University of Puerto Rico

Mayaguez Campus

Arts and Sciences Faculty

Samuel A. Bonet Olivencia

Course: INGL 3231

Prof. Ellen Pratt

December 2 2008

Chewing Gum

Multi-Genre Research Project

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Prologue

Usually when a professor asks us to choose a topic, instantly we think in big issues that

are happening in the world or affect us as human beings. This time I decided to break that

barriers and I choose to research about something that we consume almost every day. I decided

to do my multi-genre research project about chewing gum. I’m sure that something wonderful

and curious we can learn from this research. We need to remember that everything discovered or

created have a background that involve our ancestors. In this project you are going to find

information that you don’t know and the answers to questions and myths that people have about

chewing gum.

I focused my attention to present you as a reader the evolution of the chewing gum. You

can find how our ancestors left us the chewing gum as a heritage and why they consume it. Also

I present facts that I found very curious and I think that almost nobody know about it. Through

five different genres I offer you the opportunity to learn in an innovative way.

Have been a long journey, since the professor told me that my topic was great I started to

work hard. I searched on databases and on the internet to offer the best information possible. I

have learned a lot from everything I present here. My big goal was to present something fun, but

full of valuable information. I hope that I’ve reached my goal. This project motivates me to

continue searching information about other things that I use every day. It is interesting to know

how and why I’m using that. If we do that we are going to bring the necessary value to

everything that surrounds us. From this moment I decided do my projects about different topics

that no one could think about. We need to learn about everything, in that way we are going to be

open to receive new ideas, inventions, concepts and arguments. Also in that way, no one is

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going to convince us of using wrong ideas. Eartha Kitt said: “I am learning all the time. The

tombstone will be my diploma.” (Quotations about Learning)

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Introduction

If I ask someone to tell me the name of a sweet snack, people can mention a lot of them.

One of the most famous or common is the chewing gum. It’s something that people purchase

almost every day, but they don’t know it historical background. Gum chewing is something that

has been practice since centuries. Evidence declared that Greeks chewed mastiche, a resin from

the mastic tree. (Trum, 1) But mastiche is not the only gum that ancient cultures chewed.

Egyptians and Mayans chewed chicle, a gum from the sapodilla tree. (Trum, 1) Native American

chewed a resin from the black spruce tree. (Trum, 1) These facts doesn’t are invented,

archeological discoveries proved them. Chewing Gum was discovered on a Swedish bog and it

date back to 6500 BC and it had tooth marks. (Trum, 1)

Through generations, chewing gum has become a tradition. It success through time

instantly became a symbol of money. That’s why in 1848 John Curtis and his brother created the

first commercial chewing gum brand; they called it State of Maine Pure Spruce Gum. (Trum, 1)

As it was expected, State of Maine Pure Spruce Gum became a hit, but the Curtis brothers didn’t

patent their chewing gum. As a consequence on December 28, 1869, dentist William Finley

Semple became the first person to patent a chewing gum. (Bellis, 1) From all that characters

involved in the history of chewing gum, one of the greatest contributions was made by Thomas

Adams. General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna from Mexico introduced chicle to Adams. The

smoother and spongier texture that chicle produced in the chewing gum convinced Thomas

Adams to use it as the main ingredient of his commercial brand. (Trum, 1) Before arriving to the

idea of using chicle to make chewing gum, he tried to use it to make toys, masks and rain

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boots; but all that experiments failed. (Ament, 1) With his new idea he opened the world first

chewing gum factory named Adams’ New York No.1. (Ament, 1) He don’t stop there, the

addition of flavor to the gum was his new goal. Adams achieved it because he created the Black

Jack, a licorice-based chewing gum. (Gustaitis, 2) One of his main contributions occurred in

1871, when he creates the gum-making machine.

In a matter of ingredients chewing gum have evolved a lot. The ingredients used in

modern chewing gum are not the same as in the past. Commercial brands are still doing chewing

gum with natural bases like chicle, jelutong and pine rosin. (Chewing Gum) With technology and

investigations scientific found a new way to make chewing gum based mostly on synthetics.

(Trum, 1) Those ingredients include acetylsalicylic acid, ascorbic acid, chlorhexidine acetate,

carbamide, dimenhydrinate, silver acetate, calcium carbonates and vitamins. (Trum, 1)

According to one observer modern chewing gum ingredients consist of “some of the same

ingredients that go into paint, underwear elastic and, petrochemicals.” (Trum, 1) Industries add

flavor to that gum or synthetic bases. They used natural sweeteners or artificial ones. Examples

of natural sweeteners are cane sugar or corn syrup. The artificial sweeteners used are obtained

from aspartame or saccharine. (Chewing Gum) All that ingredients are the ones that bring us the

opportunity to choose between different flavors. Also we can find sugar free chewing gum that

are great for diabetics and people that need to control the amount of sugar on the blood.

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As some executives found a great source of money in the chewing gum, scientist and

pharmacologist have found it as a great source of medication. I’m talking about medicated

chewing gum. Medicated chewing gum consists of a masticatory gum core with a coating that

can be a film of polymers, waxes, sweeteners, sugar, flavors, or colors. (Jette, 3) In the coating,

pharmacologist, apply active ingredients responsible for the treatment. This type of chewing

gum is used as treatment or cure for certain diseases. Medicated chewing gum is commonly

used to treat oral infection and oral health. The effects of chewing gum on oral health include its

anti-caries and anti-plaque actions and its effects on conditions such as xerostomia and oral

malodor. (Jette, 8) An oral hemorrhage, caused by a bacterial infection, is an example of a oral

infection that can be prevent by this type of gum because the active ingredient reduce the average

bacterial count in oral cavity. (Jette, 8) Antacids chewing gum is new in the market, with sodium

bicarbonate, that type of gum increase pH and relieves stomached conditions. (Jette, 9)

Ultimately, the most famous medicated chewing gum is the one used for smoking cessation. A

chewing gum containing silver acetate has been used since the early 1960’s for smoking

cessation. The smoking cessation medicated chewing gum market offers a lot of option made by

different active ingredients. In studies, the gum that contains silver acetate has been more

effective for smokers who have a low consumption of cigarettes. (Jette, 8)

Maybe most of people don’t know anything about what I mentioned before, but I’m sure

they have heard a lot about myths and questions that people has about chewing gum. One of the

common questions is, what happens if I swallow chewing gum? Some people think if they

swallow gum it will stay in their stomach for seven years. That's not true, your stomach can't

break down a piece of gum the same way it breaks down other food but your digestive system

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can move it along through normal intestinal activity. (Milov, 1) We need to be aware of

swallowing large or small pieces of chewing gum in short periods because can block the

digestive track in rare cases. (Milov, 1) Other myth, if can be categorize as it, is that chewing

gum help to reduce appetite. This is something that scientist and other professionals in health

have studied and analyzed. Some studies have thrown positive results and others not. Results

from one study were that aspartame sweetened chewing gum increased hunger.(Trum, 4) Other

study made by the University of Liverpool in New England proved that chewing gum is a great

way to help people suppressed their appetite. This study, supported by the Wrigley Gum

Company, was presented on the annual meeting of the North American Association for the Study

of Obesity. (Lose Weight) Most of the gum used was sugar-free. Another situation in which

people chew gum is to reduce ear discomfort while flying. What’s happen is that gum chewing,

by inducing the saliva glands to produce lots of saliva, makes one swallow often. (Trum, 4) That

action balances the pressure of the middle ear and the air outside of one’s head, and helps to

adjust to the plane’s air pressure. (Trum, 4)

Chewing gum has been a traditional snack that arrives years ago and still present in

modern society. It’s something that we can buy in almost most of the markets in our country.

Adults, children, people from all ages have chewed gum once in their life. In most of Latin

American countries is better known as “chicle” or “goma de mascar”, but is the same as chewing

gum. We can find it in different flavors, amount of sugar or colors.

Usually we forget to investigate what is the historical background of food, tools and any

other thing that we use or consume every day. The chewing gum has a great history to offer us,

we can learn a lot from how ancient cultures used it and how we can use it today. The infinite

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number of uses that people attribute to the chewing gum is wonderful, because is something that

we can consume as a simple sweet snack or as a method to treat a disease. We should never

underestimate how useful can be something that is a heritage from our ancestors.

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Annotated Bibliography

Ament, Phil. "Fascinating facts about the invention of Chewing Gum by Thomas Adams in 1870." The Great Idea Finder. 2 Feb. 2007. 17 Oct. 2008 <http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/chewgum.htm>.

Idea Finder is a great website that brings information about any invention or idea that exists. In this occasion it presents us the history of Thomas Adams and his relation with chewing gum. First of all give us a list of facts ordered by dates. Those facts give us the background information about chewing gum that we need to know before study the contributions of Thomas Adams. On the facts, Phil Ament, mention important characters involved in the evolution of chewing gum and how their contributions benefit it. After that he presents the history of Thomas Adams. Mexican General Santa Anna was the person that introduced the chicle to Adams. One day he stock a piece of chicle on his mouth, from that moment start his idea of selling chewing gum. This article is a great piece of information about the beginning of chewing gum and the evolution of it from 1800’s to 1900’s.

Gustaitis, Joseph. "The sticky history of chewing gum." American History 33 (1998): 30. Academic Search Complete. EBSCOhost. University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez. 17 Oct. 2008. <http://web.ebscohost.com>

This article wrote by Joseph Gustaitis present us the history of the chewing gum in another different perspective. First of all, present us how the chewing gum became a symbol of the Americans. He express that chewing gum became a cultural object associated with the United States. For example he explain how in the Olympic Games of 1896, Greeks attributed Americans power and talent to gum chewing. Gustaitis talk a lot about John Bacon Curtis and how he entered in the chewing gum business. Curtis builds the first chewing gum Factory in Portland. Also present information about Thomas Adams, who invented the first gum-making machine and sell his chewing gum made of chicle with the name of Adams’ New York No.1. Thomas also created the first advertised chewing gum, it name is Tutti-Frutti.

Jette, Jacobsen, Lona L. Christrup, and Niel-Henrik Jensen. "Medicated Chewing Gum: Pros and Cons." American Journal of Drug Delivery 2 (2004): 75-88. Academic Search Complete. EBSCOhost. University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez,P.R. 16 Oct. 2008. <http://web.ebscohost.com>.

Everyone knows what chewing gum is. It’s something that we buy on the market and we chew it. This article brings us a totally new perspective about chewing gum. This article title is “Medicated Chewing Gum: Pros and Cons”. As it title says this article from the American Journal of Drug Delivery is about medicated chewing gum. After providing a general and great background about the history, it explains us what is medicated chewing gum. Also tell us what are the main components and ingredients used. The medicated chewing gum can be used to cure oral infections or disease. As well can be an alternative to oral liquids and chewable tablets.

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Other common examples of medicated chewing gums are the ones used for smoking cessation and the ones used as antacids. Benefits can be mentioned, but there always adverse effects or events. There is a hope that medicated chewing gum could be a potential therapeutic method for other diseases or conditions.

"Lose Weight and Chew Gum at the Same Time?" Tufts University Health & Nutrition Letter 23 (2006): 3. Academic Search Complete. EBSCOhost. University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez. 17 Oct. 2008. <http://web.ebscohost.com>

This page from the Tufts University Health & Nutrition Letter is about studies from obesity and chronic back pain. One of the sections has the title “Lose Weight and Chew Gum at the Same Time?” It’s very interesting because present results from studies made to prove if chewing gum can help to lose weight. The University of Liverpool in New England proves that chewing gum is a great way to help people suppressed their appetite and they presented this on the annual meeting of the North American Association for the Study of Obesity. This study, supported by the Wrigley gum company, brings us a lot of specific information about what type of people they used for this study and how effective is chewing gum as a way to avoid salty and sweet snacks.

Trum Hunter, Beatrice. "The Evolution of Chewing Gum." Consumers' Research

Magazine Oct. 2003: 18-23. Academic Search Complete. EBSCOhost. University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, P.R. 16 Oct. 2008. <http://web.ebscohost.com>

This article from a magazine summarizes everything you need to know about chewing gum. First of all brings you great information about the chewing gum in the past and how are made modern ones. It provides information about the advantages and disadvantages of chewing gum for our health. For example, present facts about the benefits of chewing gum according to the National Association Chewing Gum Manufacturers. Also tell us if myths that relate chewing gum with a production of better concentration and fresher breath are true. One of the more interesting points is that present chewing gum as something that increased hunger in people, something that differs with other source of information that I found. The Consumer’s Research Magazine brings us with this article a great source of information that present important facts, myths and fictions that people have about chewing gum.

Hello everyone my name is Chewy and I’m a rich flavorful chewing gum. Now that you have learned a little bit about me, I’m going to show you interesting facts about myself.

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Provided by www.taxthefish.com

Provided by photographer Oleg Moiseyenko

Provided by www.chios.gr

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Provided by www.about.com

Provided by Team Sugar

Provided by Wrigley Dental Care

Provided by Univision

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Thomas Adams Sr. (Eulogy)

(1818-1905)

Behind every product and artifact that we enjoy, there is someone that spent valuable

time working on it. The invention of the chewing gum is an example. A lot of people have

contributed in the evolution of the product, but one of the most important contributions has been

made by Thomas Adams Sr. His perseverance and the risks that he took marked the commercial

beginning of the chewing gum industry.

Trusting in what the Mexican general Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna told him, Thomas

started experimenting with the famous chicle, a gum from the sapodilla tree. (The Story of

Thomas Adams) He did a lot of experiments with this material, for example he tried to combine

it with rubber to produce tires. None of those experiments work but he never stopped. One day

in a drugstore, something clicks on his mind, and he decided to use chicle to prepare a sweet

snack that could be chew. Very excited he told his son Thomas, Jr. about his great idea. From

that moment, together, they decided to sell boxes of chewing gum made by chicle. He became

the founder of the brand New York No.1. (The Story of Thomas Adams) In this business, he

Weepa, my name is Chicle, I’m Chewy puertorrican cousin. You know something? Thomas Adams Sr. contributed a lot in my evolution as chewing gum. That’s why I wrote a eulogy on his honor. Let’s read it.

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failed but he also experienced the great flavor of success. Thanks to his effort, his chewing gum

brand became one of the famous ones.

Thomas Adams Sr. is not a simple single man in the history of chewing gum, is an

example of how we can turn something “insignificant” into a great invention. I’m sure that he

never thought that Mother Nature was going to gift him the resources that he needed to success.

He never gave up; at the beginning he failed when he tried to sell his boxes in the West of the

country but then he get up and continue. His life teach us that we need to see beyond what we

can see with our natural eyes or what we can perceive with our common sense. Selling his gum

didn’t become his only achievement, then he tried to add flavor to the gum. In that process he

invented his licorice flavored chewing gum, called Black Jack. (The Story of Thomas Adams)

We need to be like him, we should never stop because every day we can improve something in

what we are working.

Today, year 1905, we are living a bittersweet moment because we lost someone that

made one of the most important contributions to the number one American sweet snack: the

chewing gum. But also, we need to be proud because he didn’t left this world just being one

more person, he is leaving us but his invention will always remind us how great he was. Also I

need to give credit to every ancient culture that chewed the gum from different trees. They, in

collaboration with Thomas and other great contributors, are essential part of the existence of

what we call in Spanish: “goma de mascar.” Each one of them didn’t die because they live in

every bite, every time we chew a piece of gum.

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Materials/Ingredients:

1 Shoe (Any size, color or texture)

3g of chewing gum stick on your shoe

2 pounds of patience

1 knife

1 plastic bag

Hey, yes I know you met my cousin Chicle. He is a very joyful guy, I’m sure you learned a lot with him. Sometimes we can bother you sticking ourselves on your shoe. Now you’re going to learn a recipe to remove us from your shoe. So let’s see.

Provided by Stevyn Colgan blogspot

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Procedure:

1. With the knife tried to remove the most chewing gum possible.

2. Then add the 2 pounds of patience. (To yourself)

3. Put the shoe in the plastic bag and let it rest in the freezer for an hour.

4. After the hour remove the bag from the freezer.

5. The gum is supposed to be stick on the bag, if not skip the breakfast and continue

with the dinner.

Materials/Ingredients:

1 Shoe (Any size, color or texture)

3g of chewing gum stick on your shoe

3 pounds of patience

2 pounds of ice cubes

1 plastic bag

1 butter knife

Provided by Sarah Meyer Walsh blog.

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Procedure:

1. Remove the most chewing gum possible from the shoe.

2. Add two pounds of patience (to yourself)

3. Rub the chewing gum in the sole with the ice cubes.

4. Press firmly until the gum freezes the put everything on the ice.

5. With the butter knife scrape the chewing gum from the shoe

6. If this recipe ends in a disaster, try to make the dessert.

Materials/Ingredients:

1 shoe (Any size, color, texture)

3g of chewing gum stick on your shoe

2 pounds of patience

1 can of WD-40

Paper Towel

1 knife

Provided by Northarvest Bean Growers Association

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Procedure:

1. With the knife remove all the chewing gum possible from the shoe.

2. Add the 2 pounds of patience. (to yourself)

3. Rub the area with the WD-40.

4. Let it rest for a few minutes.

5. Then with paper towel wipe the gum and the oil from the shoe. 6. Wipe until any

residue of gum has gone

6. If this last recipe don’t show any result, go the mall and purchase a new pair of

shoes.

*The recipes are adaptations of real methods. (Removing Chewing Gum from Your Shoe)

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Flavorful Penalty

When we think in a crime or a governmental prohibition, instantly our tone of

conversation turns serious. Now imagine yourself being arrested because you were chewing

gum. In this moment you can think, “This man is really crazy, it’s joking” What I’m saying is a

reality in Singapore. I’m talking about the chewing gum ban in Singapore, enacted in 1992 and

revised on 2004. In this country only therapeutic value chewing gum is allowed, but in the

revision of 2004 the government relaxes the ban but laws are still controlling it. This is

something that impresses us because sounds illogical, kind of an abuse, but the government

presents their reasons.

“Regulation of Imports and Exports (Chewing Gum) Regulation” is the name of the law

that banned the consumption of chewing gum in this country. (Chewing gum ban in Singapore)

The fact that the government establishes this law was caused by the incorrect disposal of the

chewing gum. Constantly people disposed the chewing gum under chairs, in walls and other

public spaces. The government considered that actions as a way of vandalism. Constant reports

In Puerto Rico, chewing gum is a very famous sweet snack. Almost every day, people purchase what we call “chicle.” Did you know that in Singapore, the leaders of the country established a ban to avoid the importation and exportation of us? If don’t, read the following editorial.

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of vandalism were made because people disposed chewing gum on elevator sensors and door

sensor of trains. (Chewing gum ban in Singapore) From the moment the leaders of the country

sign the law, the exportation and importation of chewing gum stop, except the ones with

therapeutic values. They proceed to that limit, because the process of cleaning the areas

vandalized was costing a lot of money to the government. (Pryor, 1) This law doesn’t produce a

complex black market as a consequence, but people traveled to neighbor countries and buy

chewing gum for their own consumption. However that act was illegal, people caught in that

action had to pay penalties. First offender had to pay 500 to 1000 US dollars. Repeat offenders

were supposed to pay 2,000 US dollars and were assigned on Corrective Work Order. (Pryor, 1)

This law causes a commotion in Singapore, but also in the whole world. Civil right

activist find that law as a type of abuse. Singapore has been very strict, not only for this law but

other ones considered exaggerated. That’s why the United States of America enter into the

panorama. It’s a fact that the relaxation allowed in 2004 was caused by United States

intervention. (Singapore lifts 12-year) The “United States – Singapore Free Trade Agreement”

(USSFTA), is an agreement sign by those two countries that allowed the therapeutic chewing

gum in Singapore. In the revision of 2004 also were allowed dental-health gum, but it can be

only purchase on pharmacies and people must show their ID. (Pryor, 1)

This situation can make us laugh, but something that we can see, is how big can be the

power of a government. Something that can be seeing inoffensive, as is chewing gum, can be

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prohibited just because a leader of a country decides it. If in Singapore they are so strict with

things like this, I don’t want to imagine the magnitude of other laws. It’s understandable the

problem of vandalism with chewing gum, but other ways to solve the problem could be better

than this one. The goal of a country, instead of prohibiting things like chewing gum, should be

teach people to care everything that surround them. Limiting, prohibiting and creating

superficial problems based on tiny things it’s not the solution. That’s only going to make people

disobey the law and receive a “flavorful penalty.”

Now that you have learned so much about me, I want you to prove me that you capture all the information in your fabulous minds. Next, I prepared a Chewing Gum Top Quiz; let’s see if you can answer it!!!

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Chewing Gum Top Quiz

1. The ancient culture that chewed a resin from the mastic tree is:

a. Mayans b. Egyptians

c. Greeks d. Native Americans

2. The name of the first commercial chewing gum is:

a. State of Maine Pure Spruce Gum b. Adams’ New York No.1

c. Tutti-Frutti d. Wrigley Mint Gum

3. The person that introduced the chicle to Thomas Adams Sr. is:

a. John Curtis b. Antonio López de Santa Anna

c. William Finley d. None of them, he discovered it by himself.

4. The following is an example of one of the natural sweeteners most used to make chewing

gum:

a. Aspartame b. Vanilla

c. Corn Syrup c. Mint

5. In Latina American countries, chewing gum is usually called:

a. Chicle b. Blony

c. Goma de Mascar d. a and c are correct

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6. If someone swallows chewing gum, it will stay in the stomach for seven years.

a. True b. False

7. The name of the world first chewing gum factory is:

a. Wrigley’s Company b. Adams’ New York No.1

c. Curtis Gum Factory c. Chiclets

8. “Regulation of Imports and Exports (Chewing Gum) Regulation” is the name of the law that

banned the consumption of chewing gum in:

a. Sweden b. Japan

c. Bulgaria d. Singapore

9. The name of the non-sticking chewing gum created by researchers from Bristol University,

UK is:

a. Biodegradable Gum a. Anti-Sticking Gum

c. Clean Gum d. Washable Chewing Gum

10. One of the following products is used as a remedy to remove sticking gum in a shoe:

a. Clorox b. WD-40

c. Canola Oil d. Vinegar

Answers: 1.c, 2.a, 3.b, 4.c, 5.d, 6.b, 7.b, 8.d, 9.c, 10.b

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Epilogue

This multi-genre research project has been one of the most wonderful writing experiences

that I have. Once I did a research paper about women in labor force, but I enjoyed more this one

about chewing gum. I liked the process of preparing it because was fun and different. Almost

nobody knows anything about chewing gum because is a topic very uncommon. That’s what I

love of the whole project. I know that is something that people is going to like. Also they are

going to learn a lot of facts about chewing gum.

I worked very hard to prepare the best possible research project, but at the same time I have

learned a lot. I think that I achieve what I wanted. My goal was to present the evolution of the

chewing gum, the difference between its beginnings and the modern ones. In every paragraph of

my introduction and on each one of my genres I present a different aspect of the topic with the

purpose of show different angles of the chewing gum history. Each one of those angles show us

Well thanks you all for your attention, I hope you learned a lot about us. Remember that behind a product, there is always an awesome history to learn. See you all later.

Your friends

Chewy and Chicle

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how versatile can be a simple theme as chewing gum. Everything need to be watch from

different angles, in that way we are going to discover what specific history is behind the general

knowledge we have about it.

This project changes my whole perspective about writing. At the beginning I thought

that writing a multi-genre was going to be very difficult, but I need to admit that it’s fun. Now I

prefer to write in that way than in the traditional one. A multi-genre let the writer experience

different ways to portrait information, but also let the reader learned in a different way. I can say

that I like it more because the multi-genre broke those barriers that the academic writing

established. This project took me out of my comfort zone. I’m an academic writer; everything

that I wrote is in a serious tone. This time I used pictures and other sources that helped me a lot.

The way I used my genres is going to help you to understand all the information. A lot of genres

could be used; the reason why I chose those five is because I considered them ideal to achieve a

versatile project. In the eulogy and the editorial I show written information. In the other ones I

used hybrid text; you can find written information but also picture to illustrate what I’m saying.

I need to clarify that you can find more information about this topic. In this multi-genre I

summarize all the information in a way to provide you as reader general facts about chewing

gum. I recommend you all to visit the sources of information that I used. In special you can read

the ones in the Annotated Bibliography, those have all the information you need to know. The

other ones that are on the Work Cited page can be useful too. I hope you enjoyed this project as

well as I did. Remember that everything can be a great topic to investigate. Behind our general

knowledge there is a great history that needs to be turned into the public light.

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Works Cited

Bellis, Mary. "The History of Chewing Gum and Bubble Gum." About.com:Inventors.

About.com. 19 Oct. 2008 <http://inventors.about.com/od/gstartinventions/a/gum.htm>.

"Chewing gum ban in Singapore." Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. 12 Nov. 2008. Wikimedia

Foundation, Inc. 17 Nov. 2008

<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/chewing_gum_ban_in_singapore>.

"Chewing Gum Facts." WIseDude.com: Chewinggum and Bubblegum. 2006. WiseDude.com.

20 Nov. 2008 <http://www.wisedude.com/food/chewing_gum.htm>.

"Chewing Gum." How Products are Made. ENotes.com, Inc. 20 Nov. 2008

<http://www.enotes.com/how-products-encyclopedia/chewing-gum>.

"Finally, Non-Stick Chewing Gum." Chemical Engineer (2007): 17-17. Academic Search

Complete. EBSCOhost. University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez. 29 Oct. 2008. Keyword:

Non-stick chewing gum.

"How is Chewing Gum Made?" That Explains It! 2007. Demand Entertainment, Inc. 14 Nov.

2008 <http://www.coolquiz.com/trivia/explain/docs/gum.asp>.

Milov, David E. "What Happens to Swallowed Gum." Kids Health for Kids. Oct. 2008. The

Nemours Foundation. 29 Oct. 2008

<http://kidshealth.org/kid/talk/yucky/swallowed_gum.html>.

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Pryor, Devon. "What is the Penalty for Chewing Gum in Singapore?" Wise GEEK. Conjecture

Corporation. 17 Nov. 2008 <http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-the-penalty-for-chewing-

gum-in-singapore.htm>.

"Quotations about Learning." Welcome to The Quote Garden. 30 Dec. 2007. 10 Nov. 2008

<http://www.quotegarden.com/learning.html>.

"Removing Chewing Gum From Your Shoe." Sugar Stand: Your Online Candy Store. 2003.

Sugar Stand. 16 Nov. 2008 <http://www.sugarstand.com/articles/removing-gum-from-

shoes.htm>.

"Singapore lifts 12-year chewing gum ban." CBC News. 27 May 2004. CBC. 17 Nov. 2008

<http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2004/05/26/gum040526.html>.

"The Story of Thomas Adams." I Love Gum. Oct. 2005. Cadbury Adams USA. 15 Nov. 2008

<http://http://www.ilovegum.com/story.html>.