Digital Editions version]. Boston,

MA: McGraw-Hill.

Electronic-only book, no date of publication

O’Keefe, E. (n.d.). Egoism & the crisis in Western values. Retrieved from

http://www.onlineoriginals.com/showitem.asp?itemID=135

Electronic version of a republished book, with translator

Freud, S. (1953). The method of interpreting dreams: An analysis of a specimen dream. In J.

Strachey (Ed. & Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of

Sigmund Freud (Vol. 4, pp. 96–121). Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books

(Original work published 1900).

Chapter in book—one editor (Ed.)

Emmons, R. A. (1989). The personal strivings approach to personality. In L. A. Pervin (Ed.),

Goal concepts in personality and social psychology. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Chapter in book—multiple editors (Eds)

Baard, P. (2002). Intrinsic need satisfaction in organizations: A motivational basis of success

in for-profit and not-for-profit settings. In R. Deci & E. Ryan (Eds), Handbook of self-

determination research (pp. 3–33). New York: The University of Rochester Press.

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Chapter in multi-volume book (Vol. 6, pp. 191–233)

Daft, R. L. & Lengel, R. H. (1984). Information richness: A new approach to managerial

behavior and organization design. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in

organizational behavior (Vol. 6, pp. 191–233). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

Entry in an online reference work

Graham, G. (2005). Behaviorism. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy

(Fall 2007 ed). Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/behavorism

Entry in an online reference work, no author, no date

Heuristic. (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary (11th ed.). Retrieved from

http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/heuristic

Reference book

VandenBos, G. R. (Ed.). (2007). APA dictionary of psychology. Washington, DC: American

Psychological Association.

Websites Law Society of NSW. (2003). Statistics. Retrieved from http://www.lawsociety.com.au/idc/

groups/public/documents/internetcontent/02609.pdf

Technical and research reports Beaton Consulting Pty Ltd. (2007). Annual professions study 2007 (Research Report No.

06.3). South Yarra, Vic.: Beaton Consulting.

Meetings and symposia Conference paper, published online

Akinyemi, A. (2003). Web-based learning and cultural interference: Perspectives of Arab

students. Paper presented at the Sixteenth Conference on E-Learning in Corporate,

Government, Healthcare, and Higher Education, Miami, FL. Retrieved from

http://www.editlib.org/p/12239

Proceedings, published in book form

Al-Jarf, R. (2007). Cultural issues in online collaborative instruction in EFL classrooms. In

Proceedings of the Third International Online Conference on Second and Foreign

Language Teaching and Research, 105, 1252–1312.

https://editex.com/



Theses or dissertations Abouhaseira, M. (1998). Education, political development, and stability in Saudi Arabia

(Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Graduate School of Education, University of

Southern California.

Alamir, A. (2007). Instructor influence on online interaction in EFL context: An action research

study of Saudi English learning. (Unpublished master’s thesis). University of

Melbourne.

Reviews and peer commentary Schatz, B. R. (2000, 17 November). Learning by text or context? [Review of the book The

social life of information, by J. S. Brown & R. Duguid]. Science, 290, 1304. doi:10.1126/

science.290.5495.1304

Audiovisual media DVD

American Psychological Association (Producer). (2000). Responding therapeutically to patient

expressions of sexual attraction [DVD]. Available from http://www.apa.org/videos/

Podcast

Dan Carlin (Producer). (2014). Hardcore history [Podcast]. Available from www.dancarlin.com

Datasets, software and apparatus Datasets

Pew Hispanic Center. (2004). Changing channels and crisscrossing cultures: A survey of

Latinos on the news media [Data file and code book]. Retrieved from

http://pewhispanic.org/datasets/

Software

Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (Version 2) [Computer Software]. Englewood, NJ: Biostat.

Apparatus

Eyelink II [Apparatus and software]. (2004). Mississauga. Ontario, Canada: SR Research.

https://editex.com/



Blog posts/internet message boards Blog post

PZ Myers. (2007, January 22). The unfortunate prerequisites and consequences of partitioning

your mind [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2007/01/

the_unfortunate_prerequisites.php

Comment on a blog article

MiddleKid. (2007, January 22). Re: The unfortunate prerequisites and consequences of

partitioning your mind [Web log comment]. Retrieved from http://scienceblogs.com/

pharyngula/2007/01/the_unfortunate_prerequisites.php

Legal and public documents United Nations report

United Nations Women (UN Women). (2011). Progress of the world’s women: In pursuit of

justice. New York, NY: Author.

United Nations resolution

United Nations Security Council (UNSC). (26 June 1946). The Spanish question (S/RES/7

[1946]). Retrieved from http://www.un.org/documents/sc/res/1946/scres46.htm

Australian Bureau of Statistics

Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). (1996). Women’s safety Australia, 1996 (No. 4128.0).

Retrieved from http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/Lookup/

4128.0Main+Features11996?OpenDocument


Australia. House of Representatives. Parliamentary debates (15 March 2012). No. 4, p. 3142.

Royal Commission, Inquest or Inquiry

Royal Commission on the Status of Women (RCSW). (1970). Report of the royal commission

of the status of women in Canada, by Commissioner F. Bird. Ottawa, ON: Author.

Legislation (Act)

Parliament (Qualification of Women) Act 1920 (Cth) s. 2 (Austl.).

Legislation (Bill)

Equal Opportunity for Women in the Workplace Amendment Bill 2012. (Cth). (Austl.).

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Miscellaneous Personal communication

Reference list entries are unnecessary, since personal communication (such as interviews,

telephone conversations, emails or private letters) do not provide recoverable data.

However, the full name of the person cited and the full date of the communication

should be indicated in the in-text citation.

Unpublished data

Orsini, M. (2012). [Editor instruction manual]. Unpublished raw data.

Magazine

Pingree, G. (25 July 2009). What Spain sees in Robert Capa’s Civil War photo. Time. Retrieved

from http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1912110,00.html

Pamphlet or newsletter

Carroll, P. N. (Ed.) (December 2012). The Volunteer: Vol. XXIX, No. 4. Retrieved from

http://www.albavolunteer.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Volunteer-2012-4.pdf


Preston, P. (12 July 2011). The Spanish holocaust: Hate and extermination in the Spanish Civil

War. Lecture given at Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom.

Feldmeth, G. D. (31 March 1998). Key events and battles: Spanish-American War [Lecture

notes]. Retrieved from http://www.myhistoryclass.net/classnotes.htm

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Chicago Author-Date Quick Reference and Citation Guide


CHICAGO AUTHOR-DATE QUICK REFERENCE AND

CITATION GUIDE

Overview ............................................................................................................... 2

In-text citations: General notes .............................................................................. 2

In-text citations: Examples ..................................................................................... 3

Reference list: General notes ................................................................................. 4

Format .............................................................................................................................. 4 Capitalisation .................................................................................................................... 4

Order ................................................................................................................................ 4 Subdivisions ..................................................................................................................... 5

Authors’ names ................................................................................................................ 5 Abbreviations ................................................................................................................... 5 Place of publication .......................................................................................................... 5

Reference list: Examples ........................................................................................ 6

Books ............................................................................................................................... 6 Journal articles ................................................................................................................. 7

Theses or dissertations .................................................................................................... 7 Conference papers ........................................................................................................... 7 Newspaper and magazine articles ................................................................................... 7

Websites .......................................................................................................................... 7 Blogs, emails, text messages ........................................................................................... 7

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Overview

‘Chicago-style referencing’ can refer to one of two referencing systems recommended by

The Chicago Manual of Style (2010): (1) Author-Date Referencing or (2) Notes and

Bibliography. The following guide is for the Chicago Author-Date Referencing System.

Please note that British/Australian English punctuation is used throughout this guide. The

rules for punctuation in American English are slightly different.

The author-date system has long been used by those in the physical, natural and social

sciences. In this system, sources are briefly cited in the text, usually in parentheses, by

author’s last name and date of publication. The short citations are amplified in a list of

references, where full bibliographic information is provided.





should be placed.






and so forth).


The major features of citations in the Chicago Author-Date Referencing Style are:

There is no comma between the author name and year. For example: (Preston 2000).

When page numbers are given, ‘p.’ is not used. For example: (Preston 2000, 20).

Page ranges should include only the necessary numbers, e.g., 20–2, 121–3, 16–22.

Where an author has multiple publications in the same year, a letter must be

attributed to each reference, both in the reference list and in the in-text citation. For

example: Preston (2004a, 2004b)

Parenthetical citations in running text or at the end of block quotations must contain

the author’s last name and year of publication (and page number/s, unless you are

citing a source in its entirety or without page numbers); if the author’s name is given

in the text, you need only include the publication year and page number in

parentheses. For example: Smith (2009, 78) argues that ‘it is important to learn how

to reference correctly’.

All effort should be made to track down original sources. When the original source is not

available, its author(s) and year of publication should be cited with a secondary source.

Quotations of five lines or more should be formatted as block quotations and not

enclosed in quotation marks.

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Standard citations As part of the sentence In brackets


1 author Walker (2015) Walker (2015) (Walker 2015) (Walker 2015)

2 authors Bradley and Walker (2015) Bradley and Walker (2015) (Bradley and Walker 2015) (Bradley and Walker 2015)

3 authors Walsh, Bradley and Walker (2015) Walsh, Bradley and Walker (2015) (Walsh, Bradley and Walker 2015) (Walsh, Bradley and Walker 2015)

4+ authors Soo et al. (2015) Soo et al. (2015) (Soo et al. 2015) (Soo et al. 2015)


Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS 2015)

ABS (2015) (Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS] 2015)a

(ABS 2015)


University of South Australia (2015) University of South Australia (2015) (University of South Australia 2015) (University of South Australia 2015)



Zhou (2014, 2015) and Soo et al. (2015a, 2015c)

(Soo et al. 2015a, 2015c; Zhou 2014, 2015)



(see Table 2 of ABS 2010a, for complete data)


A. Walker (2005) and K. Walker (2010)

(A. Walker 2005; K. Walker 2010)


Soo et al. (2015a, 45) and Walsh et al. (2015, Table 2, 16)

Soo et al. (2015a, 45, 102–105) and ABS (2015, para. 16)

Secondary sources

Rutherford (1952, quoted in Zhou 2015)

(Rutherford 1952, quoted in Zhou 2015)


T. Burke (personal communication April 17, 2013)

(T. Burke, personal communication April 17, 2013)

Notes: a When inserting further bracketed text (e.g. ‘ABS’) inside rounded brackets (), use square brackets [].

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Format

The reference list should be titled ‘References’ or ‘Works Cited’. Chicago style recommends

single-spacing your references and leaving one blank line between each entry. Entries

should also be hanging by 1.27cm. For example:

Acier, Marcel, ed. 1939. From Spanish Trenches: Recent Letters from Spain. London: Cresset Press.

Fyrth, Jim and Sally Alexander, eds. 1991. Women’s Voices from the Spanish Civil War, London: Lawrence & Wishart.

Capitalisation

In the reference list, use title case (e.g. The Last Train from Madrid) for all titles. The

exception to this rule is foreign-language titles: if you are unfamiliar with rules for

capitalisation in that language, only capitalise the first letter of foreign-language titles.

Order

References must be ordered alphabetically. Single author entries are placed before multiple-

author entries beginning with the same name. Multiple-author entries beginning with the

same name are listed in alphabetical order according to the co-authors’ surnames,

regardless of how many co-authors there are. For example:

Smith, Lisa. 2001.

Smith, Lisa and Jonathon Johnson. 2002.

Smith, Lisa and Erin Sachdev. 2012.

For entries by the same author(s), editor(s) or translator(s), use a 3-em dash to replace the

name(s) after the first entry. Note that this only applies to names listed in the same order.

Abbreviations such as ‘ed.’ and ‘trans.’ should be indicated for each entry.

Smith, Lisa and Erin Sachdev. 1999.

———. 2001.

———, trans. 2011.

———, 2012.

Smith, Lisa and Jonathon Johnson, eds. 1982.

Multiple publications by the same author/s should be ordered alphabetically by title.

Preston, Paul. 2004a. Juan Carlos: A People’s King. London, United Kingdom: HarperCollins.

———. 2004b. Juan Carlos: Steering Spain from Dictatorship to Democracy. London, United Kingdom: W. W. Norton & Co.

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Multiple works by the same author/s published in different years should be ordered

chronologically in ascending order. For example:

———. 2008. We Saw Spain Die: Foreign Correspondents in the Spanish Civil War. London, United Kingdom: Constable and Robinson.

Preston, P. 2012. The Spanish Holocaust. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Co.

Subdivisions

Chicago style does not recommend the use of subdivisions. Books, journal articles and

online sources should not be listed separately. Some subdivisions can be used if they are

necessary to guide the reader. For example, in a thesis about a particular author, that

author’s works could be listed separately to other works.

Authors’ names

Chicago style stipulates the use of authors’ full names, not just initials and surnames, where

possible.

Abbreviations

Abbreviate nouns such as ‘editor’ (ed.), ‘editors’ (eds.) and ‘translator’ (trans.). However,

spell out phrases such as ‘edited by’ and ‘translated by’; they should be capitalised if they

follow a full stop.

Use standard abbreviations for nouns such as ‘number’ (no.) and ‘volume’ (vol.) and phrases

such as ‘no date’ (n.d.).


Indicate the city of publication. If two or more cities are given, only the first city is needed.

Use English names for foreign cities where possible (e.g. ‘Vienna’, not ‘Wien’). State,

province or country abbreviations can be added if the city could be confused with another

city of the same name (the exception is Washington DC, which should always appear with

the letters ‘DC’). For example:

Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press

Newcastle, NSW: Newcastle East Publishers

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Books Book (single author)

Pollan, Michael. 2006. The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals. New York: Penguin.

Book (two authors)

Ward, Geoffrey C. and Ken Burns. 2007. The War: An Intimate History, 1941–1945. New York: Knopf.

Book (three authors)

Lewis, Barry, Robern Jurmain and Lynn Kilgore. 2009. Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology. 9th ed. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth.

Book (four or more authors)

Cicmil, Svetlana, Terry Cooke-Davis, Lynn Crawford, Kurt A. Richardson and Project Management Institute. 2009. Exploring the Complexity of Projects: Implications of Complexity Theory for Project Management Practice. Newtown Square, PA: Project Management Institute.

Group as author

Museum Victoria. 2000. Bunjilaka: The Aboriginal Centre at Melbourne Museum. Melbourne: Museum Victoria.

No author

Valuing Integrity: Guide for the Workplace. 2010. Bentley, WA: Curtin University.

Editor, translator or compiler instead of author

Lattimore, Richmond, trans. 1951. The Iliad of Homer. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Editor etc. as well as author

García Márquez, Gabriel. 1988. Love in the Time of Cholera. Translated by Edith Grossman. London: Cape.

Chapter in a book

Kelly, John D. 2010. ‘Seeing Red: Mao Fetishism, Pax Americana, and the Moral Economy of War’. In Anthropology and Global Counterinsurgency, edited by John D. Kelly, Beatrice Jauregui, Sean T. Mitchell and Jeremy Walton, 67–83. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Electronic version of a book

Kurland, Philip B. and Ralph Lerner, eds. 1987. The Founders’ Constitution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Accessed 28 February 2010. http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.

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Journal articles Article in print journal

Weinstein, Joshua I. 2009. ‘The Market in Plato’s Republic’. Classical Philology 104 (1): 439–58.

Article in an online journal, no issue number

Kossinets Gueorgi and Duncan J. Watts. 2009. ‘Origins of Homophily in an Evolving Social Network’. American Journal of Sociology 115: 411–23. Accessed 28 February 2010, doi:10.1086/599247.

Theses or dissertations

Choi, Mihwa. 2008. ‘Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty’ (PhD thesis, University of Chicago).

Conference papers

Adelman, Rachel. 2009. ‘“Such Stuff as Dreams are Made On”: God’s Footstool in the Aramaic Targumim and Midrashic Tradition’. Paper presented at the annual meeting for the Society of Biblical Literature, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, 21–24 November.

Newspaper and magazine articles

These may be cited in running text instead of a note (e.g. ‘as Michelle Grattan recently noted

in an article in The Age on 25 January 2010...’). These may also be omitted from the

bibliography. If a more formal bibliographic reference is required, use the following format.

If the article was accessed online, include the URL after the date. If no author is identified,

alphabetise according to the article title.

Vedelago, Chris and Nino Bucci. 2015. ‘Border Force Under Fire over Arrest’. Sunday Age, 13 September.

Websites

As with newspaper and magazine articles, websites may be mentioned in the text or a note.

If a citation is required, use the following format. Include the date of access if possible, as

website content can be subject to change.

Google. 2009. ‘Google Privacy Policy’. Accessed 11 March. http://www.google.com/intl/en/privacypolicy.html.

Blogs, emails, text messages

These items are normally cited in the text (e.g. ‘In the blog, The Thesis Whisperer...’; ‘In an

email to the author...’; ‘In a text message to the author...’) and are not included in a

bibliography.

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Chicago Notes Quick Reference and Citation Guide


CHICAGO NOTES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY QUICK

REFERENCE AND CITATION GUIDE

Overview .................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Footnotes: General notes ............................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

Notes: Examples ......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Bibliography: General notes ........................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Types ............................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Format .............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Capitalisation .................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Order ................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Subdivisions ..................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Authors’ names ................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Abbreviations ................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Place of publication .......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Bibliography: Examples ............................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Books ............................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Journal articles ................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Theses or dissertations .................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Conference papers ........................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Newspaper or magazine articles ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Online sources ................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Media ............................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Legal documents .............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Miscellaneous .................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

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Overview

‘Chicago-style referencing’ can refer to one of two referencing systems recommended by

The Chicago Manual of Style (2010): (1) Author-Date Referencing or (2) Notes and

Bibliography. The following guide is for the Chicago Notes and Bibliography Referencing

System. Please note that British/Australian English punctuation is used throughout this

guide. The rules for punctuation in American English are slightly different.

The notes and bibliography style is preferred by many in the humanities, including those in

literature, history and the arts. This style presents bibliographic information in notes and,

often, a bibliography. It accommodates a variety of sources, including esoteric ones less

appropriate to the author-date system.





should be placed.






and so forth).

Footnotes: General notes

The major features of footnotes in Chicago’s Notes and Bibliography Referencing Style are:

The notes can be footnotes, placed at the foot of the page in which the note appears, or endnotes, placed at the end of the document. Endnotes can also be placed at the end of each chapter, particularly when the chapters are written by different authors.

The note flag is placed after punctuation, like this.1 This is incorrect1.

Multiple citations can be included in one note, separated by a semi-colon.

In notes, author names are presented in the order First Last (e.g. Jane Smith and Tom Franklin). In the reference list, the first author’s name is inverted to Smith, Jane.

Page ranges should include only the necessary numbers (e.g. 20–2, 121–3, 16–22).

For subsequent citations, use the authors’ last names (family names) and a short title. You should use ‘quotation marks’ or italics for the title, as in the first citation. For example, a book uses italics, while a journal article uses ‘quotation marks’.

If you are citing the same source two or more times consecutively, use Ibid. for subsequent citations, rather than the author names and short title. If the page number is different, this should be noted (e.g. Ibid., 23).

All effort should be made to track down original sources. When the original source is not available, its author(s) and year of publication should be cited with a secondary source.

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Quotations of five lines or more should be formatted as block quotations and not enclosed in quotation marks.

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Notes: Examples

Periodicals Citing for the first time Subsequently

Journal article, with doi

Gueorgi Kossinets and Duncan J. Watts, ‘Origins of Homophily in an Evolving Social Network’, American Journal of Sociology 115 (2009): 411, accessed 28 February 2010, doi:10.1086/599247.

Kossinets and Watts, ‘Origins of Homophily’, 439.


Irmela Von Der Luhe, ‘I Without Guarantees: Ingeborg Bachmann’s Frankfurt Lectures on Poetics’, translated by M.T. Kraus, New German Critique 8, no. 27 (1982): 31.

Von Der Luhe, ‘I Without Guarantees’, 33.


Frank P. Whitney, ‘The Six-Year High School in Cleveland’, School Review 37, no. 4 (1929): 268, http://www.jstor.org.ezp.lib.unimelb.edu.au/stable/1078814.

Whitney, ‘The Six-Year High School’, 269.


Sharon Sassler, ‘Learning to Be an “American Lady”? Ethnic Variation in Daughters’ Pursuits in the Early 1900s’, in ‘Emergent and Reconfigured Forms of Family Life’, ed. Lora Bex Lempert and Marjorie L. DeVault, special issue, Gender and Society 14, no. 1 (2000): 201–2, http://www.jstor.org.ezp.lib.unimelb.edu.au/stable/190427.

Sassler, ‘Learning to Be an “American Lady”’, 201.


Julie Bosman, ‘Jets? Yes! Sharks? ¡Sí! in Bilingual “West Side”’, New York Times, 17 July 17 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/17/theater/17bway.html.

Bosman, ‘Jets?’.


‘Pushcarts Evolve to Trendy Kiosks’, Lake Forester (Lake Forest, IL), 23 March 23 2000. ‘Pushcarts to Evolve’.

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Books Citing for the first time Subsequently

Book

Michael Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals (New York: Penguin, 2006): 99–100.

Note: For two to three authors, list all authors in the bibliography, initial and subsequent notes. For four or more, list all authors in the bibliography, and use ‘first author et al.’ for the initial and subsequent notes. For second or subsequent editions, insert (2nd ed.) immediately preceding the book title, followed by the year of publication (in the initial note).

Pollan, Omnivore’s Dilemma, 3.

Citing for the first time Subsequently

Book with translator and author

Richmond Lattimore, trans., The Iliad of Homer (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951), 91–92. Lattimore, Iliad, 24.


Elliot Antokoletz, Musical Symbolism in the Operas of Debussy and Bartók (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195365825.001.0001.

Antokoletz, Musical Symbolism.

Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice (New York: Penguin Classics, 2008), Microsoft Reader e-book, chap. 23. Austen, Pride and Prejudice, chap. 24.

Electronic-only book, no date of publication

Grant Ian Thrall, Land Use and Urban Form (New York: Methuen, 1987), http://www.rri.wvu.edu/WebBook/Thrallbook/Land%20Use%20and%20Urban%20Form.pdf.

Thrall, Land Use.

Andres R. Edwards, Thriving Beyond Sustainability: Pathways to a Resilient Society (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society Publishers, 2010), 34, Kindle eBook.

Edwards, Thriving Beyond Sustainability, 32.

Chapter in book—one editor

R.A. Emmons, ‘The Personal Strivings Approach to Personality’, in Goal concepts in personality and social psychology, ed. L. A. Pervin, (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1989), 50.

Emmons, ‘The Personal Strivings Approach’, 51.

Chapter in book—multiple editors

John D. Kelly, ‘Seeing Red: Mao Fetishism, Pax Americana, and the Moral Economy of War’, in Anthropology and Global Counterinsurgency, ed. John D. Kelly et al. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010), 77.

Note: All editor names would appear in the bibliography entry.

Kelly, ‘Seeing Red’, 81–81.

Chapter in multi-volume book

James M. McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, vol. 2, The Civil War (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1993), 205. McPherson, Ordeal, 206.

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Online resources Citing for the first time Subsequently


eMelbourne: The Encyclopedia of Melbourne, s.v. ‘Street Lighting’, accessed 19 June 2010, http://www.emelbourne.net.au.

Note: This entry would not be included in the bibliography.

eMelbourne.

Webpage with author (and known date)

Mister Jalopy, ‘Effulgence of the North: Storefront Arctic Panorama in Los Angeles’, Dinosaurs and Robots, last modified 30 January 30 2009, http://www.dinosaursandrobots.com/2009/01/effulgence-of-north-storefront-arctic.html.

Jalopy, ‘Effulgence’.

Webpage with known date (and no known author)

‘Illinois Governor Wants to “Fumigate” State’s Government’, CNN.com, last modified 30 January, 2009, http://edition.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/01/30/illinois.governor.quinn/.

‘Illinois Governor Wants to “Fumigate”’.

Government reports Citing for the first time Subsequently

Australian Bureau of Statistics, National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing: Summary of Results (ABS Cat. No. 4326.0) (Canberra: ABS, 2007).

ABS, National Survey.

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Young Homeless People in Australia 2001-02 (Canberra, 2003), 20.

AIHW, Young Homeless People, 33.

Meetings and symposia Citing for the first time Subsequently

Conference paper in print proceedings

Kamal Singh and Gary Best, ‘Film Induced Tourism: Motivations of Visitors to the Hobbiton Movie Set as Featured in “The Lord of the Rings”’, in Proceedings of the 1st International Tourism and Media Conference, Melbourne, 2004, 98–111, (Melbourne: Tourism Research Unit, Monash University, 2004), 44.

Singh and Best, ‘Film Induced Tourism’, 50.

Conference proceedings

Kira Hall, Michael Meacham and Richard Shapiro (eds.), Proceedings of the Fifteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: General Session and Parasession on Theoretical Issues in Language Reconstruction, February 18–20, 1989, (Berkeley, CA: Berkeley Linguistics Society, 1989), 24.

Hall, Meacham and Shapiro, Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting of Berkeley Linguistics Society, 60.

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Dissertations and theses Citing for the first time Subsequently

Unpublished dissertation/ thesis

Stephanie Lynn Budin, ‘The Origins of Aphrodite’ (PhD diss., University of Pennsylvania, 2000), 301–2. Budin, ‘The Origins of Aphrodite’, 58.

Published dissertation/ thesis

Shakela Carion Johnson, ‘An Examination of the Social Characteristics and Beliefs of Delinquent and Non-Delinquent Youth’, (PhD thesis, Auburn University, 2007) 60–63, http://search.proquest.com/docview/30489730?accountid=12528.

Johnson, ‘An Examination of the Social Characteristics’, 78.

Audiovisual media Citing for the first time Subsequently

Film The Secret of Roan Inish, dir. by John Sayles (1993; Columbia TriStar, 2000 DVD).

Note: Provide 1) the title, 2) the director, 3) theatrical release date, 4) if viewed as dvd or video, specify the distributor, date of dvd or video release, and format.

The Secret of Roan Inish.

Podcast ‘Facebook Pages reveal not so social media’, 7.30 (Sydney, ABC, 11 October 11 2012), Vodcast. http://mpegmedia.abc.net.au/news/730/video/201210/730s_Facebook_1110_512k.mp4

7.30, ‘Facebook Pages’.


Karl Sanders, email correspondence (October 22, 2012).

These would not appear in the bibliography.

Sanders, email.

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Bibliography: General notes

Types

A full bibliography that includes all the works cited is recommended by Chicago but other

kinds of bibliography include a selected bibliography, an annotated bibliography, a

bibliographic essay and a list of works by one author.

Format

A full bibliography should be titled ‘Bibliography’. If no additional works are included, it may

be titled ‘Works Cited’ or ‘Literature Cited’. Chicago style recommends single-spacing your

references and leaving one blank line between each entry. Entries should also be hanging

by 1.27 cm. For example:

Acier, Marcel, ed., From Spanish Trenches: Recent Letters from Spain. London: Cresset Press, 1939.

Fyrth, Jim and Sally Alexander, eds., Women’s Voices from the Spanish Civil War, London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1991.

Capitalisation

In the reference list, use title case (e.g. The Last Train from Madrid) for all titles. The

exception to this rule is foreign-language titles: if you are unfamiliar with rules for

capitalisation in that language, only capitalise the first letter of foreign-language titles.

Order

References must be ordered alphabetically. Single author entries are placed before multiple-

author entries beginning with the same name. Multiple-author entries beginning with the

same name are listed in alphabetical order according to the co-authors’ surnames,

regardless of how many co-authors there are. For example:

Smith, Lisa. Book Title.

Smith, Lisa and Jonathon Johnson. Book Title.

Smith, Lisa and Erin Sachdev. ‘Journal Title’.

For entries by the same author(s), editor(s) or translator(s), use a 3-em dash to replace the

name(s) after the first entry. Note that this only applies to names listed in the same order.

Abbreviations such as ‘ed.’ and ‘trans.’ should be indicated for each entry.

Smith, Lisa and Erin Sachdev. ‘Journal Title’.

———. ‘Journal Title’.

———, trans. Book Title.

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———, Book Title.

Smith, Lisa and Jonathon Johnson, eds. 1982. ‘Journal Title’.

Multiple publications by the same author/s should be ordered alphabetically by title.

Preston, Paul. Juan Carlos: A People’s King. London, United Kingdom: HarperCollins, 2004a.

———. Juan Carlos: Steering Spain from Dictatorship to Democracy. London, United Kingdom: W. W. Norton & Co, 2004b.



Preston, P. We saw Spain die: Foreign correspondents in the Spanish Civil War. London, United Kingdom: Constable and Robinson, 2008.

———. The Spanish Holocaust. New York, NY W. W. Norton & Co, 2012.

Subdivisions

Chicago style does not recommend the use of subdivisions. Books, journal articles and

online sources should not be listed separately. Some subdivisions can be used if they are

necessary to guide the reader. For example, in a thesis about a particular author, that

author’s works could be listed separately to other works.

Authors’ names

Chicago style stipulates the use of authors’ full names, not just initials and surnames, where

possible.

Abbreviations

Abbreviate nouns such as ‘editor’ (ed.), ‘editors’ (eds.) and ‘translator’ (trans.). However,

spell out phrases such as ‘edited by’ and ‘translated by’; they should be capitalised if they

follow a full stop.

Use standard abbreviations for nouns such as ‘number’ (no.) and ‘volume’ (vol.) and phrases

such as ‘no date’ (n.d.).


Indicate the city of publication. If two or more cities are given, only the first city is needed.

Use English names for foreign cities where possible (e.g. ‘Vienna’, not ‘Wien’). State,

province or country abbreviations can be added if the city could be confused with another

city of the same name (the exception is Washington DC, which should always appear with

the letters ‘DC’). For example:

Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press

Newcastle, NSW: Newcastle East Publishers

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Bibliography: Examples

Books Book (single author)

Pollan, Michael. The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals. New York: Penguin, 2006.

Book (two authors)

Ward, Geoffrey C. and Ken Burns. The War: An Intimate History, 1941–1945. New York: Knopf, 2007.

Book (three authors)

Lewis, Barry, Robern Jurmain and Lynn Kilgore. Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology. 9th ed. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth, 2009.

Book (four or more authors)

Cicmil, Svetlana, Terry Cooke-Davis, Lynn Crawford, Kurt A. Richardson and Project Management Institute. Exploring the Complexity of Projects: Implications of Complexity Theory for Project Management Practice. Newtown Square, PA: Project Management Institute, 2009.

Group as author

Museum Victoria. Bunjilaka: The Aboriginal Centre at Melbourne Museum. Melbourne: Museum Victoria, 2000.

No author

Valuing Integrity: Guide for the Workplace. Bentley, WA: Curtin University, 2010.

Editor, translator or compiler instead of author

Lattimore, Richmond, trans., The Iliad of Homer. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951.

Editor etc. as well as author

García Márquez, Gabriel. Love in the Time of Cholera. Translated by Edith Grossman. London: Cape, 1988.

Chapter in a book

Kelly, John D. ‘Seeing Red: Mao Fetishism, Pax Americana, and the Moral Economy of War’. In Anthropology and Global Counterinsurgency, edited by John D. Kelly, Beatrice Jauregui, Sean T. Mitchell and Jeremy Walton, 67–83. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010.

Electronic version of a book

Kurland, Philip B. and Ralph Lerner, eds. The Founders’ Constitution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987. Accessed 28 February 2010. http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.

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Journal articles Article in print journal

Weinstein, Joshua I. ‘The Market in Plato’s Republic’. Classical Philology 104 (2009): 439–58.

Article in an online journal

Kossinets Gueorgi and Duncan J. Watts. ‘Origins of Homophily in an Evolving Social Network’. American Journal of Sociology 115 (2009): 411. Accessed 28 February 2010, doi:10.1086/599247.


Choi, Mihwa. ‘Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty’ (PhD thesis, University of Chicago, 2008.)

Conference papers

Adelman, Rachel. ‘“Such Stuff as Dreams are Made On”: God’s Footstool in the Aramaic Targumim and Midrashic Tradition’. Paper presented at the annual meeting for the Society of Biblical Literature, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, 21–24 November 2009.

Newspaper or magazine articles

These may be cited in running text instead of a note (e.g. ‘as Michelle Grattan recently noted

in an article in The Age on 25 January 2010...’). These may also be omitted from the

bibliography. If a more formal bibliographic reference is required, use the following format.

If the article was accessed online, include the URL after the date. If no author is identified,

alphabetise according to the article title.

Vedelago, Chris and Nino Bucci. ‘Border Force Under Fire over Arrest’. Sunday Age, 13 September 2015.

Online sources Website

As with newspaper and magazine articles, websites may be mentioned in the text or a note.

If a more format citation is required, use the following format. Include the date of access if

possible, as website content can be subject to change.

Google. ‘Google Privacy Policy’. Accessed 11 March 2009. http://www.google.com/intl/en/privacypolicy.html.

Blogs, emails, text messages

These items are normally cited in the text (‘In the blog, The Thesis Whisperer...’; ‘In an email

to the author...’; ‘In a text message to the author...’) and are not included in a bibliography.

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Media Podcasts

Wadhams, Steve. 2012. ‘Voices of Canadian Veterans of the Spanish Civil War’ (podcast audio). Recorded 9 November. http://www.cbc.ca/asithappens/features/2012/11/09/voices-of-canadian-veterans-of-the-spanish-civil-war/.

Television broadcast

Blake, John, and David Hart (directors). 1983. The Spanish Civil War. Granada Television Productions, VHS.

Film or dictionary

Hogan, James P (director). 1937. The Last Train from Madrid. Ashfault’s Classic Movies, 2008, DVD.

Radio programme

Bragg, Melvyn (host). 2003. The Spanish Civil War. BBC Radio 4, 3 April, Radio broadcast.

Online video

Finlay, Frank (narrator). 1983. ‘Prelude to Tragedy’. Episode 1 of The Spanish Civil War. Granada Television Productions, 21 December 2010. http://watchdocumentary.org/watch/the-spanish-civil-war-episode-01-prelude-to-tragedy-video_39fd3b325.html

Press, media or news release

ICP (International Center of Photography). 2007. ‘Other Weapons: Photography and Culture during the Spanish Civil War’. Press release. www.icp.org/sites/default/files/exhibition_pdfs/ow_PRESS.PDF.

Legal documents

Legal and public documents do not need to be included in the reference list unless they are

published in a secondary source.

Miscellaneous Pamphlet or newsletter

Carroll, Peter N., ed. 2012. The Volunteer: Vol. XXIX, No. 4, December 2012. http://www.albavolunteer.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Volunteer-2012-4.pdf.


Preston, Paul. 2011. ‘The Spanish Holocaust: Hate and Extermination in the Spanish Civil War’. Lecture at Swansea University, Swansea, 12 July.

Feldmeth, Greg D. 1998. ‘Key Events and Battles: Spanish-American War’. Lecture notes. http://www.myhistoryclass.net/classnotes.htm.

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Harvard Quick Reference and Citation Guide


HARVARD QUICK REFERENCE AND CITATION

GUIDE

Overview ............................................................................................................... 2


Placement of in-text references ........................................................................................ 2 Providing page numbers .................................................................................................. 3

Citing multiple sources ..................................................................................................... 3

Secondary citations .......................................................................................................... 3 Citing works by the same author in the same year ........................................................... 3 Citing works by authors with the same surname .............................................................. 3

Citing quotations............................................................................................................... 4 Footnotes ......................................................................................................................... 4



Format .............................................................................................................................. 6

Capitalisation .................................................................................................................... 6 Order of entries ................................................................................................................ 6

Authors’ names ................................................................................................................ 7 Abbreviations ................................................................................................................... 7 Place of publication .......................................................................................................... 7


Periodicals ........................................................................................................................ 8 Books ............................................................................................................................... 8 Websites .......................................................................................................................... 9

Technical and research reports—online ........................................................................... 9 Government and research reports—print ......................................................................... 9

Government and research reports—online .................................................................... 10 Meetings and symposia .................................................................................................. 10

Theses or dissertations .................................................................................................. 10 Audiovisual media .......................................................................................................... 10 Datasets and software .................................................................................................... 11 Blogs, blog posts and social media ................................................................................ 11 Legal sources ................................................................................................................. 11

Artistic and other visual materials ................................................................................... 12 Patents ........................................................................................................................... 12

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Overview

Harvard is one of the styles most commonly used by universities. It is widely used across all

disciplines. However, unlike APA, there is no one Harvard style. The Harvard guidelines

provided by your university will likely be different to the Harvard guidelines provided by a

different university—sometimes very different.

In this guide, we have reviewed a wide range of Harvard referencing guidelines from across

universities. The aim is to provide you with a version of Harvard that should be acceptable

for any university or publication requesting Harvard. That said, you should always check

with your tutor, supervisor or publisher regarding whether they require you to follow their

specific version of Harvard.





should be placed.






and so forth).



In-text citations should be either author-prominent (i.e. immediately following the mention of

an author’s name in your body text) or information-prominent (i.e. immediately following a

direct quotation or paraphrased idea from an author’s work).

If an in-text citation is author-prominent, only include the source publication date and page

number/s in parentheses and place these immediately after the author name/s. For example:

Orsini (2009, p. 78) argues that ‘it is important to learn how to reference correctly’.

If an in-text citation is information-prominent, include the author name, source publication

date and page number/s in parentheses immediately after a direct quotation or after a

paraphrased idea (information-prominent in-text citations should generally be placed at the

end of a sentence so as not to overly disrupt the flow of your writing). For example:

The Director of Editex argues that correct references are important (Orsini 2009, p. 78).

https://editex.com/



Include a ‘p.’ followed a space before a page number, and a ‘pp.’ followed by a space for a

page range (e.g. pp. 32–33). There should be no punctuation between an author/s surname/

s and publication date and a comma between the publication date and the page number/s.


Page numbers should be provided for direct quotations and when paraphrasing or referring

to an idea in another work. The only instance when you would not include a page number

in an in-text citation is if you were citing an entire source rather than just one section of it, or

if you were citing a source without page numbers, such as a website.




(Jackson 2004; Tremlett 2012)

When referring to multiple works by the same author, the sources should be separated by a

comma. For example:

(Hogan 2005, 2006)

Secondary citations

Secondary sources should only be used when the original source is not freely available (for

example, not available in English or out of print). The original text should be cited as follows:

Watkin Tench (cited in Smith 1985)

Citing works by the same author in the same year

Where an author has multiple publications in the same year, a letter must be attributed to

each reference both in the reference list and in the in-text reference. For example:

Preston (2004a, 2004b)

Label the sources in alphabetical order by source title.


When citing works by different authors with the same surname, their first initials must be

used to distinguish between them, even if the years of publication are different. The initial

must be given after the surname, as it would appear in the reference list entry. For example:

(Carr, R 1982; Carr, EH 1984)

There should be no spaces or full stops between author initials.

If there are two sources by four or more authors (i.e. sources that would always be referred

to using the first author’s name and ‘et al.’ in any in-text citations) that begin with the same

first author name and are published in the same year—for example, Orsini, Hawtin, Sachdev

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and Anuwong 2011 and Orsini, Brown, Smith and Hawtin 2005—give the names of all

authors in every in-text citation to avoid confusion between the two sources.

Citing quotations

When citing short quotations, include the author’s name, publication year and page number/

s in parentheses immediately following the quotation; or, if the author’s name is given in your

body text, include the publication year and page number/s in parentheses immediately after

the name. For example:

The Director of Editex argues that ‘it is important to learn how to reference correctly’ (Orsini

2009, p. 78).

OR

Orsini (2009, p. 78) argues that ‘it is important to learn how to reference correctly’.

Quotations of 30 words or more should be formatted as block quotations. The citation can

be formatted in a similar manner as above. For example:

Pérez Collado (2005, p. 57) explained the following:



of us, as we considered that there were ten of us, nine men and a woman!

OR

She explained the following:



of us, as we considered that there were ten of us, nine men and a woman! (Collado

2005, p. 57).

Ensure that your closing punctuation is placed after your parenthetical citation if the citation

follows the block quotation, as in the above example.

When omitting words from a quotation, use an ellipsis enclosed in parentheses: (…). For

example: ‘We went (…) because we did not consider ourselves to be soldiers’ (Collado

2005, p. 57).

Footnotes

Footnotes are generally not used in Harvard style. You can include them if you need to

supply brief additional information that augments or further explains a point or concept

mentioned in the body of your work.

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Standard citations As part of a sentence In brackets


1 author Walker (2015) Walker (2015) (Walker 2015) (Walker 2015)

2–3 authors Walsh, Bradley and Soo (2015) Walsh, Bradley and Soo (2015) (Walsh, Bradley & Soo 2015) (Walsh, Bradley & Soo 2015)

4+ authors Soo et al. (2015) Soo et al. (2015) (Soo et al. 2015) (Soo et al. 2015)


Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS 2015)

ABS (2015) (Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS] 2015)a

(ABS 2015)


University of South Australia (2015) University of South Australia (2015) (University of South Australia 2015) (University of South Australia 2015)



Zhou (2014; 2015) and Soo et al. (2015a; 2015c)b

(Soo et al. 2015a, 2015c; Zhou 2014, 2015)



(see Table 2 of ABS 2010a, for complete data)

Different authors with the same surname (different years)

Walker (2005) and Walker (2010)

(Walker 2005; Walker 2010) Different authors with the same surname (same years)

Adam Walker (2005) and Karen Walker (2005)

(Adam Walker 2005; Karen Walker 2005)

Secondary sources

Rutherford (1952 cited in Zhou 2015, p. 60)

(Rutherford 1952 cited in Zhou 2015, p. 60)


T Burke (2013, pers. comm. 17 July)

(T Burke 2013, pers. comm. 17 July)

Notes: a In Harvard, when inserting further bracketed text (e.g. ‘ABS’) inside rounded brackets (), use square brackets []; b Sources should be listed chronologically (e.g. 2001, 2015).

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Format

Harvard style requires your reference list to be left aligned and single spaced with one line

space between each entry. For example:

Alexander, RJ 1999, The anarchists in the Spanish Civil War, vol. 1, Janus Publishing Company, London.

Balcells, L 2012, ‘Violence and displacement in Civil War: evidence from the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)’, Barcelona GSE Working Paper Series 603, Barcelona Graduate School of Economics, Barcelona.

United Nations Women (UN Women) 2011, Progress of the world’s women: in pursuit of justice, Author, New York.

Capitalisation

In the reference list, use sentence case (e.g. The last train from Madrid) for all titles except

journals, which should appear in title case (e.g. Feminist Studies). Always capitalise proper

nouns (e.g. Spain or the Civil War).

Do not capitalise the first word after a colon (e.g. Red Spanish notebook: the first six months

of the Revolution and the Civil War).

Unless they are the first word of a title, do not capitalise words such as ‘the’, ‘a’ or ‘an’, any

prepositions (e.g. ‘for’, ‘under’ or ‘on’) or any conjunctions (e.g. ‘but’ and ‘and’).

Order of entries

References must be ordered alphabetically. Multiple publications by the same author/s

published in the same year should be ordered alphabetically by title. For example:

Preston, P 2004a, Juan Carlos: a people’s king, HarperCollins, London.

Preston, P 2004b, Juan Carlos: steering Spain from dictatorship to democracy, W. W. Norton & Co, London.



Preston, P 2008, We saw Spain die: foreign correspondents in the Spanish Civil War. Constable and Robinson, London.

Preston, P 2012, The Spanish holocaust, W. W. Norton & Co, New York.

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Authors’ names

All authors’ surnames should be listed first, followed by a comma and then their initials,

which should be presented without full stops and with no spaces between them if there is

more than one initial (i.e. Carr, EH). First names are not required. An ampersand should be

used between the second last and last author names. For example:

Radosh, R, Habeck, M & Sevostianov, G 2001, Spain betrayed: the Soviet Union in the Spanish Civil War, Yale University Press, New Haven.

When an author that is an organisation is commonly known by an acronym, such as the

United Nations (UN), define the acronym in the first citation (if it has not already been defined

in the body text); always define the acronym in the reference list entry, even if it has been

defined in the body text. For example:

United Nations Security Council (UNSC) 1946, The Spanish question, S/RES/7 (1946), 26 June, viewed 23 April 2012, http://www.un.org/documents/sc/res/1946/scres46.htm

For the first citation if the organisation acronym has not already been defined in the body

text, define the acronym in the citation. For example:

(United Nations Security Council (UNSC) 1946)

For subsequent citations after the acronym has been defined, cite the work using the

acronym. For example:

(UNSC 1946)

Abbreviations

The following are examples of common abbreviations that can be used in a reference list:

ed. editor

edn edition

eds editors

n.d. no date

p. (pp.) page (pages)

rev. revised

trans. translated

vol. Volume

vols Volumes

no. Number


Always include the city name after the publisher. It is not necessary to include the state or

country name unless the city can be confused with another city by the same name (for

example, Cambridge, MA versus Cambridge, United Kingdom).

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Evans, L & Hill, L 2011, ‘The electoral and political implications of reserved seats for Indigenous Australians’, Australian Journal of Political Science, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 491–505, doi:10.1080/10361146.2012.704004.


Smith, B & Navarro, J 2014, ‘Integrating public relations education?’, International Journal of Integrated Marketing Communications, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 7–17, http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=27&sid=5bf33a15-f6a7-4c0a-9562-7dbe540ae58e%40sessionmgr114&hid=117&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#db=bth&AN=100093354.


Mannheim, M 2014, ‘Budget to cut 16,500 public service jobs’, The Sydney Morning Herald, 13 May, viewed 10 March 2015, http://www.smh.com.au/business/federal-budget/budget-to-cut-16500-public-service-jobs-20140513-387zf.html.

Newspaper article, no author

‘Tech spots a bright spot on ASX’ 2015, The Australian Financial Review, 31 August, viewed 2 September 2015, http://www.afr.com/technology/tech-stocks-recommended-after-promising-reporting-season-20150825-gj7alw.

Books Book, second or later edition

Newsom, D & Haynes, J 2011, Public relations writing: form and style, 9th edn, Wadsworth Cengage Learning, Boston.


Hodges, C & Edwards, L 2011, Public relations, society & culture: theoretical and empirical explorations, ebook, Routledge, London, viewed 10 August 2015, http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=57&sid=5bf33a15-f6a7-4c0a-9562-7dbe540ae58e%40sessionmgr114 &hid=117&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#AN=358174&db=nlebk.

Electronic book accessed via e-book reader

Hodges, C & Edwards, L 2011, Public relations, society and culture: theoretical and empirical explorations, e-book, Routledge, London, Kindle Edition.

Translated book

Habermas, J 1979, Communication and the evolution of society, trans. T McCarthy, Beacon Press, Boston.

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Chapter in book—one editor (ed.)

Moyn, S 2012, ‘Bearing witness: theological roots of a new secular morality’, in D Stone (ed.), The Holocaust and historical mythology, Berghan, New York, pp. 55–70.

Chapter in book—multiple editors (eds)

Mackey, S 2012, ‘Public affairs and civil society’, in M Sheehan & P Sekuless (eds), The influence seekers, Australian Scholarly Publishing, North Melbourne, pp. 15–30.

Edited volume in a multi-volume set

Thomas, RM (ed.) 1990, The encyclopedia of human development and education, vol. 1, Advances in Education, Elsevier, Boston.


‘Ostensible’ n.d., Oxford English dictionary online, viewed 31 August 2015, http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/ostensible.

Reference book

VandenBos, GR (ed.) 2007, APA dictionary of psychology, American Psychological Association, Washington DC.

Websites

McCrindle Research 2015, Communications, viewed 31 August 2015, http://mccrindle.com.au/research-communication-and-data-visualisation.

Technical and research reports—online

Victorian Department of Justice 2015, Patterns of recidivism among prisoners released from custody in Victoria in 2002–03, viewed 31 August 2015, http://www.corrections.vic.gov.au/utility/publications+manuals+and+statistics/who+returns+to+prison.

Government and research reports—print

ABS—see Australian Bureau of Statistics1

Australian Bureau of Statistics 2007, National survey of mental health and wellbeing: summary of results, cat. no. 4326.0, Australian Bureau of Statistics, Canberra.

Goodrum, D, Hackling, M & Rennie, L 2000, The status and quality of teaching and learning of science in Australian schools, report,2 Department of Education, Training and Youth Affairs, Canberra.

1 Provide the reference list entry under the full name of the organisation or agency. If an abbreviation is used in the in-text citations, include the abbreviation in the reference list, with a cross-reference to the full entry. 2 Insert report, research report, discussion paper, working paper, occasional paper, fact sheet, white/green paper or media release as necessary, if not in title.

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Government and research reports—online

Australian Bureau of Statistics 2007, 4326.0 National survey of mental health and wellbeing: summary of results, viewed 2 August 2015, http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/mf/4326.0.

Cashmore, J, Parkinson, P, Weston, R, Patulny, R, Redmond, G, Qu, L, Baxter, J, Rajkovic, M, Sitek, T & Katz, I 2010, Shared care parenting arrangements since the 2006 Family Law reforms: report to the Australian Government Attorney-General’s Department, viewed 17 January 2012, http://www.sprc.unsw.edu.au/media/File/AG_Shared_Care.PDF.

Meetings and symposia Conference paper, published online

Akinyemi, A 2003, ‘Web-based learning and cultural interference: perspectives of Arab students’, paper presented at the Sixteenth Conference on E-Learning in Corporate, Government, Healthcare, and Higher Education, 30 June, Miama, FL, viewed 31 August 2015, http://www.editlib.org/p/12239.


Roberts, T, Rosati, J & Wang, P (eds.) 2011, Proceedings: symposium to honor Dr Nicholas Kraus, 14 April, Coastal Education and Research Foundation, West Palm Beach, FL.

Theses or dissertations In print

Brook, M 2013, Popular history and fiction: the myth of August the Strong in German literature, art, and media, doctoral thesis, Oxford University, London.

Iftikhar, A 2008, Advertising message and customer satisfaction: a case of LIDL Sweden, master’s thesis, Mälardalen University, Sweden.

Online

Clare, K 2010, ‘Creative’ careers: gender, social networks and labour market inequality, doctoral thesis, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, viewed 10 August 2015, http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.597698.

From database

Kato, SF 2011, The popular music canon and the neglect of mainstream rock, master’s thesis, California State University, Fullerton (online Proquest).


Sinise, G (dir) 1992, Of mice and men, DVD, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, US.

Podcast

PR Week 2015, ‘Jessica Alba’s Honest Company has a sunscreen fail’, The PR Week, podcast, viewed 31 August 2015, http://www.prweek.com/us/podcasts

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Datasets and software Electronic datasets

Pew Hispanic Center 2004, ‘Changing channels and crisscrossing cultures: a survey of Latinos on the news media’, electronic dataset, doi:10.3886/ICPSR30122.v2.

Software

InMagic DB/Textworks 2014, Version 8, software, Lucedia, Richmond, Canada.

Blogs, blog posts and social media Blog

Fogarty, M 2015, Grammar Girl, web log, viewed 31 August 2015, http://www.quickanddirtytips.com/grammar-girl.

Blog post

Fogarty, M 2015, ‘Fictitious? Fictional? What’s the difference’, Grammar Girl, web log post, 21 August, viewed 1 September 2015, http://www.quickanddirtytips.com/education/grammar/fictional-versus-fictitious-0.

Social media

Shorten, B 2015, Facebook update, 31 August, viewed 1 September 2015, https://www.facebook.com/BillShorten.

YouTube

desoriented 2010, Sociology: the feminist perspective, online video, viewed 1 September 2015, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xorqPUYu_SE

Legal sources Court decisions

Case name [year] Unique court identifier Judgement number3

Minister for Immigration and Citizenship v SZIAI [2009] HCA 39

Statutes

Freedom of Information Act 1982 (Cwlth)4

Unenacted federal bills and resolutions

Parliament of Australia 2014, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Amendment (A Stronger Land Account) Bill 2005

3 If the information is a direct quotation from a judgement, the in-text citation must include a pinpoint. For example, (Metro Trains Melbourne Pty Ltd v Marotta [2012] FWA 432, para. 82). 4 Bills and Acts must be listed in a separate section of the reference list. This section should be labelled ‘Legislation’.

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Artistic and other visual materials Plays

Bell, J (dir.) 2015, The tempest, by W Shakespeare, theatre performance, 21 August, Bell Shakespeare Company, Sydney Opera House.

Theatre programmes

Bell, J (dir.) 2015, The tempest, by W Shakespeare, programme, 21 August, Bell Shakespeare Company, Sydney Opera House.

Musical scores

Beck, C & Whedon, J 2002, Once more with feeling, Los Angeles.

Artworks

Green, R 2009, Vernon, linocut, exhibited at Deakin University Art Gallery, Melbourne Burwood Campus, viewed 27 October 2010.

Artworks, viewed as part of exhibition

Wilingar, M 1937, Ngarra minytji (Ngarra ceremony design), natural pigments on bark, Transformations: early bark paintings from Arnhem Land, held at the Ian Potter Museum of Art, University of Melbourne, 13 November 2013 – 23 February 2014.

Maps

Flinders, M 1814, Chart of Terra Australia. Sheet VI, South coast, cartographic material, National Library of Australia, retrieved 21 November 2013, <http://nla.gov.au/nla.map-t576>.

Patents

Derech Hagav Ltd 2012, Determining timing for cleaning electricity generating solar panels, Australian filed patent number 2012330715, filed 11 April 2012, viewed 1 September 2015, http://pericles.ipaustralia.gov.au/ols/auspat/applicationDetails.do?applicationNo=2012330715

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IEEE Quick Reference and Citation Guide


IEEE QUICK REFERENCE AND CITATION GUIDE

Overview ............................................................................................................... 2





Periodicals ........................................................................................................................ 4 Books ............................................................................................................................... 5

Webpages/websites ......................................................................................................... 6 Technical and research reports ........................................................................................ 6 Meetings and symposia .................................................................................................... 7

Theses or dissertations .................................................................................................... 7 Audiovisual media ............................................................................................................ 8

Datasets and software ...................................................................................................... 8 Blog posts, internet message boards ............................................................................... 8

Legislative materials ......................................................................................................... 8 Unpublished works ........................................................................................................... 9

Miscellaneous .................................................................................................................. 9

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Overview

In IEEE referencing, references are numbered sequentially in the order they are cited and

placed at the end of your document. When citing a reference, you insert the corresponding

number of the reference, in square brackets [ ], in a suitable place in the sentence.





should be placed.






and so forth).


The major features of in-text citations following the IEEE Referencing Style are:

citations appear inside punctuation (i.e. ‘this is correct [3].’ ‘This is not correct. [5]’)

a space should appear before any citation (i.e. ‘this is correct [3]’; ‘this is not correct[5]’)

grammatically, in-text citation numbers should be used as if they are nouns rather than footnote numbers (see ‘Examples’ following)

references only appear once in a reference list; if you wish to cite a reference again that you have already cited earlier in your document, use the number already assigned to it in your reference list; do not add the reference to your list a second time. For example:

o In your ‘Introduction’:

‘… has often been noted, especially by Berry [12]’

o In your ‘Discussion’:

‘While Thompson et al. [46] and Berry [12] …’

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Grammatically, in-text citation numbers may be treated as if they are footnote numbers or as nouns—the latter method is preferred and

should be used except in cases in which the name/s of the author/s is necessary to the meaning of the sentence.

Standard citations Preferred method If author/s must be named

1 author … in [15] Walker [15] asserts …

2 authors … as noted in [16] and in [21]–[32] Bradley and Walker [16] calculated …

3–5 authors As is proposed in [6], [32] and [18], … As Walsh, Bradley, Soo, Ramirez and Walker [17] proposed …

6+ authors For instance, see [11] … Soo et al. [18] observed …

Special citations Two or more works by the same author

Zhou [21], [42] produced …


Walker [15, pp. 3–12]

… as noted in [16, Sec. 4.2] and [21, Ch. 3, p. 67],

In [63, Fig. 1], it can be seen …

(as in [18, p. 45] and [19, eq. (2)])

The complete data can be seen in [19, Table 2]

(see [24, Sect. 4.5] for complete data)

… as shown in [16, Appendix 1], …


A. Walker [5] and K. Walker [10] both assert …

Secondary sources IEEE does not permit the use of secondary sources; you should refer to the primary source and cite that source following these guidelines.

Personal communications

These require no special treatment. References to personal communications should appear in your ‘References’ section and be cited following these guidelines.

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The major features of references formatted according to the IEEE Referencing Style are:

spaced (i.e. ‘A. B.’ not ‘A.B.’) author initials are used instead of given names

author initials appear before family names

book and journal titles are in italics

chapter titles, article titles, conference paper titles and similar are placed within double quotation marks

if there are more than six authors listed, only the first author’s name should be given followed by ‘et al.’

the names of university schools, conferences and the like are abbreviated following the IEEE Editorial Style Manual (https://www.ieee.org/documents/style_manual.pdf).

A serial (‘list’) comma should be used before ‘and’ in author lists of three or more: ‘A. Smith,

B. C. Jones, and D. Wilson’ (not ‘A. Smith, B. C. Jones and D. Wilson’).

References are listed by number in the order in which they are first cited in the main text.

References should only appear once in the reference list—subsequent citations to a

reference should refer to the original number assigned to that reference.

When a month of publication is required, the month name should be abbreviated to the first

three letters (i.e. ‘Jan.’, ‘Feb.’, ‘Jul.’ etc.).


Periodicals

Journal titles should be abbreviated according to https://www.ieee.org/documents/trans_

journal_names.pdf or http://cassi.cas.org/search.jsp. Give the full title if you are unable to

locate the abbreviation.

Journal article

T. M. Amabile, K. G. Hill, B. A. Hennessey, and E. M. Tighe, “The work preference inventory:

Assessing intrinsic and extrinsic motivational orientations,” J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., vol. 66, no.

5, pp. 950–967, May 1994.

Journal article, non-English title, article not in English

C. Argyris, “Kepribadian dan organisasi teori ditinjau” [Personality and organisation theory

revisited], (in Indonesian), Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 18, pp. 141–167, 1973.


H. S. Gibbons and G. P. Wentworth, “Andrological and pedagogical training differences for

online instructors,” Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, vol. 4, no. 3, Fall 2001.

[Online]. Available: http://www.westga.edu/~distance/ojdla/fall43/gibbons_wentworth43.html.

Accessed on: May 13, 2013.

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Journal article, supplementary issue

C. J. O’Donnell et al., “Genome-wide association study for subclinical atherosclerosis in major

arterial territories in the NHLBI’s Framingham Heart Study,” BMC Med. Genet., vol. 8, suppl.

1, p. S4, Sep. 2007.


C. Haney and R. L. Wiener, Eds, “Capital punishment in the United States,” special issue,

Psychology, Public Policy, and the Law, vol. 10, no. 4, Dec. 2004.

Journal article, accepted for publication

S. A. Mills, “Reflector arrays—gain limits,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., to be published.

Journal article, submitted for publication

C. K. Woo, “Local area networks and wide area networks,” submitted for publication.

Newspaper article, print

A. Harmon, “A dying young woman’s hope in cryonics and a future,” New York Times, Sep.

12, 2015, p. A1.


N. Gardner, “Rates to trigger recession—cost of living crunch—get our power bills down,”

Sunday Telegraph, Jun. 13, 2011. [Online]. Available:

http://global.factiva.com.ezproxy.uow.edu.au/ha/default.aspx. Accessed on: Jun. 12, 2013.


“Six sites meet for comprehensive anti-gang initiate conference,” OJJDP News @ a Glance,

Nov./Dec. 2006. [Online]. Available: http://www.ncjrs.gov/htm/ojjdp/news_at_a_glance/

216684/topstory.html. Accessed on: Jun. 12, 2013.

Books Book, second edition

J. K. Abbott, Natural Disasters: A brief history, 2nd ed. Adelaide, Australia: Robertson, 1993.


C. S. Brown and T. Ellis, Computer Science: Recent Advances, 2nd ed. London, United

Kingdom: Alfred & Willis, 1991. [Online]. Available: http://www.computer-science-recent-

advances.com. Accessed on: Mar. 2, 2013.

Book, electronic-only, no date of publication

R. Nguyen, C. Chen, T. Willis, A. S. Scott, C. Djangu, and B. T. W. Scott. Abstract Informatics.

n.d. [Online]. Available: http://www.3258/abstract-informatics/nguyen/chen/willis.html.

Accessed on: Nov. 26, 2012.

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Book, electronic version of a republished book, with translator and original year of publication

P. Baudin et al., Optimal Design. (Transl.: L. Peters). 2013, Jan. 12 (1962). [Online]. Available:

http://www.design-books/optimal/design/1962.pdf. Accessed on: Aug. 1, 2013.

Chapter in book—one editor (Ed.)

Z. L. Bunton, “Introduction,” in Handbook of Mathematics, 2nd ed., A. C. Smith, Ed.

Washington, DC, USA: NBS, 1984, pp. 53–78.

Chapter in book—multiple editors (Eds)

A. E. Richards and M. Cope, “The way forward,” in Modern Economics (Applied Economics

Series 3), R. Johnston, K. L. S. Murray, and R. I. Thomas, Eds. Seattle, WA, USA: Olympia,

2007, pp. 153–162.

Chapter in multi-volume book

S. K. Burton and R. Eaton, “Oscillators,” in Electronic Circuits: An Introduction, vol. 2, E. K.

Symonds, B. Collins, and T. S. Wilson, Eds. San Francisco, CA, USA: Academic, 2011, pp.

201–256.


“Common birds” in Encyclopedia of Ornithology. Ornithology Inc., 2011. [Online]. Available:

http://www.encyclopedia-of-ornithology/common-birds/.htm. Accessed on: Nov. 23, 2012.


“Function of state,” in Thermodynamic Theory. Sydney, Australia: Scientific, n.d. [Online].

Available: http://www.thermodynamic-theory.com/function-state. Accessed on: Nov. 23, 2012.

Webpages/websites

A date of publication can be added if this is available; it should appear following a comma

between the webpage title and ‘[Online].’

Webpage, no author

“Citing and referencing—IEEE style,” in Citing and Referencing. [Online]. Available:

http://www.citing-referencing/~ieee.htm. Accessed on: Nov. 12, 2012.

Website

The Conversation. [Online]. Available: https://theconversation.com/uk/technology. Accessed

on: May 13, 2013.


B. Haddon and A. Hede, “Work-life balance—An integrated approach: The case for joint and

several responsibility,” Queensland Law Society, Canberra, Australia, 2010. [Online].

Available: www.qls.com.au/files/3c76c434-931d-4d50-8864=a0fc00f8bb6b/qls_final_report_

on_wlb_18_june_2010.pdf. Accessed on: Nov. 21, 2013.

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Beaton Consulting Pty Ltd, “Annual professions study 2007,” Beaton Consulting Pty Ltd, South

Yarra, Australia, Res. Rep. No. 06.3, 2007.

Meetings and symposia

Conference names are abbreviated, while the titles of published conference proceedings

are italicised and abbreviated, following the guidelines in the IEEE Editorial Style Manual

(https://www.ieee.org/documents/style_manual.pdf).

For published conference proceedings, the location of the conference is included only if this

information is available.

Conference paper, unpublished, online

E. Shakar and X. L. Ching, “Survey of PLGA for drug-delivery in the 21st century,” paper

presented at 3rd Ann. Conf. Nanomedical Frontiers, Jul. 21–23, 2007. [Online]. Available:

http://www.shakar-e/frontiers/~/paper.html. Accessed Apr. 21, 2013.

Conference paper, published online

C. Grable, A. Hunt, and P. Pearce, “Meeting NCATE and learned society standards through

Chalk and Wire digital portfolios,” in Proc. Society Information Technology and Teacher

Education International Conf. 2006, 2006, pp. 60–62. [Online]. Available:

http://www.editlib.org/p/22005/. Accessed on: Jun. 4, 2012.


A. Akinyemi, “Web-based learning and cultural interference: Perspectives of Arab students,”

in Proc. E-Learn: World Conf. E-Learning in Corporate, Government, Healthcare, and Higher

Education, Miami, FL, USA, 2003, pp. 1858–1862.

Proceedings, published regularly online

J. Arbiol , A. Fontcuberta i Morral, M. A. Filler, K. A. Dick, and Q. H. Xiong, Eds, 2015 MRS

Spring Meeting – Symposium S – Semiconductor Nanowires and Devices for Advanced

Applications, MRS Proceedings vol. 1785. [Online]. Available: http://journals.cambridge.org/

action/displayIssue?jid=OPL&volumeId=1785&iid=9674849. Accessed May 13, 2013.


In the case of theses, the degree (e.g. bachelor of arts [B.A.], master of engineering

[M.Eng.]) should be indicated using the appropriate abbreviation.

M. Abouhaseira, “Education, political development, and stability in Saudi Arabia,” Ph.D.

dissertation, Graduate School Edu., Univ. Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 1998.

T. E. Jewell, “Aberration field properties of non-axially symmetric optical systems,” M.S. thesis,

Opt. Sci. Graduate College, Univ. Arizona, Tuscon, AZ, USA, 1984.

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APA, Producer, Responding Therapeutically to Patient Expressions of Sexual Attraction, APA

Psychotherapy Stimulus Series, Washington, DC: APA, 2000. [DVD].

Podcast

O. Cheadle, Interviewer, and L. Millam, Speaker, Stammering: Latest Research Findings. Pod

Academy, 2015. [Podcast]. Available: http://podacademy.org/podcasts/stammering-latest-

research-findings/. Accessed Sep. 5, 2015.

Datasets and software Datasets

Pew Hispanic Center, Changing Channels and Crisscrossing Cultures: A Survey of Latinos on

the News Media. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, 2004. [Data file and code book].

Available: http://pewhispanic.org/datasets/. Accessed Sep. 3, 2015.

Software

Biostat, Comprehensive Meta-Analysis, ver. 2. Englewood, NJ, USA: Biostat. [Computer

software]. Available: http://www.meta-analysis.com/index.php. Accessed Oct. 11, 2013.

Blog posts, internet message boards Blog post

P. Z. Myers, “The unfortunate prerequisites and consequences of partitioning your mind,” Jan.

22, 2007. [Web log post]. Available: http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2007/01/the_

unfortunate_prerequisites.php. Accessed Aug. 30, 2012.


MiddleKid, “Re: The unfortunate prerequisites and consequences of partitioning your mind,”

Jan. 22, 2007. [Web log comment]. Available: http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2007/01/

the_unfortunate_prerequisites.php. Accessed Aug. 30, 2012.

Legislative materials

Note: year/date placement is different to that used in other reference types.

U.S. House. 102nd Congress, 1st Session. (1991, Jan. 11). H. Con. Res. 1, Sense of the

Congress on Approval of Military Action. [Online]. Available: http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/

query/z?c102:H.CON.RES.1.IH.

Patents and patent applications

F. Piekniewski, E. Izhikevich, B. Szatmary, and C. Petre, “Spiking neural network feedback

apparatus and methods,” U.S. Patent 9129221, Sep. 8, 2015.

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C. Hoffmann, W. Zhang, and Y. Chen, “Solid forms of a pyrido-pyrimidinium inner salt,” U.S.

Patent Appl. 20150252040A1, Sep. 10, 2015.

Standards

IEEE Criteria for Class IE Electric Systems, IEEE Standard 308, 1969.

Unpublished works Private communications

A. W. Wilson, private communication, Jul. 2012.

Papers, Reports

S. W. E. Kidson, et al., “King Henry VIII: What was he really like?” unpublished.

N. Smith, T. A. Jackson, and C. M. Kim, “Analysis of thermodynamics in steam engines,”

Bacons Repository Paper T-256-3.

Miscellaneous Citing a type of work for which there is no example reference

The purpose of a reference is to allow readers to be able to locate the cited work quickly

and easily should they want to.

First, ensure that you have all the details on hand that will enable this. This will include as

many of the following as you can locate: author(s)/authoring body/producer/manufacturer

etc., title/name of work, edition/version/report/session number/name, publisher, date and

location of publication/event, web address. Then, find an example reference for a type of

document as similar as possible to the work you wish to cite, and format the reference using

this as a guide.

You may be able to find additional example references online to help you. However, as you

might with other referencing styles, you may encounter different versions of IEEE style. For

example, some versions place the date of publication within parentheses following the

author/s name/s, while some put the date at the end of the reference after a comma (as in

this guide). What is most important is that you are consistent within your document. Taking

the mentioned example, if you have followed this guide and all of your references have the

date at the end so far, but an online example for a particular type of work has its date after

the author name/s, you should place the date at the end of the reference, as you have done

with all previous references.

Finally, do not leave out any information readers will need to be able to find the work—there

is no point including a reference that is missing important details, as readers will not be able

to locate the work. Unpublished works (e.g. personal emails, papers) are no exception—a

reference to an unpublished work should guide the reader to being able to locate it (for

instance, by indicating a particular work is, say, an email, the reader will know that if they

want to access this document, they will need to contact you).

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Vancouver Quick Reference and Citation Guide


VANCOUVER QUICK REFERENCE AND CITATION

GUIDE

Overview ............................................................................................................... 2





Periodicals ........................................................................................................................ 4 Books ............................................................................................................................... 6

Websites .......................................................................................................................... 7 Technical and research reports ........................................................................................ 7

Meetings and symposia .................................................................................................... 7 Dissertations and theses .................................................................................................. 7 Audiovisual media ............................................................................................................ 7

Datasets ........................................................................................................................... 8

Blogs and blog posts ........................................................................................................ 8

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Overview

The Vancouver reference style is an author-number system that is commonly used in health

and medicine, as well as the physical sciences. It was formalised in 1978 at a meeting of

the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) held in Vancouver, Canada.





should be placed.






and so forth).


In-text citations are numbered consecutively in the order that they appear in the text, with

references that are repeated later in the manuscript keeping their original numbers. Arabic

numbers are used to indicate the reference, and the citation numbers can be either enclosed

in parentheses (1), square brackets [1], in superscript1 or any combination.[1] Multiple

references are cited as groups; for example, multiple references in parentheses (1,2,4–6)

or in superscript.1,2,4–6 Where a specific page of a reference is to be cited, the format is as

follows: Halpern and colleagues (1, p.26) found that/ Halpern and colleagues found

that1(p.26)… The exact format is usually specified by the relevant journal or publishing

company.

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Standard citations Standard method If author/s are named in-text

1 author … this was found in one study (15). Walker (15) asserts …

2 authors Several studies (13, 15) have examined the effect of congestion … Bradley and Walker (16) calculated …

3–5 authors As is proposed in previous research (6–9, 13, 15) … As Walsh, Bradley, Soo, Ramirez and Walker (17) proposed …

6+ authors Recent research (1) indicates … Soo et al (18) observed …

Special citations Two or more works by the same author

Zhou (21, 42) produced …


Walker (15, pp.3–12)

… as noted in (16, Sec. 4.2) and (21, Ch. 3, p.67),

In (63, Fig. 1), it can be seen …

as in (18, p.45) and (19, eq. [2])

The complete data can be seen in (19, Table 2)

see (24, Sect. 4.5) for complete data

… as shown in (16, Appendix 1), …


A Walker (5) and K Walker (10) both assert …

Secondary sources

Whenever possible, you should refer to the primary source and cite that source following these guidelines. If not possible, you can format as follows: ‘According to Orsini as cited by Holding et al (7), most cats prefer sunny climates.’

Personal communications

Emails are cited like any other work and included in the Reference List. All other personal communication should acknowledged within the text main in parentheses. For example: ‘…this information was conveyed in a letter (Aguilera, Christina. Letter to: Britney Spears. 2012 Mar 03. 4 pages.).’

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The reference list is presented as a numbered list, with references appearing in the order

they were cited within the manuscript. For example:

(1) Amabile TM, Hill KG, Hennessey BA, Tighe EM. The work preference inventory:

Assessing intrinsic and extrinsic motivational orientations. J Pers Soc

Psychol.1994;66(5):950–67. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.66.5.950

(2) Nordentoft M, Madsen T. Høj risiko for selvmord blandt psykiatriske patienter. [High risk

of suicide among psychiatric patients]. Ugeskr Laeger. 2011;173(39):2413–5. Danish.

(3) Lemanek, K. Adherence issues in the medical management of asthma. J Pediatr Psychol

[Internet]. 1990 [cited 2015 Sep 20];15(4):437–58. Available from:

http://jpepsy.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/15/4/437



Amabile TM, Hill KG, Hennessey BA, Tighe EM. The work preference inventory: Assessing

intrinsic and extrinsic motivational orientations. J Pers Soc Psychol.1994;66(5):950–67.

doi:10.1037/0022-3514.66.5.950

Note: Journal names are always abbreviated according to the National Library of Medicine format; see http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog/journals for a searchable list of journal names and their abbreviations.

Note: Most biomedical journals specify that for references with more than either three or six authors, the first three or six names are given, followed by et al., rather than the complete list of authors. The journal of publisher’s website will provide this information in their Guide to Authors. For example, for a journal that requires the first three author names: Amabile TM, Hill KG, Hennessey BA, et al. The work preference inventory: Assessing intrinsic and extrinsic motivational orientations. J Pers Soc Psychol.1994;66:950–67.

Note: If the journal has continuous page numbers throughout each volume, the issue number can be omitted: for example, Amabile TM, Hill KG, Hennessey BA, Tighe EM. The work preference inventory: Assessing intrinsic and extrinsic motivational orientations. J Pers Soc Psychol.1994;66:950–67.

Journal article, published electronically ahead of the print version

Cropley VL, Lin A, Nelson B, Reniers RL, Yung AR, Bartholomeusz CF, et al. Baseline grey

matter volume of non-transitioned ‘ultra high risk’ for psychosis individuals with and without

attenuated psychotic symptoms at long-term follow-up. Schizophr Res. 2015; May 29. doi:

10.1016/j.schres.2015.05.014. [Epub ahead of print]

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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25650572







Nordentoft M, Madsen T. Høj risiko for selvmord blandt psykiatriske patienter. [High risk of

suicide among psychiatric patients]. Ugeskr Laeger. 2011;173(39):2413–5. Danish.

Online journal article, without doi

Lemanek, K. Adherence issues in the medical management of asthma. J Pediatr Psychol

[Internet]. 1990 [cited 2015 Sep 20];15(4):437–58. Available from:

http://jpepsy.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/15/4/437

Online journal article, with doi

Fletcher D, Wagstaff CRD. Organisational psychology in elite sport: Its emergence, application

and future. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2009;10(4):427–34. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2009.03.009

Article in journal supplement

McGorry PD. The specialist youth mental health model: strengthening the weakest link in the

public mental health system. Med J Aust. 2007;187(7 Suppl):S53–6.

Article in journal where the type of article is indicated

Ganster DC, Schaubroeck J, Sime WE, Maynes BS. The nomological validity of the Type A

personality among employed adults [monograph]. J Appl Psychol. 1991;76:143–168.

doi:10.1037/0021-9010.76.1.143

Note: Article types can include editorials, reviews, commentaries, letters, monographs etc.

Newspaper article with author

Purdon F. Colder babies at risk of SIDS. The Courier Mail 2010 Mar 8:9

Newspaper article without author

Abbot swipe: Morrison ‘never warned anyone’. The Age 2015, Sep 22:1


Gardner N. Rates to trigger recession—cost of living crunch—get our power bills down. Sunday

Telegraph [Internet]. 2011 13 June [cited 2015 Sep 20]; Available from:

http://global.factiva.com.ezproxy.uow.edu.au/ha/default.aspx


Six sites meet for comprehensive anti-gang initiate conference. OJJDP News @ a Glance.

2006 November/December [cited 2015 Sep 20]; Available from: http://www.ncjrs.gov/htm/

ojjdp/news_at_a_glance/216684/topstory.html

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Books Book, edition other than the first

Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences. 2nd ed. Hillside, NJ: Erlbaum;

1988.

Note: When preparing a reference list for a book or book chapter, many publishers ask that for references with more than either three or six authors, only the first three or six names are given, followed by et al., rather than the complete list of authors. The publisher’s guidelines for authors will indicate the format required.


Griffin E. A first look at communication theory. 7th ed. [internet]. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill;

2000. Available from: http://www.afirstlook.com/edition_7/book

Translation of a book

Luria AR. The mind of a mnemonist [L. Soltaroff, trans]. New York: Avon Books; 1969.

Chapter in book—one editor

Emmons RA. The personal strivings approach to personality. In: LA Pervin, editor. Goal

concepts in personality and social psychology. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum; 1989.

Chapter in book—multiple editors

Baard P. Intrinsic need satisfaction in organizations: A motivational basis of success in for-

profit and not-for-profit settings. In R. Deci, E. Ryan, editors. Handbook of self-determination

research. New York: The University of Rochester Press; 2002.

Chapter in multi-volume book (Vol. 6, pp. 191–233)

Daft RL, Lengel RH. Information richness: A new approach to managerial behavior and

organization design. In: BM Staw, LL Cummings, editors. Research in organizational

behaviour. Vol. 6. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press; 1984.


Graham G. Behaviorism. In: E. N. Zalta, editor. The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Fall

2007 ed. [cited 2015 Sep 20]. Available from: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/behavorism


Heuristic. In: Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary. 11th ed. [cited 2015 Sep 20]. Available from:

http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/heuristic

Reference book

APA dictionary of psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2007.

Psychopath; p.120.

Note: when citing a definition in a dictionary, the term being defined must be included: see directly above for the term ‘psychopath’.

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Websites

Law Society of NSW. Statistics [Internet]. 2003 [cited 2015 Sep 20]. Available from:

http://www.lawsociety.com.au/idc/groups/public/documents/internetcontent/02609.pdf


Australian Bureau of Statistics. National survey of mental health and wellbeing: Summary of

results. Canberra: ABS; 2007. Cat. No. 4326.0.

Beaton Consulting Pty Ltd. Annual professions study 2007. South Yarra, Vic: Beaton

Consulting; 2007. Research Report No. 06.3.

Meetings and symposia Conference paper, unpublished

Akinyemi A. (2003). Web-based learning and cultural interference: Perspectives of Arab

students. Paper presented at the Sixteenth Conference on E-Learning in Corporate,

Government, Healthcare, and Higher Education; 2003 Sep 20–22; Miami (FL). Available from:

http://www.editlib.org/p/12239

Conference paper, published in book form

Christensen S, Oppacher F. An analysis of Koza’s computational effort statistic for genetic

programming. In: Foster JA, Lutton E, Miller J, Ryan C, Tettamanzi AG, editors. Genetic

programming. EuroGP 2002: Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Genetic

Programming; 2002 Apr 3–5; Kinsdale, Ireland: Berlin: Springer; 2002. p. 182–91.


Harnden P, Joffe JK, Jones WG, editors. Germ cell tumours V. Proceedings of the 5th Germ

Cell Tumour Conference; 2001 Sep 13–15; Leeds (UK). New York: Springer 2002.

Dissertations and theses

Abouhaseira M. (1998). Education, political development, and stability in Saudi Arabia

[Doctoral dissertation]. Los Angeles (CA): University of Southern California; 1998.

Alamir A. Instructor influence on online interaction in EFL context: An action research study of

Saudi English learning [Master’s thesis]. Melbourne: University of Melbourne; 2007.


American Psychological Association (Producer). Responding therapeutically to patient

expressions of sexual attraction [DVD]. Washington (DC): American Psychological

Association; 2007. Available from: http://www.apa.org/videos/

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Podcast

Australian Broadcasting Corporation. The Science Show [podcast on the internet]. Sydney:

ABC Radio National; 2014 [cited 2015 Sep 20]. Available from: http://www.abc.net.au/

radionational/programs/scienceshow/about/

Datasets Dataset

Jablonski S. Online Multiple Congenital Abnormality/Mental Retardation (MCA/MR)

Syndromes [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); c1999 [updated 2001

Nov 20; cited 2002 Aug 12]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/archive//20061212/mesh/

jablonski/syndrome_title.html

Blogs and blog posts Blog

Wall Street Journal. Health Blog: WSJ’s blog on health and the business of health [Internet].

Hensley S, editor. New York: Dow Jones & Company, Inc. c2007 [cited 2015 Sep 20]. Available

from: http://blogs.wsj.com/health/

Blog post

PZ Myers. The unfortunate prerequisites and consequences of partitioning your mind. 2007

Jan 22 [cited 2015 Sep 18]. Retrieved from In: Science Blogs [Internet]. Available from:

http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2007/01/the_unfortunate_prerequisites.php


MiddleKid. Re: The unfortunate prerequisites and consequences of partitioning your mind.

2007 Jan 22 [cited 2015 Sep 18]. In: Science Blogs [Internet]. Available from:

http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2007/01/the_unfortunate_prerequisites.php

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AGLC 3 Quick Reference and Citation Guide


AUSTRALIAN GUIDE TO LEGAL CITATION (AGLC)

3RD EDITION QUICK REFERENCE AND CITATION

GUIDE

Overview ............................................................................................................... 2

Footnotes: General notes ....................................................................................... 2

Ibid. .................................................................................................................................. 2 Above n. ........................................................................................................................... 3

Secondary citations .......................................................................................................... 3

Bibliography: General notes ................................................................................... 3

Bibliography and footnotes: Examples ................................................................... 5

Articles/Books/Reports ..................................................................................................... 5 Cases ............................................................................................................................... 6 Legislative Materials ......................................................................................................... 7

Treaties ............................................................................................................................ 8

Other ................................................................................................................................ 8

Bibliography and footnotes: Quick guide table..................................................... 10

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Overview

The Australian Guide to Legal Citation (AGLC) is the predominant style guide for law

documents (e.g. journal articles, theses) in Australia. The style uses numbered footnotes at

the bottom of the page, and may require a bibliography. The third edition of AGLC was

published by the Melbourne University Law Review Association in 2010.





should be placed.






and so forth).

Footnotes: General notes

Footnotes are positioned after punctuation.

Use a full stop at the end of each footnote.

Separate multiple sources in a footnote with a semi-colon.

A Pinpoint is the particular page, paragraph or chapter number from which you have sourced information (see AGLC section 1.1.5 and 1.1.6).

The first time a source is cited, it is cited in full. Thereafter, it is appropriate to use ibid or above n in certain circumstance.

Format

Footnotes are positioned after punctuation, like this.1 This is incorrect1.

Use a full stop at the end of each footnote. Separate multiple sources in a footnote with a

semi-colon. For example:

Rachel A Opie, ‘Human Rights Violations by Peacekeepers: Finding a Framework for Attribution of International Responsibility’ [2006] New Zealand Law Review 1; Kleinig, John, ‘Paternalism and Personal Integrity’ [1983] (3) Bulletin of the Australian Society of Legal Philosophy 27.

Author names

Author names are cited exactly as they appear in the source, with the surname following the

first name(s) or initial(s).

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Pinpoint

A ‘pinpoint’ is the particular page, paragraph or chapter number from which you have

sourced information (see AGLC Sections 1.1.5 and 1.1.6).

Subsequent citations

The first time a source is cited, it is cited in full. Thereafter, it is appropriate to use ‘ibid’ or

‘above n’ in certain circumstances.

Ibid

‘Ibid’ should not be used where there are multiple sources in the preceding footnote.

If the pinpoint reference is different from that in the preceding footnote, ‘ibid’ should be

followed by the (different) pinpoint reference. There should not be a comma (or other

punctuation) between ‘ibid’ and a pinpoint reference.

Above n.

Citations using ‘above n’ should appear as [Author’s Surname], above n [Footnote Number],

[Pinpoint]. For example:

Douglas, above n 38, 20

Where multiple works by the same author are referred to, subsequent references should

appear as [Author’s Surname], [Title (shortened if necessary)], above n [Footnote Number],

[Pinpoint].

Douglas, ‘Customary Law’, above n 38, 20.

Above n’ should be used where a source has been cited in a previous footnote other than

the immediately preceding footnote, or in the immediately preceding footnote, if it is not the

only source in that footnote.

‘Above n’ should not be used in certain instances, including for cases and international

judicial decisions; legislation and other materials; treaties; and UN, WTO, GATT and EU

documents (see AGLC 1.4.2).

Secondary citations

Use the terms ‘quoting’, ‘quoted in’, ‘citing’ or ‘cited in’ as outlined in the rules in AGLC 1.3.

Both the source that you have accessed in the bibliography and the secondary citation must

be cited in full. For example:

Heather Douglas, ‘Customary Law, Sentencing and the Limits of the State’ (2005) 20 Canadian Journal of Law and Society 141 cited in Catriona Cook et al, Laying Down the Law (LexisNexis Butterworths, 7th ed, 2009) 47

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Bibliography: General notes

When a bibliography is required (consult your academic advisor or publisher), it is placed

at the end of your document. It should list all sources that have been consulted and not

only those cited in the text and footnotes.

Format The bibliography is placed at the end of your document. There is no full stop at the end of

a bibliography entry. Pinpoint references are not included.

Authors’ names The first author’s name is inverted so that the surname appears first. For works by two or

more authors, only the first author’s name is inverted. For example:

Eastwood, Christine, Sally Kift and Rachel Grace.

Subdivisions The bibliography may be divided into sections, as follows, although sections can be

omitted or added (see AGLC 1.16):

A Articles/Books/Reports

B Cases

C Legislation

D Treaties

E Other

Order of entries Items should be organised alphabetically under each heading according to surnames.

Where two authors have the same surname, sort authors alphabetically according to their

first names. Where more than one work by an author is listed, list in chronological order.

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Bibliography and footnotes: Examples

Articles/Books/Reports Journal Articles

Use the full title of the journal but omit the at the start of titles.

If the journal is organised by year, use square brackets around the year and omit the volume number. If organised by volume, use round brackets around the year.

Only include issue numbers when pagination is not continuous across issues i.e. each issue starts at page 1.

Most articles accessible electronically via Library’s databases are also published in print format, thus they should be cited as print journal articles as electronic articles. Do not include the web address or database name.

For unsigned journal articles, the type of article (such as ‘Comment’ or ‘Note’) should appear in place of the author’s name.

Bibliography: Author’s Surname, First Name or Initial(s), ‘Title of article’ ([Year]) Volume (Issue) Journal Name Starting page

Footnotes: Author’s First Name Surname, ‘Title of article’ ([Year]) Volume (Issue) Journal Name Starting page, Pinpoint.

o Pinpoint references should be to page numbers.

Newspaper Article

List in section A. Articles/Books/Reports.

Newspaper articles should only be cited in electronic format if an equivalent print version does not exist—see AGLC 6.5.3.

Print

Bibliography: Author’s Surname, First Name or initial(s), ‘Article Title’, Newspaper (Place of publication), Full date

Footnotes: Author’s First Name or initial(s) Surname, ‘Article Title’, Newspaper (Place of publication), Full date, Pinpoint.

Online

Bibliography: Author’s First Name or initial(s) Surname, ‘Article Title’, Newspaper (online), Full date, Pinpoint <URL>.

o Only include a pinpoint if the article has page or paragraph numbers

Footnotes: Author’s First Name or initial(s) Surname, ‘Article Title’, Newspaper (online), Full date, Pinpoint <URL>.

o Only include a pinpoint if the article has page or paragraph numbers

Books

The name of the editor of a book should appear in the same manner as an author’s name and should be followed by ‘(ed)’ for one editor or ‘(eds)’ for multiple editors.

Bibliography: Author’s Surname, First Name or Initial(s), Title of book (Publisher, Edition, Year)

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o Authors’ initials are separated by a space. o If a book has more than one author, only the first listed author’s First Name

and surname is inverted. o Edition number is only included for 2nd or later editions.

Footnotes: Author’s First Name or Initial(s) Surname, Title of book (Publisher, Edition, Year) Pinpoint

o Authors’ initials are separated by a space. o Edition number is only included for 2nd or later editions. o If the book has page numbers, the pinpoint must be to a page number(s),

otherwise to numbered paragraph(s) enclosed in square brackets.

Reports

Bibliography: Name of Law Reform Commission, Title, Report/ Discussion Paper Number (Year)

Footnotes: Name of Law Reform Commission, Title, Report /Issues/ Discussion Paper No Number (Year) Pinpoint.

Cases

Do not use full stops in abbreviations.

Do not include initials or individuals’ first names in case names. Only cite the first plaintiff and defendant. Do not use ‘& Anor’ or ‘& Ors ‘. See AGLC 2.1 for other case name rules e.g. R, A-G, Re, Ex parte, ex rel

Use square brackets if the reports series is organised by year. Use round brackets if the report series is organised by unique volume number

Do not refer to the database or website used to retrieve cases – cite the case as in print format.

Do not cite parallel citations for Australian cases. Use the following preference: authorised report series, unauthorised report series, unreported decision.

For CCH report series, the starting page may be a unique reference not a page number e.g. ¶93-321.

Reported Cases (see AGLC 2.7)

Bibliography: Case name [(Year)] Volume Report Series Abbreviation Starting Page.

o List cases in section B. Cases.

Footnotes: Case name [(Year)] Volume Report Series Abbreviation Starting Page, Pinpoint.

o Do not repeat the case name in the footnote if it is used in the text accompanying the footnote.

Medium Neutral Citations

Only use medium neutral citation if it has been allocated by the court (see AGLC 2.8.1).

Bibliography: Case name [Year] Unique Court Identifier Judgment Number (Full Date)


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Footnotes: Case name [Year] Unique Court Identifier Judgment Number (Full Date) [Pinpoint].

o Pinpoint references are paragraph numbers.

Unreported Decisions

Bibliography: Case name (Unreported, Court, Judge(s), Full Date) o List cases in section B. Cases.

Footnotes: Case name (Unreported, Court, Judge(s), Full Date) Pinpoint.

Arbitral Decisions

Bibliography: Case name (Award Description, Forum, Case/Award No. Number, full date)


Footnotes: Case name (Award Description, Forum, Case/Award No. Number, full date) Pinpoint.

Transcript of proceedings

Bibliography: Transcript of Proceedings, Case name (Court, Proceeding Number, Judge(s), full date of proceedings)


Footnotes: Transcript of Proceedings, Case name (Court, Proceeding Number, Judge(s), full date of proceedings) Pinpoint.

Submissions in cases

Bibliography: Party Name, ‘Title of Submission’, Submission in Case name (Court, Proceeding Number, full date)

Footnotes: Party Name, ‘Title of Submission’, Submission in Case name (Court, Proceeding Number, full date) Pinpoint.

Legislative Materials Bill

List in section C. Legislation.

Bibliography: Short Title of the Bill Year (Jurisdiction)

Footnotes: Short Title of the Bill Year (Jurisdiction) Pinpoint. o Pinpoints are usually clauses/sub-clauses.

Explanatory Notes/ Memoranda

Bibliography: Explanatory Memorandum/Statement/Notes, Citation of Bill

Footnotes: Explanatory Memorandum/Statement/Notes, Citation of Bill Pinpoint.

Legislation (primary i.e. Acts & delegated/ subordinate)

Only refer to the amending Act if it is relevant to a particular point. Otherwise refer to the principal Act (it is assumed that this refers to the Act as ameded).

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Jurisdiction should be abbreviated as stated in AGLC section 3.1.3

Always cite legislation in print format, regardless if accessed online.

Bibliography: Short Title of the Act Year (Jurisdiction) o List in section C. Legislation

Footnote: Short Title of the Act Year (Jurisdiction) Pinpoint. o Pinpoints should be abbreviated as stated in AGLC section 3.1.4. o The pinpoint abbreviation and number must be separated by a space, however

do not add a space in between a section & sub-section number. o Consecutive pinpoints should be separated by an en- dash ‘–’ (use ctrl + minus

key) and non-consecutive pinpoints by a comma and a space.

Gazettes

Bibliography: Jurisdiction, Gazette Title, No. [Gazette Number], Full Date

Footnotes: Jurisdiction, Gazette Title, No. [Gazette Number], Full Date, Pinpoint.

Second reading speech for a Bill

Bibliography: Jurisdiction, Parliamentary Debates, Chamber, Full Date of Debate

Footnotes: Jurisdiction, Parliamentary Debates, Chamber, Full Date of Debate, Pinpoint (Name of speaker).

Treaties Opened for signature

Treaty Title, opened for signature, [Date of Conclusion], [Treaty Series], (entered into force [Date of Entry into Force]).

Signed by All Parties (Closed Multilateral or Bilateral Treaties)

Treaty Title, signed [Date of Conclusion], [Treaty Series], (entered into force [Date of Entry into Force]).

Other Internet Material/Websites

Only cite as a web page if the information is not published in print format.

Use the date of last update if provided, otherwise date of creation. If a full date is not provided, use as much of the date as appears. Omit this element if no date is given.

The website name can be omitted if it is the same as the author.

Bibliography: Author’s Surname, First Name, Document Title (Full Date) Website name <URL>

o List in section E. Other, unless document is a report or article

Footnotes: Author’s First Name Surname, Document Title (Full Date) Website name <URL>.

o A pinpoint reference may be included before the URL where appropriate.

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Legal Encyclopaedias

Use the date the chapter was last updated if known, otherwise use the date of retrieval

Print

Bibliography: Publisher, Title of Encyclopaedia, Volume number (at date of retrieval) Title number Name of title, ‘Chapter number Name of chapter’ [Paragraph number]

o List in section E. Other

Footnote: Publisher, Title of Encyclopaedia, Volume number (at Full Date) Title number Name of title, ‘Chapter number Name of chapter’ [Paragraph number]

Electronic

Use the date from the currency statement

Omit the volume number when citing from an electronic legal encyclopaedia.

Bibliography: Publisher, Title of Encyclopaedia (at Full Date) Title number Name of title, ‘Chapter number Name of chapter’ [Paragraph number].

Footnote: Publisher, Title of Encyclopaedia (at Full Date) Title number Name of title, ‘Chapter number Name of chapter’ [Paragraph number].

Looseleaf Services

If the service has a clear author, include their name before the publisher, followed by a comma.

Print

Bibliography: Publisher, Title, Volume number (at most recent service number for pinpoint reference)

o List in section E. Other.

Footnote: Publisher, Title, Volume number (at most recent service number for pinpoint reference) Pinpoint.

o If the service uses paragraph symbols ¶, this symbol should be included before the pinpoint and the square brackets should be omitted.

Electronic

If date of last update is not known, use date of retrieval

Omit the volume number and comma after the title

Bibliography: Publisher, Title (at most recent service number/date of last update for pinpoint reference)

Footnote: Publisher, Title (at most recent service number/date of last update for pinpoint reference) Pinpoint.

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Bibliography and footnotes: Quick guide table

Articles

Reference list Footnote citation Subsequently, use

Ibid or Above n Short title

Journal organised by volume number

Farrier, David, Rob Whelan and Claire Brown, ‘Addressing Scientific Uncertainty in Local Government Decision Making Processes’ (2002) 19 Environmental and Planning Law Journal 429

1David Farrier, Rob Whelan and Claire Brown, ‘Addressing Scientific Uncertainty in Local Government Decision Making Processes’ (2002) 19 Environmental and Planning Law Journal 429, 435

Volumes, without consecutive pagination:

Maynes, Andrew, ‘Personal Property Securities Wake-up Call’ (2009) 83(4) Law Institute Journal 34

Volumes, without consecutive pagination: 1Andrew Maynes, ‘Personal Property Securities Wake-up Call’ (2009) 83(4) Law Institute Journal 34, 36.

Journal organised by year

Opie, Rachel A, ‘Human Rights Violations by Peacekeepers: Finding a Framework for Attribution of International Responsibility’ [2006] New Zealand Law Review 1

1Rachel A Opie, ‘Human Rights Violations by Peacekeepers: Finding a Framework for Attribution of International Responsibility’ [2006] New Zealand Law Review 1, 20.

Volumes, without consecutive pagination:

Kleinig, John, ‘Paternalism and Personal Integrity’ [1983] (3) Bulletin of the Australian Society of Legal Philosophy 27

Without consecutive pagination: 1John Kleinig, ‘Paternalism and Personal Integrity’ [1983] (3) Bulletin of the Australian Society of Legal Philosophy 27, 31.

Electronic journal article from internet-only journal

Howard, Kylie and Yee Fin Lim, ‘I Spy With My Little Eye: Taking a Closer Look at Spyware’ [2005] (2-3) Journal of Information, Law and Technology <http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/law/elj/jilt/2005_2-3/>

1Kylie Howard and Yee Fin Lim, ‘I Spy With My Little Eye: Taking a Closer Look at Spyware’ [2005] (2-3) Journal of Information, Law and Technology < http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/law/elj/jilt/2005_2- 3/howard-lim>.

Newspaper articles (print)

Elks, Sarah, ‘Jury Told to Weigh Morality of Patel’, The Australian (Sydney), 23 June 2010

1Sarah Elks, ‘Jury Told to Weigh Morality of Patel’, The Australian (Sydney), 23 June 2010, 11.

Newspaper articles (electronic)

Harrison, Virginia and Chris Merritt, ‘Women Sidelined in Partnership Race in Legal Firms’, The Australian (online), 22 June 2010 <http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/legal-affairs/women- sidelined-in-partnership-race-in-legal-firms/story-e6frg97x- 1225882954318>

1Virginia Harrison and Chris Merritt, ‘Women Sidelined in Partnership Race in Legal Firms’, The Australian (online), 22 June 2010 <http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/legal- affairs/women-sidelined-in-partnership-race-in-legal- firms/story-e6frg97x-1225882954318>.

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Books



1 author Ellis, Elizabeth, Principles and Practice of Law (Lawbook, 2005) 1Elizabeth Ellis, Principles and Practice of Law (Lawbook, 2005) [8.52].

2–3 authors Bradbook, Adrian J, Susan V MacCallum and Anthony P Moore, Australian Real Property Law (Lawbook, 4th

ed, 2007)

1Adrian J Bradbook, Susan V MacCallum and Anthony P Moore, Australian Real Property Law (Lawbook, 4th

ed, 2007)

47.

4+ authors Cook, Catriona et al, Laying Down the Law (LexisNexis Butterworths, 7th

ed, 2009)

1Catriona Cook et al, Laying Down the Law (LexisNexis Butterworths, 7th

ed, 2009) 181.

Second edition or later

Ashworth, Andrew, Principles of Criminal Law (Oxford University Press, 6th

ed, 2009)

1Andrew Ashworth, Principles of Criminal Law (Oxford University Press, 6th

ed, 2009) 24.

Book chapter Brien, Christopher and John Brien, Netlaw (LexisNexis Butterworths, 2004)

1Christopher Brien and John Brien, Netlaw (LexisNexis Butterworths, 2004) ch 2.

Book chapter in an edited book

Wright, Nancy E, ‘The Lady Vanishes: Women and Property Rights in Nineteenth Century New South Wales’ in John McLaren, A R Buck and Nancy E Wright (eds), Despotic Dominion: Property Rights in British Settler Societies (UBC Press, 2005) 190

1Nancy E Wright, ‘The Lady Vanishes: Women and Property Rights in Nineteenth Century New South Wales’ in John McLaren, A R Buck and Nancy E Wright (eds), Despotic Dominion: Property Rights in British Settler Societies(UBC Press, 2005) 190, 193.

Electronic book (eBook) If available in print and electronic format, cite as print format.

Hutt, Peter Barton (ed), Food and Drug Law: An Electronic Book of Student Papers (1 April 2008) Harvard Law School <http://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/hutt/book_index.html>

1Peter Barton Hutt (ed), Food and Drug Law: An Electronic Book of Student Papers (1 April 2008) Harvard Law School <http://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/hutt/book_index.html>.

Reports



Law reform commission report

Australian Law Reform Commission, Review of Secrecy Laws, Issues Paper No 34 (2008)

1Australian Law Reform Commission, Review of Secrecy Laws, Issues Paper No 34 (2008) 50-53.

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Cases



Reported cases Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co [1893] 1 QB 256

Hillpalm Pty Ltd v Heaven’s Door Pty Ltd (2004) 220 CLR 472

1Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co [1893] 1 QB 256, 257–8. 1Hillpalm Pty Ltd v Heaven’s Door Pty Ltd (2004) 220 CLR 472, 475.

Ibid but not above n

CCH report series Walker v Salomon Smith Barney Securities Pty Ltd (2004) Aust Contract Reports ¶90-183

1Walker v Salomon Smith Barney Securities Pty Ltd (2004) Aust Contract Reports ¶90-183, 92 563.


Medium neutral cases

Tropac Timbers Pty Ltd v A-One Asphalt Pty Ltd [2005] QSC 378 (14 December 2005)

1Tropac Timbers Pty Ltd v A-One Asphalt Pty Ltd [2005] QSC 378 (14 December 2005) [19].


Unreported judgments

Hayne v Nyst (Unreported, Supreme Court of Queensland, Williams J, 17 October 1995)

1Hayne v Nyst (Unreported, Supreme Court of Queensland, Williams J, 17 October 1995) 8.


Arbitral decisions Sandline International Inc v Papua New Guinea (Award, Sir Edward Somers, Sir Michael Kerr and Sir Daryl Dawson, 9 October 1998)

1Sandline International Inc v Papua New Guinea (Award, Sir Edward Somers, Sir Michael Kerr and Sir Daryl Dawson, 9 October 1998) [10.2].


Transcript of proceedings

Transcript of Proceedings, R v MSK (Supreme Court of New South Wales, Hidden J, 18 May 2005)

1 Transcript of Proceedings, R v MSK (Supreme Court of New South Wales, Hidden J, 18 Ma 2005) 112, 143, 151, 156.


Submissions in cases

Attorney-General (Cth), ‘Outline of Submissions of the Attorney-General of the Commonwealth as Amicus Curiae’, Submission in Humane Society International Inc v Kyodo Senpaku Kaisha Ltd, NSD 1519/2004, 25 January 2005

Attorney-General (Cth), ‘Outline of Submissions of the Attorney-General of the Commonwealth as Amicus Curiae’, Submission in Humane Society International Inc v Kyodo Senpaku Kaisha Ltd, NSD 1519/2004, 25 January 2005, [10], [20]–[22], [28].


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Legislative Materials



Bill Adoption Bill 2009 (Qld) 1Adoption Bill 2009 (Qld) cl 9. Ibid but not above n

Legislation (primary, i.e. acts and delegated/ subordinate)

Crime and Misconduct Regulation 2005 (Qld)

Age Discrimination Act 2004 (Cth)

1Crime and Misconduct Regulation 2005 (Qld) reg 10(1). 1Age Discrimination Act 2004 (Cth) ss 18, 26–28.


Gazettes Commonwealth, Gazette: Special, No S 489, 1 December 2004 Commonwealth, Gazette: Special, No S 489, 1 December 2004, 55.


Explanatory notes/ memoranda

Explanatory Notes, Adoption Bill 2009 (Qld)

Explanatory Memorandum, Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme Bill 2010 (Cth)

1Explanatory Notes, Adoption Bill 2009 (Qld) 17. 1Explanatory Memorandum, Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme Bill 2010 (Cth) 19-20.


Treaties



Treaty International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, opened for signature 16 December 1966, 993 UNTS 3 (entered into force 3 January 1976)

1 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, opened for signature 16 December 1966, 993 UNTS 3 (entered into force 3 January 1976).

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Other



Internet materials/websites

Department of Indigenous Affairs, Native Title Access Policy (3 May 2010) <http://www.dia.wa.gov.au/Documents/HeritageCulture/Resources/Native TitleAccessPolicy.doc>

Australian Human Rights Commission, The Right to Vote is Not Enjoyed Equally by all Australians (February 2010) <http://www.hreoc.gov.au/human_rights/vote/index.html>

1Department of Indigenous Affairs, Native Title Access Policy (3 May 2010) <http://www.dia.wa.gov.au/Documents/HeritageCulture/Resources/NativeTitleAccessPolicy.doc>. 1Australian Human Rights Commission, The Right to Vote is Not Enjoyed Equally by all Australians (February 2010) <http://www.hreoc.gov.au/human_rights/vote/index.html>

Legal encyclopaedia (print)

LexisNexis, Halsbury’s Laws of Australia, vol 12 (at 12 December 2004) 180 Environment, ‘1 Principles of Planning’ [180-4000]

1LexisNexis, Halsbury’s Laws of Australia, vol 12 (at 12 December 2004)180 Environment, ‘1 Principles of Planning’ [180-4000].

Legal encyclopaedia (electronic)

Lawbook, The Laws of Australia (at 31 August 2006) 7 Contract: General Principles, ‘1 Formation’ [7.1.840]

1Lawbook, The Laws of Australia (at 31 August 2006) 7 Contract: General Principles, ‘1 Formation’ [7.1.840].

Looseleaf services (print)

Thomson Reuters, Australasian Dispute Resolution, vol 1 (at update 61)

1Thomson Reuters, Australasian Dispute Resolution, vol 1 (at update 61) [2.190].

Looseleaf services (electronic)

Carter, J W, LexisNexis, Carter on Contract (at 23 June 2010)

1J W Carter, LexisNexis, Carter on Contract (at 23 June 2010) [19-001].

Second reading speech for a bill

Commonwealth, Parliamentary Debates, House of Representatives, 12 May 2010

1Commonwealth, Parliamentary Debates, House of Representatives, 12 May 2010, 3204-05 (Jenny Macklin).


Secondary citation

Paterson, Jeannie, Andrew Robertson and Peter Heffey, Contract: Cases and Materials (Lawbook, 10th

ed, 2005)

Cook, Catriona et al, Laying Down the Law (LexisNexis Butterworths, 7th

ed, 2009)

1Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co [1893] 1 QB 256 quoted in Jeannie Paterson, Andrew Robertson and Peter Heffey, Contract: C 1Heather Douglas, ‘Customary Law, Sentencing and the Limits of the State’ (2005) 20 Canadian Journal of Law and Society 141 cited in Catriona Cook et al, Laying Down the Law (LexisNexis Butterworths, 7th

ed, 2009) 47.

Speech Chief Justice Robert French, ‘Protecting Human Rights Without a Bill of Rights’ (Speech delivered at the John Marshall Law School, Chicago, 26 January 2010) <http://www.hcourt.gov.au/publications_05.html>

1Chief Justice Robert French, ‘Protecting Human Rights Without a Bill of Rights’ (Speech delivered at the John Marshall Law School, Chicago, 26 January 2010) <http://www.hcourt.gov.au/publications_05.html>.

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