chemical reactions process that changes set of chemicals into another set of chemicals reactants...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chemical ReactionsProcess that changes set of chemicals into another set of chemicals
Reactants yields Products 6CO2 + 6H20 C6H12O6 + 6O2
Slow Fast
Metabolism:Chemical processes occurring within a living cell necessary to maintenance life
Catabolism - Breaking Down moleculesAnabolism – Building Molecules
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Reaction Energy• Energy is Released when chemical bonds Break
• Energy is Absorbed when chemical bonds Form
• Reactions that release energy Spontaneous
• Reactions that require energy Non Spontaneous
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Energy requirements in chemical reactions
Energy-Releasing Reaction
Products
Activation energy
Reactants
C6H12O6 → CO2 + H2O
Burning a Log
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Enzymes• Chemical reactions in the human body require a lot of
energy • Enzymes serve as a CATALYST
• Speed up reactions that take place in cells
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Reaction using Enzyme
Candy Bar
Reaction pathwaywithout enzyme
Activation energywithout enzyme
Activationenergywith enzymeReaction pathway
with enzyme
Reactants
Products
Chapter 02D.mpg
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CARBOHYDRATES
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Characteristics of Carbohydrates
• Consist of carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen• Energy containing molecules• Some provide structure: Celulose
• Basic building block is a monosaccharide (CH2O)n ; n = 3,5,6
• Two monosaccharides form a disaccharide
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Three Monosaccharides
C6H12O6
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Dehydration Synthesisof a Disaccharide
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Formation of Disaccharides
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Hydrolysis of a Disaccharide
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Important Polysaccharides: Starch
• Consists of glucose subunits
• Plant energy storage molecule
• Glycogen is a very similar molecule in animals.
• Starch and glycogen can be digested by animals.
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Important Polysaccharides: Cellulose
• Composed of glucose subunits
• Different bond formed than starch
• Structural component in plants
• Cannot be digested by animals
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LIPIDS
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Characteristics of Lipids
• Composed of: Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
• Includes: Fats, Oils, Phospholipids, and
Cholesterol• Phospholipids part of cell membrane• Building blocks:
• Fatty Acids and Glycerol.
• Energy storage molecules
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Fatty Acid Structure
•Carboxyl group (COOH) forms the acid.•“R” group is a hydrocarbon chain.
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A Representative Fatty Acid
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SaturatedFatty Acid
UnsaturatedFatty Acid
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Glycerol
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Synthesis of a Fat
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A Phospholipid
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PROTEINS
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Characteristics of Proteins
• Contain: • Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, sulfur
• Function:• Structural components of animals• Control molecules (enzymes)• Transport and messenger molecules
• Basic building block is the amino acid
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Amino Acid
• Amine group acts like a base, tends to be positive.• Carboxyl group acts like an acid, tends to be negative.• “R” group is variable, from 1 atom to 20.• Two amino acids join together to form a dipeptide. • Adjacent carboxyl and amino groups bond together.
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Some Amino Acids
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Some More Amino Acids
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Still More Amino Acids
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Formation of a Dipeptide
Dehydration synthesis
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Amino Acid + Amino Acid --> Dipeptide
Amino Acid + Dipeptide --> Tripeptide
A.A. + A.A. + …..+ Tripeptide --> Polypeptide
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A protein consists of one or morepolypeptide chains.